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Ford Fusion Hybrid

Ford Fusion Hybrid - Wikipedia Ford Fusion Hybrid Jump to : navigation , search Ford Fusion Hybrid Overview Manufacturer Ford Production 2008 -- present Model years 2010 -- present Assembly Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico Body and chassis Class Mid-size Body style 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline - electric hybrid powered version of the mid-sized Ford Fusion sedan manufactured and marketed by Ford , now in its second generation . A plug - in hybrid version , the Ford Fusion Energi , was released in the U.S. in February 2013 . The first generation was launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 for model year 2010 , together with its badge - engineered variants , the Mercury Milan Hybrid and the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid . The second generation was launched under the Ford and Lincoln brands for model year 2013 , went on sale in the U.S. in October 2012 . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rated the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid at 39 mpg ( 6.0 L / 100 km ; 47 mpg ) combined city / highway . The second generation hybrid improved the fuel economy rating to 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ) for combined city / highway driving . The EPA rated the Energi 's combined city / highway fuel economy in all - electric mode at 88 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.7 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ; 106 mpg ) . In hybrid operation ( charge - sustaining mode ) , the Energi has a combined fuel economy of 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) . The Fusion Hybrid has won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award , and the entire 2013 Ford Fusion line - up , including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants , won the 2013 Green Car of the Year . As of December 2016 , over 285,000 units of the Fusion hybrid family have been sold in the United States since 2009 , including the plug - in hybrid variant . As of December 2016 , sales of the Fusion Energi totaled 43,327 units delivered in its main market , the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation 1.1 History and development 1.2 Design and technology 1.3 Safety 1.4 Fuel economy and environmental performance 1.5 SmartGauge for eco driving 1.6 Tax credit 1.7 Other markets 2 Second generation 3 Ford Fusion Energi 4 Awards and recognitions 5 Sales 6 See also 7 References 8 External links First generation ( edit ) First generation Overview Production December 2008 -- 2012 Model years 2010 -- 2012 Body and chassis Platform Ford CD3 platform Related Mercury Milan Hybrid Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Ford Fusion Powertrain Engine Gasoline : I4 2.5 L / 156 hp ( 116 kW ) Atkinson cycle Electric : Permanent Magnet AC Synchronous Motor 106 hp ( 79 kW ) @ 6,500 rpm , 275 volts Transmission Aisin power split device Dimensions Wheelbase 107.4 in ( 2,728 mm ) Length 190.6 in ( 4,841 mm ) Width 72.2 in ( 1,834 mm ) Height 56.9 in ( 1,445 mm ) Curb weight 3,720 lb ( 1,690 kg ) History and development ( edit ) The hybrid electric version of the Fusion was announced at the 2005 North American International Auto Show , along with the public introduction of the original 2006 Fusion . At that time Ford announced that the hybrid version was scheduled to be introduced in early 2009 for the 2010 model year , for a suggested retail price of US $27,270 . The new Fusion Hybrid and Fusion Sport officially debuted at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2008 . The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford 's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant , located in Sonora , Mexico . Ford set a modest sales target of about 25,000 vehicles a year for the Fusion Hybrid and the similar Mercury Milan . The Milan and Fusion hybrids share the same powertrain but feature different front and rear fascia designs , and distinct headlamps and taillights . The Fusion Hybrid was made available for press testing in December 2008 and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 . During the same month two other new hybrid models also came on sale , the Honda Insight and the Mercury Milan . During the few days that were available to the public , Ford 's new Fusion and Milan hybrids sold a combined 451 units , representing 3.0 % of all Fusion and Milan models sold in March 2009 . The Fusion is the first new hybrid vehicle the Ford brand offered in five years , and is the second hybrid vehicle after the Ford Escape Hybrid . The Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids join the Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid for Mexican - built hybrid vehicles . The 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid , launched in the U.S. market in September 2010 , shares the hybrid powertrain from the Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids , and delivers an estimated fuel economy of 41 mpg ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ) . The MKZ Hybrid offers several improvements of Ford 's Smart Gauge with EcoGuide , first introduced in the 2010 Fusion Hybrid . Design and technology ( edit ) The Fusion Hybrid is a `` full '' hybrid because both propulsion sources , an electric motor powered by a Sanyo supplied 275 V nickel - metal hydride battery , and a 2.5 L Atkinson cycle I4 156 hp 136 ft. lbs. gasoline engine with intake variable cam timing ( iVCT ) , have substantial power ratings and either can be used alone to propel the vehicle . When braking or decelerating , the Fusion 's hybrid system uses regenerative braking , where the electric drive motor becomes a generator , converting the vehicle 's momentum back to electricity for storage in the batteries . Ford claims that nearly 94 percent energy recovery is achieved by first delivering full regenerative braking followed by friction brakes during city driving . Under ideal conditions , Ford claims the Fusion Hybrid can cruise 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) at up to 47 miles per hour ( 76 km / h ) on battery power alone . Once perceived as a laggard in hybrid technology , Ford now claims nearly 500 hybrid patents that allow the Fusion Hybrid to achieve 41 MPG on the highway . According to Hybridcars.com , Ford has pointed to its talented inventors , making `` special mention of Ming Kuang who has helped Ford since 2000 to expand its portfolio of hybrid patents from just 10 patents when he began to 461 today . '' Quoted in Autotrader.com , the veteran engineer says `` it 's about helping make the world my children live in - and the world my children 's children will live in - a better place . '' Safety ( edit ) The Ford Fusion line - up was included in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2010 `` Top Safety Pick 's '' rating for the mid-size category . As of June 2010 , Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids are the only two mid-size hybrid vehicles in the list . Due to the fact that Ford recently modified and strengthened the roof structure of the Flex , Fusion , and MKT vehicles , these 2010 ratings apply only to Lincoln MKZs , Mercury Milan and Fusions built after April 2010 . Fuel economy and Environmental performance ( edit ) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) has rated the fuel economy for the 2010 Fusion Hybrid at 41 miles per US gallon ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ) city , 36 miles per US gallon ( 6.5 L / 100 km ; 43 mpg ) highway . The following table compares fuel economy , carbon footprint , and petroleum consumption between the hybrid version and other drivetrains of the Fusion family as estimated by the EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy : Economic and environmental performance comparison among the several Fusion powertrains available in the U.S. market Type of Powertrain Type of fuel Year model EPA City mileage ( mpg ) EPA Highway mileage ( mpg ) Annual fuel cost ( USD ) Carbon footprint ( Ton / yr of CO ) Annual Petroleum Use ( barrel ) Hybrid electric FWD Automatic ( variable gear ratios ) , 4 cyl , 2.5 L Gasoline 2011 41 36 $1,083 4.8 8.8 FWD Automatic 6 - spd , 4 cyl , 2.5 L Gasoline 2011 23 33 $1,629 7.2 13.2 FWD Automatic ( S6 ) , 6 cyl , 3.0 L Gasoline 2011 20 28 $1,840 8.1 14.9 E85 flex - fuel 2011 14 21 $2,269 6.6 5.0 FWD Automatic ( S6 ) , 6 cyl , 3.5 L Gasoline 2011 18 27 $2,013 8.9 16.3 AWD Automatic ( S6 ) , 6 cyl , 3.0 L Gasoline 2011 18 26 $2,115 9.3 17.1 E85 flex - fuel 2011 13 19 $2,421 7.1 5.3 Notes : ( 1 ) Estimates assumes 45 % highway driving , 55 % city driving , and 15,000 annual miles . ( 2 ) Average U.S. prices : $2.82 / gallon for gasoline , and $2.42 / gallon for E85 fuel . E85 prices vary widely by region . As of early November 2010 the minimum price was $2.02 / gallon in Illinois and the maximum price was $2.99 / gallon in New York . ( 3 ) Direct carbon footprint only and does not account for any potential indirect land use change impacts of biofuels . The Ford Fusion Hybrid EPA 's fuel economy rating is better than the 2011 Toyota Camry Hybrid ( 32 miles per gallon city , 33 highway ) , the Nissan Altima Hybrid ( 35 miles per gallon city , 33 highway ) , and the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid ( 26 miles per gallon city , 34 highway ) , considered its main competitors in the mid-size sedan segment . The newer 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE model ( 43 miles per gallon city , 39 highway ) now has an advantage over the 2012 Ford Fusion ( 41 miles per gallon city , 39 highway ) by a slight margin in the city . Economic and environmental performance comparison among the Fusion Hybrid and same class hybrid models available in the U.S. Vehicle Year model EPA City mileage ( mpg ) EPA Highway mileage ( mpg ) Annual fuel cost ( USD ) Tailpipe emissions ( grams per mile CO ) EPA Air Pollution Score Cal / Other Annual Petroleum Use ( barrel ) Toyota Prius ( 3rd gen ) 2010 / 11 / 12 51 48 $1,150 178 9 / 7 6.6 Honda Civic Hybrid 2012 44 44 $1,300 202 9 / 8 7.5 Toyota Prius v 2012 44 40 $1,350 212 8 / 7 7.8 Lexus CT 200h 2011 / 12 43 40 $1,350 212 8 / 7 7.8 Honda Insight ( 2nd gen ) 2012 41 41 $1,350 212 9 / 7 7.8 Honda Civic Hybrid 40 45 $1,350 212 9 / 8 7.8 Honda Civic Hybrid 2011 40 43 $1,400 217 9 / 8 8.0 Honda Insight ( 2nd gen ) 2010 / 11 40 43 $1,400 217 9 / 8 8.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE ( XV50 ) 2012 43 39 $1,400 217 9 / 7 8.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE ( XV50 ) 2012 40 38 $1,400 222 9 / 7 8.2 Ford Fusion Hybrid Mercury Milan Hybrid Lincoln MKZ Hybrid 2010 / 11 / 12 2010 / 11 2011 / 12 41 36 $1,450 228 9 / 7 8.4 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid Kia Optima Hybrid 2011 / 12 35 40 $1,550 240 8 / 8 8.9 Nissan Altima Hybrid 35 33 $1,650 261 9 9.7 Toyota Camry Hybrid 33 34 $1,650 261 9 / 7 9.7 Nissan Altima Hybrid 2011 33 33 $1,700 269 9 10.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid 2011 31 35 $1,700 269 9 / 7 10.0 Notes : ( 1 ) Estimates assumes 15,000 miles ( 24,000 km ) per year ( 45 % highway , 55 % city split ) using average fuel price $3.79 / gallon ( national average as of March 2012 ) . ( 2 ) Cal : California and Northeastern States ; Other : All states except California and Northeastern States . The Nissan Altima Hybrid was available only in California . Source : U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency In 2009 , Edmunds tested a Fusion Hybrid over two days of mixed city and highway driving against other hybrids or fuel efficient cars like the Toyota Prius , the Honda Insight , the Volkswagen Jetta TDI automatic and the MINI Cooper with manual transmission . The results are summarized in the following table : Edmunds comparison of the Fusion Hybrid with several hybrids and fuel efficient cars ( mpg ) Vehicle Back roads City loop Highway Overall EPA City / Hwy 2010 Toyota Prius 47.2 48.7 47.4 47.6 51 / 48 2010 Honda Insight 44.1 43.4 38.6 42.3 40 / 43 2009 Volkswagen Jetta TDI A6 41.2 31.6 40.6 38.1 29 / 40 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid 39.6 35.1 36.0 37.3 41 / 36 2009 MINI Cooper M6 38.5 30.1 33.3 34.5 28 / 37 Motor Trend found that their Fusion Hybrid delivered only 33.5 mpg ( 7.0 L / 100 km ; 40.2 mpg ) in 500 miles ( 800 km ) of mixed driving , 5 mpg off the EPA combined rating . Over another 160 miles ( 260 km ) of testing against a Toyota Camry Hybrid , the same car only achieved 31.8 mpg ( 7.4 L / 100 km ; 38.2 mpg ) , while the Camry Hybrid delivered 32.7 mpg ( 7.2 L / 100 km ; 39.3 mpg ) . `` If our early numbers hold up , the Fusion Hybrid would be a rare instance of the EPA relapsing into the world of mileage make - believe . '' However , they noted that when driven very conservatively , the EPA numbers could be achieved . `` In typical driving , you might as well throw the Fusion 's EPA numbers out the window . But if you decide to really work at it , they 're possible . '' Car and Driver also tested a Fusion Hybrid and achieved no more than 34 mpg ( 6.9 L / 100 km ; 41 mpg ) over 300 miles ( 480 km ) of driving , which was greater than the Camry Hybrid ( 31 miles per US gallon ( 7.6 L / 100 km ; 37 mpg ) ) or Nissan Altima Hybrid ( 32 miles per US gallon ( 7.4 L / 100 km ; 38 mpg ) ) though not by the margin indicated by the EPA ratings . The 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid promotional vehicle involved in the 1000 Mile Challenge According to Ford , the vehicle was built to have a fuel efficiency of 41 mpg in the city and 36 mpg on the highway by EPA standards . On December 2008 , Autoblog Green staff reported they had obtained in - city mileage of 43.1 mpg on the streets of Los Angeles . In addition , a Los Angeles Times reporter informed in December 2008 that he had obtained 52 mpg in mixed city - highway driving with little difficulty . On a single - tank publicity stunt conducted on April 2009 , a Fusion Hybrid managed 81.5 miles per US gallon ( 2.89 L / 100 km ; 97.9 mpg ) on a 1,445.7 mile trip . Edmunds ' InsideLine received a 2010 Fusion Hybrid as a long - term test car . Over 11,000 miles ( 18,000 km ) of driving , their vehicle had only averaged 31.3 mpg ( 7.5 L / 100 km ; 37.6 mpg ) , with a best tank of 37.7 mpg ( 6.24 L / 100 km ; 45.3 mpg ) and a worst tank of 24.4 mpg ( 9.6 L / 100 km ; 29.3 mpg ) . Payback time According to Edmunds.com , the price premium paid for the Fusion Hybrid takes 5 years to recover in fuel savings as compared to its non-hybrid sibling , and is one of the quickest payback periods among top selling hybrids as of February 2012 . Edmunds compared the hybrid version priced at US $27,678 with a comparably - equipped gasoline - powered Fusion priced at US $24,493 and found that the payback period is 6 years for gasoline at US $3 per gallon , 4 years at US $4 per gallon , and drops to 3 years with gasoline prices at US $5 per gallon . These estimates assume an average of 15,000 mi ( 24,000 km ) annual driving and vehicle prices correspond to Edmunds. com 's true market value estimates . For the same two vehicles , the U.S. EPA estimates the Fusion Hybrid annual fuel cost at US $1,431 while the gasoline - powered Fusion has an annual fuel cost of US $2,320 . EPA estimates are based on 45 % highway and 55 % city driving , over 15,000 annual miles , and gasoline price of US $3.72 per gallon , the national average as of February 2012 . The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid has no price premium . SmartGauge for eco driving ( edit ) Digital panels to keep track of eco driving style ( top ) and current drive propulsion ( bottom ) . The Fusion Hybrid comes with a SmartGauge with EcoGuide which features two 4.3 - inch high - resolution , full - color LCD screens on either side of the vehicle 's analog speedometer . The objective of these panel display is to coach drivers on how to optimize the performance of their hybrid by keeping track of their eco driving improvements . These screens can be configured to show different levels of driver information , including fuel and battery power levels , and average and instant fuel economy . When set in tutorial mode , the instrument panel in the right side `` grows '' leaves and vines on - screen to reward fuel - efficient driving . The more leaves and vines that appear , the more efficient the driving behavior is and the more fuel is being saved . Long - term fuel efficiency can be also be displayed as a traditional chart . The left side display shows when the car is in pure - electric mode , and shows the state of battery charge . The 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid , launched in September 2010 , offers an improvement of Ford 's SmartGauge with EcoGuide introduced with the 2010 Fusion and Milan hybrids . In 2012 , with the introduction of the second generation Fusion , Ford redesigned its SmartGauge with EcoGuide system giving it a newer look and new customizable MyView features . One of the new features , Brake Coach , gives instant feedback on the driver 's braking habits and gives them advice to maximize the efficiency of the regenerative braking system . Other new features included , Inform , Enlighten , Engage , and Empower . Tax credit ( edit ) The Fusion Hybrid qualified for a maximum hybrid tax credit of US $3,400 if purchased by March 31 , 2009 . The credit dropped to US $1,700 if purchased by September 30 , 2009 , to US $850 if purchased from October 2009 and March 31 , 2010 , and phased out on April 1 , 2010 . Other markets ( edit ) The Brazilian version of the Fusion Hybrid was unveiled at the 2010 São Paulo International Auto Show . Sales began in November 2010 at a price of R $ 133,900 ( US $78,500 ) . The Fusion Hybrid was the first full hybrid car sold in Brazil . Imported from Mexico , the Fusion Hybrid engine performance and fuel system durability was tested with the Brazilian mandatory E20 to E25 ethanol blends . Second generation ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production 2012 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Body and chassis Platform Ford CD4 platform Related Ford Mondeo Lincoln MKZ Powertrain Engine 2.0 L I4 Transmission CVT , Ford HF35 ( hybrid and PHEV ) Battery 1.4 kWh lithium - ion Dimensions Wheelbase 112.2 in ( 2,850 mm ) Length 191.7 in ( 4,869 mm ) Width 72.9 in ( 1,852 mm ) Height 58.1 in ( 1,476 mm ) A complete redesign of the Ford Fusion lineup for the model year 2013 was unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show . The new lineup includes three optional engines for the conventional four - cylinder - only gasoline model , a next - generation hybrid version , and a plug - in hybrid version , the Ford Fusion Energi . The Ford Fusion became the first production sedan to offer these three powertrain options . In April 2012 Ford announced that an auto start - stop system will be available for the 1.6 - liter EcoBoost engine non-hybrid version , at a price of US $295 . The expected fuel economy was a combined 37 mpg ( 6.4 L / 100 km ; 44 mpg ) . Sales of the gasoline - powered and hybrid version began in the U.S. in October 2012 . Sales in Europe and Asia , under the Ford Mondeo name , were planned to start in 2013 . Ford began taking orders of the Mondeo Hybrid in Germany in August 2014 . Production of the Mondeo Hybrid began at Ford 's Valencia , Spain , plant in November 2014 . The nickel - metal hydride batteries used in the hybrid first generation were replaced with lithium - ion batteries . The 2013 model year Fusion Hybrid is more fuel efficient than its predecessor , with a US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rating of 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ) combined , 44 mpg ( 5.3 L / 100 km ; 53 mpg ) in city and 41 mpg ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ) in highway driving . Initially , the second generation Fusion Hybrid was rated 47 mpg ( 5.0 L / 100 km ; 56 mpg ) with the same rating for combined / city / highway cycles . However , in June 2014 Ford announced that it was downgrading the EPA fuel economy ratings on six of its 2013 and 2014 model year vehicles , including all its C - Max , Fusion and MKZ full hybrids and its two plug - in Energi models . The ratings were lowered after an error was discovered in the company 's internal testing data . Ford is making a goodwill payments to around 200,000 customers affected by its mistake . After the ratings were lowered the 2013 / 14 Fusion Hybrid still slightly outperforms the 2012 / 2014 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE by 1 mpg - US city and 2 mpg - US highway , and the Camry XLE by 4 mpg - US city and 3 mpg - US highway . Ford Fusion Hybrid The second generation hybrid has a powertrain with a 2.0 - liter Atkinson - cycle inline - four -- downsized from the 2.5 - liter unit used in the first generation Fusion Hybrid . Total output is estimated at 185 hp ( 138 kW ) and 130 ft lb ( 180 N m ) , running to the front wheels via an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission . The lithium - ion battery pack saves weight and generates more power than previous NiMH batteries , and allows the second generation Fusion Hybrid to raise its maximum speed under electric - only power from 47 to 62 mph ( 76 to 100 km / h ) . The 2013 Fusion Hybrid includes driver assistance and technologies based on sensors , cameras and radar that enable the car to see and respond . Fusion can help drivers maintain proper lane position ( Lane Keeping System ) ; adjust vehicle speed to changing traffic conditions through adaptive cruise control ; active park assist to help identify suitable parking spaces and help park ; and Blind Spot Information System ( BLIS ) with cross-traffic alert , which consists of sensors in both rear quarter - panels that are able to detect traffic in a driver 's blind spot , providing both audible and visual warnings if traffic unseen by the driver is detected . BLIS technology enables cross-traffic alert , even aiding drivers backing out of parking space where visibility is obstructed . Lincoln MKZ Hybrid The 2013 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid was unveiled at the 2012 New York International Auto Show During the 2012 North American International Auto Show Ford also unveiled the Lincoln MKZ concept model . Ford offers a hybrid option of the redesigned 2013 Lincoln MKZ , and like the previous MKZ generation , the MKZ Hybrid is available for the same price as the non-hybrid model . The EPA rated initially the 2013 MKZ Hybrid at 45 mpg ( 5.2 L / 100 km ; 54 mpg ) with the same rating for combined / city / highway cycles . After the ratings of six Ford models were downgraded in June 2014 , the MKZ was the model with the largest fuel economy reduction , 7 mpg in city / highway combined . The revised EPA ratings of 2013 / 14 MKZ Hybrid are 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) combined , 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) in city and 37 mpg ( 6.4 L / 100 km ; 44 mpg ) in highway driving . Despite sharing the same powertrain , the 2013 / 14 MKZ Hybrid is rated 4 mpg combined less than its sibling the second generation Ford Fusion Hybrid , and 6 mpg less in city driving . Ford Mondeo Hybrid The Mondeo Hybrid shares the same powertrain of the Fusion Hybrid combining a 2.0 - liter gasoline engine with an electric motor and 1.4 kilowatt - hour lithium - ion battery . Under the New European Driving Cycle the Mondeo is rated at 67.3 mpg ( 4.20 L / 100 km ; 56.0 mpg ) in combined driving , and 100.9 mpg ( 2.80 L / 100 km ; 84.0 mpg ) for urban driving , with CO emissions of 99 g / km . Ford set a pricing for the Mondeo Hybrid that is competitive with Mondeo diesel powertrain variants . Retail deliveries are scheduled to begin in the UK in December 2014 at a pricing starting at GB £ 24,995 . Controversy over fuel economy ratings This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2014 ) In December 2012 , Motor Trend reported that Consumer Reports and Green Car Reports have found that the 2013 Ford C - Max Hybrid and 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid , which share the same powertrain , do not deliver their triple 47 mpg ( 5.0 L / 100 km ; 56 mpg ) EPA ratings in real - world use . After running both vehicles through Consumer Reports real - world tests , the magazine found that 2013 Fusion hybrid achieved a combined fuel economy average of 39 mpg ( 6.0 L / 100 km ; 47 mpg ) , with 35 and 41 mpg ( 6.7 and 5.7 L / 100 km ; 42 and 49 mpg ) for city and highway . Consumer Reports concluded that the overall fuel economy for the Fusion Hybrid is off by 8 mpg , representing a deviation of about 20 % . The consumer magazine said that their overall fuel economy results are usually close to the EPA 's combined - mpg estimate , and among current models tested , more than 80 % fall within 2 mpg margin . The largest discrepancy the magazine has previously found was 7 and 6 mpg for the Toyota Prius c and the Prius hatchback , respectively . A few days later the Environmental Protection Agency said it will review claims that two new Ford hybrid vehicles are not delivering the advertised 47 mpg . Linc Wehrly , Director of Light - duty Vehicle Center Compliance Division at EPA 's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in Ann Arbor , Michigan commented that hybrids have far more variability in miles per gallon than a conventional vehicle . Most vehicles ' real - world gasoline mileage is less than the EPA sticker number , and can often be 20 % less than the sticker number depending on speed , temperature and other factors . The EPA explained that with hybrids the gap is much wider , as high as a 30 % drop . Ford responded in a statement , saying that , `` Early C - MAX Hybrid and Fusion Hybrid customers praise the vehicles and report a range of fuel economy figures , including some reports above 47 mpg . This reinforces the fact that driving styles , driving conditions , and other factors can cause mileage to vary . '' A Ford spokesman also said they followed EPA 's test guidelines and the company is standing by the ratings as determined by the current testing protocols . Nevertheless , they are working closely with the agency to determine if any changes are needed for the industry relative to hybrid vehicle testing . In July 2013 , Ford issued a voluntary software update for the 2013 model year Fusion , C - Max and MKZ Hybrid , that attempts to improve on the lower - than - expected MPG claims . Some of the changes include : Increasing the maximum pure electric speed from 62 to 85 mph ( 100 to 137 km / h ) , allowing increased use of electric - only mode on the highway Optimizing the use of Active Grille Shutters to reduce aerodynamic drag under more driving and temperature conditions including cold weather , during air conditioner use and when the engine coolant temperature is higher Reducing the electric fan speed as a function of coolant temperature to minimize the fan 's energy consumption Shortening engine warm - up time by up to 50 percent to enable electric - only driving and engine shutdown at stops sooner after cold starts Optimizing the climate control system to minimize use of the air conditioning compressor and reduce the energy used in cold weather operation . In August 2013 , and due to the criticism and after several lawsuits about the worse - than - expected fuel economy , Ford voluntarily lowered all three EPA ratings of the C - Max Hybrid and will pay about a rebate to some 32,000 C - Max owners . The revised fuel economy ratings for combined was lowered from to 47 to 45 mpg ( 5.0 to 5.2 L / 100 km ; 56 to 54 mpg ) . Ford has no plans to change the fuel economy ratings on the 2013 Fusion hybrid , because the company used the Fusion hybrid test to generate the fuel economy label for the C - Max Hybrid following EPA 's rules . Ford Fusion Energi ( edit ) Ford Fusion Energi Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production January 2013 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size car Body style 4 - door sedan Platform Ford CD4 platform Related Ford C - Max Energi Powertrain Engine 105 kW ( 141 hp ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline Electric motor 88 kW ( 118 hp ) Battery 7.6 kWh lithium - ion Electric range MY 2017 22 mi ( 35 km ) ( EPA ) MY 2013 / 2016 20 mi ( 32 km ) ( EPA ) The Fusion Energi is a plug - in hybrid unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show , and retail sales in the U.S. began in February 2013 . Initially it was priced at US $39,495 , and in January 2014 the starting price was reduced to US $35,525 . Due to the capacity of its battery pack , the Energi qualifies for a federal tax credit up to US $3,750 and any applicable state and local incentives . Energi models purchased in or after 2010 are eligible for a $4,007 tax credit , which is based on the capacity of the battery used to fuel the vehicle . The 2013 Fusion Energi is eligible for access to California 's high - occupancy vehicle lanes ( HOV ) with a solo driver , and also for a US $1,500 California state tax rebate . A refreshed 2017 Fusion Energi is scheduled to be released by mid-2016 . In addition to a new fascia and other technological upgrades , the 2017 model year has more efficient electric motors , allowing the refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi to increase its all - electric range and to improve its EPA fuel economy ratings . As of December 2016 , over 43,700 units have been sold in North America , with 43,327 units delivered in the U.S. and about 386 units in Canada . Specs and range The Fusion Energi uses the same non-turbo 2 - liter 4 - cylinder engine supplements as the 2013 Fusion Hybrid to assist the electric motor . The Energi has a 7.6 kWh lithium - ion battery that powers the 88 kW ( 118 hp ) electric motor . The plug - in hybrid delivers total horsepower of 195 ( 145 kW ) with a fully charged battery and has an electric - only top speed of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) , 23 mph ( 37 km / h ) more than the Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid . Charging port of the 2017 Ford Fusion Energi The Fusion Energi , model years 2013 through 2016 , has an official EPA all - electric range of 20 mi ( 32 km ) and the total range with a full tank of gasoline and a fully charged battery is 550 mi ( 890 km ) according to the EPA . The all - electric range of the refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi increases to 22 mi ( 35 km ) , and thanks to a better fuel economy , the total range increases to 610 mi ( 980 km ) . The EPA 's 2015 edition of the `` Light - Duty Automotive Technology , Carbon Dioxide Emissions , and Fuel Economy Trends '' presents utility factors for plug - in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver , in electric only or blended modes . Both the Fusion and C - Max Energi models have a utility factor in EV mode of 45 % , compared with 83 % for the BMW i3 REx , 66 / 65 % for the Chevrolet Volt / Cadillac ELR , 43 % for the McLaren P1 , 37 % for the BMW i8 , and 29 % for the Toyota Prius PHV . The refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi improved its EPA rated fuel economy in all - electric mode to 97 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) . Hybrid 2.0 L gasoline powered - engine ( left ) and inverter system controller on top of the AC electric motor . In May 2016 , Ford reported , based on data collected from more than 610 million miles ( 976 million km ) logged by its electrified vehicles through its telematics system , that drivers of these vehicles run an average of 13,500 mi ( 21,700 km ) annually on their vehicles , with about half of those miles operating in all - electric mode . A break down of these figures show an average daily commute of 42 mi ( 68 km ) for Ford Energi plug - in hybrid drivers . Ford notes that with the enhanced electric range of the 2017 model year model , the average Fusion Energi commuter could go the entire day using no gasoline , if the car is fully charged both , before leaving for work and before leaving for home . According to Ford data , currently most customers are likely charging their vehicles only at home . Fuel economy Initially , the EPA rated the Energi 's combined city / highway fuel economy in all - electric mode at 100 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.4 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ) . Later , due to complaints from owners not achieving the sticker fuel economy , and following a technical review , the official EPA rating in EV mode was downgraded to 88 MPG - e ( 2.7 L / 100 km ) . The Fusion Energi combined fuel economy equivalent is the same as the 2013 Ford C - Max Energi . In a similar way , in hybrid operation , initially the Energi had an EPA combined city / highway fuel economy of 43 mpg ( 5.5 L / 100 km ; 52 mpg ) . It was later downgraded by the EPA to 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) . EPA 's rating for combined EV / hybrid operation is 51 MPG - e ( 4.6 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ) , which allowed the Fusion Energi to rank at the time in sixth place , together with the C - Max Energi , among the top ten EPA - Rated Fuel Sippers since 1984 . The refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi has an increased EPA rated fuel economy in all - electric mode to 97 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.4 L / 100 km ) for combined city / highway driving , with an energy consumption of 35 kWh / 100 mi . The EPA rating in hybrid operation rose to 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ) . A police pursuit version achieves 38 mpg , whereas the regular Interceptor gets 18 mpg . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) First generation In April 2009 , Kelley Blue Book included the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid among its 2009 list of `` Top 10 Green Cars '' . The 2009 U.S. News & World Report car ranking for best affordable mid-size cars is led by the 2010 Mercury Milan Hybrid followed by the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid . The 2010 Toyota Prius is ranked No. 4 together with the 2010 Toyota Camry Hybrid , and the 2009 Nissan Altima Hybrid ranks No. 12 . In November 2009 , the entire 2010 Ford Fusion line - up , including the Fusion Hybrid , was selected as the 2010 Motor Trend Car of the Year . The 2013 Ford Fusion line - up , including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants , won the 2013 Green Car of the Year . In December 2009 , Car and Driver magazine listed the 2010 Fusion Hybrid among one of the `` 10 Best Cars '' . The magazine stated that the Fusion Hybrid was the most advanced of all the cars they tested . In December 2009 , Automobile Magazine named the Fusion Hybrid one of the 2010 Automobile All - Stars . In January 2010 , the Fusion Hybrid won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award at the Detroit Auto Show . In February 2010 , Consumer Reports included the Fusion Hybrid in the `` American Top Picks 2010 '' leading the Green Car category . In April 2010 , Kelley Blue Book again included the Ford Fusion Hybrid among its 2010 list of `` Top 10 Green Cars '' . In March 2010 , Mother Earth News included the 2010 Fusion Hybrid in its list of `` Best Green Cars of 2010 '' . In February 2011 , Consumer Reports included the Fusion Hybrid in the `` American Top Picks 2011 '' leading the Green Car category . Second generation In November 2012 , the entire 2013 Ford Fusion line - up , including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants , and the gasoline and EcoBoost engine options , won the 2013 Green Car of the Year awarded by the Green Car Journal at the Los Angeles Auto Show . Sales ( edit ) 2009 - 2012 During 2009 , the Fusion Hybrid sold in the U.S. market a total of 15,554 units and the Milan Hybrid 1,486 units , as reported by the manufacturers . Although the Fusion Hybrid helped Ford bypass Honda to become the second biggest seller of hybrids in the US market in the month of December 2009 , for the whole year of 2009 , Honda sold more hybrid vehicles ( 35,691 units ) than Ford ( 33,520 units ) and the 2010 Honda Insight also outsold the Fusion Hybrid , with 20,572 units . For the year 2010 , U.S. sales of Ford Fusion Hybrid reached of 20,816 units , helping the model to become the third best selling hybrid in 2010 after the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight . The Milan Hybrid sold 1,416 units in 2010 and its production was discontinued as part of Ford 's decision to phase out the entire Mercury brand . Purchases by the US Government at the behest of the Obama administration accounted for almost a third of the Ford Fusion Hybrids produced between 2009 and late 2010 . Ford reported that Fusion sales reached 151,004 units through July 2011 , of which , 7,780 were the hybrid version , representing a 5.1 % market share of all Fusion sales . During year 2011 , the Fusion Hybrid sold 11,286 units and the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid sold 5,739 units , ranking sixth and tenth correspondingly , in hybrid sales for calendar year 2011 . Fusion hybrid sales in 2012 increased 24.9 % over 2011 sales , and hybrid models represented a 5.8 % share of the 241,263 Fusion sold in 2012 . 2013 The introduction of the redesigned 2013 model year Fusion , with a more fuel efficient second generation powertrain , resulted in increased sales of the hybrid version , and by August 2013 , sales were up 275.2 % over the same period in 2012 . The Fusion Energi achieved record sales in August 2013 . Also during this month , the Fusion Hybrid recorded its best sales month ever in Washington , D.C. , San Francisco and Seattle , and its second best - selling month in Los Angeles , another key hybrid market . This rapid increase in sales contributed to Ford achieving its best August electric drive vehicle sales ever . The Fusion Hybrid sales increased 164.3 % from 2012 and ended 2013 as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. after the Prius liftback , the Prius c and the Toyota Camry Hybrid . The redesigned 2013 model year Lincoln MKZ hybrid also experienced somewhat stronger sales during 2013 . In July 2013 , Ford announced that for the 2014 model year MKZ hybrid it would increase the share of production allocated to the hybrid version , from 20 % for the 2013 model year to 40 % of the 2014 model year . The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is popular among consumers in part because it has the same base price as the non-hybrid MKZ . 2014 Sales of hybrid electric cars in the U.S. in 2014 declined 8.8 % from 2013 . Following the trend of the hybrid market , Fusion Hybrid sales were down 5.0 % from 2013 , and continued to rank as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. Sales of Lincoln MKZ Hybrid continued its growth trend with sales up 34.3 % from a year earlier . The American plug - in hybrid market in 2014 was up 13.1 % from 2013 , while combined sales of both of Ford 's Energi models ( Fusion and C - Max ) increased by 50.9 % despite the reduction of their fuel economy ratings . Sales of the Fusion Energi were up 89.7 % from 2013 while C - Mx Energi sales were up only by 17.9 % . Frontal view of the refreshed 2017 Ford Fusion Hybrid 2015 The American hybrid electric segment continued to decline in 2015 , down 15 % from 2014 . Following the general U.S. trend , Fusion Hybrid sales were down 30.3 % from 2014 , and the Fusion continued to rank as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. Sales of Lincoln MKZ Hybrid fell 16.2 % from a year earlier . The American plug - in hybrid market in 2015 was up 5.8 % from 2014 , however , sales of the Fusion Energi were down 15.6 % from 2014 , and C - Mx Energi sales were down by 10.0 % . The Fusion Energi ranked as the second top selling plug - in hybrid in the country after the Chevrolet Volt , up from third place in 2014 , and passing the Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid . Total US sales Since 2009 a total of 285,093 units of the Fusion hybrid family , including the Energi plug - in hybrid , have been sold in the United States through December 2016 . U.S. sales by year for each model and the share of hybrids out of total model sales are shown in the following table : Ford Fusion hybrid family sales in the U.S. 2009 - 2016 Year Ford Fusion Hybrid HEV share Mercuy Milan Hybrid HEV share Lincoln MKZ Hybrid HEV share Ford Fusion Energi PHEV share 2009 15,554 8.6 % 1,468 5.4 % 20,816 9.5 % 1,416 4.9 % 1,192 5.3 % 2011 11,286 4.5 % 5,739 20.8 % 2012 14,100 5.8 % 6,067 21.6 % 2013 37,270 12.6 % 7,469 23.1 % 6,089 2.1 % 2014 35,405 11.5 % 10,033 29.5 % 11,550 3.8 % 2015 24,681 8.2 % 8,403 27.2 % 9,750 3.2 % 2016 33,648 12.7 % 7,219 23.6 % 15,938 6.0 % Total sales 192,760 9.4 % 2,884 5.1 % 46,122 22.4 % 43,327 3.7 % See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Fusion Hybrid . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Fusion Energi . Ford CD2 platform Ford CD4 platform Ford Fusion ( regular non-hybrid version ) Ford Motor Company Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States List of hybrid vehicles List of modern production plug - in electric vehicles Plug - in electric vehicles in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jesse Sears ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi : Fuel Economy , Pricing and Release Date '' . Cars Direc . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jay Cole ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` February 2013 Plug - In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card '' . Inside EVs . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Hybrid Sales in March 2009 Down 44 % Year - on - Year ; Monthly New Vehicle Market Share of 2.5 % '' . Green Car Congress . April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ford Motor Company ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Ford C - MAX Hybrid Outsells Toyota Prius v in First Full Sales Month , Helps Ford Set Hybrid , Small Vehicle Sales Records '' . Media Ford . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . `` Compare Side - by - Side : 2014 / 13 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD - 2010 / 2012 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD '' . www.fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2013 / 14 Ford C - Max Plug - in Hybrid and 2013 / 14 Ford Fusion Plug - in Hybrid '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry Garret ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Detroit Auto Show : Ford Sweeps Car and Truck of the Year '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sebastian Blanco ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Ford Fusion wins 2013 Green Car Of The Year '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` December 2009 Dashboard : Year - End Tally '' . HybridCars . January 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` December 2010 Dashboard : Year End Tally '' . HybridCars.com . January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` December 2011 Dashboard : Sales Still Climbing '' . HybridCARS.com . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Cobb ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) . `` December 2012 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Cobb ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2013 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Cobb ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2014 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2015 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) . `` December 2016 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion hybrid to hit auto show circuit soon '' . DetroitNews.com . August 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gluckman , David ( August 2007 ) . `` Spied : 2009 Ford Fusion -- Car News '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid to pace NASCAR Sprint Cup '' . WorldCarFans.com . Black Falcon Media Group . November 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Ford Fusion '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bill Vlasic ( December 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ford Hybrid Emphasizes High Mileage '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Floyd ( March 2010 ) . `` 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ford Introduces 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid ; Projected 41 mpg City '' . Green Car Congress . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Tech Analysis : 2010 Ford Fusion / Mercury Milan powertrains , 38 mpg hybrid ! -- Autoblog Green '' . Autobloggreen.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fusion Especifications '' . Ford Motor Company . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . See boxes `` Gas Engine Specifications ( Hybrid Model ) '' and `` Electric Motor Specifications ( Hybrid Model ) '' Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion Hybrid '' . Hybrid Cars . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOP SAFETY PICKs 2010 '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS chooses 9 more Top Safety Picks '' . Consumer Reports . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion , Mercury Milan hybrids earn IIHS `` Top Safety Pick '' `` . AutoblogGreen . June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid Information '' . January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD -- Source '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion FWD 2.5 L - Source '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison Ford Fusion FWD FFV vs Gasoline - Source '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion FWD 3.5 L - Source '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison Ford Fusion AWD FFV vs Gasoline - Source '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reported E85 Prices '' . E85Prices.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hybrid Vehicles : Model Years : 2012 - 2013 '' . U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Click on Fuel Economy tab and Energy and Environment tab . See also here to compare for other model years ^ Jump up to : `` Find and Compare Cars '' . U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . For model year 2010 and 2011 browse by model selecting the corresponding year , make and model . Jump up ^ `` Personalize : estimated with fuel economy default values '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : James Riswick ( March 8 , 2009 ) . `` Fuel Sipper Smackdown 2 : Which Car Gets the Best Fuel Economy ? '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim Reynolds ( January 2009 ) . `` Comparison : 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid vs 2009 Toyota Camry Hybrid '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid vs. Camry Hybrid , Altima Hybrid , and Malibu Hybrid -- Comparison Tests '' . Car and Driver . February 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 41 mpg ! All - new FORD Fusion hybrid is now America 's most fuel - efficient mid-size car '' . Ford Motor Company . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Drive : 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid '' . AutoblogGreen . December 13 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neil , Dan ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid : 52 mpg and the darkness before dawn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion hybrid hypermiles , goes 1,445 miles on a single tank '' . April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jim Motavalli ( April 29 , 2009 ) . `` Ford Hybrid Goes 1,400 Miles on Single Tank of Gas '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott Oldham ( December 29 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid : Fuel Economy Update '' . Edmunds InsideLine . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Krebs ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Will Higher Gas Prices Boost Hybrid , EV Sales ? '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( February 2012 ) . `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2012 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD and 2012 Ford Fusion FWD '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robert E. Calem . `` Eco-Driving Systems : Now Your Car Can Gently Nag You Into Being More Fuel-Wise '' . Edmunds . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Ford Fusion SmartGauge with EcoGuide Coaches Drivers to Maximum Fuel Efficiency '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid '' . Carspondent . May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Fusion and 2009 Escape Hybrids Provide Buyers Top Tax Credits '' . Ford Motor Company . January 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Luís Guilherme Barrucho ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Fusão verde : o primeiro híbrido completo do Brasil '' . Veja ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Valor Econômico ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Sonho do carro elétrico está mais perto do brasileiro '' ( in Portuguese ) . Protec . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Josh Pihl ( January 2014 ) . `` Table 33 . Batteries for Selected Hybrid - Electric Vehicles , Model Years 2013 - 2014 '' . Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ford . `` 2013 Fusion '' . Ford . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ford prices Auto Start - Stop system in non-hybrid 2013 Fusion 1.6 L EcoBoost model at $295 '' . Green Car Congress . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ford Press Release ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ford introduces new Fusion midsize sedan with new hybrid and Energi plug - in hybrid versions '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Jensen ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ford Adds Plug - In Hybrid to Fusion Arsenal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . `` First Order für den neuen Ford Mondeo '' ( First Order for the new Ford Mondeo ) . KFZ - betrieb ( in German ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Philippe Crowe ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Ford Mondeo Hybrid Now In EU Production '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Cobb ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Ford Downgrades Hybrid Model MPG Ratings '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Turkus ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Official : Ford lowers MPG ratings on six vehicles '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . `` Compare Side - by - Side : 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE - 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE - 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD '' . www.fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Ewing ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` 2013 Ford Fusion debuts along with 47 - MPG Fusion Hybrid , 100 - MPGe Fusion Energi '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Stenquist ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` New Ford Fusion Will Warn Drivers Who Drift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jerry Garrett ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` MKZ Concept Is the Next Step in Lincoln 's Reinvention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Lincoln MKZ Hybrid rated at 45 mpg , below 47 - mpg Fusion Hybrid '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tamara Warren ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` In New York , Lincoln MKZ Makes a Proposition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . `` Compare Side - by - Side : 2014 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid FWD - 2014 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD '' . www.fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jake Holmes ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` We Hear : 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid , C - Max Hybrid Do n't Achieve EPA Fuel - Economy Ratings '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Consumer Reports ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tests show Ford Fusion , C - Max hybrids do n't live up to 47 - mpg claims '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Ford Hybrids ' Fuel Economy Failing To Live Up To EPA Ratings ? '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry Hirsch ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Consumer Reports says Ford Fusion , C - Max do n't achieve MPG claims '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David Shepardson and Karl Henkel ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` EPA will review Ford C - Max , Fusion 47 mpg claims '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karl Henkel ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ford stands behind fuel efficiency numbers for C - Max Hybrid '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's math on hybrid fuel economy ; standing by the C - MAX EPA ratings , acknowledging large real - world variance '' . Green Car Congress . December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Further Improving On - Road Hybrid Fuel Economy and Hiring for Future , as Electrified Vehicle Share Quadruples '' ( Press release ) . U.S. : Ford . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Bunkley , Bradford Wernle and Gabe Nelson ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Ford lowers fuel economy rating on C - Max hybrid 8.5 % to 43 mpg '' . Automotive News . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sabatini ( June 2013 ) . `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi Titanium Plug - In Hybrid '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Jay ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Refreshed 2017 Fusion Energi Gets Range Bump , Better MPG '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2016 / 2017 Ford Fusion Energi Plug - in Hybrid '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Berkowitz ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) . `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi ( You Know , the Plug - In Hybrid ) Priced at $39,495 '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jay Cole ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Breaking : Ford Fusion Energi Gets A $4,000 Price Reduction To $34,700 '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Tax Credits for Plug - in Hybrids '' . US Department of Energy . Jump up ^ David Undercoffler ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Ford 's Fusion Energi plug - in hybrid granted carpool - lane access '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kane , Mark ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) . `` 2017 Ford Fusion Energi Gets New Look , Better MPG , Improved Electric Driving '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Klippenstein , Matthew ( February 2017 ) . `` Canadian Plug - in Electric Vehicle Sales '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Estimated sales . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2013 / 14 / 15 / 16 Ford Fusion Energi Plug - in Hybrid '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( December 2015 ) . `` Light - Duty Automotive Technology , Carbon Dioxide Emissions , and Fuel Economy Trends : 1975 Through 2015 '' ( PDF ) . EPA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . See Table 7.2 - MY 2015 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Powertrain and Range . Jump up ^ Millikin , Mike ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) . `` 2017 Ford Fusion Energi PHEV boosts total range to 610 miles '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ford Motor Company ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Ford C - MAX Energi : Most Range , More Efficiency and Affordability Than Any Plug - in Hybrid '' . Media Ford . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . EPA ratings in MPG - e for combine , city and highway cycles . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` New Plug - in Hybrids '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Phelan ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ford readies Fusion Energi plug - in hybrid for debut in 2013 '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Fueleconomy. gov 's Top Ten EPA - Rated Fuel Sippers ( 1984 to present ) - All Years '' . fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 11 . Excludes all - electric vehicles . Click on the tab `` EPA Rated - All Years . The 2013 - 2014 Fusion / C - Max Energi has a combined electric / hybrid fuel economy of 51 MPG - e , 55 MPG - e in city and 46 MPG - e in highway . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's First Hybrid Cop Car Is One Mean , Green Machine '' . Wired. 2017 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` KBB Green : Top 10 Green Cars for 2009 '' . Kelley Blue Book . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Car Rankings : Affordable Midsize Cars '' . U.S. News & World Report Rankings and Reviews : Automotive . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matt Stone ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` 2010 Motor Trend Car of the Year : Ford Fusion '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid -- 10Best Cars '' . Car and Driver . November 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Automobile All - Stars '' . Automobile Magazine . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2010 '' . Consumer Reports Cars Blog . February 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KBB 's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI , Chevy Tahoe hybrid '' . USA Today . April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Best Green Cars '' . Mother Earth News . March 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . April -- May 2010 issue Jump up ^ `` Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2011 '' . Consumer Reports . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercury Milan Hybrid '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Doggett ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Administration Buys Nearly 1 in 4 Hybrids as Consumer Market Slumps '' . Edmunds.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Co. 's July Sales Up 9 Percent ; Ford Brand Utilities , Stronger Lincoln Lead the Way '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` July 2011 Dashboard : Hybrid Sales Show Signs of Recovery '' . HybridCars.com . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( September 2013 ) . `` Ford Fusion Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) . `` August 2013 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ford Press Release ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Ford Delivers Best August Hybrid Sales Ever with C - MAX Energi and Fusion Energi Achieving Record Sales '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Karl Henkel ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Lincoln to double production of MKZ Hybrid '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ) . `` Ford Fusion Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ) . `` Mercury Milan Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ) . `` Lincoln MKZ Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Ford 's Fusion Hybrid page ( Click on Green ) Fusion Hybrid timetable on tax credits Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars B - Max C - Max / Grand C - Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo Focus Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan Ford Taurus VII Pickup Trucks F - Series Ranger Super Duty Transit SUVs / Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL / Max Explorer / Police Interceptor Utility Everest / Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Econovan Galaxy S - Max Tourneo / Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial Trucks Cargo Super Duty F - 350 / F - 450 / F - 550 F - 650 / F - 750 Former production models ( by date of introduction ) 1900s Model A / AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s -- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s -- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy Soybean Car 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C - Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel ( Brand ) Fairlane FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort ( Europe ) Executive Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon ( Americas ) Falcon ( Australia ) GT40 H - Series Trucks LTD N - Series Trucks Torino W - Series Trucks XL 1970s Elite Fairmont Granada ( Europe ) Granada ( North America ) L - Series Trucks Landau ( Australia ) Maverick ( North America ) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort ( North America ) EXP Festiva Laser / Lynx / Tierra / Meteor LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ford Ranger ( North America ) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria and Police Interceptor Maverick Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Courier Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Fairlane ( Australia ) Five Hundred Freestar Fusion ( Europe ) Freestyle / Taurus X GT Ikon i - Max ( Taiwan ) Maverick ( Europe ) Sportka / Streetka Territory 2010s SVT Raptor Ford Falcon Ute ( Australia ) Ford Falcon ( Australia ) Ford Territory ( Australia ) Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Commons `` previous -- Ford car timeline , United States & Canada , 1980 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Fiesta Festiva Aspire Fiesta Compact Pinto Escort Escort Escort Focus Focus Focus Fairmont Tempo Tempo Contour Granada Mid-size Granada LTD Fusion Fusion Taurus Taurus Taurus Taurus Full - size LTD LTD Crown Victoria Crown Victoria Crown Victoria Country Squire Five Hundred Taurus Taurus Personal luxury Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Sport compact EXP EXP Probe Probe Escort ZX2 ZX2 Fiesta ST Focus ST Focus RS Sports Mustang Mustang Mustang Mustang Supercar GT GT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Fusion_Hybrid&oldid=796683993 '' Categories : Ford vehicles 2010s automobiles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Mid-size cars Hybrid electric cars Plug - in hybrid vehicles Sedans Police vehicles Partial zero - emissions vehicles Cars introduced in 2009 Cars introduced in 2013 Ford Mondeo Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 13 : 24 . 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United States

United States - Wikipedia United States Jump to : navigation , search `` United States of America '' , `` America '' , `` US '' , and `` USA '' redirect here . For the landmass comprising North and South America , see Americas . For other uses , see America ( disambiguation ) , US ( disambiguation ) , USA ( disambiguation ) , and United States ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 40 ° N 100 ° W  /  40 ° N 100 ° W  / 40 ; - 100 United States of America Flag Great Seal Motto : `` In God We Trust '' Other traditional mottos ( show ) `` E pluribus unum '' ( Latin ) ( de facto ) `` Out of many , one '' `` Annuit cœptis '' ( Latin ) `` He has favored our undertakings '' `` Novus ordo seclorum '' ( Latin ) `` New order of the ages '' Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' March : `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii The United States including its territories Capital Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ N 77 ° 01 ′ W  /  38.883 ° N 77.017 ° W  / 38.883 ; - 77.017 Largest city New York City 40 ° 43 ′ N 74 ° 00 ′ W  /  40.717 ° N 74.000 ° W  / 40.717 ; - 74.000 Official languages None at federal level National language English Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) By race : 77.1 % White 13.3 % Black 5.6 % Asian 2.6 % Other / multiracial 1.2 % Native 0.2 % Pacific Islander Ethnicity : 17.6 % Hispanic or Latino 82.4 % non-Hispanic or Latino Religion ( 2015 ) 70.6 % Christian 22.8 % Unaffiliated 1.9 % Jewish 0.9 % Muslim 0.7 % Buddhist 0.7 % Hindu 1.8 % Other faiths Demonym American Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump Vice President Mike Pence Speaker of the House Paul Ryan Chief Justice John Roberts Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from Great Britain Declaration July 4 , 1776 Confederation March 1 , 1781 Treaty of Paris September 3 , 1783 Constitution June 21 , 1788 Last polity admitted March 24 , 1976 Area Total area 3,796,742 sq mi ( 9,833,520 km ) ( 3rd / 4th ) Water ( % ) 6.97 Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi ( 9,147,590 km ) Population 2017 estimate 325,365,189 ( 3rd ) 2010 census 308,745,538 ( 3rd ) Density 90.6 / sq mi ( 35.0 / km ) ( 180th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $57,220 ( 14th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 1st ) Per capita $57,467 ( 7th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 41.1 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.920 very high 10th Currency United States dollar ( $ ) ( USD ) Time zone ( UTC − 4 to − 12 , + 10 , + 11 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 4 to − 10 ) Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD . us Website usa.gov The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America ( / əˈmɛrɪkə / ) , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self - governing territories , and various possessions . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city by population is New York City . Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , stretching across nine official time zones . The extremely diverse geography , climate , and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries . Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 , and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776 . The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , with the first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , acquiring new territories , displacing Native American tribes , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the Civil War led to the outlawing of slavery . By the end of the century , the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . During the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race , culminating with the 1969 moon landing . The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The United States is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP , accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP . The U.S. economy is the fastest - growing in the Americas and is largely post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities , although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold 33.2 % of the total wealth in the world , the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country . The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world , making up a third of global military spending . It is also a global leader in science and technology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history 2.2 European settlements 2.2. 1 Effects on and interaction with native populations 2.3 Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era 2.5 Further immigration , expansion , and industrialization 2.6 World War I , Great Depression , and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography , climate , and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Income , poverty and wealth 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Food 10.2 Literature , philosophy , and the arts 10.3 Music 10.4 Cinema 10.5 Sports 10.6 Media 11 Science and technology 12 Health 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Internet sources 17 External links Etymology See also : Naming of America , Names for United States citizens , and American ( word ) The Americas are named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci . In 1507 , the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere the Americas in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first documentary evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is from a letter dated January 2 , 1776 , written by Stephen Moylan , Esq. , George Washington 's aide - de-camp and Muster - Master General of the Continental Army . Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed , Moylan expressed his wish to carry the `` full and ample powers of the United States of America '' to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort . The first known publication of the phrase `` United States of America '' was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg , Virginia , on April 6 , 1776 . The second draft of the Articles of Confederation , prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17 , 1776 , at the latest , declared `` The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America ' '' . The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence `` The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' '' . In June 1776 , Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' in all capitalized letters in the headline of his `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence . This draft of the document did not surface until June 21 , 1776 , and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation . The short form `` United States '' is also standard . Other common forms are the `` U.S. '' , the `` USA '' , and `` America '' . Colloquial names are the `` U.S. of A . '' and , internationally , the `` States '' . `` Columbia '' , a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century , derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name `` District of Columbia '' . The phrase `` United States '' was originally plural , a description of a collection of independent states -- e.g. , `` the United States are '' -- including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1865 . The singular form -- e.g. , `` the United States is '' -- became popular after the end of the American Civil War . The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom `` these United States '' . The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit . A citizen of the United States is an `` American '' . `` United States '' , `` American '' and `` U.S. '' refer to the country adjectivally ( `` American values '' , `` U.S. forces '' ) . In English , the word `` American '' rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States . History Main articles : History of the United States , Timeline of United States history , American business history , Economic history of the United States , and Labor history of the United States Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian History Further information : Pre-Columbian era and Colonial history of the United States Artist 's re-creation of the Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture , as it may have looked The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . After crossing the land bridge , the first Americans moved southward , either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets . The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC , and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas . While the Clovis culture was thought , throughout the late 20th century , to represent the first human settlement of the Americas , in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures . Over time , indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex , and some , such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast , developed advanced agriculture , grand architecture , and state - level societies . From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished , and its largest city Cahokia is considered the largest , most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern - day United States . In the southern Great Lakes region , the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries , lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War . The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate . Archaeological evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD . During his third and final voyage , Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii . After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour , Kauai , Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy . European settlements Further information : European colonization of the Americas and Thirteen Colonies Saint Augustine , Florida , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States ( 1565 ) The Mayflower Compact , 1620 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492 , other explorers followed . The first Europeans to arrive in territory of the modern United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León , who made his first visit to Florida in 1513 ; however , if unincorporated territories are accounted for , then credit would go to Christopher Columbus who landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage . Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine and Santa Fe . The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River . Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom . The continent 's first elected legislative assembly , Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619 , the Mayflower Compact , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking , and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut , established precedents for the pattern of representative self - government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies . Most settlers in every colony were small farmers , but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements . Cash crops included tobacco , rice and wheat . Extraction industries grew up in furs , fishing and lumber . Manufacturers produced rum and ships , and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one - seventh of the world 's iron supply . Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs . English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch - Irish and other groups . As coastal land grew more expensive , freed indentured servants pushed further west . A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun . The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south , because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions . With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty . During the Seven Years ' War ( in America , known as the French and Indian War ) , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770 , about one - third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority . In 1774 the Spanish Navy ship Santiago , under Juan Pérez had entered and anchored in the inlet at Nootka Sound . Although the Spanish did not land , natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California . At the time , the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America , granting limited licenses to the Portuguese . When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska the Spanish began to challenge the Russians , with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest . After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778 , Captain Cook sailed north and then north - east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California . He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude , naming his landing point Cape Foulweather . Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward . In March 1778 , Cook landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet `` King George 's Sound '' . He recorded that the native name was Nutka or Nootka , apparently misunderstanding his conversations at Friendly Cove / Yuquot ; his informant may have been explaining that he was on an island ( itchme nutka , a place you can `` go around '' ) . There may also have been confusion with Nuu - chah - nulth , the natives ' autonym ( name for themselves ) . It may also have simply been based on Cook 's mispronunciation of Yuquot , the native name of the place . Effects on and interaction with Native populations Further information : American Indian Wars , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , and James Cook With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States , the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced . The native population of America declined after Europeans arrived , and for various reasons , primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans , though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements . In the early days of colonization , many European settlers were subject to food shortages , disease , and attacks from Native Americans . Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars . At the same time , however , many natives and settlers came to depend on each other . Settlers traded for food and animal pelts , natives for guns , ammunition and other European wares . Natives taught many settlers where , when and how to cultivate corn , beans and squash . European missionaries and others felt it was important to `` civilize '' the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles . Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany ( 1795 ) Captain James Cook 's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months . He returned to the Hawaii to resupply , initially exploring the coasts of Maui and the big island , trading with locals and then making anchor at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779 . When his ships and company left the islands , a ship 's mast broke in bad weather , forcing them to return in mid-February . Cook would be killed days later . Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) Further information : American Revolutionary War , United States Declaration of Independence , American Revolution , and Territorial evolution of the United States Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power . Americans had developed an ideology of `` republicanism '' asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures . They demanded their rights as Englishmen and `` no taxation without representation '' . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament , and the conflict escalated into war . Following the passage of the Lee Resolution , on July 2 , 1776 , which was the actual vote for independence , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , which proclaimed , in a long preamble , that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain , and declared , in the words of the resolution , that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States . The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day . The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 `` where , heretofore , the words ' United Colonies ' have been used , the stile be altered for the future to the ' United States ' `` . In 1777 , the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789 . Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 . Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808 , after 1820 , cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South , and along with it , the slave population . The Second Great Awakening , especially 1800 -- 1840 , converted millions to evangelical Protestantism . In the North , it energized multiple social reform movements , including abolitionism ; in the South , Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations . Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . Expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I&M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land . From 1820 to 1850 , Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854 . The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations . The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny . The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present - day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican -- American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present - day American Southwest . The California Gold Rush of 1848 -- 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states . After the American Civil War , new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers , expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans . Over a half - century , the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called `` buffalo '' ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures . In 1869 , a new Peace Policy sought to protect Native - Americans from abuses , avoid further war , and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship , although conflicts , including several of the largest Indian Wars , continued throughout the West into the 1900s . The Statue of Liberty in New York City , dedicated in 1886 , is a symbol of the United States as well as its ideals of freedom , democracy and opportunity . Civil War and Reconstruction Era Further information : American Civil War and Reconstruction Era The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup Differences of opinion over social order between northern and southern states in early United States society , particularly regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans , ultimately led to the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free - soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery . With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America , while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal . The ensuing war was at first for Union , then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , a second war aim became abolition of slavery . The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians . Following the Union victory in 1865 , three amendments were added to the U.S. Constitution : the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery , the Fourteenth Amendment provided citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves , and the Fifteenth Amendment ensured that they had the right to vote . The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves . Southern white conservatives , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' took control after the end of Reconstruction . By the 1890 -- 1910 period Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites . Blacks faced racial segregation , especially in the South . Racial minorities occasionally experienced vigilante violence . Further Immigration , expansion , and industrialization Main articles : Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States Ellis Island , in New York City , was a major gateway for European immigration In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life . United States and its territories at their greatest extent from 1898 to 1902 The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation , increasing surpluses for international markets . Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 . In 1893 , pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii , which the U.S. annexed in 1898 . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year , following the Spanish -- American War . Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists . Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt , John D. Rockefeller , and Andrew Carnegie led the nation 's progress in railroad , petroleum , and steel industries . Banking became a major part of the economy , with J.P. Morgan playing a notable role . Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry , homes , and for street lighting . Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry . The American economy boomed , becoming the world 's largest , and the United States achieved great power status . These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist , socialist , and anarchist movements . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas , including women 's suffrage , alcohol prohibition , regulation of consumer goods , greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions . World War I , Great Depression , and world War II Further information : World War I , Great Depression , and World War II Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '' , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this , and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations . In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration . At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence . The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2 , ending World War II . Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day , or V-J Day . Cold War and Civil rights Era Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Further information : Cold War , Civil Rights Movement , War on Poverty , Space Race , and Reaganomics U.S. President Ronald Reagan at his `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech in Berlin , Germany on June 12 , 1987 . After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict . The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet - sponsored . American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 -- 53 . The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a `` Space Race '' in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969 . A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation , as the Vietnam War . At home , the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class . Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades . Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments . In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country . The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination , with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead . A combination of court decisions and legislation , culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , sought to end racial discrimination . Meanwhile , a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war , black nationalism , and the sexual revolution . The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending , including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid , two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor , respectively , and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children . The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed . The late 1980s brought a `` thaw '' in relations with the USSR , and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War . This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower . The concept of Pax Americana , which had appeared in the post-World War II period , gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order . Contemporary History Main articles : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) and History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Further information : Gulf War , September 11 attacks , War on Terror , 2008 financial crisis , and Affordable Care Act The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , newly - built in its place After the Cold War , the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990 , when Iraq under Sadaam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwait , an ally of the United States . Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions , President George H.W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield , a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia , and Operation Desert Storm , in a staging titled the Gulf War ; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations , led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait , restoring the former monarchy . Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly affecting the global economy , society , and culture . Due to the dot - com boom , stable monetary policy under Alan Greenspan , and reduced social welfare spending , the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history , ending in 2001 . Beginning in 1994 , the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services . The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S. , Canada , and Mexico by January 1 , 2008 . Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force . On September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3,000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War . In 2007 , the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region . Government policy designed to promote affordable housing , widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance , and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble , which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis , the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression . Barack Obama , the first African American and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the crisis , and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis . The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment . Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection , although there is evidence it may have had a negative impact on small banks . In 2010 , the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act , which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades , including mandates , subsidies and insurance exchanges . The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance , with 24 million covered during 2016 , but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs , insurance premiums , and economic performance . Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009 , voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery . The Republicans , who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies , won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014 . American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010 , and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011 . The withdrawal caused an escalation of sectarian insurgency , leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in the region . In 2014 , Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961 . The next year , the United States as a member of the P5 + 1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran 's nuclear program . Geography , climate , and Environment Main articles : Geography of the United States , Climate of the United States , and Environment of the United States A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas Köppen climate classifications The land area of the contiguous United States is 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ) . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada . The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured : calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles ( 9,522,055.0 km ) to 3,717,813 square miles ( 9,629,091.5 km ) to 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,516.6 km ) . The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi -- Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast . The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature . The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world . The United States , with its large size and geographic variety , includes most climate types . To the east of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south . The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid . Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Great Basin , desert in the Southwest , Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific . Extreme weather is not uncommon -- the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes , and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country , mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South . Wildlife Main articles : Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States See also : Category : Biota of the United States The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782 . The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska , and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii , few of which occur on the mainland . The United States is home to 428 mammal species , 784 bird species , 311 reptile species , and 295 amphibian species . About 91,000 insect species have been described . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States , and is an enduring symbol of the country itself . There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks , forests , and wilderness areas . Altogether , the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area . Most of this is protected , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling , mining , logging , or cattle ranching ; about . 86 % is used for military purposes . Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970 . Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy , dealing with air and water pollution , the economic costs of protecting wildlife , logging and deforestation , and international responses to global warming . Many federal and state agencies are involved . The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , created by presidential order in 1970 . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 , with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats , which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Demographics Main articles : Demography of the United States , Americans , List of U.S. states by population density , and List of United States cities by population Population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2016 323,127,513 4.7 % 1610 -- 1780 population data . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 323,425,550 as of April 25 , 2016 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6,646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from about 76 million in 1900 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children , by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one third of the population increase . The foreign born population reached 45 million in 2015 . The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2015 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 37.2 % of the population in 2012 and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2044 . According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute , nine million Americans , or roughly 3.4 % of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual , bisexual , or transgender . A 2016 Gallup poll also concluded that 4.1 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 % . In a 2013 survey , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6 % of Americans identify as straight , while 1.6 % identify as gay or lesbian , and 0.7 % identify as being bisexual . In 2010 , the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0.5 million exclusively ) . The census counted more than 19 million people of `` Some Other Race '' who were `` unable to identify with any '' of its five official race categories in 2010 , over 18.5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity . The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend . The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct `` ethnicity '' by the Census Bureau ; 64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9 % . Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007 , 12.6 % of the U.S. population was foreign - born , with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America . About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000 . The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions , the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California . In 2008 , 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000 , nine cities had more than one million residents , and four global cities had over two million ( New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ) . There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million . Of the 50 fastest - growing metro areas , 47 are in the West or South . The metro areas of San Bernardino , Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008 . Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York 20,153,634 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City , NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,310,447 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim , CA MSA West Chicago 9,512,999 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,233,323 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,656,947 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington , D.C. 6,772,470 Washington , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Philadelphia 6,070,500 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 8 Miami 6,066,387 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach , FL MSA South 9 Atlanta 5,789,700 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,794,447 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy , MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 San Francisco 4,679,166 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont , CA MSA West 12 Phoenix 4,661,537 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler , AZ MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,527,837 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario , CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,297,617 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn , MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,798,902 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue , WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,551,036 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,317,749 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos , CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 3,032,171 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,853,077 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood , CO MSA West 20 St. Louis 2,807,002 St. Louis MO -- IL MSA Midwest Based on 2015 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Language Main article : Languages of the United States See also : Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America , List of endangered languages in the United States , and Language education in the United States English ( American English ) is the de facto national language . Although there is no official language at the federal level , some laws -- such as U.S. naturalization requirements -- standardize English . In 2010 , about 230 million , or 80 % of the population aged five years and older , spoke only English at home . Spanish , spoken by 12 % of the population at home , is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language . Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language , as it is in 32 states . Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms . Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages , along with English : Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam , respectively ; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands ; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there . The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States , in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies , are : Spanish ( around 7.2 million students ) , French ( 1.5 million ) , and German ( 500,000 ) . Other commonly taught languages ( with 100,000 to 250,000 learners ) include Latin , Japanese , ASL , Italian , and Chinese . 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English . Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U.S. ( 2016 ) Language Percent of population Number of speakers Number who speak English very well Number who speak English less than very well English ( only ) ~ 80 % 237,810,023 N / A N / A Spanish ( including Spanish Creole but excluding Puerto Rico ) 13 % 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392 Chinese ( all varieties , including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 1.0 % 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog ( including Filipino ) 0.5 % 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 0.4 % 1,509,993 634,273 875,720 Arabic ( all varieties ) 0.3 % 1,231,098 770,882 460,216 French ( including Patois and Cajun ) 0.3 % 1,216,668 965,584 251,087 Korean 0.2 % 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Religion Main article : Religion in the United States See also : History of religion in the United States , Freedom of religion in the United States , Separation of church and state in the United States , and List of religious movements that began in the United States Religious affiliation in the U.S. ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christian 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Jewish 1.9 1.9 Muslim 0.9 0.9 Buddhist 0.7 0.7 Hindu 0.7 0.7 Other faiths 1.8 1.8 Irreligious 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Do n't know or refused answer 0.6 0.6 The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment . Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S. , but other religions are followed , too . In a 2013 survey , 56 % of Americans said that religion played a `` very important role in their lives '' , a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi . Experts , researchers and authors have referred to the United States as a `` Protestant nation '' or `` founded on Protestant principles , '' specifically emphasizing its Calvinist heritage . As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians . According to a 2014 survey , 70.6 % of adults identified themselves as Christian , Protestant denominations accounted for 46.5 % , while Roman Catholicism , at 20.8 % , was the largest individual denomination . The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9 % . Other religions include Judaism ( 1.9 % ) , Islam ( 0.9 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.7 % ) , Hinduism ( 0.7 % ) . The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion , up from 8.2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Baha'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities . Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States . Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism , and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination . Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin primarily in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas and , in part , in the English Catholic Proprietary of Maryland , It later grew because of Irish , Italian , Polish , German and Hispanic immigration . Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics with 40 percent of the total population . Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe and Germany . North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran . Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants . Although it has spread across the United States , it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast . Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam ( New York City ) before spreading westward . Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population . The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho , Nevada and Wyoming . The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States . Family structure Main article : Family structure in the United States As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees . The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman . Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ) . In 2001 , with over 127,000 adoptions , the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide . Same - sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same - sex couples to adopt . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Government and Politics Main articles : Federal government of the United States , State governments of the United States , Local government in the United States , and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol , where Congress meets : the Senate , left ; the House , right The White House , home and workplace of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building , where the nation 's highest court sits The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2016 , the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index . In the American federalist system , citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal , state , and local . The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments . In almost all cases , executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district . There is no proportional representation at the federal level , and it is rare at lower levels . The federal government is composed of three branches : Legislative : The bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives , makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties , has the power of the purse , and has the power of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government . Executive : The President is the commander - in - chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ) , and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies . Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts , whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval , interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional . The House of Representatives has 435 voting members , each representing a congressional district for a two - year term . House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year . At the 2010 census , seven states had the minimum of one representative , while California , the most populous state , had 53 . The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators , elected at - large to six - year terms ; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . The President serves a four - year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice . The President is not elected by direct vote , but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia . The Supreme Court , led by the Chief Justice of the United States , has nine members , who serve for life . The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature . The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected . Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states , while others are elected by popular vote . The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states . Article One protects the right to the `` great writ '' of habeas corpus . The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments , which make up the Bill of Rights , and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights . All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided . The principle of judicial review , not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall . Political Divisions Main articles : Political divisions of the United States , U.S. state , Territories of the United States , List of states and territories of the United States , and Indian reservation Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone , highlighting states , territories and possessions The United States is a federal republic of 50 states , a federal district , five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions . The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country . These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities . The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States , Washington DC . The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States . Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress ; the District of Columbia has three . Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population . Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment . The total number of Representatives is 435 , and delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories . The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree , as it does with the states ' sovereignty . American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts . Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy , but also like the states , tribes are not allowed to make war , engage in their own foreign relations , or print and issue currency . State flags and statehood dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Dec. 14 , 1819 Alaska : Jan. 3 , 1959 Arizona : Feb. 14 , 1912 Arkansas : Jun. 15 , 1836 California : Sep. 9 , 1850 Colorado : Aug. 1 , 1876 Connecticut : Jan. 9 , 1788 Delaware : Dec. 7 , 1787 Florida : Mar. 3 , 1845 Georgia : Jan. 2 , 1788 Hawaii : Aug. 21 , 1959 Idaho : Jul. 3 , 1890 Illinois : Dec. 3 , 1818 Indiana : Dec. 11 , 1816 Iowa : Dec. 28 , 1846 Kansas : Jan. 29 , 1861 Kentucky : Jun. 1 , 1792 Louisiana : Apr. 30 , 1812 Maine : Mar. 15 , 1820 Maryland : Apr. 28 , 1788 Massachusetts : Feb. 6 , 1788 Michigan : Jan. 26 , 1837 Minnesota : May 11 , 1858 Mississippi : Dec. 10 , 1817 Missouri : Aug. 10 , 1821 Montana : Nov. 8 , 1889 Nebraska : Mar. 1 , 1867 Nevada : Oct. 31 , 1864 New Hampshire : Jun. 21 , 1788 New Jersey : Dec. 18 , 1787 New Mexico : Jan. 6 , 1912 New York : Jul. 26 , 1788 North Carolina : Nov. 21 , 1789 North Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Ohio : Mar. 1 , 1803 Oklahoma : Nov. 16 , 1907 Oregon : Feb. 14 , 1859 Pennsylvania : Dec. 12 , 1787 Rhode Island : May 29 , 1790 South Carolina : May 23 , 1788 South Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Tennessee : Jun. 1 , 1796 Texas : Dec. 29 , 1845 Utah : Jan. 4 , 1896 Vermont : Mar. 4 , 1791 Virginia : Jun. 25 , 1788 Washington : Nov. 11 , 1889 West Virginia : Jun. 20 , 1863 Wisconsin : May 29 , 1848 Wyoming : Jul. 10 , 1890 ( listed chronologically ) Dec. 7 , 1787 : Delaware Dec. 12 , 1787 : Pennsylvania Dec. 18 , 1787 : New Jersey Jan. 2 , 1788 : Georgia Jan. 9 , 1788 : Connecticut Feb. 6 , 1788 : Massachusetts Apr. 28 , 1788 : Maryland May 23 , 1788 : South Carolina Jun. 21 , 1788 : New Hampshire Jun. 25 , 1788 : Virginia Jul. 26 , 1788 : New York Nov. 21 , 1789 : North Carolina May 29 , 1790 : Rhode Island Mar. 4 , 1791 : Vermont Jun. 1 , 1792 : Kentucky Jun. 1 , 1796 : Tennessee Mar. 1 , 1803 : Ohio Apr. 30 , 1812 : Louisiana Dec. 11 , 1816 : Indiana Dec. 10 , 1817 : Mississippi Dec. 3 , 1818 : Illinois Dec. 14 , 1819 : Alabama Mar. 15 , 1820 : Maine Aug. 10 , 1821 : Missouri Jun. 15 , 1836 : Arkansas Jan. 26 , 1837 : Michigan Mar. 3 , 1845 : Florida Dec. 29 , 1845 : Texas Dec. 28 , 1846 : Iowa May 29 , 1848 : Wisconsin Sep. 9 , 1850 : California May 11 , 1858 : Minnesota Feb. 14 , 1859 : Oregon Jan. 29 , 1861 : Kansas Jun. 20 , 1863 : West Virginia Oct. 31 , 1864 : Nevada Mar. 1 , 1867 : Nebraska Aug. 1 , 1876 : Colorado Nov. 2 , 1889 : North Dakota Nov. 2 , 1889 : South Dakota Nov. 8 , 1889 : Montana Nov. 11 , 1889 : Washington Jul. 3 , 1890 : Idaho Jul. 10 , 1890 : Wyoming Jan. 4 , 1896 : Utah Nov. 16 , 1907 : Oklahoma Jan. 6 , 1912 : New Mexico Feb. 14 , 1912 : Arizona Jan. 3 , 1959 : Alaska Aug. 21 , 1959 : Hawaii Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution ( for the first 13 ) or being admitted to the Union ( for subsequent states ) Parties and elections Main articles : Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . Donald Trump 45th President since January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence 48th Vice President since January 20 , 2017 The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system . Within American political culture , the center - right Republican Party is considered `` conservative '' and the center - left Democratic Party is considered `` liberal '' . The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states , known as `` blue states '' , are relatively liberal . The `` red states '' of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative . Republican Donald Trump , the winner of the 2016 presidential election , is currently serving as the 45th President of the United States . Current leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence , Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch , Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer . Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi . In the 115th United States Congress , both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party . The Senate currently consists of 52 Republicans , and 46 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats . In state governorships , there are 33 Republicans , 16 Democrats , and 1 Independent . Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors , there are 2 Republicans , 1 Democrat , 1 New Progressive , and 2 Independents . Foreign Relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters was built in Midtown Manhattan in 1952 . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters . It is a member of the G7 , G20 , and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Almost all countries have embassies in Washington , D.C. , and many have consulates around the country . Likewise , nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions . However , Iran , North Korea , Bhutan , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ) . The United States has a `` Special Relationship '' with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries , including France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico . In 2008 , the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance , the most in the world . As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ) , however , the U.S. contribution of 0.18 % ranked last among 22 donor states . By contrast , private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years . On October 25 , 2017 , Vice President Mike Pence announced at a In Defense of Christians annual dinner meeting in Washington that the United States would stop funding United Nations relief efforts , cases tackling the persecution of Christians in the Middle East , but insisted that the U.S. would instead help and aid Christians directly through the U.S. Agency for International Development . Pence said that he will be visiting the Middle East in December and will meet with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to discuss peace agreements . Government Finance See also : Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 . Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal , state , and local government levels . These include taxes on income , payroll , property , sales , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . In 2010 taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP . During FY2012 , the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue , up $147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion . Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $1,132 B or 47 % ) , Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $845 B or 35 % ) , and corporate taxes ( $242 B or 10 % ) . Based on CBO estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979 , while other income groups will remain at historic lows . U.S. taxation is generally progressive , especially the federal income taxes , and is among the most progressive in the developed world . The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes , and about half of all taxes . Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax , with no tax charged on income above $118,500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains . The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers . However , according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile , making the system progressive . The top 10 % paid 51.8 % of total federal taxes in 2009 , and the top 1 % , with 13.4 % of pre-tax national income , paid 22.3 % of federal taxes . In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5 % for the top 1 % , 27.2 % for the top quintile , 13.8 % for the middle quintile , and − 2.7 % for the bottom quintile . The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades . State and local taxes vary widely , but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams , though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation . During FY 2012 , the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis , down $60 billion or 1.7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion . Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $802 B or 23 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $768 B or 22 % ) , Defense Department ( $670 B or 19 % ) , non-defense discretionary ( $615 B or 17 % ) , other mandatory ( $461 B or 13 % ) and interest ( $223 B or 6 % ) . The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014 . Military Main article : United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk , Ronald Reagan , and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians , not including contractors . Military service is voluntary , though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System . American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft , the Navy 's 11 active aircraft carriers , and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets . The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad , and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries . The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4.7 % of GDP , the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011 . US global military presence . The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012 , $553 billion , was a 4.2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan . The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War . Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8 , 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan . Law enforcement and Crime Main articles : Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also : Law of the United States , Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , Human rights in the United States § Justice system , Incarceration in the United States , and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments . Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial . In 2015 , there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014 , a 10.8 per cent increase , the largest since 1971 . The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people . In 2016 the murder rate increased by 8.6 % , with 17,250 murders that year . The national clearance rate for homicides in 2015 was 64.1 % , compared to 90 % in 1965 . In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States , a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980 . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate . From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders . Blacks committed 52.5 % of all homicides during that span , at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( `` whites '' includes most Hispanics ) , and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites . Most homicides were intraracial , with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites . In 2012 , Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S. , and New Hampshire the lowest . The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012 , for a total of over 9 million total crimes . Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes , and used in 31 states . No executions took place from 1967 to 1977 , owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . In 1976 , that Court ruled that , under appropriate circumstances , capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed . Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions , a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma . Meanwhile , several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws . In 2015 , the country had the fifth - highest number of executions in the world , following China , Iran , Pakistan and Saudi Arabia . The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . In December 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2008 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate , and Maine the lowest . Economy Main article : Economy of the United States See also : Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $18.45 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) Real GDP growth 1.4 % ( Q2 2016 ) 2.6 % ( 2015 ) CPI inflation 1.1 % ( August 2016 ) Employment - to - population ratio 59.7 % ( August 2016 ) Unemployment 4.9 % ( August 2016 ) Labor force participation rate 62.8 % ( August 2016 ) Total public debt $19.808 trillion ( October 25 , 2016 ) Household net worth $89.063 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) United States export treemap ( 2011 ) : The U.S. is the world 's second - largest exporter . The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The nominal GDP of the U.S. is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008 , U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3 % , compared to a 2.3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7 . The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita ( first in the Americas ) and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP . The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing in the Americas . The United States is the largest importer of goods and second - largest exporter , though exports per capita are relatively low . In 2010 , the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion . Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , and Germany are its top trading partners . In 2010 , oil was the largest import commodity , while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export . Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt . The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities , including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve , who hold the majority of the debt . In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world . Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field . The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world , as well as its second - largest importer . It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy , as well as liquid natural gas , sulfur , phosphates , and salt . The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium , copper , lead , magnesium , zinc , titanium and others . Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops . Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015 . In August 2010 , the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people . With 21.2 million people , government is the leading field of employment . The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance , with 16.4 million people . About 12 % of workers are unionized , compared to 30 % in Western Europe . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well . It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . While federal law currently does not require sick leave , it is a common benefit for government workers and full - time employees at corporations . 74 % of full - time American workers get paid sick leave , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , although only 24 % of part - time workers get the same benefits . In 2009 , the United States had the third - highest workforce productivity per person in the world , behind Luxembourg and Norway . It was fourth in productivity per hour , behind those two countries and the Netherlands . The 2008 -- 2012 global recession significantly affected the United States , with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels ) , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an escalating federal debt crisis , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . Income , Poverty and wealth A tract housing development in San Jose , California Further information : Income in the United States , Poverty in the United States , Affluence in the United States , United States counties by per capita income , and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2007 had the second - highest median household income . According to the Census Bureau , median household income was $59,039 in 2016 . Accounting for 4.4 % of the global population , Americans collectively possess 41.6 % of the world 's total wealth , and Americans make up roughly half of the world 's population of millionaires . The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013 . Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents , and more than every EU nation . For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality - adjusted HDI ( IHDI ) . After years of stagnant growth , in 2016 , according to the Census , median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth , although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has significantly affected income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate . United States ' families median net worth source : Fed Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change All families $102,500 $81,200 - 20.8 % Bottom 20 % of incomes $8,300 $6,100 - 26.5 % 2nd lowest 20 % of incomes $47,400 $22,400 - 52.7 % Middle 20 % of incomes $76,300 $61,700 - 19.1 % Top 10 % $646,600 $1,130,700 + 74.9 % Wealth , like income and taxes , is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth , while the bottom half claim only 2 % . According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve , the top 1 % controlled 38.6 % of the country 's wealth in 2016 . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth was down $14 trillion , but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels . At the end of 2014 , household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion , down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008 . There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1.1 % of U.S. children , or 845,000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty today , up from one in seven in 1980 . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in the United States The Interstate Highway System , which extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ) . Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million km ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles ( 91700 km ) . The world 's second - largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non-drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day , traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ) . Map showing current rail speeds in the United States . Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal . The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports , 16 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and the fourth - busiest , O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . In the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 , the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners . Energy Further information : Energy policy of the United States The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km ( 190,000 mi ) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) oversees all of them . The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year . Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year , the 10th - highest rate in the world . In 2005 , 40 % of this energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources . The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum. The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves . It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil . For decades , nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries , in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident . In 2007 , several applications for new nuclear plants were filed . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows . Education Main article : Education in the United States The University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819 , is one of the many public universities in the United States . Universal government - funded education exists in the United States , while there are also many privately funded institutions . American public education is operated by state and local governments , regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants . In most states , children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally , kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade , the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17 . About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools . Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled . The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world , spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student . Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities . The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education . The majority of the world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U.S. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies , shorter academic programs , and lower tuition . Of Americans 25 and older , 84.6 % graduated from high school , 52.6 % attended some college , 27.2 % earned a bachelor 's degree , and 9.6 % earned graduate degrees . The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 % . The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97 , tying it for 12th in the world . As for public expenditures on higher education , the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average , and more than all nations in combined public and private spending . As of 2012 , student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars , more than Americans owe on credit cards . Culture Main article : Culture of the United States See also : Alaska Natives § Cultures , Native American cultures in the United States , Culture of the Native Hawaiians , Social class in the United States , Public holidays in the United States , and Tourism in the United States The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups , traditions , and values . Aside from the Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Native Alaskan populations , nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries . Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources , such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa . More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot , and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics . Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process , with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation . Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic , competitiveness , and individualism , as well as a unifying belief in an `` American creed '' emphasizing liberty , equality , private property , democracy , rule of law , and a preference for limited government . Americans are extremely charitable by global standards . According to a 2006 British study , Americans gave 1.67 % of GDP to charity , more than any other nation studied , more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73 % , and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14 % . The American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants . Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate . While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society , scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes , affecting socialization , language , and values . Americans ' self - images , social viewpoints , and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree . While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement , being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute . Food Main article : Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine . Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries . Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three - quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients , such as turkey , venison , potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn , squash , and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers . These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion . Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner . Characteristic dishes such as apple pie , fried chicken , pizza , hamburgers , and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants . French fries , Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos , and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed . Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea . Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages . American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations . Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not , most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans . Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic , John L. Hess stated in 1972 : `` Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence '' . The American fast food industry , the world 's largest , pioneered the drive - through format in the 1940s . Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns . During the 1980s and 1990s , Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American `` obesity epidemic '' . Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular , and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake . Literature , philosophy , and the arts Main articles : American literature , American philosophy , Architecture of the United States , Visual art of the United States , and American classical music Mark Twain , American author and humorist . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel '' . Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Bob Dylan in 2016 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo . The transcendentalists , led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson , established the first major American philosophical movement . After the Civil War , Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism . In the 20th century , the work of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty , and later Noam Chomsky , brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia . John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy . Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia . Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy . In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams . Times Square in New York City , the hub of the Broadway theater district One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson . Though little known at the time , Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition , while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition . Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music . Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance , while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th - century ballet . Music Main article : Music of the United States The Grammy Award is awarded to leading music artists . The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African - American music have deeply influenced American music at large , distinguishing it from European traditions . Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old - time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences . Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century . Country music developed in the 1920s , and rhythm and blues in the 1940s . Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll . In the 1960s , Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk . More recent American creations include hip hop and house music . American pop stars such as Presley , Michael Jackson , and Madonna have become global celebrities , as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift , Britney Spears , Katy Perry , and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay - Z , Eminem and Kanye West . Rock bands such as Metallica , the Eagles , and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles , California Hollywood , a northern district of Los Angeles , California , is one of the leaders in motion picture production . The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894 , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film , also in New York , and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there , and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization . Director D.W. Griffith , the top American filmmaker during the silent film period , was central to the development of film grammar , and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising . Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history , and , like others such as John Huston , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting , with great influence on subsequent directors . The industry enjoyed its golden years , in what is commonly referred to as the `` Golden Age of Hollywood '' , from the early sound period until the early 1960s , with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures . In the 1970s , film directors such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as `` New Hollywood '' or the `` Hollywood Renaissance '' , grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period . Since , directors such as Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films , often characterized by high production costs , and in return , high earnings at the box office , with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $2 billion . Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time , Casablanca ( 1942 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , The Graduate ( 1967 ) , On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) . The Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars , have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929 , and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944 . Sports Main article : Sports in the United States Most popular American sports are American football , baseball , basketball and ice hockey American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world , and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally . Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century , with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league . Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports , with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . These four major sports , when played professionally , each occupy a season at different , but overlapping , times of the year . College football and basketball attract large audiences . In soccer , the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States ( featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams ) . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined . Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States . As of 2014 , the United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other country , and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular in other countries . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR . Rugby union is considered the fastest growing sport in the U.S. , with registered players numbered at 115,000 + and a further 1.2 million participants . Media Main article : Media of the United States The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and Fox . The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities . Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches . Americans listen to radio programming , also largely commercial , on average just over two - and - a-half hours a day . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds , subscriptions and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) As of September 30 , 2014 , there are 15,433 licensed full - power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Well - known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times and USA Today . Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years , the price of newspapers has generally remained low , forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service , such as the Associated Press or Reuters , for their national and world coverage . With very few exceptions , all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned , either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare , by individuals or families . Major cities often have `` alternative weeklies '' to complement the mainstream daily papers , for example , New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly , to name two of the best - known . Major cities may also support a local business journal , trade papers relating to local industries , and papers for local ethnic and social groups . Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century . In 1938 , Superman , the comic book superhero of DC Comics , developed into an American icon . Aside from web portals and search engines , the most popular websites are Facebook , YouTube , Wikipedia , Yahoo ! , eBay , Amazon , and Twitter . More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English . Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15 's landing module and lunar rover in 1971 . The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race . The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production . In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight . The rise of Fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists , including Albert Einstein , Enrico Fermi , and John von Neumann , to immigrate to the United States . During World War II , the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons , ushering in the Atomic Age , while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry , materials science , and aeronautics . The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Inc. , IBM , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet . These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use . As of 2013 , 83.8 % of American households owned at least one computer , and 73.3 % had high - speed Internet service . 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013 . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet . In the 21st century , approximately two - thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector . The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor . Health See also : Health care in the United States , Health care reform in the United States , and Health insurance in the United States New York - Presbyterian Hospital in New York City is one of the world 's busiest hospitals . Pictured is the Weill Cornell facility ( white complex at center ) . The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 . The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries . Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987 , to 42nd in 2007 . Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years , are the highest in the industrialized world , and are among the highest anywhere . Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight . Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals . In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease , cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates . U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations , especially among blacks and Hispanics . The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . The U.S. health - care system far outspends any other nation , measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP . Health - care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal . In 2014 , 13.4 % of the population did not carry health insurance . The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue . In 2006 , Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance . Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near - universal health insurance system around the country by 2014 , though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy . See also United States portal Book : United States Index of United States - related articles Lists of U.S. state topics Outline of the United States Notes Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 Jump up ^ English is the official language of 32 states ; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii , and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska . Algonquian , Cherokee , and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native - controlled lands throughout the country . French is a de facto , but unofficial , language in Maine and Louisiana , while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status . Jump up ^ In five territories , English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official : Spanish in Puerto Rico , Samoan in American Samoa , Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands . Jump up ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States . Jump up ^ Except American Samoa and the Virgin Islands . Jump up ^ The five major territories are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations : Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , and Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island is disputed . Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world 's third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with a total area of 9,572,900 sq km , and the United States as fourth - largest at 9,526,468 sq km . The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters . The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with total area of 9,833,517 sq km , and China as fourth - largest at 9,596,960 sq km . This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters . Jump up ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long - held claim over the Pacific Northwest which dated back to the 16th century . During the decade 1785 -- 1795 British merchants , encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government , made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain 's claims and navigation rights . The endeavours of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain 's opposition . The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion . Jump up ^ His previous arrival coincided with the Makahiki , a festival celebrating the Hawaiian deity Lono . After the HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery had left the islands , the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for Kūkaʻilimoku , the Hawaiian deity of war . Jump up ^ On the evening of February 13 , while anchored in Kealakekua Bay after their return , one of only two long boats was stolen . The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenging the foreigners . In retaliation , Cook tried to take the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii , Kalaniʻōpuʻu as ransom for the boats . The following morning of February 14 , 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping . One of ruler 's wives , Kānekapōlei pleaded with them to stop . Cook 's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of Native Hawaiians . Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused . As the townspeople began to surrounding them , Cook and his men raised their guns . Two chiefs and the monarch 's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet . The crowd became hostile and Kanaʻina ( one of the monarch 's attendants ) approached Cook , who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword . Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet . Kanaʻina released Cook , who fell to the ground as another attendant , Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death . Jump up ^ The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members . German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ) , Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ) . White Americans are the largest racial group ; black Americans are the nation 's largest racial minority ( note that in the U.S. Census , Hispanic and Latino Americans are counted as an ethnic group , not a `` racial '' group ) , and third - largest ancestry group . Asian Americans are the country 's second - largest racial minority ; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , and Indian Americans . Jump up ^ Fertility is also a factor ; in 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime , compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women ( both below the replacement rate of 2.1 ) . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 36.3 % of the population in 2010 ( this is nearly 40 % in 2015 ) , and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042 . This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports , based on the U.S. census data , which concludes that 54 % ( 2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010 ) of births were non-Hispanic white . The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25 % between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5 % . Jump up ^ Source : 2015 American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau . Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English `` well '' or `` very well '' For the language groups listed above , the strongest English - language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' ) , followed by speakers of French ( 93.5 % ) , Tagalog ( 92.8 % ) , Spanish ( 74.1 % ) , Korean ( 71.5 % ) , Chinese ( 70.4 % ) , and Vietnamese ( 66.9 % ) . Jump up ^ In January 2015 , U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion , or about 72 % of U.S. GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion , giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion . By 2012 , total federal debt had surpassed 100 % of U.S. GDP . The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor 's , AAA from Fitch , and AAA from Moody 's . Jump up ^ The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , SIPRI , found that the United States ' arms industry was the world 's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005 to 2009 , and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010 and 2014 , followed by Russia , China ( PRC ) , and Germany . Jump up ^ Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water . As for drinking water quality , there are concerns about disinfection by - products , lead , perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances , but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good . References Jump up ^ George McKenna 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kidder & Oppenheim 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` uscode.house.gov '' . Public Law 105 - 225 - Aug. 12 , 1998 . uscode.house.gov . August 12 , 1999 . pp. 112 Stat. 1263 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Section 304 . `` The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' is the national march . '' Jump up ^ Cobarrubias 1983 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ García 2011 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Clock '' . U.S. and World Population Clock . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . The United States population on July 4 , 2017 was : 325,365,189 Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . The 2016 estimate is as of July 1 , 2016 . The 2010 census is as of April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . IMF . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Data refer to the year 2016 . ( 1 ) ( selecting all countries , GDP per capita ( current US $ ) , World Bank . Accessed on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Income Distribution Database : Gini , poverty , income , Methods and Concepts '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 2007 , p. 670 . Jump up ^ Onuf 2010 , p. xvii . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80. -- and U.S. General Accounting Office Report , U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , p. 1 , 6 , 39n . Both viewed April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates - Geography - U.S. Census Bureau '' . State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre . `` Megadiverse Countries definition Biodiversity A-Z '' . Biodiversity A-Z . UN WCMC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . `` 17 countries which have been identified as the most biodiversity - rich countries of the world , with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity '' . Jump up ^ Erlandson , Rick & Vellanoweth 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . pp. 352 -- 361 . Bender , Thomas ( 2006 ) . A Nation Among Nations : America 's Place in World History . New York : Hill & Wang . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 7235 - 4 . `` Overview of the Early National Period '' . Digital History . University of Houston . 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carlisle , Rodney P. ; Golson , J. Geoffrey ( 2007 ) . Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America . Turning Points in History Series . ABC - CLIO . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 833 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War and emancipation 1861 -- 1865 '' . Africans in America . Boston , Massachusetts : WGBH Educational Foundation . 1999 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2009 ) . Wallenfeldt , Jeffrey H. , ed . The American Civil War and Reconstruction : People , Politics , and Power . America at War . Rosen Publishing Group . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 045 - 7 . Jump up ^ White , Donald W. ( 1996 ) . `` 1 : The Frontiers '' . The American Century . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05721 - 0 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Work in the Late 19th Century '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony Judt ; Denis Lacorne ( June 4 , 2005 ) . With Us Or Against Us : Studies in Global Anti-Americanism . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8085 - 4 . Richard J. Samuels ( December 21 , 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of United States National Security . SAGE Publications . p. 666 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6535 - 3 . Paul R. Pillar ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy . Brookings Institution Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 0004 - 0 . Gabe T. Wang ( January 1 , 2006 ) . China and the Taiwan Issue : Impending War at Taiwan Strait . University Press of America . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3434 - 2 . Understanding the `` Victory Disease , '' From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 1052 - 2 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38375 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of South American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing , value added ( current US $ ) '' . World Bank Open Data . World Bank . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Databook 2016 '' . Credit Suisse Research Institute . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Average annual wages , 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices '' . OECD . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Workers World 's Most Productive '' . CBS News . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in world military expenditure , 2013 '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . April 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martone 2016 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Sider 2007 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ DeLear , Byron ( July 4 , 2013 ) Who coined ' United States of America ' ? Mystery might have intriguing answer . `` Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name ' United States of America ' was first used and by whom ... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan , Esq. , wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge , Mass. , during the Siege of Boston . The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge , with Reed serving as Washington 's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed 's absence . '' Christian Science Monitor ( Boston , MA ) . Jump up ^ Touba , Mariam ( November 5 , 2014 ) Who Coined the Phrase ' United States of America ' ? You May Never Guess `` Here , on January 2 , 1776 , seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine 's Common Sense , Stephen Moylan , an acting secretary to General George Washington , spells it out , ' I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain ' to seek foreign assistance for the cause . '' New - York Historical Society Museum & Library Jump up ^ Fay , John ( July 15 , 2016 ) The forgotten Irishman who named the ' United States of America ' `` According to the NY Historical Society , Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase `` United States of America . '' But who was Stephen Moylan ? '' IrishCentral.com Jump up ^ `` '' To the inhabitants of Virginia , '' by A PLANTER . Dixon and Hunter 's . April 6 , 1776 , Williamsburg , Virginia . Letter is also included in Peter Force 's American Archives `` . 5 ( 1287 ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Safire 2003 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Mostert 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Brokenshire ( 1996 ) . Washington State Place Names . Caxton Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87004 - 562 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greg 1892 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ G.H. Emerson , The Universalist Quarterly and General Review , Vol. 28 ( Jan. 1891 ) , p. 49 , quoted in Zimmer paper above . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth G. ( 1993 ) . The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . New York : Columbia University Press , pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06989 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roshen Dalal ( August 2011 ) . The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4488 - 4797 - 6 . Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Who was first ? New info on North America 's earliest residents '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles County , California : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . `` What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America ? '' . Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of Natural History . June 2004 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Kudeba , Nicolas ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter 1 -- The First Big Steppe -- Aboriginal Canadian History '' . The History of Canada Podcast . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Guy Gugliotta ( February 2013 ) . `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fladmark , K.R. , ( 1979 ) ( 2017 ) . `` Routes : alternate migration corridors for early man in North America '' . American Antiquity. 44 : 55 -- 69 . JSTOR 279189 . doi : 10.2307 / 279189 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Katz , Brigit ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Found : One of the Oldest North American Settlements '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinsker , Lisa ( February 2004 ) . `` The Ice - Free Corridor Revisited '' . Geotimes . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Redefining the Age of Clovis : Implications for the Peopling of the Americas '' . Science ( 315 ) : 1122 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1126 / Science. 1127166 ( inactive 2017 - 09 - 29 ) . Jump up ^ Flannery , T. ( 2001 ) . The Eternal Frontier : an ecological history of North America and its peoples . New York : Grove Press . pp. 173 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3888 - 8 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; Stafford , Tom ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) . `` The First Americans : A Review of the Evidence for the Late - Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Paleoamerican Odyssey . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 192 - 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume B : From 600 to 1750 . University of Wisconsin . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 79083 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` Mississippian Period : Overview '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Hodges , Glenn ( January 2011 ) . `` America 's Forgotten City '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Blackwell Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 938 - 8 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Charles E.M. ; Pearce , F.M. ( 17 June 2010 ) . Oceanic Migration : Paths , Sequence , Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3826 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Elvi W. ( January 1986 ) . The Mainland Haole : The White Experience in Hawaii . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05316 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fish , Shirley ( 2011 ) . The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific : With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815 . AuthorHouse . pp. 360 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 7543 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , Vanessa ( 2003 ) . Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer . Ebury Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188898 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Augustine Florida , The Nation 's Oldest City '' . staugustine.com . Jump up ^ Remini 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Johnson 1997 , pp. 26 -- 30 Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Lemon , 1987 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.P. ( 1924 ) . Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade . pp. 1 -- 17 . JSTOR 2713432 . Jump up ^ Tadman , 2000 , p. 1534 Jump up ^ Schneider , 2007 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Lien , 1913 , p. 522 Jump up ^ Davis , 1996 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Quirk , 2011 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Bilhartz , Terry D. ; Elliott , Alan C. ( 2007 ) . Currents in American History : A Brief History of the United States . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1817 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . UNC Press Books . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . The Story of American Freedom , 1998 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04665 - 6 p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Otis , James ( 1763 ) . `` The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` ' The long wish 'd for object ' -- Opening the trade to Japan , 1785 -- 1795 '' , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , vol. XX , no. 1 , January 2010 , pp. 1 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 521 - 55203 - 6 Jump up ^ Bianchine , Russo , 1992 pp. 225 -- 232 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Kessel , 2005 pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Mercer Country Historical Society , 2005 Jump up ^ Stannard , 1993 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 6 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 5 Jump up ^ Calloway , 1998 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Jeff Campbell ( 15 September 2010 ) . Hawaii . Lonely Planet . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 344 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ruth M. Tabrah ( 17 December 1984 ) . Hawaii : A History . W.W. Norton . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24369 - 7 . Jump up ^ Marshall Sahlins ( 1 October 1996 ) . How `` Natives '' Think : About Captain Cook , For Example . University of Chicago Press . p. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73369 - 2 . Jump up ^ Melissa Meyer ( 4 February 2014 ) . Thicker Than Water : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 34200 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jerry D. Moore ( 24 May 2012 ) . Visions of Culture : An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Rowman Altamira . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 2219 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Cook ( 1971 ) . The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific , as Told by Selections of His Own Journals , 1768 -- 1779 . Courier Corporation . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Book Notes : A Monthly Literary Magazine and Review of New Books . Siegel - Cooper . 1901 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Sullivan ( 30 March 2008 ) . In Search of Captain Cook : Exploring the Man Through His Own Words . I.B. Tauris . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 350 - 6 . Jump up ^ John H. Chambers ( 2006 ) . Hawaii . Interlink Books . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 615 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Bown ( 2008 ) . Madness , Betrayal and the Lash : The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Tregaskis ( November 1973 ) . The warrior king : Hawaii 's Kamehameha the Great . Macmillan . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Glyndwr Williams ( 2008 ) . The Death of Captain Cook : A Hero Made and Unmade . Harvard University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Meares ( 1791 ) . Hawaiian Historical Society . Reprints ( 1787 , 1788 and 1789 ) . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 2003 ) . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32083 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian Young , Alfred ; Nash , Gary B. ; Raphael , Ray ( 2011 ) . Revolutionary Founders : Rebels , Radicals , and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Random House Digital . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27110 - 5 . Jump up ^ Samuel 1920 , p. 323 - 324 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , A Companion to the American Revolution p 357 . Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) p. 161 . Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '' , International History Review , Sept 1983 , Vol. 5 Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 442 Jump up ^ Boyer , 2007 , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Thomas Jefferson : Reputation and Legacy . University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2733 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gordon , 2004 , pp. 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ann ( May 2012 ) . Then We 'll Sing a New Song : African Influences on America 's Religious Landscape . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0881 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 -- 2007 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 2001 ) . Westward Expansion : A History of the American Frontier . UNM Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1981 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase '' ( PDF ) . National Park Services . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wait , Eugene M. ( 1999 ) . America and the War of 1812 . Nova Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klose , Nelson ; Jones , Robert F. ( 1994 ) . United States History to 1877 . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1834 - 9 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 198 , 216 , 251 , 253 Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Roger L. ( 2010 ) . Documents of American Democracy : A Collection of Essential Works . McFarland . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4210 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas F. ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. ( 1999 ) . A Golden State : Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California . University of California Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America , 1519 -- 1871 . Indiana University Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35660 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) , Grant , pp. 523 -- 526 Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuart Murray ( 2004 ) . Atlas of American Military History . Infobase Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3025 - 5 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Harold T. Lewis ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Christian Social Witness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56101 - 188 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Karl O'Brien ( 2002 ) . Atlas of World History . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521921 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward A Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39559 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1860 Census '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760 . Jump up ^ De Rosa , Marshall L. ( 1997 ) . The Politics of Dissolution : The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War . Edison , NJ : Transaction . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 349 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shearer Davis Bowman ( 1993 ) . Masters and Lords : Mid-19th - Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers . Oxford UP . p. 221 . Jump up ^ Jason E. Pierce ( 2016 ) . Making the White Man 's West : Whiteness and the Creation of the American West . University Press of Colorado . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Marie Price ; Lisa Benton - Short ( 2008 ) . Migrants to the Metropolis : The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities . Syracuse University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3186 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 351 , 385 Jump up ^ `` Toward a Market Economy '' . CliffsNotes . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Alaska , 1867 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish - American War , 1898 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Edward . Industry Comes of Age : Business , Labor , and Public Policy ( 1961 ed . ) . pp. 400 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Zinn , 2005 Jump up ^ Paige Meltzer , `` The Pulse and Conscience of America '' The General Federation and Women 's Citizenship , 1945 -- 1960 , '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 2009 ) , Vol. 30 Issue 3 , pp. 52 -- 76 . Jump up ^ James Timberlake , Prohibition and the Progressive Movement , 1900 -- 1920 ( Harvard UP , 1963 ) Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , `` Business Progressivism : Southern Politics in the Twenties , '' South Atlantic Quarterly 62 ( Winter 1963 ) : 92 -- 106 . Jump up ^ McDuffie , Jerome ; Piggrem , Gary Wayne ; Woodworth , Steven E. ( 2005 ) . U.S. History Super Review . Piscataway , NJ : Research & Education Association . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 7386 - 0070 - 9 . Jump up ^ Voris , Jacqueline Van ( 1996 ) . Carrie Chapman Catt : A Public Life . Women and Peace Series . New York City : Feminist Press at CUNY . p. vii . ISBN 1 - 55861 - 139 - 8 . Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920 ... Catt was one of the best - known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women . Jump up ^ Winchester pp. 410 -- 411 Jump up ^ Axinn , June ; Stern , Mark J. ( 2007 ) . Social Welfare : A History of the American Response to Need ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 52215 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56004 - 3 . Jump up ^ James Noble Gregory ( 1991 ) . American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507136 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . `` Mass Exodus From the Plains '' . American Experience . WGBH Educational Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Fanslow , Robin A. ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` The Migrant Experience '' . American Folklore Center . Library of Congress . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Walter J. Stein ( 1973 ) . California and the Dust Bowl Migration . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 6267 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamasaki , Mitch . `` Pearl Harbor and America 's Entry into World War II : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . World War II Internment in Hawaii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Brian . `` The Four Policemen and . Postwar Planning , 1943 -- 1945 : The Collision of Realist and . Idealist Perspectives . '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoopes & Brinkley 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1972 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul ( 1989 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York : Vintage . p. 358 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 72019 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The United States and the Founding of the United Nations , August 1941 -- October 1945 '' . U.S. Dept. of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Office of the Historian . October 2005 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why did Japan surrender in World War II ? The Japan Times '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pacific War Research Society ( 2006 ) . Japan 's Longest Day . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2887 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The National WWII Museum New Orleans : Learn : For Students : WWII at a Glance : Remembering V-J Day '' . www.nationalww2museum.org . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Robinson . `` Tear Down This Wall National Archives '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wagg , Stephen ; Andrews , David ( September 10 , 2012 ) . East Plays West : Sport and the Cold War . Routledge . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 24167 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Michael ( 1988 ) . Liftoff : The Story of America 's Adventure in Space . New York : Grove Press . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 305 -- 308 Jump up ^ Blas , Elisheva . `` The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways '' ( PDF ) . societyforhistoryeducation.org . Society for History Education . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Lightner ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Hawaiian History : An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28233 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2004 ) . Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515920 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Our Documents -- Civil Rights Act ( 1964 ) '' . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill , Liberty Island , New York '' . October 3 , 1965 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security '' . ssa.gov . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soss , 2010 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Fraser , 1989 Jump up ^ Ferguson , 1986 , pp. 43 -- 53 Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 325 -- 331 Jump up ^ Niskanen , William A. ( 1988 ) . Reaganomics : an insider 's account of the policies and the people . Oxford University Press . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505394 - 4 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Labor Force : A Databook '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2013 . p. 11 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Buddy Wayne ( 2006 ) . The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy : Ronald Reagan and the U.S. - Soviet Summits , 1985 -- 1988 . Texas A&M University . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 41658 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , Henry ( 2011 ) . Diplomacy . Simon & Schuster . pp. 781 -- 784 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2631 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Mann , James ( 2009 ) . The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan : A History of the End of the Cold War . Penguin . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 8639 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hayes , 2009 Jump up ^ US History.org , 2013 Jump up ^ Charles Krauthammer , `` The Unipolar Moment , '' Foreign Affairs , 70 / 1 , ( Winter 1990 / 1 ) , 23 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Persian Gulf War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 420 -- 423 Jump up ^ Dale , Reginald ( February 18 , 2000 ) . `` Did Clinton Do It , or Was He Lucky ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) . Macroeconomics . Cengage Learning . p. 559 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 58999 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Thakur ; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton BN Srivastava ( 1997 ) . International Management : Concepts and Cases . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . pp. 334 -- 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 463395 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( September 13 , 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38376 - 2 . Jump up ^ Flashback 9 / 11 : As It Happened . Fox News . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later '' . CBS News . Associated Press . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` Day of Terror Video Archive '' . CNN . 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` The ' War on Terror ' Is Critical to President George W. Bush 's Legacy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Atkins , Stephen E. ( 2011 ) . The 9 / 11 Encyclopedia : Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 872 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 921 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview : The Iraq War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Johnson , James Turner ( 2005 ) . The War to Oust Saddam Hussein : Just War and the New Face of Conflict . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4956 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Durando , Jessica ; Green , Shannon Rae ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Timeline : Key moments in the Iraq War '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fact Sheet : The New Way Forward in Iraq '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . After talking to some Afghan leaders , it was said that the Iran 's would be revolting if more troops were to be sent to Iran . Jump up ^ Feaver , Peter ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton and the Inconvenient Facts About the Rise of the Islamic State '' . Foreign Policy . ( T ) he Obama team itself , including Clinton , have repeatedly confirmed that they understand that the surge was successful . Clinton even conceded to former Defense Secretary Robert Gates : ' The surge worked . ' Jump up ^ `` Iraqi surge exceeded expectations , Obama says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . September 4 , 2008 . Obama said the surge of U.S. troops has ' succeeded beyond our wildest dreams . ' Jump up ^ Wallison , Peter ( 2015 ) . Hidden in Plain Sight : What Really Caused the World 's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ( 2011 ) . Financial Crisis Inquiry Report ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60796 - 348 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John B. ( January 2009 ) . `` The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses : An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilsenrath , Jon ; Ng , Serena ; Paletta , Damian ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Worst Crisis Since ' 30s , With No End Yet in Sight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama elected as America 's first black president '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama : Face Of New Multiracial Movement ? '' . NPR . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington , Jesse ; Rugaber , Chris ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` African - American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the Stimulus Accomplished '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus '' . IGM Polls . Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' ( PDF ) . Brookings . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 ; Martin Neil Baily ; Aaron Klein ; Justin Schardin ( January 2017 ) . `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' . The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) : 20 . doi : 10.7758 / RSF. 2017.3. 1.02 . Jump up ^ Lux , Marshall ; Robert , Greene ( 2015 ) . `` The State and Fate of Community Banking '' . Harvard Mossavar - Rahmani Center for Business and Government . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2016 to 2026 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan : GOP will repeal , replace Obamacare at same time '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary C. ( March 2011 ) . `` The Republican Resurgence in 2010 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 126 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 52 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165X. 2011. tb00693. x . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Worth , Robert F. ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` In Baghdad , Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The JRTN Movement and Iraq 's Next Insurgency Combating Terrorism Center at West Point '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Qaeda 's Resurgence in Iraq : A Threat to U.S. Interests '' . U.S Department of State . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Baker ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba , Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ; Sanger , David E. ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Deal Reached on Iran Nuclear Program ; Limits on Fuel Would Lessen With Time '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Area '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . p. 41 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ( area given in square miles ) Jump up ^ `` Population by Sex , Rate of Population Increase , Surface Area and Density '' ( PDF ) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ( area given in square kilometers ) ^ Jump up to : `` United States '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ( area given in square kilometers ) Jump up ^ `` Geographic Regions of Georgia '' . Georgia Info . Digital Library of Georgia . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lew , Alan . `` PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US '' . GSP 220 -- Geography of the United States . North Arizona University . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harms , Nicole . `` Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Basin '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney , California '' . Peakbagger . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates ( Badwater 36 - 15 - 01 - N , 116 - 49 - 33 - W and Mount Whitney 36 - 34 - 43 - N , 118 - 17 - 31 - W ) '' . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poppick , Laura . `` US Tallest Mountain 's Surprising Location Explained '' . LiveScience . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Larry ( March 14 , 2005 ) . `` America 's Explosive Park '' . Discovery Channel . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ecoregions by country -- T '' . panda.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyden , Jennifer . `` Climate Regions of the United States '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of Köppen − Geiger Climate Classification '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( May 11 , 2002 ) . `` Tornado Alley , USA '' . Science News . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Len McDougall ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats : A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada . Lyons Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 070 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morin , Nancy . `` Vascular Plants of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Plants . National Biological Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Number of Native Species in United States '' . Current Results Nexus . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers of Insects ( Species and Individuals ) '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , E.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Symbol of a Nation : The Bald Eagle in American Culture '' . 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Washington , DC : The National Academies Press , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Nation Behind Bars : A Human Rights Solution . Human Rights Watch , May 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Steven E. ; Bryjak , George J. ( 2011 ) . Fundamentals of Criminal Justice : A Sociological View . Jones & Bartlett . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 5439 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glaze , Lauren E. ; Herberman , Erinn J. ( December 2013 ) . `` Correctional Populations in the United States , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Iadicola , Peter ; Shupe , Anson ( October 26 , 2012 ) . Violence , Inequality , and Human Freedom . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 456 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0949 - 7 . Jump up ^ Emma Brown and Danielle Douglas - Gabriel ( July 7 , 2016 ) . Since 1980 , spending on prisons has grown three times as much as spending on public education . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners in 2013 '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Diagram 1 : Energy Flow , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . EIA Annual Energy Review . U.S. Dept. of Energy , Energy Information Administration . 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Refined Petroleum Products -- Consumption '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy '' . British Petroleum . June 2007 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Could fracking make the Persian Gulf irrelevant ? '' . Salon . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Since November , the United States has replaced Saudi Arabia as the world 's biggest producer of crude oil . It had already overtaken Russia as the leading producer of natural gas . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Renaissance '' . The Economist . London . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ American Metropolitan Water Association ( December 2007 ) . `` Implications of Climate Change for Urban Water Utilities -- Main Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Academies ' Water Information Center . `` Drinking Water Basics '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( 2003 ) . `` Water on Tap : What You Need to Know '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . , p. 11 Jump up ^ McLendon , Russell . `` How polluted is U.S. drinking water ? '' . Mother Nature Network . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... '' . U.S. Dept. of Education , National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics About Non-Public Education in the United States '' . U.S. Dept. of Education , Office of Non-Public Education . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. education spending tops global list , study shows '' . CBS . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenstone , Steven J. ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Public Education for the Common Good '' . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings '' . Topuniversities . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 -- The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010 -- 2011 '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014 '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2003 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ For more detail on U.S. literacy , see A First Look at the Literacy of America 's Adults in the 21st century , U.S. Department of Education ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme , Human Development Reports . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Education at a Glance 2013 '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Student Loan Debt Exceeds One Trillion Dollars . NPR , April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , J.Q. ; Strother - Adams , Pearlie ( 2001 ) . Dealing with Diversity . Chicago : Kendall / Hunt . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 8145 - X . Jump up ^ Thompson , William ; Hickey , Joseph ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41365 - X . Jump up ^ Fiorina , Morris P. ; Peterson , Paul E. ( 2000 ) . The New American Democracy . London : Longman , p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07058 - 5 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Joseph E. ( 2005 ) . Africanisms in American Culture , 2d ed . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , pp. 18 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34479 - 4 . Johnson , Fern L. ( 1999 ) . Speaking Culturally : Language Diversity in the United States . Thousand Oaks , Calif. , London , and New Delhi : Sage , p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 8039 - 5912 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richard Koch ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Is Individualism Good or Bad ? '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Huntington , Samuel P. ( 2004 ) . `` Chapters 2 -- 4 '' . Who are We ? : The Challenges to America 's National Identity . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87053 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . : also see American 's Creed , written by William Tyler Page and adopted by Congress in 1918 . Jump up ^ AP ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Americans give record $295 B to charity '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International comparisons of charitable giving '' ( PDF ) . Charities Aid Foundation . November 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Jon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25 % in Liberia , Sierra Leone , Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. '' . Gallup . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Family Affair : Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries '' ( PDF ) . Economic Policy Reforms : Going for Growth . OECD. 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Blanden , Jo ; Gregg , Paul ; Machin , Stephen ( April 2005 ) . `` Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Economic Performance . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gould , Elise ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility . '' Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CAP : Understanding Mobility in America . April 26 , 2006 Jump up ^ Schneider , Donald ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Winship , Scott ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Overstating the Costs of Inequality '' ( PDF ) . National Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gutfeld , Amon ( 2002 ) . American Exceptionalism : The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience . Brighton and Portland : Sussex Academic Press . p. 65 . ISBN 1 - 903900 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zweig , Michael ( 2004 ) . What 's Class Got To Do With It , American Society in the Twenty - First Century . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8899 - 0 . `` Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech '' . Education Resource Information Center . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eichar , Douglas ( 1989 ) . Occupation and Class Consciousness in America . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26111 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( 2005 ) . The Average American . New York : PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 270 - X . Jump up ^ `` Wheat Info '' . Wheatworld.org . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Indigenous Recipes '' . American Indian Health and Diet Project . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sidney Wilfred Mintz ( 1996 ) . Tasting Food , Tasting Freedom : Excursions Into Eating , Culture , and the Past . Beacon Press . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4629 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angus K. Gillespie ; Jay Mechling ( January 1 , 1995 ) . American Wildlife in Symbol and Story . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 259 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Klapthor , James N. ( August 23 , 2003 ) . `` What , When , and Where Americans Eat in 2003 '' . Newswise / Institute of Food Technologists . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ H , D . `` The coffee insurgency '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , 2004 , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Levenstein , 2003 , pp. 154 -- 55 Jump up ^ Harvey A. Levenstein ( 1988 ) . Revolution at the Table : The Transformation of the American Diet . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23439 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Jensen Wallach ( 2013 ) . How America Eats : A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture . Rowman & Littlefield . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0874 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breadsley , Eleanor . `` Why McDonald 's in France Does n't Feel Like Fast Food '' . NPR . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Was the First Drive - Thru Restaurant Created ? '' . Wisegeek.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boslaugh , Sarah ( 2010 ) . `` Obesity Epidemic '' , in Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints , and Voices , ed . Roger Chapman . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe , pp. 413 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1761 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . `` Let 's Eat Out : Americans Weigh Taste , Convenience , and Nutrition '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold . 1999 . Emily Dickinson . Broomall , PA : Chelsea House . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 5106 - 4 . Jump up ^ Buell , Lawrence ( Spring -- Summer 2008 ) . `` The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel : Moby - Dick as Test Case '' . American Literary History . 20 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 132 -- 155 . ISSN 0896 - 7148 . doi : 10.1093 / alh / ajn005 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Edward ( 2006 ) . A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms . Infobase , p. 361 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6243 - 9 . Seed , David ( 2009 ) . A Companion to Twentieth - Century United States Fiction . Chichester , West Sussex : John Wiley and Sons , p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 4691 - 5 . Meyers , Jeffrey ( 1999 ) . Hemingway : A Biography . New York : Da Capo , p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80890 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lesher , Linda Parent ( February 1 , 2000 ) . The Best Novels of the Nineties : A Reader 's Guide . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0389 - 6 . Jump up ^ Summers , Lawrence H. ( November 19 , 2006 ) . `` The Great Liberator '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` James M. Buchanan , Economic Scholar and Nobel Laureate , Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Milton W. ( 1988 1963 ) . The Story of the Armory Show . New York : Abbeville . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 795 - 4 . Jump up ^ Janson , Horst Woldemar ; Janson , Anthony F. ( 2003 ) . History of Art : The Western Tradition . Prentice Hall Professional . p. 955 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 182895 - 7 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Alma ( 1991 ) . The History of Photography : An Overview . UNM Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2076 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ken Bloom ( 2004 ) . Broadway : Its History , People , and Places : an Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 322 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93704 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moran , Eugene V. ( January 1 , 2002 ) . A People 's History of English and American Literature . Nova Publishers . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 303 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Biddle , Julian ( 2001 ) . What Was Hot ! : Five Decades of Pop Culture in America . New York : Citadel , p. ix . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2311 - 5 . Jump up ^ * `` Taylor Swift : Teen idol to ' biggest pop artist in the world ' '' . The Tennessean . September 24 , 2015 . Lynch , Gerald . `` Britney Spears is the most searched for celebrity of the decade '' . Tech Digest . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . `` Katy Perry : now the world 's richest ( famous ) woman '' . the Guardian . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Rosen , Jody . `` Beyoncé : The Woman on Top of the World '' . The New York Times . `` BBC -- Imagine -- Jay - Z : He Came , He Saw , He Conquered '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . * `` Introducing the King of Hip - Hop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Ben Westhoff . `` The enigma of Kanye West -- and how the world 's biggest pop star ended up being its most reviled , too '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Hartman , Graham ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Metallica 's ' Black album ' is Top - Selling Disc of last 20 years '' . Loudwire . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland '' . Herald & Review . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert '' . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world 's second - largest film producer '' ( Press release ) . United Nations . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . April 29 , 1944 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` John Landis Rails Against Studios : ' They 're Not in the Movie Business Anymore ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krasniewicz , Louise ; Disney , Walt ( 2010 ) . Walt Disney : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35830 - 2 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Book explores Hollywood ' Golden Age ' of the 1960s - ' 70s '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Banner , Lois ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Marilyn Monroe , the eternal shape shifter '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick , Jewell ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` John Wayne , an American Icon '' . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greven , David ( January 2 , 2013 ) . Psycho - Sexual : Male Desire in Hitchcock , De Palma , Scorsese , and Friedkin . University of Texas Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74204 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morrison , James ( September 11 , 1998 ) . Passport to Hollywood : Hollywood Films , European Directors . SUNY Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3938 - 8 . Jump up ^ Turow , Joseph ( September 22 , 2011 ) . Media Today : An Introduction to Mass Communication . Taylor & Francis . p. 434 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 86402 - 5 . Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century ( 2001 ) Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Filmsite . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drowne , Kathleen Morgan ; Huber , Patrick ( January 1 , 2004 ) . The 1920 's . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32013 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kroon , Richard W. ( April 30 , 2014 ) . A / VA to Z : An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media , Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms . McFarland . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5740 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Popular Sports in America 2017 '' , Retrieved on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krane , David K. ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation 's Favorite Sport '' . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50454 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Passion for College Football Remains Robust '' . National Football Foundation . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 . Reuters . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 most fascinating facts about the all - time Winter Olympics medal standings '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Loumena , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` With Sochi Olympics approaching , a history of Winter Olympic medals '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liss , Howard . Lacrosse ( Funk & Wagnalls , 1970 ) pg 13 . Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? Football continues to trump baseball as America 's Favorite Sport '' ( PDF ) . Harris Interactive . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ; Grier , Kevin ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` What Would the End of Football Look Like ? '' . Grantland / ESPN . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgetts , Rob . `` Will U.S. learn to love rugby ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Streaming TV Services : What They Cost , What You Get '' . NY Times ; Associated Press . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Fans Spill into Web Sites '' . eMarketer . June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Waits , Jennifer ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise , Especially LPFM , according to New FCC Count '' . Radio Survivor . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brenda Shaffer ( 2006 ) . The Limits of Culture : Islam and Foreign Policy . MIT Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 19529 - 4 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1998 ) . Superman : The Complete History ( 1st ed . ) . Titan Books . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 988 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sites in United States '' . Alexa. 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Newspapers in United States '' . W3newspapers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE. UU '' . Onlinenewspapers.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Edison 's Most Famous Inventions '' . Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benedetti , François ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` 100 Years Ago , the Dream of Icarus Became Reality '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Gordon ( 2012 ) . The Quantum Exodus : Jewish Fugitives , the Atomic Bomb , and the Holocaust . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959215 - 9 . Jump up ^ 10 Little Americans . Google Books . ISBN 9780615140520 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Apollo technology has changed the history '' . Sharon Gaudin . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( July 2 , 2006 ) . `` Celebrating July 2 : 10 Days That Changed History '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Silicon Valley : 110 Year Renaissance , McLaughlin , Weimers , Winslow 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Price ( 2004 ) . Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 7190 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Robert Keith ( 2012 ) . Explaining Creativity : The Science of Human Innovation . Oxford University Press . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973757 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bennett , W. Lance ; Segerberg , Alexandra ( September 2011 ) . `` Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action '' . Information , Communication & Society . 14 ( 6 ) : 770 -- 799 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.579141 . Jump up ^ `` Computer and Internet Use Main '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce , Census Bureau . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cell phone ownership hits 91 % of adults '' . Pew Research Center . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom on the Net 2014 '' . Freedom House . Jump up ^ `` Research and Development ( R&D ) Expenditures by Source and Objective : 1970 to 2004 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Donald ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` Britain Second in World Research Rankings '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Life expectancy data by country '' . WHO. 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Life Expectancy at Birth '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Christopher J.L. ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` The State of US Health , 1990 -- 2010 : Burden of Diseases , Injuries , and Risk Factors '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the American Medical Association . 310 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 608 . PMC 5436627 . PMID 23842577 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.13805 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Infant Mortality Rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States ' , Making It Fattest Country in the Americas '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2002 ) . Fast Food Nation . New York : Perennial . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093845 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults : United States , 2003 -- 2004 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Teen Pregnancy '' . Center for Disease Control . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Glen ; Raad , Raymond . `` Bending the Productivity Curve : Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation '' . The Cato Institute . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Do n't Measure Nobels and Innovation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Healthcare System : The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Maine . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , Uninsured Rate Holds at 13.4 % '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Abelson , Reed ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising , Study Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blewett , Lynn A. ; et al. ( December 2006 ) . `` How Much Health Insurance Is Enough ? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance '' . Medical Care Research and Review . 63 ( 6 ) : 663 -- 700 . ISSN 1077 - 5587 . PMID 17099121 . doi : 10.1177 / 1077558706293634 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( April 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mass . Bill Requires Health Coverage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Law 54 % Favor Repeal of Health Care Law '' . Rasmussen Reports . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Debate on ObamaCare to intensify in the wake of landmark Supreme Court ruling '' . Fox News . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Bibliography Acharya , Viral V. ; Cooley , Thomas F. ; Richardson , Matthew P. ; Walter , Ingo ( 2010 ) . Regulating Wall Street : The Dodd - Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance . Wiley . p. 592 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76877 - 8 . Baptist , Edward E. ( 2014 ) . The Half Has Never Been Told : Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00296 - X . Barth , James ; Jahera , John ( 2010 ) . `` US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation '' . Journal of Financial Economic Policy . 2 ( 3 ) : 192 -- 195 . doi : 10.1108 / 17576381011085412 . Berkin , Carol ; Miller , Christopher L. ; Cherny , Robert W. ; Gormly , James L. ( 2007 ) . Making America : A History of the United States , Volume I : To 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 75 . ISBN 0618994858 . Bianchine , Peter J. ; Russo , Thomas A. ( 1992 ) . `` The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America '' . Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . OceanSide Publications , Inc. 13 ( 5 ) : 225 -- 232 . PMID 1483570 . doi : 10.2500 / 108854192778817040 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Boyer , Paul S. ; Clark , Clifford E. Jr. ; Kett , Joseph F. ; Salisbury , Neal ; Sitkoff , Harvard ; Woloch , Nancy ( 2007 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 588 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 80161 - 9 . , Book Calloway , Colin G. ( 1998 - 02 - 18 ) . New Worlds for All : Indians , Europeans , and the Remaking of Early America . JHU Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5959 - 5 . Cobarrubias , Juan ( 1983 ) . Progress in Language Planning : International Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3358 - 4 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1996 ) . Do n't know much about the Civil War . New York : William Marrow and Co. p. 518 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11814 - 3 . , Book Daynes , Byron W. ; Sussman , Glen ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) . White House Politics and the Environment : Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush . Texas A&M University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 254 - 1 . Presidential environmental policies , 1933 -- 2009 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , Book Erlandson , Jon M ; Rick , Torben C ; Vellanoweth , Rene L ( 16 September 2008 ) . A Canyon Through Time : Archaeology , History , and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area , Santa Barbara County , California . University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 879 - 7 . Feldstein , Sylvan G. ; Fabozzi , Frank J. , CFA . The Handbook of Municipal Bonds . John Wiley & Sons , January 13 , 2011 . p. 1376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 04494 - 0 . , Book Gold , Susan Dudley ( 2006 ) . United States V. Amistad : Slave Ship Mutiny . Marshall Cavendish . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2143 - 6 . , Book Ferguson , Thomas ; Rogers , Joel ( 1986 ) . `` The Myth of America 's Turn to the Right '' . The Atlantic . 257 ( 5 ) : 43 -- 53 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Fraser , Steve ; Gerstle , Gary ( 1989 ) . The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order : 1930 -- 1980 . American History : Political science . Princeton University Press . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00607 - 9 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Greg , Percy ( 1892 ) . History of the United States from the Foundation of Virginia to the Reconstruction of the Union . West , Johnston & Company . García , Ofelia ( 9 September 2011 ) . Bilingual Education in the 21st Century : A Global Perspective . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5978 - 7 . Gordon , John Steele ( 2004 ) . An Empire of Wealth : The Epic History of American Economic Power . 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American Colonies : The Settling of North America . Penguin Books , New York . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87282 - 2 . , Book Thornton , Russell ( 1987 ) . American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History Since 1492 . Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2220 - 5 . , Book Vaughan , Alden T. ( 1999 ) . New England Encounters : Indians and Euroamericans Ca . 1600 -- 1850 . North Eastern University Press . Walton , Gary M. ; Rockoff , Hugh ( 2009 ) . History of the American Economy . Cengage Learning . , Book Williams , Daniel K. ( 2012 ) . `` Questioning Conservatism 's Ascendancy : A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics ; ( Reviews in American History ) '' ( PDF ) . Reviews in American History . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 40 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 331 . doi : 10.1353 / rah. 2012.0043 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Winchester , Simon ( 2013 ) . The men who United the States . Harper Collins . pp. 198 , 216 , 251 , 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 207960 - 2 . Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . Harper Perennial Modern Classics . pp. 321 -- 357 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . Internet sources `` Country Profile : United States of America '' . BBC News . London . April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . Cohen , Eliot A. ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` History and the Hyperpower '' . Foreign Affairs . Washington D.C . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . `` Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island '' . `` History of `` In God We Trust '' `` . U.S. Department of the Treasury . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . `` Early History , Native Americans , and Early Settlers in Mercer County '' . Mercer County Historical Society . 2005 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2005 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . , Book Nick Hayes ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Looking back 20 years : Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War ? '' . MinnPost . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . `` 59e . The End of the Cold War '' . U.S. History.org . Independence Hall Association . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Levy , Peter B. ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reagan - Bush Years . ABC - CLIO . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29018 - 3 . Census Bureau , US ( 2016 ) . `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Wallander , Celeste A. ( 2003 ) . `` Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 5 ( 4 ) : 137 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039703322483774 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . 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Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone

Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( disambiguation ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Cover for one of the earliest UK editions Author J.K. Rowling Illustrator Thomas Taylor ( UK Edition ) Jonny Duddle ( 2014 UK Edition ) Mary GrandPré ( US Edition ) Kazu Kibuishi ( 2013 US Edition ) Jim Kay ( Illustrated edition ) Series Harry Potter Release number 1st in series Genre Fantasy Publisher Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) Publication date 26 June 1997 ( UK ) 1 September 1998 ( US ) Pages 223 ( UK Edition ) 332 ( 2014 UK Edition ) 309 ( US Edition ) 336 ( 2013 US Edition ) 256 ( Illustrated Edition ) ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 Followed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowling 's debut novel , first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury . It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998 . The plot follows Harry Potter , a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . With the help of his friends , Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who killed Harry 's parents , but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old . The novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US . The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best - selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000 . It has been translated into at least seventy three other languages and has been made into a feature - length film of the same name , as have all six of its sequels . Most reviews were very favourable , commenting on Rowling 's imagination , humour , simple , direct style and clever plot construction , although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed . The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen , one of Rowling 's favourite authors , Roald Dahl , whose works dominated children 's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter , and the Ancient Greek story - teller Homer . While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian boarding school stories , others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , along with the rest of the Harry Potter series , has been attacked by several religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft , but other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints , including the power of self - sacrifice and the ways in which people 's decisions shape their personalities . The series has been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques , sociological analysis and marketing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Plot 1.2 Main characters 2 Development , publication and reception 2.1 Development 2.2 Publication and reception in the United Kingdom 2.3 U.S. publication and reception 2.4 Translations 3 Style and themes 4 Legacy 4.1 Sequels 4.2 Illustrated Version 4.3 Film version 4.4 Video games 4.5 Uses in education and business 5 Release history 6 Footnotes 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Plot ( edit ) As the main title suggests , the plot centres on a legendary alchemical substance which is believed by some to give immortality The most evil and powerful dark wizard in history , Lord Voldemort , murders James and Lily Potter but mysteriously disappears after failing to kill their infant son , Harry . While the wizarding world celebrates Voldemort 's apparent downfall , Professor Dumbledore , Professor McGonagall and half - giant Rubeus Hagrid place the one - year - old orphan in the care of his surly and cold Muggle uncle and aunt , Vernon and Petunia Dursley and their spoilt and bullying son , Dudley . For ten years , living at number Four Privet Drive , Harry is treated by the Dursleys more like a servant than a member of the family and is forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs . Shortly before his eleventh birthday , a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive , but Uncle Vernon destroys them before Harry can read them , leading to an influx of more and more letters . To evade the pursuit of these letters , Vernon first takes the family to a hotel , but when the letters arrive there too , he hires a boat out to a hut on a small island . It is Harry 's eleventh birthday and at midnight , Hagrid bursts through the door to deliver the letter and to tell Harry what the Dursleys have kept from him : Harry is a wizard and has been accepted into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , where Hagrid is groundskeeper and Dumbledore is Headmaster . Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley , where he is surprised to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards , who refer to him as `` the boy who lived . '' He also finds that his parents ' inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank . Guided by Hagrid , he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts and as a birthday gift Harry receives a pet owl from Hagrid ( which he names `` Hedwig '' ) . A month later , Harry leaves the Dursleys ' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King 's Cross railway station . There he meets the Weasley family , who show him how to pass through the magic wall to Platform 93⁄4 , where the train that will take them to Hogwarts is waiting . While on the train , Harry meets two fellow first years , Ron Weasley , who immediately becomes his friend , and Hermione Granger , with whom the ice is a bit slower to break . Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first - year , Draco Malfoy . Draco offers to advise Harry , but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of `` friendship '' . At Hogwarts , the first - years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities . While Harry is being sorted , the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards , but when Harry objects , the Hat sends him to Gryffindor . Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor . Draco is sorted into Slytherin , like his whole family before him . Harry starts classes at Hogwarts School , with lessons including Transfiguration with head of Gryffindor , Minerva McGonagall , Herbology with Head of Hufflepuff , Pomona Sprout , Charms with Head of Ravenclaw Filius Flitwick , and Defence Against the Dark Arts with Quirinus Quirrell . Harry 's least favourite class is Potions , taught by Severus Snape , the vindictive Head of Slytherin who seems to loathe Harry . Harry , Ron , and Hermione become far more interested by extracurricular matters within and outside the school , particularly after they discover that a huge three - headed dog is standing guard over a trap door in a forbidden corridor . They also become suspicious of Snape 's behaviour and become convinced that he is looking for ways to get past the trapdoor to whatever it 's hiding . Harry discovers an innate talent for flying on broomsticks and is appointed as Seeker on his House 's Quidditch team , a wizards ' sport played in the air . His first game goes well until his broomstick wobbles in mid-air and almost throws him off . Ron and Hermione suspect foul play from Snape , whom they saw behaving oddly . For Christmas , Harry receives an invisibility cloak from an anonymous source and begins exploring the school at night and investigating the hidden object further . He discovers the Mirror of Erised ( backwards for `` desire '' ) , in which the viewer sees his or her deepest desires becoming true . Thanks to an indiscretion from Hagrid , Harry and his friends work out that the object kept at the school is a Philosopher 's Stone , made by an old friend of Dumbledore named Nicolas Flamel , which grants its user immortality , as long as it 's constantly used . Harry is also informed by a centaur he meets in the forest that a plot to steal the Philosopher 's Stone is being orchestrated by none other than Voldemort himself , who would use it to be restored to his body and come back to power . When Dumbledore is lured from Hogwarts under false pretences , Harry and his friends fear that the theft is imminent and descend through the trapdoor themselves . They encounter a series of obstacles , each of which requires unique skills possessed by one of the three , and one of which requires Ron to sacrifice himself in a life - sized game of wizard 's chess . In the final room , Harry , now alone , finds Quirrell , who admits that he had tried to kill Harry at his Quidditch match against Slytherin . He also admits that he let a troll into Hogwarts . Snape had been trying to protect Harry all along rather than to kill him , and his suspicious behaviour came from his own suspicions about Quirrell . Quirrell is one of Voldemort 's followers , and is now partly possessed by him : Voldemort 's face has sprouted on the back of his own head , hidden by his turban . Voldemort needs Harry 's help to get past the final obstacle : the Mirror of Erised . When stood in front of it , the Mirror recognises Harry 's lack of greed for the Stone and surreptitiously deposits it in his pocket . Quirrell promptly tries to seize the Stone , but his flesh burns on contact with Harry , proving lethal for Quirrell . Harry passes out and awakens in the school hospital , where Dumbledore explains to him that he survived because his mother sacrificed her life to protect him , and this left a powerful protective charm on him . It is also revealed that the invisibility cloak was left by his father for Dumbledore to keep and give to Harry . Voldemort left Quirrell to die and is likely to return by some other means . The Stone has now been destroyed . The school year ends at the final feast , during which Gryffindor wins the House Cup . Harry returns to the Dursleys ' for the summer holiday but does not tell them that under - age wizards are forbidden to use magic outside of Hogwarts . Main characters ( edit ) Harry Potter is an orphan whom Rowling imagined as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard . '' She developed the series ' story and characters to explain how Harry came to be in this situation and how his life unfolded from there . Apart from the first chapter , the events of this book take place just before and in the year following Harry 's eleventh birthday . Voldemort 's attack left a lightning bolt - shaped scar on Harry 's forehead , which produces stabbing pains whenever Voldemort is present . Harry has a natural talent for Quidditch and became the first person in decades to get on their team in their first year . Ronald Weasley is Harry 's age and Rowling describes him as the ultimate best friend , `` always there when you need him . '' He is freckled , red - haired and quite tall . He grew up in a fairly large pure - blood family as the sixth born of seven children . Although his family is quite poor , they still live comfortably and happily . His loyalty and bravery in the face of a game of Wizards Chess plays a vital part in finding the Philosopher 's Stone . Hermione Granger , the daughter of an all - Muggle family , is a bossy girl who has apparently memorised most of the textbooks before the start of term . Rowling described Hermione as a `` very logical , upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness '' . Despite her nagging efforts to keep Harry and Ron out of trouble , she becomes a close friend of the two boys after they save her from a troll , and her magical and analytical skills play an important role in finding the Philosopher 's Stone . She has bushy brown hair and rather large front teeth . Neville Longbottom is a plump , diffident boy , so forgetful that his grandmother gives him a Remembrall , although he can not remember why . Neville 's magical abilities are weak and appeared just in time to save his life when he was eight . Despite his timidity , Neville will fight anyone after some encouragement or if he thinks it is right and important . Rubeus Hagrid , a half - giant nearly 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) tall , with tangled black hair and beard , was expelled from Hogwarts and his wand was snapped in half ( resulting in him never to use a wand again ) , however Professor Dumbledore let him stay on as the school 's gamekeeper , a job which enables him to lavish affection and pet names on even the most dangerous of magical creatures . Hagrid is fiercely loyal to Dumbledore and quickly becomes a close friend of Harry , Ron and , later , Hermione , but his carelessness makes him unreliable . Professor Albus Dumbledore , a tall , thin man who wears half - moon spectacles and has silver hair and a beard that tucks into his belt , is the headmaster of Hogwarts , and thought to be the only wizard Voldemort fears . Dumbledore , while renowned for his achievements in magic , he shrugs off praise , he is aware of his own brilliance . Rowling described him as the `` epitome of goodness '' . Professor Minerva McGonagall , a tall , severe - looking woman with black hair tied in a tight bun , teaches Transfiguration , and sometimes transforms herself into a cat . She is Deputy Headmistress , and Head of Gryffindor House and , according to the author , `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '' . Petunia Dursley , the sister of Harry 's mother Lily , is a thin woman with a long neck that she uses for spying on the neighbours . She regards her magical sister as a freak and tries to pretend that she never existed . Vernon Dursley is the husband of Petunia Dursley , is a heavily built man whose irascible bluster covers a narrow mind and a fear of anything unusual . Dudley Dursley is an overweight , spoiled bully , and cousin of Harry Potter ( who uses Harry as his punching bag ) . Draco Malfoy is a slim , pale boy who speaks in a bored drawl . He is arrogant about his skill in Quidditch , and despises anyone who is not a pure - blood wizard -- and wizards who do not share his views . His parents had supported Voldemort , but changed sides after the dark wizard 's disappearance , claiming they had been bewitched . Draco avoids direct confrontations , and tries to get Harry and his friends into trouble . Oliver Wood is Harry 's Quidditch captain for the Gryffindor Quidditch team . He plays as keeper . Professor Quirrell is a twitching , stammering man who teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts . Reputedly he was a brilliant scholar , but his nerve was shattered by an encounter with vampires . Quirrell wears a turban to conceal the fact that he is voluntarily possessed by Voldemort , whose face appears on the back of Quirrell 's head . Professor Severus Snape , who has a hooked nose , sallow complexion and greasy black hair , teaches Potions , but would prefer to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts . Snape praises pupils in Slytherin , his own House but seizes every opportunity to humiliate others , especially Harry . Several incidents , beginning with the shooting pain in Harry 's scar during the start - of - term feast , lead Harry and his friends to think Snape is a follower of Voldemort . Argus Filch , the school caretaker who knows the school 's secret passages better than anyone else except , possibly , the Weasley twins . His cat , Mrs. Norris , aids his constant hunt for misbehaving pupils . Other members of staff include the dumpy Herbology teacher and Head of Hufflepuff House Professor Sprout , Professor Flitwick , the tiny and excitable Charms teacher , and Head of Ravenclaw House , the soporific History of Magic teacher , Professor Binns , a ghost who does not seem to have noticed his own death ; and Madam Hooch , the Quidditch coach , who is strict , but a considerate and methodical teacher . The poltergeist Peeves wanders around the castle causing trouble wherever he can . In the book , Rowling introduces an eclectic cast of characters . The first character to be introduced is Vernon Dursley , Harry 's uncle . Most of the actions centre on the eponymous hero Harry Potter , an orphan who escapes his miserable childhood with the Dursley family . Rowling imagined him as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard '' , and says she transferred part of her pain about losing her mother to him . During the book , Harry makes two close friends , Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger . Ron is described by Rowling as the ultimate best friend , `` always there when you need him '' . Rowling has described Hermione as a `` very logical , upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness '' . Rowling also imagined a supporting cast of adults . The headmaster of Hogwarts is the powerful , but kind wizard Albus Dumbledore , who becomes Harry 's confidant ; Rowling described him as `` epitome of goodness '' . His right hand is severe Minerva McGonagall , who according to the author `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '' , the friendly half - giant Rubeus Hagrid , who saved Harry from the Dursley family , and the sinister Severus Snape . Professor Quirrell is also featured in the novel . The main antagonists are Draco Malfoy , an elitist , bullying classmate and Lord Voldemort , the most powerful evil wizard who becomes disembodied when he tries to kill baby Harry . According to a 1999 interview with Rowling , the character of Voldemort was created as a literary foil for Harry , and his backstory was intentionally not fleshed - out at first : The basic idea ... Harry , I saw Harry very very very clearly . Very vividly . And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard . ( ... ) And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was . ( ... ) When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him . ( ... ) And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . Development , publication and reception ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The book , which was Rowling 's debut novel , was written between approximately June 1990 and some time in 1995 . In 1990 Jo Rowling , as she preferred to be known , wanted to move with her boyfriend to a flat in Manchester and in her words , `` One weekend after flat hunting , I took the train back to London on my own and the idea for Harry Potter fell into my head ... A scrawny , little , black - haired , bespectacled boy became more and more of a wizard to me ... I began to write Philosopher 's Stone that very evening . Although , the first couple of pages look nothing like the finished product . '' Then Rowling 's mother died and , to cope with her pain , Rowling transferred her own anguish to the orphan Harry . Rowling spent six years working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and after it was accepted by Bloomsbury , she obtained a grant of £ 8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council , which enabled her to plan the sequels . She sent the book to an agent and a publisher , and then the second agent she approached spent a year trying to sell the book to publishers , most of whom thought it was too long at about 90,000 words . Barry Cunningham , who was building a portfolio of distinctive fantasies by new authors for Bloomsbury Children 's Books , recommended accepting the book , and the eight - year - old daughter of Bloomsbury 's chief executive said it was `` so much better than anything else '' . Publication and reception in the United kingdom ( edit ) Imitation of the fictional Platform 93⁄4 at the real King 's Cross railway station , with a luggage trolley apparently halfway through the magical wall Bloomsbury accepted the book , paying Rowling a £ 2,500 advance , and Cunningham sent proof copies to carefully chosen authors , critics and booksellers in order to obtain comments that could be quoted when the book was launched . He was less concerned about the book 's length than about its author 's name , since the title sounded like a boys ' book to him , and he believed boys preferred books by male authors . Rowling therefore adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling just before publication . In June 1997 , Bloomsbury published Philosopher 's Stone with an initial print - run of 500 copies in hardback , three hundred of which were distributed to libraries . Her original name , `` Joanne Rowling '' , can be found in small print on the copyright page of this first British edition . ( The 1998 first American edition would remove reference to `` Joanne '' completely . ) The short initial print run was standard for first novels , and Cunningham hoped booksellers would read the book and recommend it to customers . Examples from this initial print run have sold for as much as US $33,460 in a 2007 Heritage Auction . Lindsey Fraser , who had supplied one of the blurb comments , wrote what is thought to be the first published review , in The Scotsman on 28 June 1997 . She described Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone as `` a hugely entertaining thriller '' and Rowling as `` a first - rate writer for children '' . Another early review , in The Herald , said , `` I have yet to find a child who can put it down . '' Newspapers outside Scotland started to notice the book , with glowing reviews in The Guardian , The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday , and in September 1997 Books for Keeps , a magazine that specialised in children 's books , gave the novel four stars out of five . The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' ; a view echoed by the Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' and The Scotsman said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' . In 1997 the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 to 11 year - olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize . The Smarties award , which is voted for by children , made the book well - known within six months of publication , while most children 's books have to wait for years . The following year , Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children . It was also shortlisted for children 's books awards adjudicated by adults , but did not win . Sandra Beckett comments that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards -- for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Roald Dahl , an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling 's books . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 22 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit , the British Book Awards Children 's Book of the Year and the Booksellers ' Association / Bookseller Author of the Year . By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies , and the story was still the UK 's best - selling title in December 2001 . A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press . Platform 93⁄4 , from which the Hogwarts Express left London , was commemorated in the real - life King 's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall . US publication and reception ( edit ) Original U.S. cover of Sorcerer 's Stone UK to American translation examples UK American mum , mam mom sherbet lemon lemon drop motorbike motorcycle chips fries crisp chip jelly Jell - O jacket potato baked potato jumper sweater Scholastic Corporation bought the U.S. rights at the Bologna Book Fair in April 1997 for US $105,000 , an unusually high sum for a children 's book . They thought that a child would not want to read a book with the word `` philosopher '' in the title and , after some discussion , the American edition was published in September 1998 under the title Rowling suggested , Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone . Rowling claimed that she regretted this change and would have fought it if she had been in a stronger position at the time . Philip Nel has pointed out that the change lost the connection with alchemy , and the meaning of some other terms changed in translation , for example from `` crumpet '' to `` muffin '' . While Rowling accepted the change from both the British English `` mum '' and Seamus Finnigan 's Irish variant `` mam '' to `` mom '' in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , she vetoed this change in the later books , which was then reversed in later editions of Philosopher 's Stone . However , Nel considered that Scholastic 's translations were considerably more sensitive than most of those imposed on British English books of the time , and that some other changes could be regarded as useful copyedits . Since the British editions of early titles in the series were published a few months earlier than the American versions , some American readers became familiar with the British English versions after buying them via the Internet . At first the most prestigious reviewers ignored the book , leaving it to book trade and library publications such as Kirkus Reviews and Booklist , which examined it only by the entertainment - oriented criteria of children 's fiction . However , more penetrating specialist reviews ( such as one by Cooperative Children 's Book Center Choices , which pointed out the complexity , depth and consistency of the world Rowling had built ) attracted the attention of reviewers in major newspapers . Although The Boston Globe and Michael Winerip in The New York Times complained that the final chapters were the weakest part of the book , they and most other American reviewers gave glowing praise . A year later the US edition was selected as an American Library Association Notable Book , a Publishers Weekly Best Book of 1998 , and a New York Public Library 1998 Best Book of the Year , and won Parenting Magazine 's Book of the Year Award for 1998 , the School Library Journal Best Book of the Year , and the American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults . In August 1999 , Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone topped the New York Times list of best - selling fiction , and stayed near the top of the list for much of 1999 and 2000 , until the New York Times split its list into children 's and adult sections under pressure from other publishers who were eager to see their books given higher placings . Publishers Weekly 's report in December 2001 on cumulative sales of children 's fiction placed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone 19th among hardbacks ( over 5 million copies ) and 7th among paperbacks ( over 6.6 million copies ) . In May 2008 , Scholastic announced the creation of a 10th Anniversary Edition of the book that was released on 1 October 2008 to mark the tenth anniversary of the original American release . For the fifteenth anniversary of the books , Scholastic re-released Sorcerer 's Stone , along with the other six novels in the series , with new cover art by Kazu Kibuishi in 2013 . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter in translation By mid-2008 , official translations of the book had been published in 67 languages.By September 11 , 2017 , official translations of the book had been published in 74 languages . Bloomsbury have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek , and the latter was described as `` one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries '' . Style and themes ( edit ) See also : Harry Potter influences and analogues Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen , whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve . Both novelists encourage re-reading , because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story - line -- for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books . Like Austen 's heroines , Harry often has to re-examine his ideas near the ends of books . Some social behaviour in the Harry Potter books is remininiscent of Austen , for example the excited communal reading of letters . Both authors satirise social behaviour and give characters names that express their personalities . However in Nel 's opinion Rowling 's humour is more based on caricature and the names she invents are more like those found in Charles Dickens 's stories , and Amanda Cockrell noted that many of these express their owners ' traits through allusions that run from ancient Roman mythology to eighteenth - century German literature . Rowling , like the Narnia series ' author C.S. Lewis , thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults . Nel also noted that , like many good writers for children , Rowling combines literary genres ‍ -- ‌ fantasy , young adult fiction , boarding school stories , Bildungsroman and many others . Some reviewers compared Philosopher 's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl , who died in 1990 . Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor , but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and , in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher 's Stone , seven of the ten most popular children 's books were by Dahl , including the one in top place . The only other really popular children 's author of the late 1990s was an American , R.L. Stine . Some of the story elements in Philosopher 's Stone resembled parts of Dahl 's stories ; for example , the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant aunts‍ -- ‌one fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley , who treated Harry as a servant . However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation , able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside . Librarian Nancy Knapp and marketing professor Stephen Brown noted the liveliness and detail of descriptions , especially of shop scenes such as Diagon Alley . Tad Brennan commented that Rowling 's writing resembles that of Homer : `` rapid , plain , and direct in expression . '' Stephen King admired `` the sort of playful details of which only British fantasists seem capable '' and concluded that they worked because Rowling enjoys a quick giggle and then moves briskly forward . Nicholas Tucker described the early Harry Potter books as looking back to Victorian and Edwardian children 's stories : Hogwarts was an old - style boarding school in which the teachers addressed pupils formally by their surnames and were most concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated ; characters ' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances , starting with the Dursleys ; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed , including Filch 's cat Mrs Norris ; and the hero , a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life , was charismatic and good at sports , but considerate and protective towards the weak . Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes . However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain : a class system that was breaking down but defended by those whose power and status it upheld ; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts ' students ; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species ; and school bullying . Susan Hall wrote that there is no rule of law in the books , as the actions of Ministry of Magic officials are unconstrained by laws , accountability or any kind of legal challenge . This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order . As a side - effect Harry and Hermione , who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world , find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards . For example , Hermione notes that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher 's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power , and that most wizards have no chance of solving it . Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional , status - conscious , materialistic Dursleys was Rowling 's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s , which treated the married heterosexual couple as the `` preferred norm '' , while the author was a single mother . Harry 's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty . This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley family throughout the series , and in his treatment of first Rubeus Hagrid and later Remus Lupin and Sirius Black as father - figures . Legacy ( edit ) Sequels ( edit ) The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on July 2 , 1998 and in the US on June 2 , 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8 , 1999 and in the US on September 8 , 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on June 21 , 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on July 16 , 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on July 21 , 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release : 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Illustrated version ( edit ) An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in October 2015 , with illustrations by Jim Kay . The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist . Film version ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) In 1999 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books . After extensive casting , filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London , with production ending in July 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in London on 14 November 2001 . Reviewers ' comments were positive , as reflected by an 80 % Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and by a score of 64 % at Metacritic , representing `` generally favourable reviews '' . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( video game ) Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2001 and 2003 by Electronic Arts , loosely based on the film and book : Developer Release date Platform Genre GameRankings Metacritic Notes KnowWonder 15 November 2001 Microsoft Windows Adventure / puzzle 67.35 % 65 / 100 Argonaut PlayStation Action - adventure 66.98 % 64 / 100 Griptonite Game Boy Color Role - playing game 73 % N / A Game Boy Advance Action puzzle 68.37 % 64 / 100 Aspyr 28 February 2002 Mac OS X Adventure / puzzle N / A N / A Port of Windows version Warthog 9 December 2003 GameCube Action - adventure 63.31 % 62 / 100 PlayStation 2 57.90 % 56 / 100 Xbox 61.82 % 59 / 100 Uses in Education and business ( edit ) Writers on education and business subjects have used the book as an object lesson . Writing about clinical teaching in medical schools , Jennifer Conn contrasted Snape 's technical expertise with his intimidating behaviour towards students ; on the other hand Quidditch coach Madam Hooch illustrated useful techniques in the teaching of physical skills , including breaking down complex actions into sequences of simple ones and helping students to avoid common errors . Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Stephen Brown noted that the early Harry Potter books , especially Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , were a runaway success despite inadequate and poorly organised marketing . Brown advised marketing executives to be less preoccupied with rigorous statistical analyses and the `` analysis , planning , implementation , and control '' model of management . Instead he recommended that they should treat the stories as `` a marketing masterclass '' , full of enticing products and brand names . For example , a real - world analogue of Bertie Bott 's Every Flavour Beans was introduced under licence in 2000 by toymaker Hasbro . Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Edition ( Hardback / Paperback ) Publisher Pages Canada 1 December 1998 Hardback Children 's Edition Raincoast 223 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 1 November 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 31 August 2000 Paperback Children 's Edition 16 October 2002 Paperback Magic Edition 4 October 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 12 January 2011 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) Bloomsbury 223 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) United Kingdom 26 June 1997 Hardback Children 's Edition Paperback Children 's Edition 11 September 1998 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 27 September 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 8 October 2001 Paperback Special Edition 10 July 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 4 October 2004 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 223 1 November 2010 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 18 July 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 United States 1 September 1998 Hardback Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic 309 8 September 1999 Paperback 1 November 2000 Hardback Collector 's Edition 1 November 2001 Mass Market Paperback 400 September 2008 Paperback ( Exclusive Scholastic School Market Edition ) 309 1 October 2008 Hardback 10th Anniversary Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 Footnotes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling was christened Joanne Rowling , without a middle name , and adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling for publication . She says that she was always known as `` Jo '' The book 's copyright page gives her name as `` Joanne Rowling '' . Jump up ^ The Children 's Book Award , The Young Telegraph Paperback of the Year Award , the Birmingham Cable Children 's Book Award and the Sheffield Children 's Book Award . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : J.K. Rowling : Bloomsbury Childrens '' . Bloomsbury . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Official Site : Biography '' . J.K. Rowling. 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Interview with J.K. Rowling '' . The Diane Rehm Show ( Interview ) . Interview with Diane Rehm . Washington : Accio Quote . Retrieved 2 March 2009 -- via WAMU . I saw Harry very very very clearly ... And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry ... but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt - shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , Voldemort , who has been in hiding ever since . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and Me '' . Accio Quote . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Lindsey ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Accio Quote . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Evan ( 13 July 2000 ) . `` J.K. Rowling Interview '' . CBCNewsWorld Hot Type . Accio Quote . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com '' . Scholastic.com . Accio Quote. 16 October 2000 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Riccio , Heather ( 1995 -- 2009 ) . `` Interview with JK Rowling , Author of Harry Potter '' . Hilary Magazine . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lydon , Christopher . J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . Accio Quote. 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection . Accio Quote . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC `` Red Nose Day '' Online Chat Transcript `` . BBC . MuggleNet. 12 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Shelagh ( 23 October 2000 ) . `` Interview : J.K. Rowling '' . This Morning . Accio Quote . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 1997 ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Bloomsbury . p. copyright notice . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3274 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Connie Ann ( 1 January 2003 ) . `` Early Career '' . J.K. Rowling : A Biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 62 . ISBN 0313322058 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eccleshare , Julia ( 2002 ) . `` The Publishing of a Phenomenon '' . A guide to the Harry Potter novels . Continuum International . pp. 7 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5317 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : the eight - year - old girl who saved Harry Potter '' . The Independent . London . 3 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawless , John ( 29 May 2005 ) . `` Nigel Newton '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . McGraw - Hill . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Elisco , Lester . `` The Phenomenon of Harry Potter '' . TomFolio.com . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Mystery of the Author 's Name '' . Cotsen Children 's Library . Princeton University . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling : The Rare True First Edition of the First Harry Potter Book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . '' . Heritage Auctions. 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nel , Philip ( 2001 ) . `` Reviews of the Novels '' . J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter novels : a reader 's guide . Continuum International . pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5232 - 9 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Knapp , N.F. ( 2003 ) . `` In Defense of Harry Potter : An Apologia '' ( PDF ) . School Libraries Worldwide . International Association of School Librarianship. 9 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 91 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Arthur A. Levine Books . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , Sandra L. ( 2008 ) . `` Child - to - Adult Crossover Fiction '' . Crossover Fiction . Taylor & Francis . pp. 112 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 98033 - X . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved 12 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Children 's Books : Bestsellers '' . The Independent . UK . 27 March 1999 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jury , J. ( 22 December 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter hides fall in number of books sold a downturn in book sales '' . The Independent . London . 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London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ; Needham , P. ( 2003 ) . Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis ( in Latin ) . Bloomsbury USA Children 's Books . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 825 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ; Wilson , A. ( 2004 ) . Άρειος Ποτηρ καὶ ἡ τοῦ φιλοσόφου λίθος ( in Ancient Greek ) . Bloomsbury USA Children 's Books . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 826 - X . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Tad ( 7 August 2005 ) . `` J.K. Rowling , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Translated into Ancient Greek by Andrew Wilson '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . Bryn Mawr College . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cockrell , Amanda ( 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Secret Password '' . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Stephen ( 2002 ) . `` Marketing for Muggles : The Harry Potter way to higher profits '' . 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Greenwood Publishing . pp. 147 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Potter timeline for muggles '' . Toronto Star . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter : Meet J.K. Rowling '' . Scholastic Inc . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Speed - reading after lights out '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Amy ( 14 July 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Internet Pirates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Cassy , John ( 16 January 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the hottest day of summer '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` July date for Harry Potter book '' . BBC . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC News . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling unveils last Potter date '' . BBC . 1 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.jimkay.co.uk/home/harry-potter/ Jump up ^ Vera , Ruel S. De . `` Illustrated edition offers ' Harry Potter ' fans a unique reading experience '' . lifestyle.inquirer.net . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . The Australian Financial Review . Accio Quote. 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . UK . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures ' ' Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ' '' . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Casts Spell at World Premiere '' . BBC News . 15 November 2001 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PC ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PSX ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Game Boy Color '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( GBA ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Mac ) '' . Future Publishing Limited . 15 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for GameCube '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Cube ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PlayStation 2 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PS2 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Xbox '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Xbox ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Conn , Jennifer J. ( 2002 ) . `` What can clinical teachers learn from Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ? '' . Medical Education . 36 ( 12 ) : 1176 -- 1181 . PMID 12472752 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2923.2002. 01376. x . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro Wins Wide Range of Rights for Harry Potter from Warner Bros. Consumer Products '' . Burbank , California : Time Warner . 11 February 2000 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone British Children 's Cloth Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . 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Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter Signature Edition ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter 1 Adult Cover ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Illustrated Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Kirkus Reviews . 1 September 1998 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Sorcerer 's Stone ( mm ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New cover for Sorcerer 's Stone paperback edition '' . MuggleNet. 29 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Muggles ' Guide to Harry Potter has a page on the topic of : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter -- Wikipedia book Quotations related to Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone at Wikiquote Background information and storylines from the Harry Potter Lexicon Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone on Open Library at the Internet Archive The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World VIAF : 277356519 LCCN : nr00008597 GND : 4615979 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone&oldid=801538323 '' Categories : Harry Potter books 1990s fantasy novels 1997 British novels Alchemy in fiction Bloomsbury Publishing books British Book Award - winning works British novels adapted into films Debut novels Scholastic Corporation books British children 's novels 1997 children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Use dmy dates from February 2016 Use British English from August 2011 Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2017 Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 08 : 16 . 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Montgomery Ward

Montgomery Ward - wikipedia Montgomery Ward Jump to : navigation , search Montgomery Ward Montgomery Ward retailer logo , also the store 's 1982 -- 1995 and 2004 -- present logo Former type Private -- Original incarnation , mail order and department store Current incarnation , online retailer and catalog merchant Industry Retail Fate Bankruptcy in 2000 ; Full liquidation in 2001 namesake retailer launched in 2004 after purchase of trademarks Founded 1872 ; 146 years ago ( 1872 ) ( as mail order company and later department store , defunct 2001 ) 2004 ( as current online retailer ) Defunct June 2001 ( original company ) Headquarters Original company in Chicago , Illinois , United States 2004 to 2008 : namesake company Monroe , Wisconsin , United States Key people Original company : 1872 founder , Aaron Montgomery Ward namesake company : John Baumann , president of parent company Swiss Colony Products Clothing , footwear , bedding , furniture , jewelry , beauty products , appliances , housewares , tools , and electronics . Brands Riverside Airline Powr - Kraft Divisions Electric Avenue Wards Kids Montgomery Ward Catalog Montgomery Wards Auto Express Website www.wards.com Montgomery Ward is the name of two historically distinct American retail enterprises . It can refer either to the defunct mail order and department store retailer , which operated between 1872 and 2001 , or to the current catalog and online retailer also known as Wards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original Montgomery Ward ( 1872 -- 2001 ) 1.1 Company origins 1.2 Expansion into retail outlets 1.3 Government seizure 1.4 Decline 1.5 Bankruptcy , restructuring , and liquidation 1.6 Termination of pension plan 1.7 Distribution centers 2 As online retailer 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Original Montgomery Ward ( 1872 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Company origins ( edit ) `` Progress Lighting the Way for Commerce '' , designed for Montgomery Ward by sculptor J. Massey Rhind , appeared as a medallion on many of their stores Montgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward in 1872 . Ward had conceived of the idea of a dry goods mail - order business in Chicago , Illinois , after several years of working as a traveling salesman among rural customers . He observed that rural customers often wanted `` city '' goods , but their only access to them was through rural retailers who had little competition and did not offer any guarantee of quality . Ward also believed that by eliminating intermediaries , he could cut costs and make a wide variety of goods available to rural customers , who could purchase goods by mail and pick them up at the nearest train station . Ward started his business at his first office , either in a single room at 825 North Clark Street , or in a loft above a livery stable on Kinzie Street between Rush and State Streets . He and two partners used $1,600 they had raised in capital and issued their first catalog in August 1872 . It consisted of an 8 in × 12 in ( 20 cm × 30 cm ) single - sheet price list , listing 163 items for sale with ordering instructions for which Ward had written the copy . His two partners left the following year , but he continued the struggling business and was joined by his future brother - in - law , George Robinson Thorne . In the first few years , the business was not well received by rural retailers . Considering Ward a threat , they sometimes publicly burned his catalog . Despite the opposition , however , the business grew at a fast pace over the next several decades , fueled by demand primarily from rural customers who were inspired by the wide selection of items that were unavailable to them locally . Customers were also inspired by the innovative company policy of `` satisfaction guaranteed or your money back '' , which Ward began in 1875 . Ward turned the copy writing over to department heads , but he continued poring over every detail in the catalog for accuracy . In 1883 , the company 's catalog , which became popularly known as the `` Wish Book '' , had grown to 240 pages and 10,000 items . In 1896 , Wards encountered its first serious competition in the mail order business , when Richard Warren Sears introduced his first general catalog . In 1900 , Wards had total sales of $8.7 million , compared to $10 million for Sears , and both companies would struggle for dominance during much of the 20th century . By 1904 , the company had expanded such that it mailed three million catalogs , weighing 4 lb ( 1.8 kg ) each , to customers . In 1908 , the company opened a 1.25 - million - square - foot ( 116,000 m ) building stretching along nearly one - quarter mile of the Chicago River , north of downtown Chicago . The building , known as the Montgomery Ward & Co . Catalog House , served as the company headquarters until 1974 , when the offices moved across the street to a new tower designed by Minoru Yamasaki . The catalog house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978 and a Chicago historic landmark in May 2000 . In the decades before 1930 , Montgomery Ward built a network of large distribution centers across the country in Baltimore , Fort Worth , Kansas City , St. Paul , Portland , and Oakland . In most cases , these reinforced concrete structures were the largest industrial structures in their respective locations . The Baltimore Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . 1968 -- 1982 Montgomery Ward logo 1995 -- 1997 Montgomery Ward logo Expansion into retail outlets ( edit ) Ward died in 1913 , after 41 years running the catalog business . The company president , William C. Thorne ( the eldest son of the co-founder ) , died in 1917 , and was succeeded by Robert J. Thorne . Robert Thorne retired in 1920 due to ill health . In 1926 , the company broke with its mail - order - only tradition when it opened its first retail outlet store in Plymouth , Indiana . It continued to operate its catalog business while pursuing an aggressive campaign to build retail outlets in the late - 1920s . In 1928 , two years after opening its first outlet , it had opened 244 stores . By 1929 , it had more than doubled its number of outlets to 531 . Its flagship retail store in Chicago was located on Michigan Avenue between Madison and Washington streets . In 1930 , the company declined a merger offer from its rival chain Sears . Losing money during the Great Depression , the company alarmed its major investors , including J.P. Morgan . In 1931 , Morgan hired Sewell Avery as president who cut staff levels and stores , changed lines , hired store rather than catalog managers and refurbished stores . These actions caused the company to become profitable before the end of the 1930s . Wards was very successful in its retail business . `` Green awning '' stores dotted hundreds of small towns across the country . Larger stores were built in the major cities . By the end of the 1930s , Montgomery Ward had become the country 's largest retailer and Sewell Avery became the company 's chief executive officer . In 1939 , as part of a Christmas promotional campaign , staff copywriter Robert L. May created the character and illustrated poem of `` Rudolph , the Red - Nosed Reindeer . '' The store distributed six - million copies of the storybook in 1946 and actor and singer Gene Autry popularized the song nationally . Vacant Montgomery Ward store , Regency Mall , Augusta , GA Former Montgomery Ward store , Huntington Center , Huntington Beach , CA , demolished in 2010 `` Electric Avenue '' logo on closed store in Panorama City , California ( 2010 ) In 1946 , the Grolier Club , a society of bibliophiles in New York City , exhibited the Wards catalog alongside Webster 's Dictionary as one of 100 American books chosen for their influence on life and culture of the people . The brand name of the store became embedded in the popular American consciousness and was often called by the nickname Monkey Ward ( a bastardization of Mont'gy Ward ) , both affectionately and derisively . Government seizure ( edit ) In April 1944 , four months into a nationwide strike by the company 's 12,000 workers , U.S. Army troops seized the Chicago offices of Montgomery Ward & Company . The seizure was ordered because Avery refused to settle the strike as requested by the Roosevelt administration because of its adverse effect on the delivery of needed goods in wartime . Avery had refused to comply with a War Labor Board order to recognize the unions and institute the terms of a collective bargaining agreement . Eight months later , with Montgomery Ward continuing to refuse to recognize the unions , President Roosevelt issued an executive order seizing all of Montgomery Ward 's property nationwide , citing the War Labor Disputes Act as well as his power under the Constitution as commander - in - chief . In 1945 , Truman ended the seizure and the Supreme Court ended the pending appeal as moot . Decline ( edit ) After World War II , Sewell Avery believed the country would fall back into a recession or even a depression . He decided to not open any new stores , and did not even permit expenditure for paint to freshen the existing stores . His plan was to bank profits to preserve liquidity when the recession or depression hit , and then buy up his retail competition . However , without new stores or any investment back into the business , Montgomery Ward declined in sales volume compared to Sears ; many have blamed the conservative decisions of Avery , who seemed to not understand the changing economy of the postwar years . As new shopping centers were built after the war , it was Sears that got the best locations , and Wards was shut out of any opportunity to expand . Nonetheless , for many years Wards was still the nation 's third - largest department store chain . In 1955 , investor Louis Wolfson waged a high - profile proxy fight to obtain control of the board of Montgomery Ward . The new board forced the resignation of Avery . This fight led to a state court decision that Illinois corporations are not entitled to stagger election of their board members under that state 's laws , as well as to tax litigation over whether the costs of a proxy fight are an `` ordinary and necessary business expense . '' In time , it helped inspire new Securities and Exchange Commission rules concerning proxies . Meanwhile , throughout the 1950s , the company was slow to respond to the general movement of the American middle class to suburbia . While its competitors Sears , JCPenney , Macy 's , Gimbels , and Dillard 's established new anchor outlets in the growing number of suburban shopping malls , Avery and succeeding top executives had been reluctant to pursue such expansion . They stuck to their downtown and main street stores until the company had lost too much market share to compete with its rivals . After Avery 's departure in 1955 , it took two years before the first new store since the 1930s was opened in 1957 . Wards tried to become more aggressive with store opening , but it was too late : competition had already taken the best locations . As the existing stores looked worn and disheveled , malls would often not allow Wards to build there . Its catalog business had also begun to slip by the 1960s . In 1961 then president John Barr hired Robert Elton Brooker to lead Montgomery Ward as president in its turnaround . Brooker brought with him a number of key new management people , including Edward Donnell , former manager of Sears ' Los Angeles stores . Wards new management team achieved the turnaround reducing the number of suppliers from 15,000 to 7,000 and the number of brands being carried dropped from 168 to 16 . Ward 's private brands were given 95 percent of the volume compared with 40 percent in 1960 . The results of these changes were lower handling costs and higher quality standards . Buying was centralized but store operations were decentralized , under a new territory system modeled after Sears . In 1966 , Ed Donnell was named President of Montgomery Ward . Brooker continued as Chairmen and Chief Executive Officer until the mid 1970s . In 1968 as Brooker helped engineer a friendly merger with the Container Corporation of America ; the new company was named MARCOR . In 1974 , Mobil oil company bought MARCOR . During the 1970s , the company continued to struggle . In 1973 , its 102nd year in business , it purchased a small discount store chain , the Miami - based Jefferson Stores , Inc . It renamed the stores Jefferson Ward . In 1976 Mobil , flush with cash from the recent rise in oil prices , acquired Montgomery Ward . By 1980 , Mobil realized that the Montgomery Ward stores were doing poorly in comparison to the Jefferson stores , and decided that high quality discount units , along the lines of Dayton Hudson Company 's Target stores , would be the retailer 's future . Within 18 months , management quintupled the size of the operation , now called Jefferson Ward , to more than 40 units and planned to convert one - third of Montgomery Ward 's existing stores to the Jefferson Ward model . The burden of servicing the new stores fell to the tiny Jefferson staff , who were overwhelmed by the increased store count , had no experience in dealing with some of the product lines they now carried , and were unfamiliar with buying for northern markets . Almost immediately , Jefferson had turned from a small moneymaker into a large drain on profits . The company sold the chain 's 18 - store northern division to Bradlees , a division of Stop & Shop , in 1985 . The remaining stores closed . In 1985 , the company closed its catalog business after 113 years and began an aggressive policy of renovating its remaining stores . It restructured many of the store layouts in the downtown areas of larger cities and affluent neighborhoods into boutique - like specialty stores , as these were drawing business from traditional department stores . In 1988 , the company management undertook a successful $3.8 billion leveraged buyout , making Montgomery Ward a privately held company . In 1987 , the company began a push into consumer electronics , using the `` Electric Avenue '' name . Montgomery Ward greatly expanded its electronics presence by shifting from a predominantly private label mix to an assortment dominated by major brands such as Sony , Toshiba , Hitachi , Panasonic , JVC , and others . Vice President Vic Sholis , later president of the Tandy Name Brand Retail Group ( McDuff , VideoConcepts , and Incredible Universe ) , led this strategy . In 1994 , revenues increased 94 % largely due to Montgomery Ward 's tremendously successful direct - marketing arms . For a short period , the company reentered the mail - order business , through `` Montgomery Ward Direct '' , a mail order business licensed to the catalog giant Fingerhut . However , by the mid-1990s , sales margins eroded in the competitive electronics and appliance hardlines , which traditionally were Montgomery Ward 's strongest lines . In 1989 , Jim Hamilton who headed the Small Electronics department ( later known as the Father of Computer Retailing ) ran an aggressively priced PC in Montgomery Ward advertising . The low promotional price was $1499 , unheard of at the time . The Computer promotion was a huge success . ( Hamilton , with the cooperation of Packard Bell , later , for the first time ever , broke the $999 PC price point floor for a `` back to school '' promotion . ) After the successful promotion , Hamilton developed a business plan to launch the first National Branded Computer Product Department in the world . Executives approved the plan and allocated space in three Sacramento stores to create the SOHO ( Small Office Home Office ) department . Since many of the brands , like Hewlett Packard and Panasonic would not disrupt their dealer channel and sell direct to Montgomery Ward . Hamilton had to create relationships with many distributors to pull together the branded department . When the Sacramento stores opened the shelves included brands like Hewlett Packard Printers , OkiData Printers and others that had never been in a National Retailer . The test was a major success and the SOHO department was rolled out to all Montgomery Ward locations . Montgomery Ward was one of the first retailers to carry consumer products from IBM , Apple , Compaq , Hewlett Packard , Western Digital and many others . The SOHO Department was carved into a separate division of the company and quickly became Montgomery Ward 's largest revenue producing division , with over $4 Billion in revenues . In 1994 , Wards acquired the now - defunct New England retail chain Lechmere . Bankruptcy , restructuring , and liquidation ( edit ) In 1997 , the logo was changed to simply `` Wards '' which was used until the chain liquidated in 2001 . By the 1990s , however , even its rivals began to lose ground to low - price competition from Kmart , Wal - Mart , and especially Target , which eroded even more of Montgomery Ward 's traditional customer base . In 1997 , it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy , emerging from protection by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois in August 1999 as a wholly owned subsidiary of GE Capital , which was by then its largest shareholder . As part of a last - ditch effort to remain competitive , the company closed over 100 retail locations in 30 U.S. states ( including all the Lechmere stores ) , abandoned the specialty store strategy , renamed and rebranded the chain as simply Wards ( although unrelated , Wards was the original name for the now - defunct Circuit City ) , and spent millions of dollars to renovate its remaining outlets to be flashier and more consumer - friendly . However , GE Capital reneged on promises of further financial support of Montgomery Ward 's restructuring plans . On December 28 , 2000 , after lower - than - expected sales during the Christmas season , the company announced it would cease operating , close its remaining 250 retail outlets , and lay off its 37,000 employees . All stores closed within weeks of the announcement . The subsequent liquidation was at the time the largest retail Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation in American history ( this would be later surpassed by the 2009 liquidation of Circuit City and the 2018 liquidation of Toys ' R ' Us ) . Roger Goddu , Montgomery Ward 's CEO , received an offer from JCPenney to become CEO , but he declined under pressure from GE Capital . One of the last stores to close was the Salem , Oregon , location in which the human resources division was located . All of Montgomery Ward was liquidated by the end of May 2001 , ending a 130 - year enterprise . Termination of pension plan ( edit ) In 1999 , Montgomery Ward completed a standard termination of its $1.1 billion employee pension plan ( Wards Retirement Plan WRP and Retired / Terminated Associate Plan RTAP ) , which at that time had an alleged estimated surplus of $270 million . The termination of the pension plan included 30,000 Wards retirees and 22,000 active employees who were employed by Wards in 1999 . According to tax rules at that time ( to avoid paying a 50 % federal excise tax on the plan 's termination ) , Wards then placed 25 % of the plan 's surplus into a replacement pension plan , and paid federal tax of just 20 % on the balance of the surplus . The final result : the estimated remaining $25 to $50 million of the employee pension plan surplus went to Wards free of income taxes , because the company , which was in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings , had huge operating losses . In reality , Wards received an alleged estimated $25 to $50 million for ending the employee pension plan and avoided paying hundreds of thousands in yearly pension premiums to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation . Employees and retirees vested in the pension plan were given a choice of receiving an annuity from an insurance company or a lump sum payment . Distribution centers ( edit ) Four of the six massive catalog distribution centers Montgomery Ward built between 1921 and 1929 remain . Three have been subject to renovations for adaptive reuse and the buildings are perhaps the most tangible legacy of Montgomery Ward . Two others have been demolished for various types of redevelopment . In Baltimore , the 1925 warehouse , an eight - story , 1.3 - million - square - foot ( 120,000 m ) building at 1800 Washington Blvd . southwest of downtown Baltimore , now known as Montgomery Park , has been restored for office use . It has a green building with a green roof , storm water reutilization systems , and extensive use of recycled building materials . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as the Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store . The eight - story Fort Worth facility at West 7th St and Carroll was built in 1928 to replace the previous operation in a former Chevrolet assembly plant across the street . In its history , the warehouse survived a flood in 1949 that reached the second floor and a direct hit from a tornado in 2000 . After the demise of the company , developers renovated the structure as a mixed - use condominium project and retail center known as Montgomery Plaza . The Portland , Oregon , center at NW 27th and Vaughn , ceased operation as a warehouse in 1976 . A developer purchased the property in 1984 and renamed it Montgomery Park , converting it for offices making it the second - largest office building in Portland . The Kansas City distribution center at St. John Street and North Belmont Boulevard houses the Super Flea flea market . The St. Paul , Minnesota , center at 1450 University Ave West was the fourth of the distribution centers to be built and employed up to 2,500 employees in the 1920s . It had nearly 1.2 million square feet ( 110,000 m ) or approximately 27 acres under roof , making it the largest building in St. Paul at the time . The last remaining section of the original building was demolished in 1996 . The site was redeveloped as a shopping center called Midway Marketplace . The Oakland , California , facility , constructed in 1923 , was an eight - story 950,000 - square - foot ( 88,000 m ) structure of reinforced concrete frame that was the largest industrial building in Oakland . After years of community organizing that urged city leaders to either demolish or re-purpose the site , despite opposition by preservation groups , the building at 2875 International Boulevard was demolished in 2003 . It has been replaced by the Cesar Chavez Education Center , an elementary school . As online retailer ( edit ) At its height , the original Montgomery Ward was one of the largest retailers in the United States . After its demise , the familiarity of its brand meant its name , corporate logo , and advertising were still considered valuable intangible assets . In 2004 , catalog marketer Direct Marketing Services Inc . ( DMSI ) , an Iowa - based direct marketing company , purchased much of the intellectual property assets of the former Wards , including the `` Montgomery Ward '' and `` Wards '' trademarks , for an undisclosed amount of money . DMSI applied the brand to a new online and catalog - based retailing operation , with no physical stores , headquartered in Cedar Rapids , Iowa . DMSI then began operating under the Montgomery Ward branding and managed to get it up and running in three months . The new firm began operations in June 2004 , selling essentially the same categories of products as the former brand , but as a new , smaller catalog . The DMSI version of Montgomery Ward was not the same company as the original . The company did not honor obligations of the previous company , such as gift cards and items sold with a lifetime guarantee . David Milgrom , then president of the firm , said in an interview with the Associated Press : `` We 're rebuilding the brand , and we want to do it right . '' In July 2008 , DMSI announced it was on the auction block , with sale scheduled for the following month . Catalog retailer Swiss Colony purchased DMSI August 5 , 2008 . Swiss Colony -- which changed its name to Colony Brands Inc. on June 1 , 2010 -- announced it would keep the Montgomery Ward catalog division open . The website launched September 10 , 2008 , with new catalogs mailing in February 2009 . A month before the catalog 's launch , Swiss Colony President John Baumann told United Press International the retailer might also resurrect Montgomery Ward 's Signature and Powr - Kraft store brands . To augment its vast selection , Montgomery Ward started promoting several exclusive new brands in July 2012 in its Early Fall 2012 catalog and on its website , including Devonshire Collection , Apothecarie Collection and Elysian Forest Collection furniture , Chef Tested kitchen products , Comfort Creek towels and sheets , Freshica shoes , Sleep Connection bedding , and Color Connection window treatments . See also ( edit ) Montgomery Ward Building ( disambiguation ) ( numerous buildings ) Montgomery Ward Company Complex References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( November 8 , 2011 ) . Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What For the First Time . New York City : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1596915794 . Jump up ^ `` A. Montgomery Ward Park '' . Chicago Park District . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Montgomery Ward . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward & Co . Catalog House '' . City of Chicago . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store '' . Maryland Historical Trust . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horne , Louther ( April 30 , 1944 ) . `` Montgomery Ward Seizure Stirs Wide Criticism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . The seizure by troops on Wednesday of the Chicago units of Montgomery Ward Co. , second largest of the country 's merchandising corporations , has raised a Central West storm of criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's action among business and industrial leaders and the usual Republican denouncers of the national Administration . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History - December 27 , 1944 : FDR seizes control of Montgomery Ward '' . History Channel . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Frank D. ( January 1 , 1956 ) . `` Congressional Investigation of Proxy Regulation : A Case Study of Committee Exploratory Methods and Techniques '' . Villanova Law Review . Villanova University . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GENERAL MERCHANDISE RETAILING IN AMERICA : '' , American National Business Hall of Fame , 25 October 2014 . Retrieved on 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mobil Corporation '' , Encyclopedia Britannica , Retrieved on 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Talley , Jim ; Herzog , Carl ( July 12 , 1985 ) . `` Jefferson Ward Store Closed '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aldrich , Dave . `` It 's the Montgomery , Not the Ward '' . Pleasant Family Shopping . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talley , Jim ( November 1 , 1985 ) . `` Jefferson Closes Stores '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company News ; Montgomery Ward Emerges From Bankruptcy '' . The New York Times . August 3 , 1999 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ TELEVISIONARCHIVES ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Montgomery Ward going out of business commercial '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward to close doors '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . December 29 , 2000 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1800 Washington Blvd , Baltimore , MD - street view '' . Google maps . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Park ushers in a new era of entrepreneurial spirit '' . Montgomery Park . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` W 7th & Carroll Street , Ft . Worth , TX - Street view '' . Google maps . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity River flood of May 17 , 1949 covered most of near west side '' . Fort Worth Architecture . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Retail Store & Warehouse '' . Fort Worth Architecture . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Montgomery Plaza : Now '' . Montgomery Plaza . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NW Vaughn St & NW 27th Ave , Portland , OR - street view '' . Google Maps . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Projects : Montgomery Park '' . Naito Development . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Location '' . Super Flea . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Millett , Larry ( September 15 , 1996 ) . Twin Cities Then and Now . Minnesota Historical Society Press . ASIN 0873513274 . ISBN 978 - 0873513272 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Company '' . Oakland Public Library . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ League for Protection of Oakland 's Architectural and Historic Resources v. Oakland , 52 Cal. App. 4th 896 A074348 ( February 10 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Chavez Education Center '' . Collaborative for High Performance Schools . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Dave ( December 10 , 2006 ) . `` Revival on Internet puts Montgomery Ward back in business '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Jim ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` Swiss Colony Acquires DMSI '' . Multichannel Merchant . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Gerry ( January 14 , 2009 ) . `` Montgomery Ward catalog to return '' . United Press International . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Boorstin , Daniel J. `` A. Montgomery Ward 's Mail - Order Business , '' Chicago History ( 1973 ) 2 # 3 pp 142 -- 152 . Latham , Frank B. 1872 -- 1972 : A Century of Serving Consumers . The Story of Montgomery Ward ( 1972 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montgomery Ward . 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when did montgomery ward's go out of business

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The Great British Bake Off (series 7)

The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC One Original release 24 August ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) -- 26 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 6 Next → Series 8 The seventh series of The Great British Bake Off aired from 24 August 2016 , with twelve contestants competing to be crowned the series 7 winner . This series was the last to be broadcast on BBC One , as the production company Love Productions opted to move the show to Channel 4 . It was also the last series on the show for Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc , as they decided to leave as presenters of the show . It is also the last series of the show to feature Mary Berry as a judge . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Andrew Smyth and Jane Beedle finishing as runners - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cake 3.2 Episode 2 : Biscuits 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Batter 3.5 Episode 5 : Pastry 3.6 Episode 6 : Botanical 3.7 Episode 7 : Desserts 3.8 Episode 8 : Tudor 3.9 Episode 9 : Pâtisserie ( semi-final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Royal picnic ( final ) 4 Christmas specials 4.1 Episode 1 4.2 Episode 2 5 Controversies 6 Ratings 6.1 Specials 7 References Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Links Andrew Smyth 25 Aerospace engineer Derby / Holywood , County Down Benjamina Ebuehi 23 Teaching assistant South London Candice Brown 31 PE teacher Barton - Le - Clay , Bedfordshire Jane Beedle 61 Garden designer Beckenham Kate Barmby 37 Nurse Brooke , Norfolk Lee Banfield 67 Pastor Bolton Louise Williams 46 Hairdresser Cardiff Michael Georgiou 20 Student Durham Rav Bansal 28 Student support Erith Selasi Gbormittah 30 Client service associate London Tom Gilliford 26 Project engagement manager Rochdale Valerie `` Val '' Stones 66 Semi-retired , Substitute teacher Yeovil Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 Candice SB SB SB WINNER Andrew SB SB Runner Up Jane SB Runner Up Selasi OUT Benjamina SB OUT Tom SB SB OUT Rav OUT Val OUT Kate OUT Michael OUT Louise OUT Lee OUT Colour key : Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but was not the Star Baker . Baker got through to the next round . Baker was eliminated . Baker was the Star Baker . Baker was a series runner - up . Baker was the series winner . Episodes ( edit ) Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Episode 1 : cake ( edit ) For the first challenge , the bakers were given two hours to make a drizzle cake , the brief being that the cake be moist and well permeated with the drizzle . For the technical challenge , the bakers were instructed to make Mary 's recipe for twelve jaffa cakes . The recipe used a whipped fatless sponge , orange jelly and tempered chocolate with a design of sorts . For the final challenge , the bakers were instructed to make a mirror glaze cake . The cake had to have a genoise sponge and have a very shiny , mirror - like top , covering the cake entirely . Baker Signature ( Drizzle Cake ) Technical ( 12 Jaffa Cakes ) Showstopper ( Mirror Glaze Cake ) Andrew Lemon and Rosemary Drizzle Cake 12th ' Ultimate Indulgence ' Mirror Glaze Cake Benjamina Pistachio , Cardamom and Lemon Drizzle Cake 6th White Chocolate Mirror Glaze with Salted Praline Buttercream Candice Raspberry and Rhubarb Drizzle Custard Bundt Cake 5th Mirror Mirror On The Wall , Who Is The Shiniest Cake Of Them All ? Jane Lemon and Poppy Seed Drizzle Cake 7th Chocolate Orange Mirror Cake Kate Berry Best Apple and Bramble Drizzle Cake 4th One Swallow Does Not Make A Summer Cake Lee St Clements Orange and Lemon Drizzle Cake 11th Strawberry Surprise Mirror Cake Louise Orange Liqueur and Lemonade Drizzle Cake 9th White Chocolate Trifle Mirror Glaze Cake Michael Lime , Ginger and Honey Drizzle Cake 3rd Matcha Tea Chocolate Mirror Glaze Rav Ginger Spice Yuzu Drizzle Cake 8th Colombian Mocha Mirror Glaze Cake Selasi Citrus and Spice Drizzle Cake 1st Raspberry , Sloe and White Chocolate Mirror Glaze Cake Tom G&T Drizzle Cake 2nd Black Forest Broken Mirror Val Mum 's Orange & Lemon Drizzle 10th Chocolate Sponge with Four Fruit Frosting Episode 2 : biscuits ( edit ) For the Signature Challenge , the bakers were given two and a half hours to make 24 iced biscuits ( cookies ) . The biscuits had to be crisp and uniform . Viennese Whirls were set as the technical challenge . To be completed in an hour and a half , they had to be filled with buttercream and jam , and had have a defined shape . For the showstopper , a gingerbread scene was set as the challenge , the only brief being it that it had to be 30 cm high , and contain eight characters or objects . The bakers had four hours for this challenge . Host Sue Perkins did not appear in the episode . Baker Signature ( 24 Iced Biscuits ) Technical ( 12 Viennese Whirls ) Showstopper ( Gingerbread 3D Scene ) Andrew Beehive Biscuits 4th Punting in Cambridge Benjamina Bouquet Biscuits 3rd New York , New York Candice Salted Caramel , Chocolate Iced Shiny Hearts 8th Gingerbread Pub with Sticky Ginger Carpet Jane Flower Pot Iced Biscuits 2nd Hastings Old Town Fishing Net Shops and Boat Kate `` A Biscuit for the Broads '' 1st `` I Promise I will do my best '' Louise Baa Bara Brith Biscuits 10th Gingerbread Wedding Michael Malt , Chocolate and Orange Iced `` Beer '' Biscuits 9th Trip to See Santa in Lapland Rav Union Jack Bunting Biscuits 6th Gingerbread Christmas Fairground Selasi `` Wheelie Hot Iced Biscuits '' 11th Stained Glass Window Gingerbread Church Tom Chai Frappelatteccino Biscuits 7th Tom and Pod 's Near Death Experience Val Sunday Treat Iced Ice Cream Cone Biscuits 5th From Holland to New York via Yorkshire Episode 3 : bread ( edit ) For the bakers ' first challenge , they had to make a chocolate loaf in two and a half hours . The loaf had to contain chocolate in some form , whether it be cocoa powder or actual pieces of chocolate . For the technical challenge , the bakers were required to make twelve Dampfnudel , a recipe Paul called `` notoriously difficult '' . In two hours , the bakers had to make twelve steamed bread rolls with two types of sauce . A savoury plaited ( braided ) centrepiece was set as the showstopper . In four hours , bakers had to make a centrepiece using at least three flours . Baker Signature ( Chocolate Loaf ) Technical ( Dampfnudel ) Showstopper ( Savoury Plaited ( Braided ) Centrepiece ) Andrew Chocolate Barmbrack Bread 2nd Braided Harvest Bread Basket Benjamina Chocolate , Tahini and Almond Babka 6th Braided Bread Heart Candice Chocolate , Salted Caramel & Pecan Brittle Brioche Loaf 3rd Italian Light and Dark Rye Twist Jane Chocolate and Cranberry Couronne 9th Chorizo and Chilli Flower with Parmesan and Pesto Centre Kate Cobbled Loaf 8th The Corn Maiden Michael Chocolate and Chilli Swirl Plait 7th Cypriot Dove and Olive Branch Plaited Loaf with Houmous Rav Chocolate , Cardamom and Hazelnut Loaf 10th Three Tier Diwali Bread Centrepiece Selasi Chocolate , Orange and Cinnamon Bread 5th Bedouin Escape Tear and Share Bread Tom Chocolate Orange and Chilli Swirl Bread 4th Jörmungandr and Mjölnir Val Double Chocolate Cinnamon Twist Loaf 1st `` And They All Went Into The Ark To Get Out Of The Rain '' Episode 4 : batter ( edit ) The first task was to make Yorkshire puddings , which involved the standard recipe filled with a variety of ingredients and flavours . The technical challenge was to make 12 heart - shaped `` lace '' pancakes , which required the bakers to draw a heart - shaped design with the batter . The showstopper challenge was to make 36 churros . Baker Signature ( Filled Yorkshire Puddings ) Technical ( 12 Heart - Shaped Lace Pancakes ) Showstopper ( Churros ) Andrew Yorkshire ' Tapas ' Puddings 4th Churros Window Box Benjamina Red Onion Chutney , Brie and Bacon Yorkshire Puddings 1st Tropical Churros Candice Yorkshire Wellingtons 2nd Two - Way Peanut Butter Churros Jane Meat and Two Veg Yorkshires 3rd Pistachio and White Chocolate Churros Kate Christmas Dinner Compromise 7th Hot Cross Bunny Churros Rav Thai Tofu Panang Yorkshires 9th Three Dip Matcha Pistachio Churros Selasi Perfect Sunday Roast Accompaniment 8th Lemon and Anise Churros Tom West Yorkshire Fusion Puddings 5th Fennel Churros Snake In The Grass Val Mum 's Chilli Yorkshire Puddings 6th Chocolate Orange Churros Episode 5 : pastry ( edit ) For the signature bake , bakers were tasked with baking 24 breakfast pastries . Two different batches of 12 pastries were to be made . The technical challenge required the bakers to make one feathered Bakewell tart . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were challenged to make 48 filled filo amuse - bouche ; 24 with a savoury filling and 24 with a sweet filling . Baker Signature ( 24 breakfast pastries ) Technical ( Bakewell tart ) Showstopper ( 48 filo amuse - bouche ) Andrew Mum and Dad 's Breakfast Pastries 6th Spicy Chorizo Squash Parcels & Baklava Bites Benjamina ' Good Morning America ' Swirls & Peanut Butter and Banana Pinwheels 5th Plantain and Spinach Samosas & Chai Pear Cups Candice Danish Pastry Croque Monsieur Kites & Cinnamon Apple , Vanilla Créme Rose Danish 2nd Sausage , Black Pudding and Apple Rounds & Banoffee Whiskey Cups Jane Orange Pain aux Raisins Secs , Raspberry , Chocolate and Almond Danish 1st Roquefort , Fig and Walnut Parcels & Cherry and Chocolate Cones Rav Cinnamon Swirls & Pecan , Walnut and Maple Plaits 8th Chinese - Style Prawn Filo Tartlets & Spiced White Chocolate and Hazelnut Samosas Selasi Rhubarb , Mango and Ginger Plait & Pineapple and Coconut Pinwheels 3rd Parma Ham , Asparagus and Cheese Filo Cigars & Coffee Cream Filo Cups Tom Mega Breakfast Bonanzas ; Granola Spirals & Wheat Foldovers 4th Yin and Yang Amuse - bouche Val Pecan and Maple Syrup Pinwheels & Apple , Sultana and Cinnamon Swirls 7th Caramelised Red Onion , Goat 's Cheese Tartlets & Mincemeat and Apple Spiced Parcels Episode 6 : botanical ( edit ) In the signature , the seven remaining bakers were asked to create a meringue pie containing citrus fruit , such as orange , grapefruits and lemons . In the technical , the contestants had to create two leaf - shaped herb fougasses . In the showstopper , the contestants were asked to create a three - tier cake with a flower theme . All the tiers could be the same flavour , or each one a different flavour , and the cakes could be decorated with flowers . Baker Signature ( Citrus Meringue Pie ) Technical ( 2 Herb Fougasse ) Showstopper ( Three - Tier Flower Cake ) Andrew Tangy Lime and Ginger Meringue Pie 6th Spring Elderflower Trio Benjamina Grapefruit and Ginger Meringue Pie 2nd Floral Tea Cake Candice Lime , Coconut and Lemongrass Sugar Meringue Pie 5th Four Seasons Cake Jane Lime and Coconut Meringue Pie 4th Three - Tier Orange Cake with a Floral Chocolate Collar Rav Mandarin Margarita Meringue Pie 3rd Blossom Cake Selasi Grapefruit , Orange and Mint Meringue Pie 7th Three - Tiered Ombré Floral Cake Tom Blood Orange Halloween Pumpkin Pie 1st Floral Tea Cake Episode 7 : desserts ( edit ) The Signature challenge required the bakers to make a family - sized roulade . The judges were looking for a light sponge cake , even layers of filling , and a clean swirl . The technical challenge was for a Marjolaine or dacquoise , an unusual layered cake made with meringue , decorated with ganache and nuts . The showstopper challenge tasked the bakers with making 24 mini mousse cakes in two flavours ( 12 of each ) . Baker Signature ( Family - Sized Roulade ) Technical ( Marjolaine ) Showstopper ( 24 Mini Mousse Cakes ) Andrew Tropical Holiday Roulade 1st Childhood Ice Cream Mousse Cakes Benjamina Piña Colada Roulade 3rd Apple Crumble Mousse Cake and Chocolate Coffee Mousse Cake Candice Crowd Pleaser Roulade 2nd Blackberry and Raspberry Bubbles and After Dinner Mousse Jane Chocolate and Hazelnut Roulade 4th Chocolate , Coffee and Vanilla Joconde Cake s and Blackcurrant and Vanilla Ombré Mousse s Selasi Summer Picnic Roulade 6th Lemon , Strawberry and Passionfruit and Chocolate and Mint Mini Mousse Cakes Tom Millionaire 's Roulade 5th Hipster Picnic Episode 8 : Tudor ( edit ) Week eight featured the show 's first Tudor theme , featuring food common in the 16th century . During the signature challenge , the five remaining bakers were asked to bake a shaped pie with Tudor flavours . The pie could be any type of pastry and they could use whichever fillings they wanted . In the technical , the contestants were asked to produce a dozen jumbles -- six knot balls and six Celtic knots . In the showstopper challenge , the contestants were asked to bake a marchpane ( marzipan ) cake in a three - dimensional shape . However , all of the cakes had to be Tudor - themed . Baker Signature ( Shaped Savoury Pies ) Technical ( 12 Jumbles ) Showstopper ( 3D Marchpane Cake ) Andrew Da Vinci Inspired Geared Pies 2nd Jousting Knights Marchpane Benjamina Mexican Adventure 4th Tudor Garden Candice Cheesy Cheeky Fish Pies 1st Peacock Jane Tudor Rose Pies 5th Swans Selasi Bouquet of Flowers 3rd Fruity Tudor Marchpane Episode 9 : pâtisserie ( semi-final ) ( edit ) The first task for pastry or pâtisserie week required the remaining four contestants to bake 24 palmiers , with two different savoury fillings and shapes . The technical challenge was to make a Savarin , a liqueur - soaked yeast cake , which none of the contestants had made before . The final challenge was to make 36 fondant fancies . Baker Signature ( 24 savoury palmiers ) Technical ( Savarin ) Showstopper ( 36 fondant fancies ) Andrew Cheesy Elephant Ears & Herby Treble Clefs 2nd Philharmonic Fondants Candice Red Onion , Cambozola and Walnut Palmiers & Walnut , Streaky Bacon and Mushroom Palmiers 3rd Chocolate Praline Fondant Fancies & Cherry Bakewell Fondant Fancies Jane Pesto and Sundried Tomato Palmiers & Goat Cheese , Olive and Parma Ham Palmiers 1st Pistachio and Raspberry Fondant Fancies & Lemon Curd Surprise Fondant Fancies Selasi Sundried Tomato , Onion , Peppers and Parmesan Palmiers & Salmon , Spinach and Mushroom Palmiers 4th Lime and Ginger Fondant Fancies & Pink Velvet and Raspberry Prosecco Fondant Fancies Episode 10 : royal picnic ( final ) ( edit ) In the final signature challenge , the bakers had to make a filled meringue crown , which had to contain at least three layers of meringue , in three hours . In the technical , the judges decided to make a familiar bake challenging : the bakers had to make a Victoria sandwich , with no recipe or method given , in 90 minutes . The final showstopper involved the largest number of bakes ever requested in a challenge . The bakers were given five hours to make a picnic fit for the Queen , including one chocolate celebration cake , 12 sausage rolls , 12 mini quiches , 12 savoury scones and 12 fruit and custard tarts . Baker Signature ( Meringue crowns ) Technical ( Victoria sandwich with no recipe ) Showstopper ( Picnics ) Andrew Crunchy Caramel Cassis Crown 1st Family and Friends ' Favourites Picnic Candice Queen Victoria 's Mango and Strawberry Crown 2nd Picnic for Pearly Kings and Queens Jane Red , White and Blue Meringue Crown 3rd Family Favourites Feast Christmas specials ( edit ) The Masterclass episodes were replaced by two Christmas specials , which featured eight contestants from the series 2 -- 5 . The two Christmas specials were the last to be aired on BBC before the channel move , and thus featured the last appearances of hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins and judge Mary Berry . Judge Paul Hollywood would then followed the channel move . The first Christmas special featured Mary - Anne Boermans ( Series 2 ) , Cathryn Dresser ( Series 3 ) , Ali Imdad ( Series 4 ) and Norman Calder ( Series 5 ) . The competition was won by Mary - Anne Boermans . The second Christmas special featured Janet Basu ( Series 2 ) , James Morton ( Series 3 ) , Howard Middleton ( Series 4 ) and Chetna Makan ( Series 5 ) . The competition was won by Chetna Makan . Episode 1 ( edit ) The signature challenge required the bakers to create 2 batches of edible Christmas tree decorations , 12 of each type , using biscuits . The technical challenge , set by Mary , tasked the bakers to make a choux wreath consisting of 36 choux buns , filled and decorated festively with chocolate . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were required to make a Christmas scene cake , which must be at least three tiers . Baker Signature ( 24 edible biscuit tree decorations ) Technical ( choux wreath ) Showstopper ( Christmas scene cake ) Ali Rose & Fennel Henna - Inspired Biscuits and Date & Orange Ma'amoul Bauble Biscuits 1st Celebration of Jesus Cake Cathryn Chocolate Peppermint Candy Canes and Clementine , Cranberry & Rosemary Holly Leaf Biscuits 2nd Our Christmas Eve Mary - Anne Christmas Pudding and Christmas Wreath Biscuits 3rd My Christmas Cakey Bakey Norman Orange & Cinnamon Dufrickies and Whisky Shortbread Ding Dangs 4th Gâteau De Joyeux Noël Episode 2 ( edit ) The bakers were tasked to make 24 savoury Christmas canapés , 12 of two types in the signature challenge . The technical challenge was set by Paul , in which the bakers were tasked of baking a Kanellängd , a spiced Scandinavian celebratory Christmas loaf with the meaning of `` cinnamon length '' . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were required to make 36 sweet Christmas miniatures , 12 each of three types , arranged as a celebratory centerpiece . Baker Signature ( 24 savoury Christmas canapés ) Technical ( Kanellängd ) Showstopper ( 36 sweet Christmas miniatures ) Chetna Aubergine & Tomato Canapés and Spiced Potato Canapés 3rd Family Favourites ( Baked Alaska , Bûche de Noël and Ginger & Citrus Cheesecake ) Howard Smoked Trout Trees with Pea Pastry and Partridge & Pear Treats 2nd Camp as Christmas Trio ( Cranberry Sherry Glass Trifle , Gingerbread `` House - and - Garden '' Cheesecake and Stollen ) James Mackerel Mousse Mille - feuille and Red Onion & Goats Cheese Swirls 1st Merry Extravaganza ( Apple Pie & Custard Doughnut , Chocolate - orange Macaron and Christmas Cake ) Janet Crab Pâté Gougère Barguettes and Mushroom & Chicken Liver Tartlets 4th Festive Friends ( Tri-coloured Petit Four , Mont Blanc and Chocolate & Orange Dome ) Controversies ( edit ) Before the series had begun , some viewers complained of the `` gendered '' icing in preview pictures of the bakers . In the promo shots of the bakers , the male bakers were given blue icing while the female bakers were given pink icing , whereas the previous year , every baker was given the same colour regardless . As a result , the BBC altered the colouring of the icing . Ratings ( edit ) The opening episode had an average viewing figure of 10.4 million according to overnight ratings , an improvement over the figure of 9.3 million for the corresponding episode in 2015 . This made it the most watched TV show of 2016 so far , with the official figure also making it the most watched TV show since the 2015 Bake Off Final . Its run on the BBC ended with an average overnight viewing figure of 14 million for the final , peaking at 14.8 million , which is a record for the show . The series dominated the list of most - watched programmes in 2016 , with nine of the top ten being episodes of the show . Its finale was watched by 15.9 million viewers ( 7 days cumulative figure ) , the most popular of the year . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate 7 day viewers ( millions ) 28 day viewers ( millions ) BBC One weekly ranking Weekly ranking all channels BBC iPlayer requests 24 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) 13.58 13.86 1,989,000 31 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) 13.45 13.74 1,949,000 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 13.01 13.38 2,314,000 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 13.29 13.88 2,291,000 5 21 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 13.12 13.33 1,984,000 6 28 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 13.13 13.41 1,397,000 7 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 13.45 13.72 2,154,000 8 12 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 13.26 13.45 1,957,000 9 19 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) 13.44 13.65 1,901,000 10 26 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 15.90 16.03 1,602,000 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate 7 day viewers ( millions ) 28 day viewers ( millions ) BBC One weekly ranking BBC iPlayer requests The Great British Bake Off , Class of 2015 27 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 4.28 4.45 25 N / A The Great Christmas Bake Off 25 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 8.21 8.35 853,000 26 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 26 ) 6.37 6.52 15 N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 : everything you need to know -- Olympics will delay new series '' . Telegraph . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date : BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics '' . The Independent . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sillito , David ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Why did The Great British Bake Off move to Channel 4 ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mel and Sue to quit as hosts '' . BBC . 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mary Berry leaves but Paul Hollywood stays '' . BBC . 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Great British Bake Off 2016 contestants : which ones are on Twitter ? Rav , Tom , Candice , Jane , Lousie , Andrew , Selasi , Michael , Benjamani Jump up ^ BBC 's Great British Bake Off 2016 line up is revealed Daily Mail Online Jump up ^ Norfolk nurse vying to be star baker in new series of The Great British Bake Off -- Going Out -- Eastern Daily Press Jump up ^ `` Andrew Smyth on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` GBBO : How Andrew Smyth kept the result a secret '' . BBC . 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamina Ebuehi on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Candice Brown on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off Final : Bedfordshire 's Candice crowned winner of baking competition '' . Bedfordshire On Sunday . October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Beedle on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Barmby on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Long , Jessica ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` Norfolk 's Great British Bake Off hopeful Kate Barmby reveals her baking secrets '' . Jump up ^ Hannah Furness , Alice Shaw ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off contestant Reverend Lee Banfield has God on his side '' . The Daily Telegraph . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Louise Williams on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Georgiou on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Rav Bansal on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Selasi Gbormittah on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Gilliford on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Val Stones on Instagram '' . Jump up ^ `` Sue Perkins will be missing from tonight 's Great British Bake Off episode '' . BBC . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Sue Perkins not presenting The Great British Bake Off episode 2 ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wright , Alice ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : What happened during Batter Week ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Newall , Sally ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 episode seven recap '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : how a ' millennium wheel of lard ' stole the show -- plus the rest of the action from Dessert Week '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : Tudor Week proved to be unexpectedly tricky -- with an even more unexpected ending '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Samadder , Rhik ( 19 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 semi-final -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off semi-final : Selasi is eliminated , Andrew named Star Baker but Candice is favourite '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Newall , Sally ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Our recap of The Great British Bake Off 2016 final '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off final review -- equal parts flour , butter , sugar , eggs and tears '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Michelle ( 28 October 2016 ) . `` When are the Great British Bake Off 2016 Christmas specials and who are the contestants ? '' . The Sun . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The Great British Bake Off in sexism storm as viewers get heated over ' gendered ' icing -- Mirror Online Jump up ^ BBC accused of sexism over ' gendered ' Great British Bake Off icing Jump up ^ Great British Bake Off 2016 contestants : Promo shots spark controversy with ' backward ' gendered icing Jump up ^ `` The BBC has digitally altered Great British Bake Off icing colours following outrage '' . 2016 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : More than 10 million tune in to first episode '' . BBC . 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off reaches record audience '' . BBC . 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Lambert , Laura ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Bake Off dominates the list of the most watched TV shows of 2016 with nine episodes in the top ten -- so how WILL the BBC replace it ? '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/iplayer/iplayer-performance-nov16.pdf Jump up ^ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/iplayer/iplayer-performance-dec16.pdf ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_7)&oldid=843637192 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes 2016 in British television English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use British English from August 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2016 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 58 . 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Crank Yankers

Crank Yankers - Wikipedia Crank Yankers Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crank Yankers Created by Adam Carolla Daniel Kellison Jimmy Kimmel Starring Tony Barbieri Adam Carolla Jim Florentine Jimmy Kimmel Tracy Morgan Kevin Nealon Sarah Silverman Wanda Sykes Biz Markie Theme music composer Adam Schlesinger Steven Gold Opening theme Adam Schlesinger , Steven Gold Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 70 Production Running time 21 -- 22 minutes Release Original network Comedy Central ( 2002 -- 05 ) MTV2 ( 2007 ) Original release June 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 03 ) -- March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) External links Website www.mtv2.com # crank_yankers / Crank Yankers is an American television show produced by Adam Carolla , Jimmy Kimmel and Daniel Kellison that featured actual crank calls made by show regulars and celebrity guests , and re-enacted onscreen by puppets for a visual aid to show the viewer what is happening in the call . The show premiered in 2002 on Comedy Central and returned to MTV2 on February 9 , 2007 , running again until March 30 , 2007 . The show screened in Australia on SBS Television and The Comedy Channel between 2003 and 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Behind the scenes 2 Regular characters 3 Performers 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2002 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4.4 Season 3 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 4.5 Season 4 ( 2007 ) 5 DVD releases 6 CD releases 7 References 8 External links Behind the scenes ( edit ) The performers are given a basic outline of a premise by the writers , and call telephone numbers from a list of selected targets ( known as `` marks '' ) . Using the basic premises , the performers improvise most of their lines , playing off of the responses of their marks , with the intention to keep them on the phone as long as possible . With the exception of a few outside sources ( including previous material from Jim Florentine and the Touch - Tone Terrorists ) , all the calls are made from Nevada . The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 makes it illegal in most states to record telephone calls without both parties ' consent . Under Nevada law , only one of the parties has to give consent ( i.e. , the caller ) , so prank calls can be recorded without the consent of the prank victims . One result of this was the series ' schedule of creating and airing new episodes was fairly sporadic due to most of the celebrities living in Los Angeles , having Los Angeles - based jobs , and so were only periodically able to go to Las Vegas to make calls . Adam Carolla , for example , took his radio program to Las Vegas once or twice a year , and while there would record new calls for the program . The puppets are then constructed based on the various marks ' voices , and , along with a series of stock characters ( such as `` Niles Standish '' , `` Bobby Fletcher '' , and `` Special Ed '' ) based on the performers ' character voices , the calls are re-enacted for the skits . The main character puppets for the first season were constructed by Bob Flanagan 's company Den Design with additional puppets built by BJ Guyer , Carol Binion , Rick Lyon , Ron Binion , Jim Kroupa , and Artie Esposito . An in - house puppet shop was set up for the following seasons to accommodate the fast - paced schedule of the show and the sheer volume of puppet characters required for each episode . The puppets are puppeteered by Ronald Binion , Rick Lyon , BJ Guyer , Victor Yerrid , Paul McGinnis , Alice Dinean Vernon , and Artie Esposito . Originally , the show was titled Prank Puppets ; it was renamed after Comedy Central lawyers deemed that it implied malice . Regular characters ( edit ) Karl Malone : Jimmy Kimmel 's impression of then - NBA star Karl Malone . He regularly refers to himself in the third - person . `` Do n't hang up on Karl Malone . '' Gladys Murphy ( Wanda Sykes ) : A boisterous black woman who makes embarrassing announcements , generally of a scatological or sexual nature . Her many children do things like gluing her buttocks to the toilet and stealing money from a malfunctioning bank machine . Niles Standish ( Tony Barbieri ) : The British Earl of Yankerville , he is a rich and eccentric middle - aged pervert with homosexual tendencies . He frequently calls various services and asks for their price , then orders them to `` double it . '' ( Once even confusing someone by telling them to `` cut it in half , and double it ! '' ) . Special Ed ( Jim Florentine ) : Bobby Fletcher 's mentally challenged younger cousin who constantly repeats himself , makes random comments , and shouts his catchphrase `` Yay ! '' until the other caller gets frustrated . He makes a cameo in one of Bobby 's prank calls , the `` Let Me Put My Brother on the Phone '' call . In two prank calls of his own ( one to a movie theater and one to a video store ) , Ed reveals that his favorite movie is Air Bud . In the video - store call , he works in several references to The Shining . Dick Birchum ( Adam Carolla ) : A psychotic Vietnam War veteran whose hobbies include carpentry , Shotokan karate , spying on women in their beds or bathrooms by drilling holes or a hidden camera , and gun ownership . He has a 600 - pound wife and conjoined twin daughters . He lost part of his right leg in the war and 3 right - hand fingers in a carpentry accident . He frequently refers to his time in Vietnam and `` smoking hash out of a human skull . '' Jimmy ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : A Kimmel - based grown man who lives with his mother . He also has 2 young children who use foul language and play juvenile pranks . Bobby Fletcher ( Jim Florentine ) : Ed 's drug - using underachiever older cousin . He is extremely rude and insulting , and known for generating copious amounts of gas and belching into the phone . Elmer Higgins ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : A crabby , long - winded stereotype of an elderly man ( based on Kimmel 's grandfather ) . He makes complaint calls and frequently goes off on unrelated , long - winded tangents about his younger days and various irrelevant subjects . He frequently blames the situations he 's complaining about on his gay grandson , Terrance Catheter . Helen Higgins ( Susie Essman ) : Elmer 's beautiful wife of over 60 years , she is an elderly Jewish woman who likes to proposition young men . Her son gave her a pet parrot who is well - versed in curse words . In a late - in - the - series sketch about Elmer wanting driving lessons , he mentions that she has died . Landalious `` The Truth '' Truefeld ( David Alan Grier ) : A former football player who likes to rap . Spoonie Luv ( Tracy Morgan ) : A smooth - talking African American hip hop - type character who makes lewd and suggestive comments . He often refers to himself as `` Spoonie Luv from Up Above . '' In one particularly noteworthy prank call , he attempts to sell a video store tapes of himself masturbating . Hadassah Guberman ( Sarah Silverman ) : A Jewish female college student who works various part - time jobs , including conducting surveys for O magazine . She frequently asks intrusive questions and makes veiled passive - aggressive insults . Her sexuality and sanity seem highly questionable . Terrence Catheter ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : Elmer Higgins ' grandson is an effeminate redhead who acts as spokesperson for various celebrities , such as Tom Cruise , Bill Cosby , Jared Fogle , J.K. Rowling , Mr. T , and the Olsen twins . He calls various places of business to book appearances and asks them to comply with the celebrities ' ridiculous demands . Tony Deloge ( Bob Einstein ) : A loud - mouthed , fast - paced politician who calls random people to pander for votes as `` district selectman . '' He occasionally tries to use his political power to get things for free . Cammie Smith ( Lisa Kushell ) : An oversexed , conceited , condescending 22 - year - old exotic dancer . Boomer and the Nudge ( Jimmy Kimmel and Patton Oswalt ) : Two obnoxious morning - radio disc jockeys who call people to make `` on - air dares . '' Junkyard Willie ( Touch - Tone Terrorists ) : An obstructionist in the form of a gravelly - voiced black man who is actually an import from the Touch - Tone Terrorists where he is a regular character . He appears in two sketches as a supervisor at YPS ( `` Yankerville Package Service '' ) . Jim Bob the Handicapped Hillbilly ( Touch - Tone Terrorists ) : A mentally challenged hillbilly who works with Junkyard Willie at YPS . Sav Macauley ( Dane Cook ) : The overly enthusiastic host of a phone game show , `` The Phone Zone , '' where he calls people and asks ridiculous random trivia questions for cash prizes and interjects his own sound effects . OCD Ken ( Kevin Nealon ) : An accountant with obsessive - compulsive disorder who prefers cleanliness and even numbers . He often requests people to press the pound key as part of his disorder . Danny ( David Alan Grier ) : A man who repeatedly gets nervous or disgusted causing him to vomit over the phone . The vomit is depicted as an Exorcist - like liquid shooting out of the puppet 's throat . Chip Douglas ( Fred Armisen ) : A Mexican immigrant who is perpetually building a house with minimal supplies and poor command of the English language . He makes two prank calls to newspaper offices , one to attempt to sell cartoons and the other ( a prank call in Spanish ) to inform a Spanish - language newspaper that he has not received that day 's edition . Katie ( Katie Kimmel ) : Jimmy Kimmel 's daughter made occasional appearances from 2003 , initially with a few short lines but later making entire crank calls herself ( notably pretending to be a drunken 9 - year - old trying to order alcohol by phone ) . Kevin ( Kevin Kimmel ) : Jimmy Kimmel 's son made occasional appearances from 2003 , including as Elmer Higgins ' grandson . Foreign Guy ( Dane Cook ) : A nameless immigrant who calls various places looking for assistance or to purchase something . To confuse the person he calls , he frequently switches between speaking in extremely broken English in an incomprehensible accent to speaking fluently , with no accent . The switch is demonstrated visually by having the puppet move between the two halves of a room across a clear dividing line . Gene Winterbuck ( Dane Cook ) : A wheelchair - bound young man who calls libraries requesting books with titles referring to disabilities , such as `` Johnny NoodleLegs '' . Lou Vilman ( Kevin Nealon ) : An easily impressed guy who responds `` Wow ! '' to everything . Dick Rogers ( Seth MacFarlane ) : A stereotypical fast - talking 1940s detective whose sketches appear in black - and - white . He 'll often call to complain about issues that would make someone from the 1940s uncomfortable , such as being hit on by men at a gay bar or getting a haircut from a female hairdresser . He also calls the YMCA for help with his alcohol problem . Performers ( edit ) Jimmy Kimmel Adam Carolla Drew Carey Dave Chappelle Dane Cook David Cross Eminem Tracy Morgan Sarah Silverman Tony Barbieri Jeff Goldblum Jamie Kennedy Jack Black Tom Kenny Kyle Gass Susie Essman Jim Florentine Touch - Tone Terrorists Fred Armisen Nicole Sullivan Kevin Nealon Super Dave Osborne David Alan Grier Rick Rosner Wanda Sykes Snoop Dogg Ludacris Jack Osbourne Sharon Osbourne Billy West Lisa Kushell Stephen Colbert Patton Oswalt Denis Leary Biz Markie Chamillionaire Seth MacFarlane Mitch Hedberg Dr. Drew Pinsky Wu - Tang Clan Seth Green Lil ' Jon Andy Milonakis Steve - O Ryan Dunn Nick Cannon Kenan Thompson Robert Smigel Josh Gardner Good Charlotte Jonathan Kimmel Gilbert Gottfried Bobcat Goldthwait Bob Odenkirk Chief artists working for the show include : Xavier Corby Chris Davis Todd Hulin Shane Klein David Kolodny - Nagy Dutch Merrick Kristie Moore Brook Shafer Jason Tyne Mark Walbaum Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 02 ) August 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 04 ) 30 March 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 04 ) April 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 13 ) 22 July 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 20 ) March 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 30 ) 8 February 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date `` Jimmy Kimmel & Wanda Sykes '' June 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 02 ) `` Denis Leary & Sarah Silverman '' June 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 09 ) `` Wu - Tang Clan '' June 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 16 ) `` Jimmy Kimmel & Wanda Sykes '' June 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 23 ) 5 5 `` David Alan Grier & Dave Attell '' June 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 30 ) 6 6 `` Susie Essman & Jim Florentine '' July 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 07 ) 7 7 `` Sarah Silverman & Tracy Morgan '' July 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 14 ) 8 8 `` Kevin Nealon & Super Dave Osborne '' July 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) 9 9 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' July 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 28 ) 10 10 `` Dane Cook & Sarah Silverman '' August 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 04 ) Season 2 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 11 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Sarah Silverman '' March 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 04 ) 12 `` Wanda Sykes & Robert Schimmel '' March 11 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 11 ) 13 `` Snoop Dogg & Kevin Nealon '' March 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 18 ) 14 `` Jeff Garlin & Gilbert Gottfried '' March 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 25 ) 15 5 `` Fred Armisen & Kevin Nealon '' April 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) 16 6 `` Wanda Sykes & Bobcat Goldthwait '' April 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 08 ) 17 7 `` Adam Carolla & Jim Florentine '' April 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 15 ) 18 8 `` Adam Carolla & Dr. Drew Pinsky '' April 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 22 ) 19 9 `` Jimmy Kimmel & David Alan Grier '' April 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) 20 10 `` Fred Armisen & Sarah Silverman '' May 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 06 ) 21 11 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Fred Armisen '' September 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 16 ) 22 12 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) 23 13 `` Adam Carolla & Kevin Kimmel '' September 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 30 ) 24 14 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Gilbert Gottfried '' October 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 07 ) 25 15 `` David Alan Grier & Super Dave Osborne '' October 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 14 ) 26 16 `` Robert Smigel & Adam Carolla '' October 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 21 ) 27 17 `` David Alan Grier & Jeff Garlin '' October 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 28 ) 28 18 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' November 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 04 ) 29 19 `` Bob Odenkirk & Fred Armisen '' November 11 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 11 ) 30 20 `` Jim Florentine & Kathy Griffin '' November 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 18 ) 31 21 `` Sarah Silverman & David Alan Grier '' February 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 10 ) 32 22 `` Kevin Nealon & Wanda Sykes '' February 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 17 ) 33 23 `` Jamie Kennedy & David Alan Grier '' February 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 24 ) 34 24 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' March 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 02 ) 35 25 `` Adam Carolla & David Alan Grier '' March 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 09 ) 36 26 `` Sarah Silverman & Jeff Goldblum '' March 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 16 ) 37 27 `` Seth Green & Jamie Kennedy '' March 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 23 ) 38 28 `` Wanda Sykes & Adam Carolla '' March 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 30 ) 39 29 `` Kevin Nealon & Sarah Silverman '' April 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 06 ) 40 30 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Fred Armisen '' April 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 13 ) Season 3 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 41 `` Eminem & Tracy Morgan '' July 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 20 ) 42 `` Jack & Sharon Osbourne '' July 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 27 ) 43 `` Andy Richter & Sarah Silverman '' August 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 03 ) 44 `` Bob Odenkirk & Adam Carolla '' August 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) 45 5 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Kevin Nealon '' August 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) 46 6 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' August 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 24 ) 47 7 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' August 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 31 ) 48 8 `` Adam Carolla & David Alan Grier '' September 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 07 ) 49 9 `` Dane Cook & Kevin Nealon '' September 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 14 ) 50 10 `` Tracy Morgan & Adam Carolla '' September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) 51 11 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' December 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 21 ) 52 12 `` Tracy Morgan & Jimmy Kimmel '' January 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 12 ) 53 13 `` Ludacris & Drew Carey '' January 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) 54 14 `` Bob Odenkirk & Tracy Morgan '' February 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) 55 15 `` Drew Carey & Jeff Goldblum '' February 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 09 ) 56 16 `` Jason Schwartzman & David Alan Grier '' February 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 16 ) 57 17 `` Wanda Sykes & Sarah Silverman '' February 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 23 ) 58 18 `` Tracy Morgan & Jimmy Kimmel '' March 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 02 ) 59 19 `` Ludacris & Kevin Nealon '' March 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 09 ) 60 20 `` Holiday Special '' March 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 16 ) 61 21 `` Best - of Special 1 '' March 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 23 ) 62 22 `` Best - of Special 2 '' March 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 30 ) Season 4 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 63 `` Lil Jon & Sarah Silverman '' February 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) 64 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Steve - O '' February 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 16 ) 65 `` Dane Cook & Chamillionaire '' February 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 23 ) 66 `` Good Charlotte & Lil Jon '' March 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 02 ) 67 5 `` Dave Chappelle & Seth Green '' March 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 09 ) 68 6 `` Andy Milonakis & Ryan Dunn '' March 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 16 ) 69 7 `` Adam Carolla & Dane Cook '' March 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) 70 8 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Nick Cannon '' March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) Dvd releases ( edit ) DVD Name Release Date Ep # Additional Information Season 1 Uncensored September 28 , 2004 10 `` Dial ' T ' for Torment : Mini-Documentary , Two Unaired Calls . Season 2 Volume 1 Uncensored April 26 , 2005 15 Unaired Calls . Season 2 Volume 2 Uncensored November 29 , 2005 15 4 exclusive audio calls from Fred Armisen , Eminem , Jim Florentine , and Jimmy Kimmel . The Best of Crank Yankers December 4 , 2007 N / A Includes 58 favorite calls . There are currently no plans for a DVD release for seasons 3 & 4 CD releases ( edit ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls , Volume 1 ( 2002 ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls , Volume 2 ( 2002 ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls , Volume 3 ( 2003 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Crank Yankers '' at IMDB Jump up ^ `` The Adam Carolla Show : Matt Atchity ( January 6 , 2012 ) '' . Podcast . ACE Broadcasting . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . @ 31 : 00min : Crank Yankers was originally called ' Prank Puppets ' and the pussy fucking lawyers said ... External links ( edit ) Official website from Comedy Central Crank Yankers on IMDb Adam Carolla Audio The Adam Carolla Show ( radio ) The Adam Carolla Show ( podcast ) Television The Man Show Crank Yankers Too Late with Adam Carolla The Adam Carolla Project Catch a Contractor Film The Hammer Road Hard Winning : The Racing Life of Paul Newman No Safe Spaces Related Carolla Digital Jackhole Productions 4535 Adamcarolla Comedy Central original programming Former 1990s debuts Alan King : Inside the Comedy Mind ( 1991 ) Afterdrive ( 1991 ) Clash ! 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Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)

Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ) - wikipedia Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ministry of Trade and Industry Agency overview Formed March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 ) Jurisdiction Government of Singapore Employees 2,932 ( 2015 est . ) Annual budget $3.05 billion SGD ( 2015 est . ) Ministers responsible Chan Chun Sing , Minister Chee Hong Tat , Senior Minister of State Koh Poh Koon , Senior Minister of State Tan Wu Meng , Senior Parliamentary Secretary S Iswaran , Minister In Charge of Trade Relations Agency executives Loh Khum Yean , Permanent Secretary Lee Ark Boon , Deputy Secretary ( Trade ) Ngiam Shih Chun , Deputy Secretary ( Industry ) Child agencies A * STAR Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore Economic Development Board Energy Market Authority Enterprise Singapore Hotel Licensing Board JTC Corporation Sentosa Development Corp . Singapore Tourism Board Website www.mti.gov.sg The Ministry Of Trade and Industry ( Abbreviation : MTI ; Malay : Kementerian Perdagangan dan Perusahaan ; Chinese : 贸 工 部 ; Tamil : வர்த்தக , தொழில் அமைச்சு ) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore that directs the formulation of policies related to the development of trade and industry in Singapore . Contents 1 Departments & Statutory boards 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Departments & statutory boards ( edit ) The ministry oversees a department and 9 statutory boards . These are : Singapore Department of Statistics Agency for Science , Technology and Research ( A * STAR ) Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore ( CCCS ) Economic Development Board ( EDB ) Energy Market Authority ( EMA ) Hotel Licensing Board ( HLB ) JTC Corporation ( JTC ) Sentosa Development Corporation ( SDC ) Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) Enterprise Singapore See also ( edit ) Government of Singapore References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Head V : Ministry of Trade and Industry '' ( PDF ) . Budget 2015 : Revenue and Expenditure Estimates . Ministry of Finance . February 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ) . 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Cigarettes After Sex

Cigarettes After Sex - wikipedia Cigarettes After Sex Jump to : navigation , search Cigarettes After Sex Origin El Paso , Texas , US Genres Dream pop shoegaze ambient pop slowcore Years active 2008 -- present Labels Partisan Website cigarettesaftersex.com Members Greg Gonzalez Jacob Tomsky Phillip Tubbs Randall Miller Past members Greg Leah Steve Herrada Emily Davis Cigarettes After Sex is an American ambient pop band from El Paso , Texas , formed in 2008 by Greg Gonzalez . The band 's debut EP , I. , was released in 2012 with the singles `` Affection '' and `` K . '' following in 2015 and 2016 , respectively . Their first full - length record , Cigarettes After Sex , was released on June 9 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Musical style and influences 3 Members 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Extended plays 4.3 Singles 4.4 Demos 5 References History ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex was formed in El Paso , Texas , in 2008 . Gonzalez recorded the first EP , I. , in a four - story stairway at his alma mater , University of Texas at El Paso , calling the experience `` basically an accident ; kind of an experiment '' . `` Nothing 's Gonna Hurt You Baby '' , `` I 'm a Firefighter '' , `` Dreaming of You '' , and `` Starry Eyes '' were recorded for I . Gonzalez relocated to Brooklyn , New York , where the band 's single `` Affection '' was recorded and released in 2015 along with a cover of REO Speedwagon 's `` Keep On Loving You '' . Through music recommendations , Cigarettes After Sex has gained millions of views on YouTube , leading to live performances across Europe , Asia , and the US . Cigarettes After Sex released their self - titled debut studio album on June 9 , 2017 . `` Nothing 's Gonna Hurt You Baby '' was featured in episode 7 of the first season of The Handmaid 's Tale. , episode 7 of The Sinner , and episode 9 of the eighth season of Shameless . Musical style and influences ( edit ) In a feature for Noisey by Vice , Christina Cacouris describes Cigarettes After Sex as `` elemental , hazy and romantic , but with a noir edge underneath Gonzalez 's androgynous voice '' as well as `` sweet and sentimental '' . `` As the band 's name suggests , it 's reminiscent of lying in bed , but its ambient qualities do n't prevent it from being music you can dance to . '' Gonzalez cites Françoise Hardy as his favorite singer and Miles Davis as having great impact . The band also includes The Cowboy Junkies ' album The Trinity Session , Julee Cruise , and Cocteau Twins as influences . The music blog Eardrums Music describes the band as `` slow , dreamy and beautiful with gorgeous , tender vocals and very good lyrics . '' and compares it to Mazzy Star Music bloggers behind Swell Tone describe Cigarettes After Sex as a band producing `` melancholy , slow pop that will sweetly rock any listener into a listless stupor . '' Reviewing Affection for Independentmusicnews.com , Jae Pyl concludes that `` there 's just such an intimacy to Cigarettes After Sex 's sound that it 's impossible to not let it into the pit of your belly . '' Members ( edit ) Since inception in 2008 , the group has included a number of different members and collaborators led by Greg Gonzalez : Current members : Greg Gonzalez -- founder , lead vocals , electric guitar , acoustic guitar , bass Phillip Tubbs -- keyboards , electric guitar Randall Miller -- bass Jacob Tomsky -- drums Previous members : Greg Leah -- drums Steve Herrada -- keyboards Emily Davis -- acoustic guitar Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex ( 2017 ) Extended plays ( edit ) I. ( 2012 ) Singles ( edit ) `` Affection '' ( 2015 ) `` K . '' ( 2016 ) `` Apocalypse '' ( 2017 ) `` Each Time You Fall in Love '' ( 2017 ) `` Sweet '' ( 2017 ) Demos ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex ( Romans 13 : 9 ) ( 2011 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cook , Cameron ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Cigarettes After Sex : Cigarettes After Sex '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BrushedRed ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Cigarettes After Sex Album '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lathan , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cigarettes After Sex : Cigarettes After Sex '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hadi , Eddino Abdul ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` The slow burn of Cigarettes After Sex 's debut album '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Cigarettes After Sex review -- breathtaking ambient - pop enigmas '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cigarettes After Sex - Tickets - The Echo - Los Angeles , California - April 27th , 2016 '' . The Echo and Echoplex . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Diehard Romanticism of Cigarettes After Sex NOISEY '' . NOISEY . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records '' . Cigarettes After Sex . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review / Cigarettes After Sex / Affection '' . Independent Music News . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.cigarettesaftersex.com/ Jump up ^ `` Cigarettes After Sex - 10 New Artists You Need to Know : January 2016 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale - S1 E7 The Other Side '' . tunefind . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The End Credits Song In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 9 Epitomizes Moira 's Spirit '' . BUSTLE . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Sinner ' Soundtrack : Listen to the Killer Playlist for USA 's Addictive Murder Mystery '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless - S8 E9 The Fugees '' . tunefind . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Music : Cigarettes After Sex -- `` Affection '' `` . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tune : Cigarettes After Sex -- `` Affection '' `` . Swell Tone . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cigarettes_After_Sex&oldid=830598611 '' Categories : 2008 establishments in Texas Dream pop musical groups Musical groups established in 2008 Musical groups from Brooklyn Musical groups from Texas Musical quartets Partisan Records artists Sadcore and slowcore groups Shoegazing musical groups Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 20 : 30 . About Wikipedia

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Manna

Manna - wikipedia Manna Jump to : navigation , search For the Polynesian word , see mana . For other uses , see Manna ( disambiguation ) . The Gathering of the Manna by James Tissot Manna ( Hebrew : מָן ‎ mān , Greek : μάννα ; Arabic : المَنّ ‎ , Persian : گزانگبین ‎ ) , sometimes or archaically spelled mana , is an edible substance which God provided for the Israelites during their travels in the desert during the forty - year period following the Exodus and prior to the conquest of Canaan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Biblical / canonical description 1.2 Manna in the New Testament 1.3 Manna in the Qurʾān 1.4 Identification 1.5 Potential discrepancies 2 Origin 3 Use and function 4 Gathering 4.1 Sabbath 5 Duration of supply 6 Later cultural references 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Biblical / canonical description ( edit ) Manna is described as having the appearance of bdellium . Manna is described as white and comparable to hoarfrost in color . Hoarfrost on grass lawn . According to the book of Exodus , manna is like a coriander seed in size but which is white ( this is explained by ancient commentaries as a comparison to the round shape of the coriander seed ) . In the Hebrew Bible , manna is described twice : once in Exodus 16 : 1 -- 36 with the full narrative surrounding it , and once again in Numbers 11 : 1 -- 9 as a part of a separate narrative . In the description in the Book of Exodus , manna is described as being `` a fine , flake - like thing '' like the frost on the ground . It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night . Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in color , similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun , and was like a coriander seed in size but white in color . Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium , adding that the Israelites ground it and pounded it into cakes , which were then baked , resulting in something that tasted like cakes baked with oil . Exodus states that raw manna tasted like wafers that had been made with honey . The Israelites were instructed to eat only the manna they had gathered for each day . Stored manna `` bred worms and stank '' : the exception being that stored the day before the Sabbath ( Preparation Day ) , when twice the amount of manna was gathered . This manna did not spoil overnight , because , Exodus 16 : 23 -- 24 states : This is what the Lord commanded : `` Tomorrow is to be a day of rest , a holy Sabbath to the Lord . So bake what you want to bake and boil what you want to boil . Save whatever is left and keep it until morning . '' So they saved it until morning , as Moses commanded , and it did not stink or get maggots in it . Manna in the New Testament ( edit ) In the Bread of Life Discourse in John 's Gospel , the evangelist refers three times to the manna which the Jews ' ancestors ate in the desert : the Jews refer to the manna given to them by Moses as a sign of God 's promised covenant , and Jesus asserts that the manna was from God and not from Moses , and that the people who ate it were nourished on their journey but ultimately died . In contrast , according to the gospel , Jesus offered living bread , and whoever ate this bread would never die . Manna in the Qurʾān ( edit ) The word mana appears three times in the Qurʾān , in Quran 2 : 57 , 7 : 160 and 20 : 80 . It is narrated in the hadith Sahih Muslim that the Prophet Mohammad said `` Truffles are part of the ' manna ' which Allah sent to the people of Israel through Moses , and its juice is a medicine for the eye . '' Identification ( edit ) Some scholars have proposed that manna is cognate with the Egyptian term mennu , meaning `` food '' , a term that has never been attested to in history . At the turn of the twentieth century , Arabs of the Sinai Peninsula were selling resin from the tamarisk tree as man es - simma , roughly meaning `` heavenly manna '' . Tamarisk trees ( particularly Tamarix gallica ) were once comparatively extensive throughout the southern Sinai , and their resin is similar to wax , melts in the sun , is sweet and aromatic ( like honey ) , and has a dirty - yellow color , fitting somewhat with the Biblical descriptions of manna . However , this resin is mostly composed of sugar , so it would be unlikely to provide sufficient nutrition for a population to survive over long periods of time , and it would be very difficult for it to have been compacted into cakes . Other researchers have believed manna to be a form of lichen - a plant colony that often has a low mass per unit volume density and a large `` sail area . '' In particular , Lecanora esculenta has been postulated . Known natural aerial falls of various lichens have been described as occurring in accounts separate from that in the bible . `` In some parts of Asia Lecanora esculenta covers the soil to such a degree that , according to Parrot , it forms beds 15 to 20 centimetres thick . '' Pine branch with Marchalina hellenica honeydew In the Biblical account , the name manna is said to derive from the question man hu , seemingly meaning `` What is it ? '' ; this is perhaps an Aramaic etymology , not a Hebrew one . Man is possibly cognate with the Arabic term man , meaning plant lice , with man hu thus meaning `` this is plant lice '' , which fits one widespread modern identification of manna , the crystallized honeydew of certain scale insects . In the environment of a desert , such honeydew rapidly dries due to evaporation of its water content , becoming a sticky solid , and later turning whitish , yellowish , or brownish ; honeydew of this form is considered a delicacy in the Middle East , and is a good source of carbohydrates . In particular , there is a scale insect that feeds on tamarisk , the Tamarisk manna scale ( Trabutina mannipara ) , which is often considered to be the prime candidate for biblical manna . Another type is turkey oak manna , also called Persian gezengevi - gezo , men , Turkish Kudret helvasi , man - es - simma , also Diarbekir manna , or Kurdish manna . It is formed by aphids and appears white . It was common in western Iran , northern Iraq and eastern Turkey . When dried it forms into crystalline lumps which are hard and look like stone . They are pounded before inclusion in breads . Psilocybe cubensis A tamarisk tree in the Negev Desert A number of ethnomycologists , including Terence McKenna , have suggested that most characteristics of manna are similar to that of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms , notorious breeding grounds for insects , which decompose rapidly . These peculiar fungi naturally produce a number of molecules that resemble human neurochemicals , and first appear as small fibres ( mycelia ) that resemble hoarfrost . Psilocybin , the primary psychoactive molecule in the `` Psilocybe cubensis '' mushroom , has been shown to produce spiritual experiences , with `` personal meaning and spiritual significance '' when test subjects were evaluated 14 months later . Other minority identifications of manna are that it was a kosher species of locust , or that it was the sap of certain succulent plants ( such as those of the genus Alhagi , which have an appetite - suppressing effect ) . Potential discrepancies ( edit ) Some form critics posit conflicting descriptions of manna as derived from different lore , with the description in Numbers being from the Jahwist tradition , and the description in Exodus being from the later Priestly tradition . The Babylonian Talmud states that the differences in description were due to the taste varying depending on who ate it , with it tasting like honey for small children , like bread for youths , and like oil for the elderly . Similarly , classical rabbinical literature rectifies the question of whether manna came before or after dew , by holding that the manna was sandwiched between two layers of dew , one falling before the manna , and the other after . Origin ( edit ) Manna is from Heaven , according to the Hebrew Bible and to Jesus in the New Testament , but the various identifications of manna are naturalistic . In the Mishnah , manna is treated as a natural but unique substance , `` created during the twilight of the sixth day of Creation '' , and ensured to be clean , before it arrives , by the sweeping of the ground by a northern wind and subsequent rains . According to classical rabbinical literature , manna was ground in a heavenly mill for the use of the righteous , but some of it was allocated to the wicked and left for them to grind themselves . Use and function ( edit ) Until they reached Canaan , the Israelites are implied by some passages in the Bible to have eaten only manna during their desert sojourn , despite the availability of milk and meat from the livestock with which they traveled , and the references to provisions of fine flour , oil , and meat , in parts of the journey 's narrative . As a natural food substance , manna would produce waste products ; but in classical rabbinical literature , as a supernatural substance , it was held that manna produced no waste , resulting in no defecation among the Israelites until several decades later , when the manna had ceased to fall . Modern medical science suggests the lack of defecation over such a long period of time would cause severe bowel problems , especially when other food later began to be consumed again . Classical rabbinical writers say that the Israelites complained about the lack of defecation , and were concerned about potential bowel problems . Many Christian vegetarians say that God had originally intended man would not eat meat because plants can not move and killing them would not be sinful : manna , a nonmeat substance , is used to support this theory . Further , when the people complained and wished for quail , God gave it to them , but they apparently still complained and some greedily gathered the quail . `` While the meat was still between their teeth , before it was chewed , the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people . '' Food was not manna 's only use ; one classical rabbinical source states that the fragrant odor of manna was used in an Israelite perfume . Gathering ( edit ) The Gathering of the Manna , c. 1460 - 1470 . Exodus says each day one omer of manna was gathered per family member ( about 3.64 litres ) , and may imply this was regardless of how much effort was put into gathering it ; a midrash attributed to Rabbi Tanhuma remarks that although some were diligent enough to go into the fields to gather manna , others just lay down lazily and caught it with their outstretched hands . The Talmud states that this factor was used to solve disputes about the ownership of slaves , since the number of omers of manna each household could gather would indicate how many people were legitimately part of the household ; the omers of manna for stolen slaves could be gathered only by legitimate owners , and therefore legitimate owners would have spare omers of manna . According to the Talmud , manna was found near the homes of those with strong belief in God , and far from the homes of those with doubts ; indeed , one classical midrash says that manna was intangible to Gentiles , as it would inevitably slip from their hands . The Midrash Tanhuma holds that manna melted , formed liquid streams , was drunk by animals , flavored the animal flesh , and was thus indirectly eaten by Gentiles , this being the only way that Gentiles could taste manna . Despite these hints of uneven distribution , classical rabbinical literature expresses the view that manna fell in very large quantities each day . It holds that manna was layered out over 2,000 cubits square , between 50 and 60 cubits in height , enough to nourish the Israelites for 2,000 years and to be seen from the palaces of every king in the East and West . This is probably a metaphorical statement . Sabbath ( edit ) According to Exodus , Shabbat ( Sabbath ) was reinstituted the first week manna appeared . It states that twice as much manna as usual was available on the sixth morning of the week , and none at all could be found on the seventh day ; although manna usually rotted and became maggot - infested after a single night , that which had been collected on the sixth day remained fresh until the second night . Moses stated that the double portion of Preparation Day was to be consumed on Shabbat ; and that God instructed him that no one should leave his place on Shabbat , so that the people could rest during it . Form critics regard this part of the manna narrative to be spliced together from the Yahwist and Priestly traditions , with the Yahwist tradition emphasizing rest during Shabbat , while the Priestly tradition merely states that Shabbat exists , implying that the meaning of `` Shabbat '' was already known . These critics regard this part of the manna narrative as an etiological supernature story designed to explain the origin of Shabbat observance , which in reality was probably pre-Mosaic . Duration of supply ( edit ) Exodus states that the Israelites consumed the manna for forty years , starting from the fifteenth day of the second month ( Iyar 15 ) , but that it then ceased to appear once they had reached a settled land , and once they had reached the borders of Canaan ( inhabited by the Canaanites ) . Form critics attribute this variation to the view that each expression of the manna ceasing derives from different lore ; the `` settled land '' is attributed to the Priestly tradition , and `` Canaan 's borders '' to the Yahwist tradition , or to a hypothetical later redaction to synchronize the account with that of the Book of Joshua , which states that the manna ceased to appear on the day after the annual Passover festival ( Nisan 14 ) , when the Israelites had reached Gilgal . The duration from Iyar 15 to Nisan 14 , taken literally , is forty years less one month . There is also a disagreement among classical rabbinical writers as to when the manna ceased , particularly in regard to whether it remained after the death of Moses for a further forty days , seventy days , or fourteen years ; indeed , according to Joshua ben Levi , the manna ceased to appear at the moment that Moses died . Despite the eventual termination of the supply of manna , Exodus states that a small amount of it survived within an omer - sized pot or jar , which was kept facing the Testimony ( possibly , adjacent to the Ark of the Covenant ) ; it indicates that God instructed this of Moses , who delegated it to Aaron . The Epistle to the Hebrews states that the pot was stored inside the Ark . Classical rabbinical sources believe the pot was made of gold ; some say it was only there for the generation following Moses , and others that it survived at least until the time of Jeremiah . However , the First Book of Kings states that it was absent earlier than Jeremiah , during Solomon 's reign in the tenth century B.C. Form critics attribute the mention of the pot to the Priestly tradition , concluding that the pot existed in the early sixth century B.C. Later cultural references ( edit ) Manna ash By extension , `` manna '' has been used to refer to any divine or spiritual nourishment . At the Basilica of Saint Nicholas in Bari , Italy , there is an annual ceremony of collecting a clear liquid from the tomb of Saint Nicholas ; legend credits the pleasant perfume of this liquid with warding off evil , and it is sold to pilgrims as `` the Manna of Saint Nicholas '' . The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb , but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb , or from the marble itself ; since the town of Bari is a harbor , and the tomb is below sea level , there are several natural explanations for the manna fluid , including the transfer of seawater to the tomb by capillary action . In the seventeenth century , a woman marketed a clear , tasteless product as a cosmetic , `` the Manna of Saint Nicholas of Bari '' . After the deaths of some 600 men , Italian authorities discovered that the alleged cosmetic was a preparation of arsenic , used by their wives . In a modern botanical context , manna is often used to refer to the secretions of various plants , especially of certain shrubs and trees , and in particular the sugars obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash , extracted by making small cuts in the bark . The manna ash , native to southern Europe and southwest Asia , produces a blue - green sap , which has medicinal value as a mild laxative , demulcent , and weak expectorant . The names of both the sugar mannose and its hydrogenated sugar alcohol , mannitol , are derived from manna . Robert Nozick references `` manna from heaven '' in a thought experiment about distributive justice . Further reading ( edit ) Arthur , James ( 2000 ) . Mushrooms and Mankind : The Impact of Mushrooms on Human Consciousness and Religion . Escondido , CA : Book Tree . ISBN 1 - 58509 - 151 - 0 . Heinrich , Clark ( 2002 ) . Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy . Rochester , VT : Park Street Press . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 997 - 9 . Merkur , Dan ( 2000 ) . The Mystery of Manna : The Psychedelic Sacrament of the Bible . Rochester , VT : Park Street Press . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 772 - 0 . McKenna , Terence ( 1993 ) . Food of the Gods : The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge , A Radical History of Plants , Drugs , and Human Evolution . New York , NY : Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 37130 - 4 . See also ( edit ) Food portal Ambrosia Golden Calf Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe , `` flesh of the Gods '' / teonanacatl Soma and Haoma , sacraments of the Rigveda and Zoroastrian canons , respectively References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rashi on Exodus 16 : 31 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 14 Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 9 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 21 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 31 Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 7 However , commentators such as John Gill prefer to interpret the word translated `` bdellium '' as `` bdeloah '' , meaning a white precious stone ( John Gill , Commentary on Numbers 11 : 7 ) . Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 8 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 20 Jump up ^ New International Version Jump up ^ John 6 : 30 -- 58 Jump up ^ Rippin , Andrew ( 24 April 2017 ) . Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an . John Wiley & Sons . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 96480 - 4 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 23 : 5084 Jump up ^ George Ebers , Durch Gosen zum Sinai , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Cheyne and Black , Encyclopedia Biblica ^ Jump up to : Peake 's commentary on the Bible Jump up ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/diyarbakir-manna.html Jump up ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/manna-lichens.html Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Manna Sinai '' . Jump up ^ `` tamarisk manna scale - insect '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sherbet&Spice : The complete story of Turkish sweets & deserts '' by Mary Isin , publisher I.B. Tauris , ISBN 9781848858985 Jump up ^ `` Manna From Heaven '' . deoxy.org . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Roland R. `` Mystical - type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later '' . Jump up ^ `` Pancakes or Locusts '' . gottnotes.com . Jump up ^ Peake 's Commentary on the Bible Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Book of Exodus '' , `` Book of Numbers '' Jump up ^ Yoma 75b Jump up ^ Psalm 78 : 24 - 25 , 105 : 40 Jump up ^ John 6 : 31 Jump up ^ Pirkei Avot 5 : 9 Jump up ^ Mekhilta , Beshalah , Wayassa , 3 Jump up ^ Numbers 21 : 5 ^ Jump up to : Sifre ( on Numbers ) 87 - 89 Jump up ^ Soler , Jean , The Semiotics of Food in the Bible , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 4 - 11 : 35 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Tanhuma , Beshalah 22 ^ Jump up to : Yoma 75a Jump up ^ Midrash Abkir ( on Exodus ) 258 Jump up ^ Midrash Tanhuma Jump up ^ Yoma 76a ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 23 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 5 , 16 : 22 , 16 : 26 - 27 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 24 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 27 - 29 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 30 ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Book of Exodus '' Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 35 Jump up ^ Joshua 5 : 10 - 12 Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Manna '' Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 34 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 32 - 33 Jump up ^ Hebrews 9 : 4 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 9 Jump up ^ Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas , St. Nicholas Center Jump up ^ Carroll , Rory , 2000 - 12 - 22 , Bones of contention , The Guardian Jump up ^ Girling , Richard , 2004 - 12 - 12 , Talking Point : Now do you believe in Santa Claus ? , The Times ^ Jump up to : Manna , Time magazine , 1927 - 08 - 29 Jump up ^ Rushforth , K. , 1999 , Trees of Britain and Europe , Collins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 220013 - 9 Jump up ^ Grieve , Mrs. M. , Ash , Manna Jump up ^ Cooley 's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts , 6th ed. ( 1880 ) Jump up ^ Feser , Edward . `` Robert Nozick ( 1938 -- 2002 ) '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . External links ( edit ) Media related to Manna at Wikimedia Commons Jewish Encyclopedia , Manna chabad.org , The Manna Catholic Encyclopedia , Manna Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas Lycaeum , Manna as a mushroom ( psilocybe ) ( hide ) Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manna&oldid=843094733 '' Categories : Hebrew words and phrases Mythological substances Breads Fungi and humans Book of Exodus Book of Numbers Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 59 . 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where in the bible does it talk about manna from heaven

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Trade winds

Trade winds - wikipedia Trade winds This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled colonial expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . In meteorology , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses . Contents 1 History 2 Cause 3 Weather effects 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word ' trade , ' meaning `` path '' or `` track . '' The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the sea '' but also `` return from the sea '' ) in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Africa , that is , to west and northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around 30 ° S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta 's voyage in 1565 . The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all . Edmond Halley 's map of the trade winds , 1686 By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England 's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of ' trade ' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world 's oceans . Cause ( edit ) 3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds As part of the Hadley cell , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough . Around 30 ° in both hemispheres , air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known as a trade wind inversion . The surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums . As they blow across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean . Weather effects ( edit ) Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central America . During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s . See also ( edit ) Intertropical Convergence Zone Volta do mar Westerly wind burst Winds in the Age of Sail References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 -- 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 -- 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr ; Frank Morton McMurry ; Almon Ernest Parkins ( 1909 ) . Advanced geography . State Printing . p. 246 . Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read weather maps '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus ( 2004 ) . `` The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis '' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 . Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean 's Influence on North American Drought '' . Texas A&M University . Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&oldid=857071338 '' Categories : Climate patterns Atmospheric dynamics Wind Age of Sail Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 11 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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winds that blow predominantly from the northeast and the southeast are the

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Symbolic link

Symbolic link - wikipedia Symbolic link Jump to : navigation , search For the Microsoft data exchange format , see SYmbolic LinK ( SYLK ) . In computing , a symbolic link ( also symlink or soft link ) is the nickname for any file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path and that affects pathname resolution . Symbolic links were already present by 1978 in minicomputer operating systems from DEC and Data General 's RDOS . Today they are supported by the POSIX operating system standard , most Unix - like operating systems such as FreeBSD , Linux , and Mac OS X . Limited support also exists in Windows operating systems such as Windows Vista , Windows 7 and to some degree in Windows 2000 and Windows XP in the form of shortcut files . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 POSIX and Unix - like operating systems 2.1 Storage of symbolic links 2.2 Mac OS aliases 3 Microsoft Windows 3.1 NTFS symbolic link 3.2 NTFS junction points 3.3 Shortcuts 3.4 Folder shortcuts 3.5 Shell objects 3.6 Cygwin symbolic links 3.7 Summary 4 Amiga 5 OS / 2 6 Variable symbolic links 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) A symbolic link contains a text string that is automatically interpreted and followed by the operating system as a path to another file or directory . This other file or directory is called the `` target '' . The symbolic link is a second file that exists independently of its target . If a symbolic link is deleted , its target remains unaffected . If a symbolic link points to a target , and sometime later that target is moved , renamed or deleted , the symbolic link is not automatically updated or deleted , but continues to exist and still points to the old target , now a non-existing location or file . Symbolic links pointing to moved or non-existing targets are sometimes called broken , orphaned , dead , or dangling . Symbolic links are different from hard links . Hard links do not link paths on different volumes or file systems , whereas symbolic links may point to any file or directory irrespective of the volumes on which the link and target reside . Hard links always refer to an existing file , whereas symbolic links may contain an arbitrary path that does not point to anything . Symbolic links operate transparently for many operations : programs that read or write to files named by a symbolic link will behave as if operating directly on the target file . However , they have the effect of changing an otherwise hierarchical filesystem from a tree into a directed graph , which can have consequences for such simple operations as figuring out the current directory of a process . Even the Unix ... convention for navigating to a directory 's parent directory no longer works reliably in the face of symlinks . Some shells heuristically try to uphold the illusion of a tree - shaped hierarchy , but when they do , this causes them to produce different results from other programs that manipulate pathnames without such heuristic , relying on the operating system instead . Programs that need to handle symbolic links specially ( e.g. , shells and backup utilities ) thus need to identify and manipulate them directly . Some Unix as well as Linux distributions use symbolic links extensively in an effort to reorder the file system hierarchy . This is accomplished with several mechanisms , such as variant , context - dependent symbolic links . This offers the opportunity to create a more intuitive or application - specific directory tree and to reorganize the system without having to redesign the core set of system functions and utilities . POSIX and Unix - like operating systems ( edit ) In POSIX - compliant operating systems , symbolic links are created with the symlink system call . The ln shell command normally uses the link system call , which creates a hard link . When the ln - s flag is specified , the symlink ( ) system call is used instead , creating a symbolic link . Symlinks were introduced in 4.2 BSD Unix from U.C. Berkeley . The following command creates a symbolic link at the command - line interface ( shell ) : ln - s target_path link_path target_path is the relative or absolute path to which the symbolic link should point . Usually the target will exist , although symbolic links may be created to non-existent targets . link_path is the path of the symbolic link . After creating the symbolic link , it may generally be treated as an alias for the target . Any file system management commands ( e.g. , cp , rm ) may be used on the symbolic link . Commands which read or write file contents will access the contents of the target file . The rm ( delete file ) command , however , removes the link itself , not the target file . The POSIX directory listing application , ls , denotes symbolic links with an arrow after the name , pointing to the name of the target file ( see following example ) , when the long directory list is requested ( - l option ) . When a directory listing of a symbolic link that points to a directory is requested , only the link itself will be displayed . In order to obtain a listing of the linked directory , the path must include a trailing directory separator character ( ' / ' , slash ) . Note : In Below Example do not create `` three '' directory before creation of link in / tmp directory . $ mkdir - p / tmp / one / two $ echo `` test_a '' > / tmp / one / two / a $ echo `` test_b '' > / tmp / one / two / b $ cd / tmp / one / two $ ls - l - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cd / tmp $ ln - s / tmp / one / two three $ ls - l three lrwxrwxrwx 1 user group 12 Jul 22 10 : 02 / tmp / three - > / tmp / one / two $ ls - l three / - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cd three $ ls - l - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cat a test_a $ cat / tmp / one / two / a test_a $ echo `` test_c '' > / tmp / one / two / a $ cat / tmp / one / two / a test_c $ cat a test_c Storage of symbolic links ( edit ) Early implementations of symbolic links stored the symbolic link information as data in regular files . The file contained the textual reference to the link 's target , and an indicator denoting it as a symbolic link . This method was slow and an inefficient use of disk - space on small systems . An improvement , called fast symlinks , allowed storage of the target path within the data structures used for storing file information on disk ( inodes ) . This space normally stores a list of disk block addresses allocated to a file . Thus , symlinks with short target paths are accessed quickly . Systems with fast symlinks often fall back to using the original method if the target path exceeds the available inode space . The original style is retroactively termed a slow symlink . It is also used for disk compatibility with other or older versions of operating systems . Although storing the link value inside the inode saves a disk block and a disk read , the operating system still needs to parse the path name in the link , which always requires reading additional inodes and generally requires reading other , and potentially many , directories , processing both the list of files and the inodes of each of them until it finds a match with the link 's path components . Only when a link points to a file in the same directory do `` fast symlinks '' provide significantly better performance than other symlinks . The vast majority of POSIX - compliant implementations use fast symlinks . However , the POSIX standard does not require the entire set of file status information common to regular files to be implemented for symlinks . This allows implementations to use other solutions , such as storing symlink data in directory entries . The file system permissions of a symbolic link are not used , the access modes of the target file are controlled by the target file 's own permissions . Some operating systems , such as FreeBSD , offer the ability to modify file permissions and filesystem attributes of a symbolic link , through lchmod and lchflags system calls respectively . The reported size of a symlink is the number of characters in the path it points to . Mac OS aliases ( edit ) Main article : Alias ( Mac OS ) In Mac OS , applications or users can also employ aliases , which have the added feature of following the target , even if it is moved to another location on the same volume . This is not to be confused with the shell command alias . Microsoft Windows ( edit ) NTFS symbolic link ( edit ) Main article : NTFS symbolic link NTFS 3.1 introduced support symbolic links for any type of file . It was included with Windows XP , but was only enabled by default for kernel mode programs ; Windows Vista and later versions of Windows enabled support for symbolic links to user mode applications , as well , and supplied the command line utility mklink for creating them . Third - party drivers are required to enable support for NTFS symbolic links in Windows XP . Unlike junction points , a symbolic link can also point to a file or remote Server Message Block ( SMB ) network path . Additionally , the NTFS symbolic link implementation provides full support for cross-filesystem links . However , the functionality enabling cross-host symbolic links requires that the remote system also support them . Symbolic links are designed to aid in migration and application compatibility with POSIX operating systems . Microsoft aimed for Windows Vista 's symbolic links to `` function just like UNIX links '' . However , the implementation varies from Unix symbolic links in several ways . For example , Windows Vista users must manually indicate when creating a symbolic link whether it is a file or a directory . Windows 7 and Vista support a maximum of 31 reparse points ( and therefore symbolic links ) for a given path ( i.e. any given path can have at most 31 indirections before Windows gives up ) . Only users with the new Create Symbolic Link privilege , which only administrators have by default , can create symbolic links . If this is not the desired behavior , it must be changed in the Local Security Policy management console . Additionally , NTFS symbolic links to files are distinct from NTFS symbolic links to directories and therefore can not be used interchangeably , unlike on POSIX where the same symbolic link can refer to either files or directories . In Windows Vista and later , when the working directory path ends with a symbolic link , the current parent path reference , ... , will refer to the parent directory of the symbolic link rather than that of its target . This behaviour is also found at the shell level in at least some POSIX systems , including Linux , but never in accessing files and directories through operating system calls . For instance , bash builtin commands pwd and cd operate on the current logical directory . pwd is often used in scripts to determine the actual current working directory . When any path is used with a system call , any use of ... will use the actual filesystem parent of the directory containing the ... pseudo-directory entry . So , cd ... ; cat something and cat ... / something may return completely different results . Example : mklink / D `` C : \ Users \ < yourusername > \ Appdata \ Local \ Plex Media Server '' `` G : \ Plex Media Server '' NTFS junction points ( edit ) Main article : NTFS junction point The Windows 2000 version of NTFS introduced reparse points , which enabled , among other things , the use of Volume Mount Points and junction points . Junction points are for directories only , and moreover , local directories only ; junction points to remote shares are unsupported . The Windows 2000 and XP Resource Kits include a program called linkd to create junction points ; a more powerful one named Junction was distributed by Sysinternals ' Mark Russinovich . Not all standard applications support reparse points . Most noticeably , Backup suffers from this problem and will issue an error message 0x80070003 when the folders to be backed up contain a reparse point . Shortcuts ( edit ) Shortcuts , which are supported by the graphical file browsers of some operating systems , may resemble symbolic links but differ in a number of important ways . One difference is what type of software is able to follow them : Symbolic links are automatically resolved by the file system . Any software program , upon accessing a symbolic link , will see the target instead , whether the program is aware of symbolic links or not . Shortcuts are treated like ordinary files by the file system and by software programs that are not aware of them . Only software programs that understand shortcuts ( such as the Windows shell and file browsers ) treat them as references to other files . Another difference are the capabilities of the mechanism : Microsoft Windows shortcuts normally refer to a destination by an absolute path ( starting from the root directory ) , whereas POSIX symbolic links can refer to destinations via either an absolute or a relative path . The latter is useful if both the location and destination of the symbolic link share a common path prefix , but that prefix is not yet known when the symbolic link is created ( e.g. , in an archive file that can be unpacked anywhere ) . Microsoft Windows application shortcuts contain additional metadata that can be associated with the destination , whereas POSIX symbolic links are just strings that will be interpreted as absolute or relative pathnames . Unlike symbolic links , Windows shortcuts maintain their references to their targets even when the target is moved or renamed . Windows domain clients may subscribe to a Windows service called Distributed Link Tracking to track the changes in files and folders to which they are interested . The service maintains the integrity of shortcuts , even when files and folders are moved across the network . Additionally , in Windows 9x and later , Windows shell tries to find the target of a broken shortcut before proposing to delete it . Folder shortcuts ( edit ) Almost like shortcuts , but transparent to the Windows shell . They are implemented as ordinary folders ( which need to have the read only and / or system attribute ) containing a shortcut named target. lnk which refers to the target and a ( hidden ) desktop. ini with ( at least ) the following contents : (. ShellClassInfo ) CLSID2 = ( 0AFACED1 - E828 - 11D1 - 9187 - B532F1E9575D ) Folder shortcuts are created and used from the Windows shell in the network neighborhood for example . Shell objects ( edit ) The shell objects or shell folders are defined in the Windows registry and can be used to implement a sort of symbolic link too . Like folder shortcuts , they are transparent to the Windows shell . A minimal implementation is ( the CLSID ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) is used as a placeholder ) : ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) ) @ = `` display name '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ DefaultIcon ) @ = `` ... '' ; path to icon ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ InProcServer32 ) @ = `` % SystemRoot % \ \ System32 \ \ ShDocVw. Dll '' `` ThreadingModel '' = `` Apartment '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ Instance ) `` CLSID '' = `` ( 0AFACED1 - E828 - 11D1 - 9187 - B532F1E9575D ) '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ Instance \ InitPropertyBag ) `` Attributes '' = hex : 15 , 00 , 00 , 00 `` Target '' = `` ... '' ; absolute ( WITHOUT `` TargetKnownFolder '' or `` TargetSpecialFolder '' only ) ; or relative path to target `` TargetKnownFolder '' = `` ( guidguid - guid - guid - guid - guidguidguid ) '' ; GUID of target folder , Windows Vista and later `` TargetSpecialFolder '' = `` 0x00xy '' ; CSIDL of target ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ ShellFolder ) `` Attributes '' = hex : 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 The My Documents folder on the Desktop as well as the Fonts and the Administrative Tools folders in the Control Panel are examples of shell objects redirected to file - system folders . Cygwin symbolic links ( edit ) Cygwin simulates POSIX - compliant symbolic links in the Microsoft Windows file system . It uses identical programming and user utility interfaces as Unix ( see above ) , but creates Windows shortcuts (. lnk files ) with additional information used by Cygwin at the time of symlink resolution . Cygwin symlinks are compliant with both Windows and the POSIX standard . Additionally , Cygwin can be set up to support native Windows symbolic links which can be used out of Cygwin without restrictions . This requires : Editing CYGWIN variable ( or use another way to set Cygwin option ) ; Running the Cygwin with elevated rights because Windows restricts the creation of symbolic links to privileged users Some differences exist , however . Cygwin has no way to specify shortcut - related information -- such as working directory or icon -- as there is no place for such parameters in ln - s command . To create standard Microsoft . lnk files Cygwin provides the mkshortcut and readshortcut utilities The Cygwin User 's Guide has more information on this topic . Summary ( edit ) Property / Action Symbolic link Junction Hard link When the link is deleted Target remains unchanged Target is deleted ( except when using special tools ) Reference counter is decremented ; when it reaches 0 , the target is deleted When target is moved Symbolic link becomes invalid Junction becomes invalid Hard link remains valid Relative path Allowed Not allowed ( on saving , becomes an absolute path ) N / A Crossing filesystem boundaries Supported Supported Not supported ( target must be on same filesystem ) Windows For files Windows Vista and later ( administrator rights required ) No Yes For folders Yes No Unix For files Yes N / A Yes For directories Yes N / A Partial Amiga ( edit ) The command creating symbolic links is makelink , which is also used for hard links . Internally the dos. library returns an error code indicating that a target is a soft link if you try to perform actions on it that are only legal for a file , and applications that wish to follow the symbolic link then needs to explicitly make a call to follow the link and retry the operation . The AmigaDOS shell will follow links automatically . OS / 2 ( edit ) In the OS / 2 operating system , symbolic links somewhat resemble shadows in the graphical Workplace Shell . However , shadows , due to the fully object - oriented System Object Model , are considerably more powerful and robust than a simple link . For example , shadows do not lose their capabilities when renamed or when either the object or subject of the link is relocated . Variable symbolic links ( edit ) Symbolic links may be implemented in a context - dependent or variable fashion , such that the link points to varying targets depending on a configuration parameter , run - time parameter , or other instantaneous condition . A variable or variant symbolic link is a symbolic link that has a variable name embedded in it . This allows some flexibility in filesystem order that is not possible with a standard symbolic link . Variables embedded in a symbolic link may include user and environment specific information . Operating systems that make use of variant symbolic links include FreeBSD , NetBSD , DragonFly BSD , Domain / OS . Tru64 uses a context dependent symbolic link where the context is the cluster member number . Pyramid Technology 's OSx Operating System implemented conditional symbolic links which pointed to different locations depending on which universe a program was running in . The universes supported were AT&T 's SysV. 3 and the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD 4.3 ) . For example : if the ps command was run in the att universe , then the symbolic link for the directory / bin would point to /. attbin and the program /. attbin / ps would be executed . Whereas if the ps command was run in the ucb universe , then / bin would point to /. ucbbin and /. ucbbin / ps would be executed . Similar Conditional Symbolic Links were also created for other directories such as / lib , / usr / lib , / usr / include . See also ( edit ) Symlink race -- a security - vulnerability caused by symbolic links freedup -- generates links between identical data automatically References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pathname resolution , POSIX . Jump up ^ Pike , Rob ( 2000 ) . Lexical file names in Plan 9 or getting dot - dot right ( PDF ) . Proc. USENIX Annual Tech . Conf . Jump up ^ symlink , symlinkat . IEEE Std 1003.1 , 2013 Edition . Jump up ^ link , linkat . IEEE Std 1003.1 , 2013 Edition . Jump up ^ `` lchmod ( 2 ) '' . Manual pages for FreeBSD 11 . Jump up ^ `` lchflags ( 2 ) '' . Manual pages for FreeBSD 11 . Jump up ^ `` Link Shell Extension website '' . Link Shell Extension website . Jump up ^ Symbolic Links , MSDN Library , Win32 and COM Development , 2008 - 01 - 18 Jump up ^ CreateSymbolicLink Function , MSDN Library , Win32 and COM Development Jump up ^ Symbolic Link Programming Considerations , MSDN Jump up ^ Mark Russinovich : Inside the Windows Vista Kernel : Part 1 -- File - based symbolic links , Microsoft Technet , February 2007 . Jump up ^ Sysinternals Junction documentation Jump up ^ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/973455 Jump up ^ `` Distributed Link Tracking and Object Identifiers '' . Microsoft Developers Network . Microsoft Corporation . 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Specifying a Namespace Extension 's Location Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Unable to remove Read - Only attribute from folder Jump up ^ Creating Shell Extensions with Shell Instance Objects . msdn.microsoft.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cygwin User 's Guide , Cygwin . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Microsoft . lnk files in Cygwin Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Cygwin User 's Guide , Cygwin . Jump up ^ The Windows implementation is not POSIX compliant Jump up ^ POSIX permits hard links on directories but does not require them Jump up ^ ( 5 ) What 's new for FreeBSD 10 External links ( edit ) Q & A : The difference between hard and soft links as applied to Linux Junction : maintain NTFS junction points ( for Windows 2000 and above ) FSUtil Hardlink : Microsoft Technet page on using the command - line tool FSUtil to create hardlinks ( for Windows 2000 and above ) Link Shell Extension : Windows Explorer context menu , overlay icons and property sheet handler to maintain hardlinks , NTFS junction points , symbolic links etc . Symbolic Drivers for Windows XP ( in Japanese ) : file system drivers to enables Symbolic Links for Windows XP ( also mirrored on Link Shell Extension site ) . Sources available . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Linux commands This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . ( hide ) Computer files Types Binary file / Text file File format List of file formats File signatures Magic number Metafile Sidecar file Sparse file Swap file System file Temporary file Zero - byte file Properties Filename 8.3 filename Long filename Filename mangling Filename extension List of filename extensions File attribute Extended file attributes File size Hidden file / Hidden directory Organisation Directory / Folder NTFS junction point Temporary folder Directory structure File sequence File system Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Path Operations Open Close Read Write Linking Alias File descriptor Hard link Shadow Shortcut Symbolic link Management File comparison File compression File manager Comparison of file managers File system permissions File transfer File sharing File verification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_link&oldid=798992027 '' Categories : Computer file systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 00 : 54 . 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Time After Time (Cyndi Lauper song)

Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) - wikipedia Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Time After Time ( disambiguation ) . `` Time After Time '' Front sleeve for European releases Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album She 's So Unusual B - side `` I 'll Kiss You '' Released January 27 , 1984 Format 12 '' 7 '' Recorded June 1983 Studio The Record Plant ( New York City , New York ) Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 01 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Cyndi Lauper Rob Hyman Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) Alternative release A-side label of U.S. vinyl release Music video `` Time After Time '' on YouTube `` Time After Time '' is the second single by American singer - songwriter Cyndi Lauper from her debut studio album , She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) , with Rob Hyman ( co-writer and founding member of the rock band The Hooters ) contributing backing vocals . The track was produced by Rick Chertoff and released as a single on January 27 , 1984 . The song became Lauper 's first number 1 hit in the U.S. The song was written in the album 's final stages , after `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' , `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' had been written . The writing began with the title , which Lauper had seen in TV Guide magazine , referring to the science fiction film Time After Time ( 1979 ) . `` Time After Time '' is composed of simple keyboard - synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock - ticking percussion , and elastic bassline . Lyrically , it is a love song of devotion . Music critics gave the song positive reviews , with many commending the song for being a solid and memorable love song . The song has been selected as one of the Best Love Songs of All Time by many media outlets , including Rolling Stone , Nerve , MTV and many others . `` Time After Time '' was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 1985 edition . The song was a success on the charts , becoming her first number - one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 9 , 1984 , and remaining there for two weeks . The song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the ARIA Singles Chart . The song is also known for its numerous covers by a wide range of artists , including Miles Davis , who recorded an instrumental version for his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest , and Eva Cassidy , whose cover of the song appears on her posthumous album of the same name . R&B singer Lil Mo also covered the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story . An acoustic version was sung by Lauper with Sarah McLachlan on her 2005 album The Body Acoustic . Lauper has performed the song live with Patti LaBelle twice in 1985 and 2004 and with Sarah McLachlan at the American Music Awards of 2005 , as well as with rapper Lil ' Kim in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Awards and nominations 3.2. 1 Lists of best songs 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) 8.3 US Re-release ( 2014 ) 8.4 Year - end charts 8.5 Certifications 9 Cover versions 9.1 INOJ version 9.1. 1 Weekly charts 9.1. 2 Year - end charts 9.1. 3 Certifications 9.2 Novaspace version 9.2. 1 Weekly charts 9.2. 2 Year - end charts 9.3 Quietdrive version 9.3. 1 Weekly charts 9.3. 2 Certifications 9.4 Javier Colon version 9.4. 1 Weekly charts 10 Other versions and samples 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Rob Hyman ( pictured ) co-wrote and sings background vocals on the track . While writing for her debut studio album , in the spring of 1983 , Cyndi Lauper was introduced to American musician Rob Hyman , who was recommended by Rick Chertoff , the album 's producer . Lauper had already recorded the majority of the album , including the songs `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' , `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' , but Chertoff insisted that she and Hyman needed to record just `` one more song '' . Therefore , she and Hyman sat at a piano and started working on `` Time After Time '' . The inspiration for the song came after both songwriters were going through similar situations in their respective relationships ; he was coming out of a relationship , while she was having difficulties with her boyfriend , David Wolff . One of the first lines Rob wrote was `` suitcase of memories '' , which according to Lauper , `` struck her '' , claiming it was a `` wonderful line '' , while other lines came from Lauper 's life . The song 's title was inspired after Lauper started writing for the song and needed a fake title as a placeholder for the time being . Thus , Lauper was looking in the TV Guide and saw a lot of movie titles , with the 1979 science fiction movie Time After Time being chosen . Although trying to remove the title later , Lauper claimed she could n't take it out without the song falling apart . Initially , Epic Records wanted `` Time After Time '' as the album 's lead single . However , Lauper felt that releasing a ballad first defines an artist in a certain way , noting that she could have been known as a balladeer and that it could have killed her career . Her manager Dave Wolff was convinced that `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' could be an anthem , and ultimately her label agreed and released it as the lead single . `` Time After Time '' eventually became the album 's second single , being released on January 27 , 1984 . Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper and Rob Hyman and produced by Rick Chertoff , `` Time After Time '' is built over simple keyboard - synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock ticking percussion , and elastic bassline . Lyrically , the track is a love song of devotion . Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics speculates that , `` In ' Time After Time , ' Lauper believes she is a difficult person , unworthy of love . She runs away and shuts people out . However , her devoted boyfriend who loves her unconditionally is willing to help her through anything . The relationship is given depth . The couple 's intimacy and history is apparent . They 've been together for a long time . They love and have seen each other through every tough part of their life . '' `` Time After Time '' is written in the key of C major with a tempo of 130 beats per minute in common time . Lauper 's vocals span from G to C in the song . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received critical acclaim : Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the track , calling it `` the album 's finest moment , if not Lauper 's greatest moment period . '' Susan Glen of PopMatters also called it a standout track , naming it `` gorgeous '' . Bryan Lee Madden of Sputnikmusic simply called it `` a masterpiece '' and `` the best and most significant song she ever wrote or recorded . '' Brenon Veevers of Renowned for Sound labeled it `` sentimental '' and `` gorgeous '' . Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics described the song as `` a sure - fire classic '' . Scott Floman , music critic for Goldmine magazine , described the song as `` gorgeously heartfelt '' and `` one of the decade 's finest ballads '' . Chris Gerard of Metro Weekly summarized the song as a `` beautiful and bittersweet ballad . '' Accolades ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' has entered many lists of `` Best Love Songs of All Time '' , `` Best Ballads from the 80 's '' and others . Steve Peake of About.com listed the song at number 6 on her `` Top Songs of the ' 80s '' , writing that the song `` stands tall among the music of the entire rock era as one of its all - time great timeless ballads , '' noting that `` it probably still functions impeccably as a properly emotionally wrenching slow - dance favorite . '' Bill Lamb , also from About.com , placed the song at number 21 on his `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' list . On Nerve 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '' , `` Time After Time '' was placed at number 5 , being called `` Lauper 's most enduring masterpiece hits at the very essence of commitment , '' with the article pointing out that `` she captures real romance in the most simple and straightforward of lines : ' If you 're lost , you can look and you will find me , time after time ' . '' The song also entered the Rolling Stone & MTV 's `` 100 Greatest Pop Songs '' at number 66 . The song also entered VH1 's `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years and `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s '' lists , at numbers 22 and 19 respectively . The song was also present on NME 's 100 Best Songs of the 1980s , being ranked at number 79 . The website declared that `` ' Time After Time ' was a change in tack for Lauper , whose musical persona had previously been unstoppably light and frothy . ' Time After Time ' was demoed quickly in time for inclusion on her debut ' She 's So Unusual ' , and ended up being a key song for both Lauper 's career and the decade itself . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Female Performance 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Pop Video 1984 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award 1984 -- Billboard Awards for Best Female Performance 1985 -- Pro Canada Awards for Most Performed Foreign Song 2008 -- BMI Millionaire Award for 5 Million Spins on US Radio 2009 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award Nominations 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction 1985 -- Grammy Award for Song of the Year Lists of best songs ( edit ) Year By List Work Ranked 2000 Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Pop Songs `` Time After Time '' # 66 MTV 2003 VH1 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years `` Time After Time '' # 22 2006 VH1 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s `` Time After Time '' # 19 Chart performance ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' became Lauper 's first number - one single on the Billboard charts , reaching the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June 1984 . It also reached the top of the Adult Contemporary and Canadian Singles Chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Time After Time '' first peaked at number 54 on March 24 , 1984 , while peaking later at number 3 , on June 16 , 1984 . In New Zealand , the song reached number 3 , in Austria it reached number 5 , in Switzerland it reached number 7 , in France it peaked at number 9 and in Sweden it reached a peak of number 10 . Music video ( edit ) Morristown , NJ , train station , seen at the end of the video . The video for `` Time After Time '' was directed by Edd Griles , and its storyline is about a young woman leaving her lover behind when she becomes homesick and worried about her mother . Lauper 's mother , brother , and then - boyfriend , David Wolff , appear in the video , and Lou Albano , who played her father in the `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' video , can be seen as a cook . Portions of the video were filmed at the now - closed Tom 's Diner in Roxbury Township , New Jersey , the intersection of Route 46 and Route 10 and at the Morristown train station . Portions of the video were also shot in front of Betty 's Department Store in Wharton , NJ , which was a staple of the community in the 1970s . According to Lauper , `` It was important to me that we were natural and human in the video . I wanted to convey somebody who walked her own path and did not always get along with everyone and did not always marry the guy . '' The video opens with Lauper watching the 1936 film The Garden of Allah and the final scene , where she gets on the train and waves goodbye to David , has Lauper crying for real . Track listing ( edit ) European single `` Time After Time '' ( 12 '' version ) -- 5 : 02 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Rob Hyman ) `` I 'll Kiss You '' -- 4 : 12 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Jules Shear ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 08 ( Robert Hazard ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( instrumental ) -- 7 : 10 ( Robert Hazard ) US Vinyl , 7 `` , Single `` Time After Time '' `` I 'll Kiss You '' Personnel ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper , Rob Hyman Produced by Rick Chertoff Executive producer : Lennie Petze Associate producer : William Wittman Engineered by William Wittman Arranged by Cyndi Lauper , Rick Chertoff , Rob Hyman , Eric Bazilian Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( CHUM ) France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 56 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 20 US Re-release ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 46 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Single Charts ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Digital United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone hide Order of precedence Preceded by `` The Longest Time '' by Billy Joel Billboard Adult Contemporary number one single 2 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Believe in Me '' by Dan Fogelberg Preceded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams Billboard Hot 100 number one single 9 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Reflex '' by Duran Duran Cash Box Top 100 number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) Preceded by `` Hello '' by Lionel Richie RPM Top Singles number one single 9 June 1984 - 23 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams Preceded by `` Do n't Answer Me '' by The Alan Parsons Project RPM Adult Contemporary number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) Cover versions ( edit ) American R&B singer INOJ recorded the song in 1998 . Her version peaked at number six on Billboard Hot 100 Charts in the U.S. The music video of this version first aired on BET and The Box . Novaspace : The German Eurodance project covered the song on their album Novaspace ( 2002 ) . It reached number 6 in Germany , number 7 in Austria and # 15 in Australia . American alternative rock / pop punk band Quietdrive covered the song for their debut album When All That 's Left Is You in 2006 . The cover version was featured in the 2006 romantic comedy film John Tucker Must Die starring Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow . The cover is their only charting song , hitting number 25 on the American Top 40 Countdown . The cover was certified gold by the RIAA . In April 2011 , on the premiere of the American version of the reality competition television series The Voice , Javier Colon performed an acoustic version of the song during the `` blind audition '' phase . The studio recording of his cover peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart , number 41 on the Digital Songs chart , number 16 on the R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart , and number 4 on the Top Heatseekers chart . INOJ version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 64 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Novaspace version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 33 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 67 Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 82 Quietdrive version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Javier Colon version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Heatseekers Songs ( Billboard ) US R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 16 Other versions and samples ( edit ) Kids Incorporated covered `` Time After Time '' in 1984 in the Season 1 episode `` X Marks the Spot '' and in 1987 in the Season 4 episode `` You 've Got the Wrong Date '' . American Dance / Hi NRG artist Paul Parker released a cover of `` Time After Time '' in 1985 . Miles Davis recorded the song on his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest . Tuck & Patti recorded a version of the song on their first album Tears of Joy in 1988 . New Zealand singer Mark Williams and Australian actress / singer Tara Morice recorded the song as a duet for the soundtrack of the movie Strictly Ballroom in 1992 . Everything But The Girl included a cover of the song on their acoustic album Acoustic ( Everything but the Girl album ) Eva Cassidy 's version of the song was published on her album Time After Time in 2000 , four years after her death in 1996 . American R&B Duo Changing Faces recorded the song as an album track for their 1997 Album `` All Day , All Night '' . Their version was not released as a single . American girl group Blaque covered `` Time After Time '' on their debut album Blaque in 1999 . American R&B singer Lil Mo recorded the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story . English garage act Distant Soundz recorded a version of the song in 2002 featuring Robbie Beaumont , which reached number 20 in the UK charts . Willie Nelson covered the song on his album The Great Divide in 2002 . French singer Nolwenn Leroy covered the song for her 2007 live album Histoires Naturelles Tour . Irish singer / songwriter Ronan Keating rendered the song in 2008 . The rendition is the first single released from Keating 's fifth solo album , Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) . The single was released on February 8 , 2009 , and became Keating 's first single to be released in three years . The song was produced by Keating himself . The song peaked at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart . Actress and singer , Anna Kendrick performed a cover of the song on the soundtrack to the film Up in the Air , in which she starred . In June 2016 , Ben Weighill covered the song in an advert for bed company Dreams . The Lovelocks , a Canadian CCMA ® nominated female roots - country duo consisting of Ali Raney and Zoe Neuman released their cover of `` Time After Time '' in July , 2016 U96 : `` Heaven '' ( 1996 ) . It reached # 2 in Austria , # 7 in Finland , # 4 in Germany , # 15 in the Netherlands , # 5 in Norway , # 5 in Sweden and # 16 in Switzerland . In 2006 , Alison Pill covered this song in the seventh episode of the short lived NBC series The Book of Daniel ( TV series ) . In 2008 , American actress / singer Ashley Tisdale covered this song as a promotion for Degree Girl antiperspirant . Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen performed a cover of the song at Lauper 's induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015 . Sung by Chrissy Metz on the This Is Us episode `` Kyle . '' American singer - songwriter and pianist Merry Ellen Kirk covered this song on her 2015 album , We are the Dreamers . Iron & Wine recorded a version of the song for a McDonald 's commercial in 2016 . American singer - songwriter Mariah Carey sampled the song in her track `` Inseparable '' , included on her album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel in 2009 . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1984 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1984 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toto Eclipse of the Heart : The Best of Eighties Soft Rock '' . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Marc ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` How Cyndi Lauper Wrote Her First No. 1 Hit , ' Time After Time ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City , NY , U.S . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stone & MTV : 100 Greatest Pop Songs : 51 -- 100 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the Year - 27th Grammy Awards '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moser , John J. ( December 3 , 2005 ) . `` Time after time , Cyndi Lauper ready to defend her body of work '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Returns '' . IGN Music . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lauper , Cindy ( 2012 ) . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster , . ISBN 9781439147856 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( 29 September 2003 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Peake , Steve . `` Top Cyndi Lauper Songs of the ' 80s '' . About.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Avoledo , Pam ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Single Review : Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' `` . Blogcritics . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' time - after - time ' by cyndi - lauper songbpm.com '' . songbpm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lauper , Cyndi . `` Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' Sheet Music in C Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Glen , Susan . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madden , Bryan Lee ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual ( album review ) '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Brendon ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Album Review : Cyndi Lauper -- She 's So Unusual ( A 30th Anniversary Celebration ) '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Album Reviews '' . Sfloman.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Chris ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper 's `` She 's So Unusual '' 30 Years Later `` . Metro Weekly . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' . About.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '' . Nerve . February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years : 1 -- 50 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's : 1 -- 50 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 1980s NME '' . NME . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lauper , Cyndi. `` 7 '' . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439147856 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6753 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 '' . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuste . ISBN 9781471114274 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ( US Single ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Archived from the original ( doc ) on 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 '' . Top 30 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6749 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1432 -- Saturday , June 09 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Time After Time '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 26 , 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts L '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JUNE 9 , 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs . for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - January 14 , 2006 '' . Billboard Adult Contemporary . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' . Ultratop 50 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9638 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1984 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1984 '' . Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official New Zealand Music Chart - End of Year Charts 1984 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984 '' . Swiss Singles Chart ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ 1984 in British music # Best - selling singles ^ Jump up to : `` Volume 96 No. 51 , DECEMBER 22 . 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 22 December 1984 . p . TA - 19 , TA - 25 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Enter Time After Time in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hay , Carly ( March 20 , 1999 ) . `` Popular Uprisings : Billboard 's Weekly Coverage of Hot Prospects for the Heatseekers Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' . Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs . for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' . Billboard Heatseekers Songs . for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs . for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Inoj -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DECEMBER 26 . 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 26 December 1998 . p . YE - 44 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Inoj -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33 , 2002 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 7 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2002 '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2002 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nolwenn Leroy - Histoires Naturelles Tour ( Album ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- Ronan Keating -- Time After Time '' . Chartstats.com. 2009 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dreams unveils latest Replace Every Eight campaign - Furniture News Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Jump up ^ The Lovelocks ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` The Lovelocks - Time After Time ( Official HD ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` hitparade.ch U96 -- Heaven '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Annual Induction and Awards Ceremony '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen 's cover of Cyndi Lauper 's ' Time After Time ' is totally ' 80s '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Lauper , Cindy ( 2012 ) . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439147856 . Myers , Marc ( 2016 ) . Anatomy of a Song : The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits That Changed Rock , R&B and Pop . Atlantic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61185 - 959 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Video on VH1 Classic website Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time -- Uploaded by CyndiLauperVEVO on YouTube `` Time after Time '' Songfacts Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cyndi Lauper singles She 's So Unusual `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Time After Time '' `` She Bop '' `` All Through the Night '' `` Money Changes Everything '' `` When You Were Mine '' True Colors `` True Colors '' `` Change of Heart '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Boy Blue '' `` Maybe He 'll Know '' A Night to Remember `` I Drove All Night '' `` My First Night Without You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` Heading West '' `` Primitive '' `` Unconditional Love '' Hat Full of Stars `` Who Let In the Rain '' `` That 's What I Think '' `` Sally 's Pigeons '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` Come on Home '' Sisters of Avalon `` You Do n't Know '' `` Sisters of Avalon '' `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life `` Early Christmas Morning '' Shine `` Shine '' At Last `` At Last '' `` Walk On By '' The Body Acoustic `` Time After Time '' Bring Ya to the Brink `` Set Your Heart '' `` Same Ol ' Story '' `` Into the Nightlife '' Memphis Blues `` Just Your Fool '' Detour `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Funnel of Love '' Other singles `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` We Are the World '' `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' `` Another Brick in the Wall '' `` The World Is Stone '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` A Christmas Duel '' `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' The Hooters Eric Bazilian Rob Hyman David Uosikkinen John Lilley Fran Smith , Jr . Tommy Williams Bobby Woods John Kuzma Rob Miller Andy King Mindy Jostyn Studio albums Amore Nervous Night One Way Home Zig Zag Out of Body Time Stand Still Live albums The Hooters Live Both Sides Live Compilations Greatest Hits Hooterization : A Retrospective Video releases The Ultimate Clip Collection Mark Williams Studio albums Mark Williams Sweet Trials Taking It All In Stride Life After Dark Mark Williams ZNZ Mind over Matter Compilations Greatest Hits The Very Best of Singles `` Yesterday Was Just the Beginning of My Life '' `` Sweet Wine '' `` If It Rains '' `` Taking It All in Stride '' `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' `` A House for Sale '' `` Home and Away '' `` Show No Mercy `` Fix of Love `` Time After Time '' Related articles Dragon Ronan Keating Discography Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' `` Iris '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' `` Believe Again '' `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Boyzone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&oldid=842843840 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1980s ballads Rock ballads 2009 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Cyndi Lauper songs INOJ songs Ronan Keating songs Mark Williams ( singer ) songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Cyndi Lauper Songs written by Rob Hyman Willie Nelson songs The Hooters songs Nana Mouskouri songs 1983 songs Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 01 : 44 . 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I'm the One Mama Warned You About

I 'm the One Mama Warned You About - Wikipedia I 'm the One Mama Warned You About Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' Single by Mickey Gilley from the album Too Good to Stop Now B - side `` You Can Lie to Me Tonight '' Released January 28 , 1985 Genre Country Length 2 : 50 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Mickey James , Gayle Zeiler Producer ( s ) John Boylan Mickey Gilley singles chronology `` Too Good to Stop Now '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' ( 1985 ) `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Too Good to Stop Now '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' ( 1985 ) `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' is a song written by Mickey James and Gayle Zeiler , and recorded by American country music artist Mickey Gilley . It was released in January 1985 as the second and final single from his album Too Good to Stop Now . The song reached number 10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and number 10 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mickey Gilley Billboard Singles Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club This 1985 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_the_One_Mama_Warned_You_About&oldid=760805330 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1985 songs Mickey Gilley songs Song recordings produced by John Boylan ( record producer ) Epic Records singles 1985 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2017 , at 04 : 46 . About Wikipedia

who sings i'm the one your mother warned you about

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Foreign official

Foreign official - wikipedia Foreign official Jump to : navigation , search Foreign official or foreign public official refers to a person who acts in an official capacity for a foreign government . The term is chiefly used in connection with international conventions and national laws against corruption in international trade . Contents ( hide ) 1 International law 2 National jurisdictions 2.1 US Department of Justice definition 3 Risks of business with foreign officials 4 See also 5 References International law ( edit ) Members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) agreed the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in 1999 and this treaty has been ratified by 39 countries . The document defines a foreign public official as follows : `` Foreign public official '' means any person holding a legislative , administrative or judicial office of a foreign country , whether appointed or elected ; any person exercising a public function for a foreign country , including for a public agency or public enterprise ; and any official or agent of a public international organisation And expands the definition as such : `` Public function '' includes any activity in the public interest , delegated by a foreign country , such as the performance of a task delegated by it in connection with public procurement . A `` public agency '' is an entity constituted under public law to carry out specific tasks in the public interest . A `` public enterprise '' is any enterprise , regardless of its legal form , over which a government , or governments , may , directly or indirectly , exercise a dominant influence . This is deemed to be the case , inter alia , when the government or governments hold the majority of the enterprise 's subscribed capital , control the majority of votes attaching to shares issued by the enterprise or can appoint a majority of the members of the enterprise 's administrative or managerial body or supervisory board . The definition of a foreign official defined in the OECD agreement is now referenced in enforcement actions by the United States Department of Justice . National jurisdictions ( edit ) US department of Justice definition ( edit ) According to the US Department of Justice , the term `` foreign official '' is defined as : any officer or employee of a foreign government or any department , agency , or instrumentality thereof , or of a public international organization , or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any such government or department , agency , or instrumentality , or for or on behalf of any such public international organization . -- The intent of the law is to stop the bribing of foreign officials so that the actual providing of funds to foreign governments directly would not constitute a violation . The FCPA applies to US companies and foreign organisations or persons doing business within the borders of the United States . This definition also applies to issuers of publicly traded securities ( companies traded on US stock exchanges and in other US markets ) . Risks of business with foreign officials ( edit ) The process of recognising if an entity is doing business with an individual who would be considered a foreign official is not only necessary from a compliance perspective , but also necessary when evaluating the risks in a company 's business model . This process can be very simple or may be quite complex depending on how many relationships an entity has in place . The process of identifying foreign officials is typically carried out by the comparisons of client or third - party lists with lists of foreign officials that contain the names and positions of such officials , as well as unique identifiers such as dates of birth , photos , and contact numbers . The term foreign official should not be confused with the term `` politically exposed person '' , as this term relates to the financial sector and its clients . The term `` foreign official '' relates to all industries . See also ( edit ) Bribery Act 2010 ( United Kingdom ) Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act ( Canada ) OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Politically Exposed Person References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Russia - OECD Anti-Bribery Convention , OECD Jump up ^ CONVENTION ON COMBATING BRIBERY OF FOREIGN PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS and Related Documents , OECD Jump up ^ `` ' Majority ' Report - The FCPA Blog - The FCPA Blog '' . Jump up ^ http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/opinion/1997/9702.html Jump up ^ http://www.worldcompliance.com/global-pep-list.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_official&oldid=749332099 '' Categories : United States foreign relations legislation Corruption in the United States Regulatory compliance Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 November 2016 , at 20 : 17 . About Wikipedia

who is considered a foreign official under fcpa

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London Bridge Is Falling Down

London Bridge is falling down - wikipedia London Bridge is falling down `` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' Illustration from Walter Crane 's A Baby 's Bouquet ( c. 1877 ) . Play ( help info ) Nursery rhyme Published c. 1744 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' ( also known as `` My Fair Lady '' or `` London Bridge '' ) is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game , which is found in different versions all over the world . It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts , realistic or fanciful , to repair it . It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages , but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century . The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular , particularly in Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century . The modern melody was first recorded in the late nineteenth century and the game resembles arch games of the Middle Ages , but seems to have taken its modern form in the late nineteenth century . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 502 . Several theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme and the identity of the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . The rhyme is one of the best known in the world and has been referenced in a variety of works of literature and popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Melody 3 The game 4 Origins 5 Meaning 5.1 Viking attack theory 5.2 Child sacrifice theory 5.3 Age and damage theory 5.4 `` Fair lady '' identity 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References Lyrics ( edit ) London Bridge Is Falling Down Tune for London Bridge Is Falling Down Problems playing this file ? See media help . London Bridge ( 1616 ) by Claes Van Visscher A prospect of Old London Bridge in 1710 . New London Bridge in the late nineteenth century . The reconstructed New London Bridge in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . The modern concrete London Bridge . There is considerable variation in the lyrics of the rhyme . The most frequently used first verse is : London Bridge is falling down , Falling down , falling down . London Bridge is falling down , My fair lady . In the version quoted by Iona and Peter Opie in 1951 the first verse is : London Bridge is broken down , Broken down , broken down . London Bridge is broken down , My fair lady . The rhyme is constructed of quatrains in trochaic tetrameter catalectic , ( each line made up of four metrical feet of two syllables , with the stress falling on the first syllable in a pair ; the last foot in the line missing the unstressed syllable ) , which is common in nursery rhymes . In its most common form it relies on a double repetition , rather than a rhyming scheme , which is a frequently employed device in children 's rhymes and stories . The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as 502 . Melody ( edit ) The melody now most associated with the rhyme . A melody is recorded for `` London Bridge '' in an edition of John Playford 's The Dancing Master published in 1718 , but it differs from the modern tune and no lyrics were given . An issue of Blackwood 's Magazine in 1821 noted the rhyme as a being sung to the tune of `` Nancy Dawson '' , now better known as `` Nuts in May '' and the same tune was given in Richard Thomson 's Chronicles of London Bridge ( 1827 ) . Another tune was recorded in Samuel Arnold 's Juvenile Amusements in 1797 . E.F. Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes ( 1836 ) has the same first line , but then a different tune . The tune now associated with the rhyme was first recorded in 1879 in the US in A.H. Rosewig 's Illustrated National Songs and Games . The game ( edit ) Girls playing `` London Bridge '' in 1898 . The rhyme is often used in a children 's singing game , which exists in a wide variety of forms , with additional verses . Most versions are similar to the actions used in the rhyme `` Oranges and Lemons '' . The most common is that two players hold hands and make an arch with their arms while the others pass through in single file . The `` arch '' is then lowered at the song 's end to `` catch '' a player . In the United States it is common for two teams of those that have been caught to engage in a tug of war . In England until the nineteenth century the song may have been accompanied by a circle dance , but arch games are known to have been common across late medieval Europe . Five of nine versions published by Alice Gomme in 1894 included references to a prisoner who has stolen a watch and chain . This may be a late nineteenth century addition from another game called `` Hark the Robbers '' , or `` Watch and Chain '' . This rhyme is sung to the same tune and may be an offshoot of `` London Bridge '' or the remnant of a distinct game . In one version the first two verses have the lyrics : Who has stole my watch and chain , Watch and chain , watch and chain ; Who has stole my watch and chain , My fair lady ? Off to prison you must go , You must go , you must go ; Off to prison you must go , My fair lady . This 1904 column from the Tacoma Times describes various alternate verses and their accompanying gestures Origins ( edit ) Detail from Philippe Pigouchet 's Heures a lusaige de Paris ( 1497 ) , showing an arch game similar to that known to be associated with the rhyme from the late nineteenth century . The cover of the third edition of Dumpling and Pudding , which contains Henry Carey 's satire `` Namby Pamby '' ( 1725 ) , one of the earliest surviving works to refer to the rhyme . Similar rhymes can be found across Europe , pre-dating the records in England . These include `` Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned '' from Denmark , `` Die Magdeburger Brück '' from Germany , `` pont chus '' from sixteenth - century France ; and `` Le porte '' , from fourteenth - century Italy . It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England . One of the earliest references to the rhyme in English is in the comedy The London Chaunticleres , printed in 1657 , but probably written about 1636 , in which the dairy woman Curds states that she had `` danced the building of London - Bridge '' at the Whitsun Ales in her youth , although no words or actions are mentioned . Widespread familiarity with the rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in his satire Namby Pamby ( 1725 ) , as : Namby Pamby is no Clown , London Bridge is broken down : Now he courts the gay Ladee Dancing o'er The Lady - Lee . The oldest extant version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the Gentleman 's Magazine in 1823 , which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II ( r . 1660 -- 85 ) and had the lyrics : London Bridge is broken down , Dance over the Lady Lea ; London Bridge is broken down , With a gay lady ( la - dee ) . The earliest printed English version is in the oldest extant collection of nursery rhymes , Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book , printed by John Newbery in London ( c. 1744 ) , beginning with the following text : The first page of the rhyme from an 1815 edition of Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book ( c. 1744 ) . James Ritson , whose Gammer Gurton 's Garland contains one of the earliest versions of the rhyme ( Engraving by James Sayers , published in 1803 ) . London Bridge Is Broken down , Dance over my Lady Lee . London Bridge Is Broken down With a gay Lady . A version from James Ritson 's Gammer Gurton 's Garland ( 1784 ) is similar but replaces the last verse with : Build it up with stone so strong , Dance o'er my Lady lee , Huzza ! ' twill last for ages long , With a gay lady . Meaning ( edit ) Cnut the Great 's men on the London bridge , under attack by Olaf II of Norway from a Victorian children 's book published in 1894 . The meaning of the rhyme is not certain . It may simply relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames , but a number of alternative theories have been put forward . Viking attack theory ( edit ) One theory of origin is that the rhyme relates to the supposed destruction of London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in 1014 ( or 1009 ) . The nineteenth - century translation of the Norse saga the Heimskringla , published by Samuel Laing in 1844 , included a verse by Óttarr svarti , that looks very similar to the nursery rhyme : London Bridge is broken down . -- Gold is won , and bright renown . Shields resounding , War - horns sounding , Hild is shouting in the din ! Arrows singing , Mail - coats ringing -- Odin makes our Olaf win ! However , modern translations make it clear that Laing was using the nursery rhyme as a model for his very free translation , and the reference to London Bridge does not appear at the start of the verse and it is unlikely that this is an earlier version of the nursery rhyme . Some historians have raised the possibility that the attack never took place . However , the original document detailing the attack was written only about 100 years after what would be a famous event in a highly populated area , leading the majority of historians to conclude that the account is at least relatively accurate . While it might or might not be the origin of the rhyme , this would make King Olaf 's victory the only historically recorded incidence of London Bridge `` falling down . '' Child sacrifice theory ( edit ) Detail of the Great Fire of London 1666 by an unknown painter . The Tower of London is on the right and London Bridge on the left . The theory that the song refers to the burying , perhaps alive , of children in the foundations of the bridge was first advanced by Alice Bertha Gomme ( later Lady Gomme ) in The Traditional Games of England , Scotland and Ireland ( 1894 -- 1898 ) and perpetuated by the usually sceptical Iona and Peter Opie . This was based around the idea that a bridge would collapse unless the body of a human sacrifice were buried in its foundations and that the watchman is actually a human sacrifice , who will then watch over the bridge . However , there is no archaeological evidence for any human remains in the foundations of London Bridge . Age and damage theory ( edit ) Until the mid-eighteenth century the Old London Bridge was the only crossing on the Thames in London . It was damaged in a major fire in 1633 , but in the fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the flames from further damaging the bridge and crossing to the south side of the Thames . With its 19 narrow arches , it impeded river traffic and flow . Central piers were removed to create a wider navigational span . Widening and the removal of its houses was completed in 1763 , but it remained relatively narrow and needed continual and expensive repairs . In the early nineteenth century it was decided to replace the bridge with a new construction . New London Bridge was opened in 1831 and survived until it was replaced in 1972 . It was then transported and reconstructed in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . `` Fair lady '' identity ( edit ) The seal of Matilda of Scotland , one of the candidates for the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . Several attempts have been made to identify the ' fair lady ' , ' lady gay ' , or lady ' lee / lea ' of the rhyme . They include : Matilda of Scotland ( c. 1080 -- 1118 ) Henry I 's consort , who between 1110 and 1118 was responsible for the building of the series of bridges that carried the London - Colchester road across the River Lea and its side streams between Bow and Stratford . Eleanor of Provence ( c. 1223 -- 91 ) , consort of Henry III who had custody of the bridge revenues from 1269 to about 1281 . A member of the Leigh family of Stoneleigh Park , Warwickshire , who have a family story that a human sacrifice lies under the building . The River Lea , which is a tributary of the Thames . Legacy ( edit ) Since the late nineteenth century the rhyme has been seen as one of the most popular and well known in the English - speaking world . It has also been referenced in both literature and popular culture . It was used by T.S. Eliot at the climax of his poem The Waste Land ( 1922 ) . The final line of the verse was probably the inspiration for the title of Lerner and Loewe 's 1956 musical My Fair Lady . The musical unicorn - in - glass - dome ornament bought by William Foster in the 1993 movie Falling Down plays the tune of the nursery rhyme `` London Bridge is falling down '' . ( So the movie title is evidently derived from this old nursery rhyme . ) The tune is often used by English football supporters as the basis for chants . In 1982 was sampled as `` Halloween Montage '' by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth feat . Tommy Lee Wallace , for the Film Halloween III : Season of the Witch , who was used as Song of the Silver Shamrock Commercial . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Dong , Dong , Dongdaemun , a similar Korean nursery rhyme . References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : London Bridge Is Falling Down Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge Is Falling Down . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Singing Game ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1985 ) , ISBN 0192840193 , pp. 61 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , ISBN 0198600887 , pp. 270 -- 6 . Jump up ^ A.L. Lazarus , A. MacLeish , and H.W. Smith , Modern English : a Glossary of Literature and Language ( London : Grosset & Dunlap , 1971 ) , ISBN 0448021315 , p. 194 Jump up ^ L. Turco , The Book of Forms : a Handbook of Poetics ( Lebanon , NH : University Press of New England , 3rd edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 58465 - 022 - 2 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ R.B. Browne , Objects of Special Devotion : Fetishism in Popular Culture ( Madison , WI : Popular Press , 1982 ) , ISBN 087972191X , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Searchable database , English Folk Song and Dance Society , retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( London : Courier Dover , 2000 ) , ISBN 0486414752 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ S. Roud , The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions ( New York City , NY : Random House , 2010 ) , ISBN 1905211511 , pp. 270 -- 1 . Jump up ^ W. Carew Hazlitt , A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays ( London : Ayer Publishing , 1966 ) , ISBN 0833716298 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ M. Gibson , The Vikings ( London : Wayland , 1972 ) , ISBN 0 - 85340 - 164 - 0 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : J. Clark , ' London bridge archaeology of a nursery rhyme ' , London Archaeologist , 9 ( 2002 ) , pp. 338 -- 40 ; for the original Old Norse see Wikisource Jump up ^ J.R. Hagland and B. Watson , ' Fact or folklore : the Viking attack on London Bridge ' , London Archaeologist , 12 ( 2005 ) , pp. 328 -- 33 . Jump up ^ E. Monsen ' Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings ' , Dover Publications , Inc ( 1 ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26366 - 3 ) Jump up ^ D.J. Brown , Bridges : Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature ( St. Paul , MN : MBI , 2001 ) , ISBN 0760312346 , pp. 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ C. Raine , T.S. Eliot ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , ISBN 0195309936 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell , The National and Religious Song Reader : Patriotic , Traditional , and Sacred Songs from Around the World ( London : Routledge , 1996 ) , ISBN 0789000997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` '' Not Economically Viable `` '' . YouTube . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ G. Robson , No One Likes Us , We Do n't Care : The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom ( Berg , 2000 ) , ISBN 1859733727 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ D. Russell , Looking North : Northern England And The National Imagination ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0719051789 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ The repeated notes of `` London Bridge is Falling Down '' ( where the Silver Shamrock song comes from ) add to a already disturbing scene . hide Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down&oldid=846148472 '' Categories : English folklore Children 's songs Singing games Songs about London English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog 粵語 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who made the song london bridge is falling down

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Love, Simon

Love , Simon - wikipedia Love , Simon Jump to : navigation , search Love , Simon Theatrical release poster Directed by Greg Berlanti Produced by Marty Bowen Wyck Godfrey Isaac Klausner Pouya Shahbazian Screenplay by Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Based on Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli Starring Nick Robinson Josh Duhamel Jennifer Garner Music by Rob Simonsen Cinematography John Guleserian Edited by Harry Jierjian Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Temple Hill Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) ( Mardi Gras Film Festival ) March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17 million Box office $26.2 million Love , Simon is a 2018 American romantic comedy - drama film directed by Greg Berlanti , written by Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger , and based on the novel Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli . The film stars Nick Robinson , Josh Duhamel , and Jennifer Garner . It centers around Simon Spier , a closeted gay teenage boy in high school who is forced to balance his friends , his family , and the blackmailer threatening to out him to the entire school , while simultaneously attempting to discover the identity of the anonymous classmate whom he has fallen in love with online . Love , Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox . Critics praised the film for its `` big heart , diverse and talented cast , and revolutionary normalcy '' , describing it as an `` instant classic '' that is `` tender , sweet , and affecting '' and a `` hugely charming crowd - pleaser '' that is `` funny , warm - hearted and life - affirming '' , with many comparing it to the romantic comedy - drama films of John Hughes . It is the first major studio film to focus on a gay teenage romance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Charts 5 Release 5.1 Home video 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Simon Spier is a closeted gay teenage boy attending high school in a suburb of Atlanta , Georgia . He has a close and loving family : parents Emily and Jack , and sister Nora , as well as three best friends : Nick and Leah , who he has known most of his life , and newcomer Abby . One day , Leah informs Simon about an online confession of a closeted gay student at their high school , known only by the pseudonym `` Blue '' . Simon then proceeds to reach out to him under his own alias , `` Jacques '' . They confide very personal details , and soon he and Blue form a genuine connection . However , their emails are discovered by another student , Martin , who is infatuated with Simon 's friend Abby . After learning his secret , Martin blackmails Simon and forces him to help him win over Abby . Simon begins to suspect that one of his classmates , Bram , is Blue . At a halloween party , he attempts to connect with Bram , however Simon walks in on him and a female student making out . Simon gets drunk at the party , and Leah walks him home and sleeps over . She speaks vaguely about feeling she is fated to love one person very intensely , and Simon believes she is referring to their friend , Nick . Later , Simon meets with Abby and Martin at a local diner after Simon convinces them to run lines together for an upcoming musical . While there , Simon bonds with their server , a classmate named Lyle , and believes that Lyle is Blue . Martin and Abby start to grow closer . Later that night , Simon comes out to Abby , and is encouraged when she reacts positively . At a school football game , he runs into Lyle and tries to ask him out . Before he has the chance to , Simon finds out Lyle has a romantic interest in Abby . An upset Simon tells a pestering Martin to either `` Go big or go home '' with Abby . During the national anthem at the football game , Martin , dressed as the school mascot , seizes the microphone and declares his feelings for Abby in front of the entire stadium , but she admits she does not feel the same way . A humiliated Martin becomes the subject of intense ridicule . On Christmas Eve , Martin impulsively posts the screenshots of Blue and Simon 's emails on the school gossip site , outing Simon by name . His younger sister Nora reports the abuse and the emails are taken down , but not before they are seen by most of the students . Nora tries to comfort her brother , but Simon shuts her out , and does not return his friends ' frantic texts . On Christmas morning , Simon comes out to his parents , much to their surprise but acceptance . Later , Blue tells Simon that the two should stop speaking , and he closes his email account . After Christmas , Nick and Abby discover that Simon was manipulating Abby to try and get her to date Martin , and angrily confront him about the lies he has been telling . Leah confesses she was in love with Simon , not Nick , and is upset he came out to Abby first . At school , Simon tries to determine Blue 's identity to no avail . In the cafeteria , Simon and another openly gay student , Ethan , are publicly humiliated . Ethan and Simon bond about the difficulties they have faced coming out . After school , Martin tries to apologize to Simon , who angrily rejects the attempt . After his parents reach out and comfort him , Simon apologizes to Leah , admitting he is in love with Blue . Leah helps him make amends with Nick and Abby , who are now a couple . Simon then posts a confession seeking out Blue and asking him to come forward . Waiting for Blue at the school carnival , Simon rides the Ferris wheel , drawing a large crowd of peers , until he runs out of tickets . Martin then comes forward and , to make amends , buys him one last ride . It is revealed then that Bram is Blue ; the kiss Simon saw with the female student was a drunk misunderstanding . Simon and Bram ride the Ferris wheel together and kiss . Simon 's life gradually returns to normal as Simon reconnects with his family and friends , and begins a relationship with Bram . Cast ( edit ) Nick Robinson as Simon Spier Bryson Pitts as 10 - year - old Simon Spier Nye Reynolds as 5 - year - old Simon Spier Josh Duhamel as Jack Spier , Simon 's father Jennifer Garner as Emily Spier , Simon 's mother Katherine Langford as Leah Burke , one of Simon 's best friends Alexandra Shipp as Abby Suso , one of Simon 's best friends Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Nick Eisner , one of Simon 's best friends Keiynan Lonsdale as Abraham `` Bram '' Greenfeld , one of Simon 's classmates Miles Heizer as Cal Price , one of Simon 's friends and classmates Logan Miller as Martin Addison , one of Simon 's classmates who blackmails him Talitha Bateman as Nora Spier , Simon 's sister Skye Mowbray as 6 - year - old Nora Spier Tony Hale as Mr. Worth , the vice principal of the school Simon attends Natasha Rothwell as Ms. Albright , Simon 's drama teacher Drew Starkey as Garrett Laughlin , one of Simon 's classmates Clark Moore as Ethan , one of Simon 's classmates who is openly gay Joey Pollari as Lyle , a flirty server at a local diner Mackenzie Lintz as Taylor , one of Simon 's classmates Production ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 6 , 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia . Filming officially ended on April 23 , 2017 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 16 , 2018 Genre Soundtrack Length TBA Label Sony Music Entertainment Singles from Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Love Lies '' Released : 14 February 2018 The soundtrack of the film includes music by Bleachers , Troye Sivan , Amy Shark , Brenton Wood , The 1975 , Normani and Khalid , among others . The first track released from the soundtrack was `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' by Bleachers . Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performed by Length 1 . `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' Jack Antonoff Ilsey Juber Harry Styles Bleachers 3 : 01 2 . `` Rollercoaster '' Antonoff John Hill Bleachers 3 : 12 3 . `` Never Fall in Love '' Antonoff Karen Marie Ørsted Jack Antonoff and MØ 4 . `` Strawberries & Cigarettes '' Troye Sivan Antonoff Alex Hope Troye Sivan 3 : 21 5 . `` Sink In '' Ben Berger Julia Michaels Ryan McMahon Amy Shark 4 : 35 6 . `` Love Lies '' Khalid Robinson Normani Charlie Handsome Jamil `` Digi '' Chammas Taylor Parks Khalid and Normani 3 : 23 7 . `` The Oogum Boogum Song '' Alfred Smith Brenton Wood 3 : 07 8 . `` Love Me '' Adam Hann George Daniel Matthew Healy Ross MacDonald The 1975 3 : 42 9 . `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' George Merrill Shannon Rubicam Whitney Houston 4 : 50 10 . `` Someday at Christmas '' Ron Miller Bryan Wells Jackson 5 2 : 44 11 . `` Wings '' Nini Fabi Benjamin Gebert Haerts 4 : 58 12 . `` Keeping a Secret '' Bleachers 3 : 25 13 . `` Wild Heart '' Antonoff Hill Bleachers 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 82 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 24 US Billboard 200 37 Release ( edit ) Love , Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27 , 2018 , and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival . The film was released in the United States and Canada on March 16 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox , and is scheduled to be released internationally on various dates throughout 2018 . Home video ( edit ) The film became available to pre-order on home video on January 17 , 2018 , and is expected to be released in June 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Love , Simon held early preview screenings on March 9 , a week before its official release , and grossed $800,000 from 927 theaters , which Deadline Hollywood considered `` strong . '' In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Tomb Raider and I Can Only Imagine , and was projected to gross $10 -- 12 million from 2,401 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $4.6 million on its first day ( including $850,000 from Thursday previews at 2,125 theaters ) . The film went on to debut at $11.8 million , finishing fifth at the box office ; 58 % of its opening weekend audience was female and 59 % was under 25 . In its second weekend the film dropped 33 % to $7.8 million , finishing 7th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 91 % , based on 115 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Love , Simon hits its coming - of - age beats more deftly than many entries in this well - traveled genre -- and represents an overdue , if not entirely successful , milestone of inclusion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 4 / 5 stars , calling it a `` hugely charming crowd - pleaser '' . Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 / 5 stars , stating that audiences `` are guaranteed to fall in love with this sweet , funny coming - of - age film '' . Molly Freeman of Screen Rant gave the film 4 / 5 stars or an Excellent rating , stating that `` Love , Simon is a funny , heartfelt , and truly touching teen romantic comedy that instantly becomes a modern classic for today 's generation . '' Josh Winning of GamesRadar+ gave the film 4 / 5 stars , describing it as a `` warm , sensitive and engaging coming - out - of - ager '' and `` one of the freshest teen - coms in ages '' . Meredith Goldstein of The Boston Globe gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars and stated , `` Love , Simon is a sweet , modern romantic comedy that manages to channel the teen movie classics of the late John Hughes , but only the good stuff . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film 3 / 4 stars and wrote , `` If John Hughes had gone on to make a smart LGBT coming - of - age charmer , most likely it would resemble this . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film 3 / 4 stars , stating `` The casting is high quality , the script - with a tantalizing mystery at its heart - is particularly well - crafted and the story hits all the right emotional notes in delivering a funny , warm - hearted and life - affirming tale . '' Kevin Scott of the Exclaim ! gave the film a 7 out of 10 score , noting that the film has the `` expected amount of sentimentality that effectively tugs at the heartstrings . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars and wrote , `` Young and old , jocks and nerds , geeks and freaks , and everyone in between should be able to find something to adore in Love , Simon . '' Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media gave the film 4 / 5 stars and described it as `` tender , sweet , and affecting '' , with the film also receiving The Common Sense Seal , which recognizes movies that offer families an exceptional media experience . MJ Franklin of Mashable wrote that `` Love , Simon feels like an instant classic that you 're going to want to watch again and again . '' Peter Debruge of Variety , while stating that the film is average in execution , praised the content as `` groundbreaking on so many levels , not least of which is just how otherwise familiar it all seems '' . Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ and wrote that the film `` is touching as a gesture '' , but as entertainment `` it 's nothing Degrassi has n't done better '' . Becky Albertalli , the author of the book , watched an early cut and praised the film , stating : `` It 's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and so romantic . It says exactly what I wanted the book to say . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised to Shatter a Hollywood Myth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' : What the critics are saying '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon review - coming - out comedy is a landmark teen classic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , MJ ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' is the comforting coming out hug every gay teen wishes they had '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slaton , Joyce . `` Love , Simon Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' says a lot , and it 's all good '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sweet teen comedy ' Love , Simon ' offers a lot to love '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon turns teen ' coming out ' story into a funny , sweet journey '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Love , Simon ' charms by giving gay teen romance the John Hughes treatment '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love , Simon ' : Your first look at 2018 's major studio gay teen romance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Stars Say Gay Teen Romance Will Save Lives '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Simon vs. The Homo Sapiens Agenda ' Open Casting Call '' . ProjectCasting.com . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shipp , Alexandra ( @ AlexShipppp ) ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a beautiful wrap on # simonvthehomosapiensagenda such a pleasure working with people I looooooove and respect '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Bleachers Release ' Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) ' From ' Love , Simon ' Soundtrack : Listen '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' , Apple Music , March 16 , 2018 , retrieved January 17 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 465 '' . auspOp . March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums : March 31 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 : March 31 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simon vs the Homo Sapiens Agenda '' . ComingSoon.net. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love , Simon ' : Cast , Release Date , Trailer , Soundtrack And Everything You Need To Know '' . PopBuzz . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon DVD Release Date '' . DVDsReleaseDates . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Greg Berlanti Gay Teen Romance Pic ' Love , Simon ' Posts Strong Sneak Previews '' . ( Deadline Hollywood ) ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Rings Up $2.1 M On Thursday -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon review - coming - out comedy is a landmark teen classic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Review : Winning Comedy About Gay High Schooler Is One From The Heart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon Review : A Modern Teen Rom - Com Classic '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon Review : `` Honest and Good - Natures Without Ever Being Patronising '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' says a lot , and it 's all good '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sweet teen comedy ' Love , Simon ' offers a lot to love '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon turns teen ' coming out ' story into a funny , sweet journey '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Kevin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Love , Simon ' charms by giving gay teen romance the John Hughes treatment '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slaton , Joyce . `` Love , Simon Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Common Sense Seal '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , MJ ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' is the comforting coming out hug every gay teen wishes they had '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Review : Ground - Breaking Romcom Features Gay Protagonist '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassenger , Jessie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon often plays like sweetly progressive , second - rate TV '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Albertalli , Becky ( @ beckyalbertalli ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` It 's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and SO ROMANTIC , THERE IS KISSING AND IT IS NOT HALF - ASSED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Albertalli , Becky ( @ beckyalbertalli ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` But I do know that you guys are going to lose your shit over this one . It is so special . It says exactly what I wanted the book to say '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Official website Love , Simon on IMDb Love , Simon at AllMovie Love , Simon at Box Office Mojo Love , Simon at Metacritic Love , Simon at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Greg Berlanti Films Directed The Broken Hearts Club : A Romantic Comedy Life as We Know It Love , Simon Written only Green Lantern Wrath of the Titans Television series created Everwood Jack & Bobby Eli Stone No Ordinary Family Political Animals Arrow The Tomorrow People The Flash Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow GND : 1145176739 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love,_Simon&oldid=833221281 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s high school films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen drama films 2010s teen romance films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American high school films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American teen comedy films American teen drama films American teen LGBT - related films American teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Films based on American novels Films based on young adult literature Gay - related films LGBT romance films LGBT - related comedy - drama films LGBT - related coming - of - age films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Duration without hAudio microformat Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 09 : 35 . 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American System (economic plan)

American System ( economic plan ) - Wikipedia American System ( economic plan ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series about Henry Clay Early life Legal career Speaker of the House War of 1812 American System Missouri Compromise Second Bank of the United States Bid for the Presidency ( 1824 ) Secretary of State Corrupt Bargain Charlotte Dupuy U.S. Senator from Kentucky Nullification Crisis Bid for the Presidency ( 1832 ) Whig Party Bid for the Presidency ( 1844 ) Compromise of 1850 Death Lying in State The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says `` Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System ! '' The cages are labeled : `` Home , Consumption , Internal , Improv '' . This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay 's American System depicts monkeys , labeled as being different parts of a nation 's economy , stealing each other 's resources ( food ) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug . The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century . Rooted in the `` American School '' ideas of Alexander Hamilton , the plan `` consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster commerce ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other ' internal improvements ' to develop profitable markets for agriculture '' . Congressman Henry Clay was the plan 's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the `` American System '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Main points 3 Annual Message of 1815 ( Seven Points ) 4 See also 5 Further reading 5.1 Modern Books 5.2 Other / older Books 6 Sources and Notes History ( edit ) A plan to strengthen and unify the nation , the American System , was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay , John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams . The System ran counter to federalism and included : Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks Development of a system of internal improvements ( such as roads and canals ) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales Clay protested that the West , which opposed the tariff , should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods . In Clay 's view , the South ( which also opposed high tariffs ) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills . This last argument was the weak link . The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports . Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress . The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years . High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816 . Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so - called Tariff of Abominations . After the Nullification Crisis in 1833 , tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War . However , the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded ; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures . The American System did not enjoy universal success , however ; in 1830 , President Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville , Washington , Paris , and Lexington Turnpike Road Company , which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River , the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky . Jackson 's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections . Main points ( edit ) The establishment of a protective tariff , a 20 % -- 25 % tax on imported goods , would protect a nation 's business from foreign competition . Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American - made goods . The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency , making trade easier , and issue what was called sovereign credit , i.e. , credit issued by the national government , rather than borrowed from the private banking system . In 1816 , Congress created the Second Bank of the United States . The improvement of the country 's infrastructure , especially transportation systems , made trade easier and faster for everyone . Poor roads made transportation slow and costly . This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson , Martin Van Buren , James K. Polk , Franklin Pierce , and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War , often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional . Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road . Henry Clay 's `` American System , '' devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812 , remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government - sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation 's agriculture , commerce , and industry . This `` System '' consisted of three mutually reenforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster commerce ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other `` internal improvements '' to develop profitable markets for agriculture . Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands . Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free - trade , laissez - faire `` British System . '' -- United States Senate website Annual Message of 1815 ( Seven Points ) ( edit ) Funds for national defense Frigates for the Navy A standing army and federal control of the militia Federal aid for building roads and canals A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers Re-establishing the National Bank Federal assumption of some state debt See also ( edit ) American School ( economics ) Friedrich List , German - American economist Import substitution industrialization , a key feature of the American System adopted in much of the Third World during the twentieth century Lincoln 's expansion of the federal government 's economic role National Policy , a similar economic plan used by Canada circa 1867 -- 1920s Further reading ( edit ) Modern Books ( edit ) Michael , Diaz , The Promise of American Life ( 2005 - reprint ) Joseph Dorfman . The Economic Mind in American Civilization , 1606 - 1865 ( 1947 ) 2 vol Eckes , Jr . Alfred E. `` Opening America 's Market - U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since ( 1995 ) University of North Carolina Press Foner , Eric . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ( 1970 ) Gill , William J. Trade Wars Against America : A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy ( 1990 ) Carter Goodrich , Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads , 1800 - 1890 ( Greenwood Press , 1960 ) Goodrich , Carter . `` American Development Policy : the Case of Internal Improvements , '' Journal of Economic History , 16 ( 1956 ) , 449 - 60 . in JSTOR Goodrich , Carter . `` National Planning of Internal Improvements , '' Political Science Quarterly , 63 ( 1948 ) , 16 - 44 . in JSTOR John Lauritz Larson . Internal Improvement : National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States ( 2001 ) Lively , Robert A . `` The American System , a Review Article , '' Business History Review , XXIX ( March , 1955 ) , 81 - 96 . recommended starting point Lind , Michael Hamilton 's Republic : Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition ( 1997 ) Lind , Michael What Lincoln Believed : The Values and Convictions of America 's Greatest President ( 2004 ) Remini , Robert V. Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union , 1991 Edward Stanwood , American Tariff Controversies in the 19th Century ( 1903 ; reprint 1974 ) , 2 vols. , favors protectionism Charles M. Wiltse , John C. Calhoun : Nationalist , 1782 - 1828 ( 1944 ) Other / older Books ( edit ) G.B. Curtiss , Protection and Prosperity : an ; W.H. Dawson , Protection in Germany ( London , 1904 ) Alexander Hamilton , Report on the Subject of Manufactures , communicated to the House of Representatives , 5 December 1791 H.C. Carey , Principles of Social Science ( 3 vols. , Philadelphia , 1858 -- 1859 ) , Harmony of Interests Agricultural , Manufacturing and Commercial ( Philadelphia , 1873 ) Friedrich List , Outlines of American Political Economy ( 1980 - reprint ) Friedrich List , National System of Political Economy ( 1994 - reprint ) A.M. Low , Protection in the United States ( London , 1904 ) ; H. 0 . Meredith , Protection in France ( London , 1904 ) Ellis H. Roberts , Government Revenue , especially the American System , an argument for industrial freedom against the fallacies of free trade ( Boston , 1884 ) J.P. Young , Protection and Progress : a Study of the Economic Bases of the American Protective System ( Chicago , 1900 ) Clay , Henry . The Papers of Henry Clay , 1797 - 1852 . Edited by James Hopkins Sources and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Classic Senate Speeches : Henry Clay In Defense of the American System at the US Senate website The American System : Speeches on the Tariff Question and Internal Improvements by Congressman Andrew Stewart John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . The Amistad Mendi Bible President , American Academy of Arts and Sciences President , Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences Writings Lifelong diary Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Life and homes Early life Abigail Adams Cairn John Quincy Adams and abolitionism Adams National Historical Park Birthplace and family home Peacefield Presidential Library United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election , 1824 Corrupt Bargain United States presidential election , 1828 Legacy Adams Memorial Adams House at Harvard University U.S. Postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1957 book 1965 television series ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Mutiny on the Amistad ( 1987 book ) Amistad ( 1997 film ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Adams family Quincy family Louisa Adams ( wife ) George W. Adams ( son ) Charles Adams Sr. ( son ) John Adams II ( son ) Henry Adams ( grandson ) Brooks Adams ( grandson ) John Quincy Adams II ( grandson ) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( sister ) Charles Adams ( brother ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( brother ) John Adams Sr. ( paternal grandfather ) Susanna Boylston ( paternal grandmother ) Elihu Adams ( paternal uncle ) John Quincy ( great - grandfather ) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_System_(economic_plan)&oldid=806745023 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States Great Triumvirate Henry Clay Political history of the United States Presidency of John Quincy Adams Economic nationalism United States economic policy United States public land law Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 22 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what were the major components of clays american system

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Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides - Wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides Jump to : navigation , search `` Pirates 4 '' redirects here . For the 3D short film , see Pirates 4 - D. For the soundtrack , see Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( soundtrack ) . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Marshall Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Story by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Based on On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Penélope Cruz Ian McShane Kevin R. McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by David Brenner Wyatt Smith Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $410.6 million ( gross ) $378.5 million ( net ) Box office $1.045 billion Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film , the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World 's End ( 2007 ) . It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski , being replaced by Rob Marshall . Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer . The film is technically a stand - alone sequel to the previous installments . In the film , which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers , Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is joined by Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) in his search for the Fountain of Youth , confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) . The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D formats . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio first learned of Powers ' novel On Stranger Tides during the back - to - back production of Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and At World 's End , and considered it a good starting point for a new movie in the series . Pre-production started after the end of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , with Depp collaborating with the writers on the story design . Principal photography rolled for 106 days between June and November 2010 , with locations in Hawaii , the United Kingdom , Puerto Rico and California . Filming employed 3D cameras similar to those used in the production of the 2009 film Avatar , and ten companies were involved with the film 's visual effects . Following inflated production costs it is currently noted as the most expensive film ever made with a net budget of $379 million . On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release , and it stands as the 23rd - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide when not adjusting for inflation . Critical reviews were mixed , with the film receiving criticism over its writing , directing , excessiveness and lack of originality ; positive mentions were given on the acting , action sequences , music , visuals and the running time for being much shorter than the previous two films . A sequel , titled Dead Men Tell No Tales , was released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's story occurs in 1750 , set roughly sixteen years after At World 's End ( and six after its post-credits scene ) After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate , Joshamee Gibbs , in London , Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II . The king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it . Jack 's old nemesis , Captain Hector Barbossa , now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship , the Black Pearl , which he says was sunk , is heading the expedition . Jack refuses the offer and escapes . He meets up with his father , Captain Teague , who warns Jack about the Fountain 's rituals . Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain . The impostor is Angelica , Jack 's former lover , and the daughter of the ruthless pirate Blackbeard , who practices voodoo magic and wields the mythical `` Sword of Triton '' that controls his ship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge . While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeard 's ship , Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jack 's map showing the Fountain 's location , forcing Barbossa to take him along . Meanwhile , after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain . Blackbeard seeks the Fountain 's power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a `` one - legged man '' , who happened to be Barbossa . Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de León 's missing flagship , the Santiago . The Fountain 's water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices . Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid 's tear will extend life ; the second person dies , their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker . Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeard 's collection of other shrunken ships in bottles . The Queen Anne 's Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears . After managing to lure in a mermaid named Tamara , she summons other mermaids to attack the crew before Jack causes an explosion that scares them away . A mermaid named Syrena is caught , but Philip Swift , a captive missionary , falls in love with her . Reaching Ponce de León 's ship on an uncharted island , Angelica and Blackbeard coerce Jack into retrieving both chalices . Jack locates the grounded , decaying vessel , only to find Barbossa there . Both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices , after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel . Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp and steal the chalices . Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl , and his leg being amputated . Jack and Barbossa escape with the chalices . Meanwhile , Syrena , reciprocating Philip 's love , is tricked into shedding a tear . Blackbeard collects it , leaving her to die of dehydration while Philip is forced to go with them . Jack returns with the chalices and bargains with Blackbeard for Angelica 's safety , Jack 's confiscated magical compass ( which they took from him before sending him to get the chalices ) , and Gibbs ' release . In return , Jack vows to give Blackbeard the chalices and lead him to the Fountain ; Blackbeard agrees , and Gibbs is set free with the compass . At the Fountain , Blackbeard 's crew is confronted by Barbossa and his men and they battle while Barbossa and Blackbeard fight . The Spanish suddenly arrive , intending to destroy the Fountain , believing its power an abomination against God . They crush the chalices and throw them in the swamp . When Barbossa stabs Blackbeard with a poisoned sword , Angelica pulls it out but is cut and poisoned . Jack notices Angelica is poisoned and begins frantically searching the swamp for the chalices . Barbossa obtains Blackbeard 's magic sword and gains control of the Queen Anne 's Revenge and her crew . Despite resistance from Blackbeard 's crew , the Spanish successfully pull down a pillar , crushing the Fountain of Youth . The Spanish army leaves once the fountain is in ruins . Philip is mortally wounded , but he returns to free Syrena . She helps Jack retrieve the missing chalices and gives them to him , telling him not to waste her tear . Syrena goes back to the dying Philip . She says she can save him if he asks her to . When he asks for her forgiveness , she kisses him and takes him underwater . With Blackbeard and Angelica both nearing death , Jack retrieves the last remaining drops of water from the destroyed fountain and puts the tear in one of them . Knowing that one of them must be sacrificed , he wants Angelica to drink from the chalice containing the tear . Instead , Blackbeard drinks it , asking his daughter to save him . Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice . Jack is upset to lose Angelica , but reveals that he made a mistake about which chalice contained the tear . Neither of the two are happy , and they both believe Jack deliberately tricked them . Angelica 's wounds are healed as the Fountain fatally consumes Blackbeard 's body . Eventually , Jack and Angelica admit their love for each other , yet he distrusts her intentions ( aware that she may try to avenge her father ) and strands her on a cay . Now wielding Blackbeard 's magical sword , Barbossa captains the Queen Anne 's Revenge and returns to piracy . Jack finds Gibbs , who had used the compass to locate the Revenge . He reclaims the shrunken Black Pearl and the other conquered ships in bottles , carrying them in a gunny sack . The two leave , hoping to revert the Black Pearl to its original size and continue living the pirates life . In a post-credits scene , a voodoo doll of Jack crafted by Blackbeard washes ashore and is found by Angelica , who then smiles . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Former captain of the Black Pearl . Penélope Cruz as Angelica : Jack 's former love interest , and daughter of Blackbeard . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Jack 's former - rival - turned - ally , and former captain of the Black Pearl . Ian McShane as Captain Blackbeard : Legendary pirate , and captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's friend , and former first mate . Sam Claflin as Philip Swift : A missionary , kept prisoner aboard Blackbeard 's ship . Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey as Syrena : A mermaid captured by Blackbeard , and love interest of Swift . Stephen Graham as Scrum : A self - serving member of Blackbeard 's crew . Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr . Theodore Groves : Barbossa 's second - in - command , former second - in - command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington 's crew . Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gillette , Barbossa 's third - in - command , former second - in - command of James Norrington . Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard : King Ferdinand 's most trusted agent . Richard Griffiths as King George II Keith Richards as Captain Edward Teague : Jack 's father , former Pirate Lord of Madagascar , and keeper of the code of the Bretheren Court . Gemma Ward as Tamara : A mermaid . Judi Dench as Society Lady Ian Mercer as the Quartermaster : A psychic who foresees Blackbeard 's death . Robbie Kay as the Cabin Boy Christopher Fairbank as Ezekiel Yuki Matsuzaki as Ghareg Bronson Webb as The Cook Steve Evets as Purser Derek Mears as the Master - at - Arms DeObia Oparei as the Gunner Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand of the Spanish Empire Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret , Viscount Carteret , Baron Carteret of Hawnes , 2nd Earl of Granville Roger Allam as Prime Minister Henry Pelham Paul Bazely as Salaman : An Indian crew member of the Queen Anne 's Revenge Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Shortly before the premiere of At World 's End , Jerry Bruckheimer stated it was the end of the trilogy , but the idea of a spin - off was still possible . After the film 's successful opening weekend , Dick Cook , then Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios , said he was interested in a fourth installment . Los Angeles Times also reported that rights to a book were bought . Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio had started working on a script in 2007 , but they were interrupted by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , and only resumed in mid-2008 . In June 2009 , Bruckheimer indicated Disney would prefer the fourth installment of Pirates to be released before The Lone Ranger film , which he , Johnny Depp , Ted Elliott , and Terry Rossio had been working on for release on May 20 , 2011 . He hoped Gore Verbinski would return to direct the fourth film , as his BioShock film adaptation had been put on hold . As Verbinski was unavailable due to his commitment with Rango the same year , Bruckheimer suggested Rob Marshall , who he considered a `` premiere filmmaker '' , stating that `` Every film ( Marshall ) made I thought was unique and different . '' On July 21 , 2009 , Marshall accepted the job , because of the `` whole new story line and set of characters . It felt new , and that was important to me . '' Marshall said the film provided him a long - awaited opportunity to work with Depp , and that his directing was helped by his experience as a choreographer -- `` the action sequences felt like big production numbers . '' On September 11 , 2009 , at Disney 's D23 convention during a Disney event , Cook and Johnny Depp , in full Captain Jack Sparrow costume , announced that a fourth Pirates film was in development . The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Marshall visited the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland for inspiration , eventually paying homage with a skeleton holding a magnifying glass in Ponce de León 's ship . An appearance of `` Old Bill '' , the pirate who tries to share his rum with a cat , was also filmed but cut . Pintel and Ragetti were originally supposed to make an appearance , but director Rob Marshall opted out of the idea as he feared their roles would be cut . Cook resigned in September 2009 after working for Disney for over 38 years . Depp 's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation , with Depp explaining that `` There 's a fissure , a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment . It was all born in that office '' . Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow : `` When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character , Dick was there from the first moment . He trusted me '' . Writing ( edit ) During production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio discovered Tim Powers ' 1987 novel On Stranger Tides , which they considered a good foundation on which to base `` a new chapter '' in the Pirates series . Disney bought the rights to the novel in April 2007 . Rossio stated that he and Elliot had considered using Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth in the story before reading the book , `` but whenever you say those words , Powers ' novel comes to mind . There was no way we could work in that field without going into territory Tim had explored . '' However , they denied that it would be a straight version of the novel : `` Blackbeard came from the book , and in the book there is a daughter character , too . But Jack Sparrow is not in the book , nor is Barbossa . So I would n't call this an adaptation . '' Rossio declared the script was written to be a standalone film , `` kind of a James Bond sort of thing '' , instead of the `` designed to be a trilogy '' structure of the previous installments . They hoped to `` design a story that would support new characters , '' as characters such as Will Turner would not return . Bruckheimer added that there was a decision to `` streamline the story a little bit , make it a little simpler and not have as many characters to follow '' , as the number of characters and subplots in At World 's End caused the film to have an unwieldy length . The duo decided to employ another sea myth alluded in the previous episodes : mermaids , which are briefly referenced in the book . The mermaids ' role expanded in the script , which included a vast attack sequence . Depp was deeply involved with the story design , frequently meeting the writers to show what he was interested in doing , and in the words of Rossio , being `` involved in coming up with story lines , connecting characters , creating moments that we would then fashion , shape and then go back . '' Among Depp 's suggestions were turning Phillip into a missionary and having a Spanish contingent following the protagonists . Afterwards , Rob Marshall and executive producer John DeLuca met Rossio and Elliot , and did alterations of their own , including building the female lead . Casting ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , and Kevin McNally who reprised their roles from the previous films as Captain Jack Sparrow , Captain Hector Barbossa , and Joshamee Gibbs respectively . Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008 , saying that he would come back if the script was good . Almost a year later , Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role , realizing that without him the franchise would be `` dead and buried . '' Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa , and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence . Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg , as he considered the disability made him `` angrier , more forceful and resilient as a character '' , and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch , particularly during sword fighting scenes . While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush 's leg , the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally , with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk . Three other actors from the previous films returned , Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs , Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves , and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette . Keith Richards also had a cameo , reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World 's End ; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder . Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles , as they wanted to be involved in different films . They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could . On August 1 , 2009 , Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones , who died in the previous film , saying the possibility to resurrect the character , but at the end , his inclusion was scrapped . On February 5 , 2010 , Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti , stating , `` They have n't asked me . But actually I do n't mind that at all . I 'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we 've made is great . I 'd almost like them to leave it there . '' New cast members include Ian McShane , who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film , Blackbeard , and Penélope Cruz , who plays Angelica , Jack Sparrow 's love interest . According to Marshall , McShane was chosen because `` he can play something evil but there 's always humor behind it as well '' and the actor accepted the job due to both the `` very funny and charming '' script and the opportunity to work with Marshall . The beard took one hour and a half to get applied , and McShane likened the character 's costume to `` a real biker pirate -- it 's all black leather . '' Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role , as she fit the description as `` an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him , but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way . She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful '' , and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine . The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role . During filming , Cruz discovered she was pregnant , leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic , and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes . Depp recommended Stephen Graham , who worked with him in Public Enemies , to play Scrum , a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow , and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II , as Depp was a fan of Griffiths ' work on Withnail and I. Sam Claflin , a recent drama school graduate with television experience , was chosen to play the missionary Philip , and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast . Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors : Cruz , Bergès - Frisbey , Óscar Jaenada , and Juan Carlos Vellido . Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz . Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts -- no implants . As Bruckheimer explained to EW , `` I do n't think they had breast augmentation in the 1700s , ( ... ) So it 's natural for casting people to say , ' We want real people . ' '' Marshall invited Spanish - French actress Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey to play Syrena after seeing her in a French magazine article on up - and - coming actresses . Bergès - Frisbey had to take lessons of English , swimming and breath control for the role . The rest of the mermaid portrayers , such as Australian supermodel Gemma Ward , were chosen for having `` exotic sense , an otherworldly sensibility , but also under those layers a deadly quality '' , according to Marshall , and had to take swimming lessons to learn movements such as the dolphin and eggbeater kicks . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 14 , 2010 , in Hawaii . Filming was moved to California in August 2010 , primarily at the Long Beach shore and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot , as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides . After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico , with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan , production moved to the United Kingdom in September , where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting . Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London , Knole House in Kent , and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich . Interiors were shot at London 's Pinewood Studios , and a replica of an 18th - century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages . The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location . In October , security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack . After the joint production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End cost over $300 million , Disney decided to give a lower budget to the fourth installment . Many costs had to be cut , including moving primary production to Hawaii and London , where tax credits are more favorable , and having a shorter shooting schedule and fewer scenes featuring special effects compared to At World 's End . The tighter schedule -- according to Bruckheimer , `` We had a 22 - week post , and for a picture like this , with almost 1,200 visual effects shots , it 's usually 40 weeks '' -- meant that Marshall supervised editing of sequences during filming . The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of £ 240.7 million ( $410.6 million ) by 2013 , with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government , making Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date . Bruckheimer said the decision to film in 3D was made due to its being `` immersive filmmaking ; I think it makes you part of the actual filming because you 're part of the screen . '' Bruckheimer described it as the first major `` exterior movie '' to be shot in 3D , as Avatar was mostly done in sound stages . At first Marshall was not much interested in 3D , but the director eventually considered it a film that could benefit from the format . `` You are on an adventure and with the 3D experience you are inside that adventure . '' While the original plan was to add 3D effects during post-production , the decision was made to shoot digitally with 3D cameras . Only one sequence was shot conventionally and needed a 3D conversion . The cameras were improved versions of the ones James Cameron developed for Avatar , which were made more compact for extra mobility . This meant the cameras could be brought into locations such as the Hawaiian jungle . The Queen Anne 's Revenge was built atop the Sunset , the same ship used to depict the Black Pearl in previous installments . On February 2010 , the Sunset was sailed from Long Beach to a shipyard in Hawaii for the reforms , where a big concern was to make it imposing , with three stories , without sacrificing actual seakeeping . Given Blackbeard was meant to be the meanest pirate to appear in the series , the look for the Queen Anne 's Revenge was ominous , with sails dyed blood red , various elements on fire , and a decoration based on skulls and bones ( drawing inspiration from the Sedlec Ossuary in Czech Republic ) . Damage from cannon fire was also added to show that `` not only Blackbeard was a dying man , but his ship is also a dying ship '' . The ship 's figurehead also drew inspiration from Blackbeard 's pirate flag . The replica ship HMS Surprise was used for Barbossa 's ship , the HMS Providence , and all the scenes aboard the Providence were shot on the Long Beach shore as the Surprise could not be sailed to Hawaii . Over 50 designs were considered for the Fountain of Youth , with the final one representing a temple built by an ancient civilization around the Fountain , which itself was located in a round rocky structure to represent `` the circle of life '' . The locations leading up to the Fountain were shot in the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu , but the Fountain itself was built at the 007 Stage on Pinewood . Effects ( edit ) On Stranger Tides employed 1,112 shots of computer - generated imagery , which were done by ten visual effects companies . Cinesite visual effects supervisor Simon Stanley - Clamp claimed that the most difficult part was doing the effects in 3D : `` Rotoscoping is tricky . Cleaning up plates is double the work , and tracking has to be spot on . '' The lead companies , with over 300 effects each , were Industrial Light & Magic -- responsible for , among others , the mermaids and most water effects -- and Moving Picture Company , who created digital ships and environment extensions , such as changing weather and designing cliffs and waterfalls . Filming the mermaids involved eight model - actresses , who portrayed them outside the water , as well as 22 synchronized swimming athletes and a group of stuntwomen , both of whom wore motion capture suits to be later replaced by digital mermaids . Mermaid corpses were depicted by plaster models . The design tried to avoid the traditional representations of mermaids in paintings and literature , instead going for a scaly body with a translucent membrane inspired by both jellyfish and the fabric employed in ballet tutus . To make the mermaids more menacing underwater , the faces of the actresses had some digital touch - ups on the underwater scenes , adding sharper teeth and a shimmery fish scale quality on the skin . ILM also handled Blackbeard 's death , where Ian McShane 's actual performance was covered by digital doubles which turned him into a `` boiling mass of blood and clothing '' , and a hurricane - like formation that represented `` the waters of the Fountain taking his life '' . Cinesite handled the recreation of London and Barbossa 's peg leg , CIS Hollywood did 3D corrections and minor shots , and Method Studios created matte paintings . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( soundtrack ) The film 's score was written by Hans Zimmer , who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise ; being the main composer for the second and third installments . Zimmer said that he tried to incorporate a rock n ' roll sound , as he felt `` pirates were the rock ' n ' rollers of many , many years ago '' , and Spanish elements , which led to a collaboration with Mexican guitarists Rodrigo y Gabriela and a tango song written by Penélope Cruz 's brother Eduardo . American composer Eric Whitacre contributed several choir - based cues , as well as regular assistant Geoff Zanelli . Release ( edit ) Penélope Cruz and Johnny Depp promoting the film at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . On January 6 , 2010 , Disney announced that the film would be released in the United States and Canada on May 20 , 2011 , following Columbia Pictures ' announcement of a delay in the Spider - Man reboot and Paramount Pictures slating Thor for May 6 , 2011 . The film was released in IMAX 3D , as well as traditional 2D and IMAX format , with Dolby 7.1 surround sound . This film was also the first film to be released in the 4DX motion theaters in Mexico and in the Western Hemisphere , featuring strobe lights , tilting seats , blowing wind and fog and odor effects . It is available exclusively at select Cinépolis cinemas . The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7 , 2011 , at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series . Many of the film 's stars were in attendance . Two other early screenings followed , one in Moscow on May 11 , and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14 . The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20 , with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18 , in Australia on May 19 , and in North America on May 20 . The film was released on a then - record 402 IMAX screens , 257 screens in North America , and 139 in other territories . The total number of theaters was 4,155 in North America and 18,210 worldwide . Promotion ( edit ) Disney 's marketing president , MT Carney , said that the film 's advertising campaign was intended `` to remind people of why they fell in love with Jack Sparrow in the first place and also introduce new elements in a way that was elegant '' . Sony Pictures ' former marketing president , Valerie Van Galder , was hired as a consultant . The first footage from the film appeared on Entertainment Tonight on December 4 , 2010 . Three trailers were released , one in December , which had a 3D version included with the release of Tron : Legacy and broadcast by ESPN 3D ; a Super Bowl XLV spot on February 2011 , which was later released online in an extended version ; and a final trailer in March that focused more on the plot than the previous trailer and commercials . Promotional tie - ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game , a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless , a special edition of Pirate 's Booty , lines of nail polish by OPI , clothing from Hot Topic , and jewelry from Swarovski . Goldline International produced replicas of the `` Pieces of Eight '' coins from the movies and gold Mexican Escudo coins , which were given in sweepstakes at the El Capitan Theatre . At Disney California Adventure Park , the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on September 12 , 2011 in the UK , topping both the Blu - ray and DVD sales charts during its first two weeks . The film had its high - definition home release on October 18 , 2011 in the United States and Canada . Three different physical packages were made available : a 2 - disc combo pack ( Blu - ray and DVD ) , a 5 - disc combo pack ( 2 - disc Blu - ray , 1 - disc Blu - ray 3D , 1 - disc DVD , and 1 - disc Digital Copy ) , and a 15 - disc collection featuring all four Pirates movies . On Stranger Tides was also released as a movie download in both high definition and 3D . The regular DVD edition came out on December 6 . In its first week of release , it sold 1.71 million Blu - ray units and generated $48.50 million , topping the weekly Blu - ray chart . However these results were quite skewed due to the one - month delay of its DVD - only release . It sold 3.20 million Blu - ray units ( $83.46 million ) after 11 weeks . It has also sold 1.12 million DVD units ( $19.32 million ) . Upon its television premiere on December 29 , 2013 in the UK on BBC One , it was watched by a total of 5.4 million viewers , making it the third-most watched program that night , according to overnight figures . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On Stranger Tides earned $241,071,802 in the North America and $804,642,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,045,713,802 . It is the 22nd highest - grossing film worldwide , the third - highest - grossing 2011 film , the second-most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series , the eleventh - highest - grossing Disney feature and the second - highest - grossing fourth film in a franchise ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) . On its worldwide opening weekend , it grossed $350.6 million , surpassing At World 's End 's $344 million opening as best in the series and ranking as the seventh - highest worldwide opening . It scored an IMAX worldwide opening - weekend record with $16.7 million ( first surpassed by Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) . It set records for the least time to reach $500 , $600 , and $700 million worldwide ( in 10 , 12 and 16 days , respectively ) . The first of these records was first surpassed by Dark of the Moon and the other two by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . After 46 days in theaters ( July 2 , 2011 ) , it became the eighth film in cinema history and the fourth film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1 - billion - mark . It set a record for the fastest Disney - distributed film to reach the milestone ( first surpassed by Marvel 's The Avengers ) and it is the fifth - fastest film overall to achieve this . North America ( edit ) During its Thursday - midnight showings , On Stranger Tides earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters , and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day . It earned $90,151,958 on its opening weekend , topping the weekend box office , but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors ( At World 's End -- $114.7 million and Dead Man 's Chest -- $135.6 million ) and the directly preceding Johnny Depp spectacle ( Alice in Wonderland -- $116.1 million ) . 3D showings accounted for only 46 % of its opening - weekend gross . It closed on September 29 , 2011 , with a $241.1 million gross , ranking as the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2011 and the least profitable film of the franchise . However , it was the top - grossing movie during May 2011 ( with $166.8 million by May 31 ) . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside North America , On Stranger Tides is the sixth - highest - grossing film , the third - highest - grossing Disney film , the second - highest - grossing 2011 film and the highest - grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series . It is the highest - grossing Pirates film in at least 58 territories . During its opening day ( Wednesday , May 18 , 2011 ) , On Stranger Tides made $18.5 million from 10 territories . It added 37 territories and $25.7 million on Thursday , for a two - day total of $44.2 million , and on Friday , it expanded to almost all countries , earning $46.2 million for a three - day total of $92.1 million . On its five - day opening weekend as a whole , it earned a then - record $260.4 million from 18,210 screens in more than 100 territories , in all which it reached first place at the box office . The record debut was surpassed later in the same summer season by Deathly Hallows Part 2 . Earnings originating from 3 - D showings accounted for 66 % of the weekend gross , which was a much greater share than in North America . Its highest - grossing countries during its first weekend were Russia and the CIS ( $31.42 million including previews ) , China ( $22.3 million ) and Germany ( $20.53 million ) . It dominated for three weekends at the overseas box office despite competition from The Hangover Part II , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and X-Men : First Class . It reached the $300 , $400 and $500 - million - mark at the box office outside North America in record time ( 7 , 11 and 14 days respectively ) , records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . On Stranger Tides set opening day records in both Russia ( including the CIS ) and Sweden . Subsequently , it set opening - weekend records in Latin America , the Middle East , Russia , Norway , Ukraine and Turkey , still retaining the record in Russia ( $26.8 million ) and Ukraine ( $2.15 million ) . Its highest - grossing market after North America is Japan ( $108.9 million ) , followed by China ( $71.8 million ) and Russia and the CIS ( $63.7 million ) . It is the highest - grossing film of 2011 in Russia and the CIS , Austria , Ukraine , Greece , Portugal and Angola , South Africa , Romania , Bulgaria , Egypt , Estonia , and Latvia . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 33 % based on 259 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It 's shorter and leaner than the previous sequel , but this Pirates runs aground on a disjointed plot and a non-stop barrage of noisy action sequences . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , gives the film an average score of 45 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave On Stranger Tides two out of four stars , saying that although the removal of Knightley and Bloom as well as the addition of Cruz were positive aspects , the film in general was `` too much of a muchness '' for him . Tom Long of The Detroit News gave a D+ , saying that Jack Sparrow had `` worn out his welcome '' . Despite the more linear plot , `` the movie is still ridiculous '' . He found On Stranger Tides to be `` precisely what you 'd expect of the fourth installment of a movie based on an amusement park ride : a whole lot of noise , plenty of stunts and complete silliness . '' British film critic Mark Kermode gave the film an overwhelmingly negative review on his 5 Live show , saying `` it 's not as staggeringly misjudged as the third part , because it is just nothing , it is just a big empty nothing , whereas part three I think was an active atrocity , it 's just nothing at all '' . As with the previous films , the plot was criticized as incoherent and confusing . The Arizona Republic critic Bill Goodykoontz rated the film two out of five , stating that `` the movie is a series of distractions tossed together in the hopes that they will come together in a coherent story . That never really happens . '' Online reviewer James Berardinelli considered the script `` little more than a clothesline from which to dangle all of the obligatory set pieces '' , and USA Today 's Claudia Puig found On Stranger Tides `` familiar and predictable ... often incoherent and crammed with pointless details . '' Mike Scott from The Times - Picayune mentions that `` while this latest chapter is n't quite sharp enough to restore the sense of discovery that made that first outing so darn exciting , it 's enough to make up for most of the missteps that made the third one so darn arrgh - inducing . '' Writing for The A.V. Club , Tasha Robinson described On Stranger Tides as `` a smaller film than past installments , by design and necessity '' , and felt that `` the series has needed this streamlining '' as the film `` feels lightweight , but that 's still better than bloated . '' On Stranger Tides also had positive reviews ; some critics found the film to be entertaining and well - made . Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ , describing it as `` the most fun installment since the first '' , calling the story `` pure cartoon , but a lot easier to follow than the other sequels '' , and summing as `` the franchise is getting tired , but Penelope energizes it . '' Along the same lines , Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , writing that it `` feels as fresh and bracingly exhilarating as the day Jack Sparrow first swashed his buckle , infusing new reckless energy into a franchise that shows no signs of furling its sails '' . She said that Marshall `` swiftly and without fuss delivers the action set pieces and eye - popping escapism '' and praised Depp , Cruz , and McShane 's performances . Ray Bennett from The Hollywood Reporter considered that Marshall `` shows terrific flair with all the usual chases and sword fights , and he handles the 3D well '' , and welcomed Penélope Cruz 's character , saying she `` brings her Oscar - winning vivacity '' and had `` lively sexual tension '' with Depp . Writing for The Globe and Mail , Rick Groen found the action scenes to range from `` merely competent to tritely cluttered '' , but he was pleased with the overall result , calling McShane a `` fresh villain '' whose `` stentorian tones are welcome anywhere '' . Variety 's Andrew Barker considered the film derivative , but accessible . `` It has nary an original idea and still does n't make much sense , but it 's lost all pretensions that it should '' . He praised Geoffrey Rush , stating that he `` not only gets the funniest lines and reaction shots , but also starts to siphon away much of the roguish charm that used to be Depp 's stock and trade . '' Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for four Teen Choice Awards : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress , and Villain . Its trailer and TV spot were nominated for Golden Trailer Awards . The film won Best Movie for Mature Audiences Award at the 2012 Movieguide Awards . Sequel ( edit ) Further information : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Kon - Tiki directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg would be directing Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016 , Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017 . Production began in late February 2015 in Australia . See also ( edit ) Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . 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Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' spokesman lets the wind out of the sails of New Orleans fans '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon . `` Impersonator gets on to Pirates of the Caribbean 4 set dressed as Captain Jack '' Archived December 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Sun . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fourth try aims to stir high ' Tides ' at B.O. '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Not even Bruckheimer movies can escape budget cuts '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` The New 3D Technology Behind ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Disney 's ' Pirates ' $346 million Opening Fourth Biggest Worldwide Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Transformers : Dark of the Moon ' Scores Third - Best Global Bow Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Hangover 2 ' No. 1 With $30 Mil '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Gray ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Booty Grows , ' Hangover , ' ' Panda ' Sequels Open Strongly '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Sails Past $700 Mil Mark '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Blowing Up Worldwide Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Potter ' Still Magic Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Pirates '' treasure mounts to $1 billion worldwide `` . Reuters . July 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers Storms the Billion Dollar Club -- in Just 19 Days '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers ' Becomes Tenth Billion - Dollar Movie Ever ; ' Potter ' Hits Another Worldwide Milestone '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forecast : ' Pirates ' Has Some Life Left in It '' . Box Office Mojo . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Pirates ' Rides Smaller ' Tides ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' : Why did n't more American moviegoers opt to see Jack Sparrow in 3 - D ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May Posts Record Gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Shocker : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Is Disney 's Top Film of All Time Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Overseas Total Yearly Box Office Results '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Earns $18.5 Million Internationally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Opens to $4.7 Million at Midnight Showings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates ' Already Making Waves Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : ON STRANGER TIDES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia -- CIS Box Office May 19 -- 22 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . EntGroup . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Box Office May 19 -- 22 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Pirates ' Sails to New Overseas Record '' . Box Office Mojo . May 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Gray ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Booty Grows , ' Hangover , ' ' Panda ' Sequels Open Strongly '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Out - Class ' X-Men ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Potter ' Still Magic Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Hits $400 Million Worldwide in Less Than a Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA -- CIS ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UKRAINE ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Christian Bale 's ' Flowers of War ' Already Top - Grossing Chinese Film of 2011 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia -- CIS Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austria Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal and Angola Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa ( Entire Region ) Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romania Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estonia Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latvia Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom . `` Review : Fourth ' Pirates ' movie makes little sense but a lot of noise '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates : On Stranger Tides ' in precarious position '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . ReelzChannel . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : Ahoy me hearties , there 's treasure amid the bloat '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Marianne ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Nominees Announced '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Golden Trailer Awards ® Posts Nominations for Best Movie Promos of 2011 : Live Gala Award Show Will be Held June 29 at the Music Box Theatre in L.A. '' . Golden Trailer Awards.com . June 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Movieguide Awards Winners '' . Movieguide Awards . 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Title Revealed ! '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . the Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raise a Black Flag ! A New Pirates of the Caribbean Film Is Coming '' . Disney Blogs . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates 5 ' Starts Shooting in 2 Weeks ; First Set Photo Revealed '' . MovieWeb.com . January 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Official US website Official UK website Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Rotten Tomatoes Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Metacritic Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Films directed by Rob Marshall Annie ( 1999 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides&oldid=802130957 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2011 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American sequel films Films directed by Rob Marshall Fantasy adventure films Cultural depictions of people Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films set in London Films set in Spain Films set in the 1750s Films set in the 18th century Films shot in California Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Puerto Rico Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Mermaids in film Treasure hunt films Zombie films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films based on multiple works Vodou in fiction American films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 05 : 03 . 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I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)

I Wan'na Be like You ( the monkey song ) - wikipedia I Wan'na Be like You ( the monkey song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Wan'na Be like You '' is a song from Walt Disney 's 1967 film The Jungle Book . The song was written by songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman and was performed by Louis Prima . Richard Sherman said he and his brother aimed for a jazz sound , with a Dixieland - like melody . He added that `` When we first got an idea for ' I Wan'na Be Like You , ' we said an ape swings from a tree , and he 's the king of apes . We 'll make him ' the king of the swingers . ' That 's the idea , we 'll make him a jazz man . '' Once Prima was invited to do the song , he mockingly responded to the Shermans with `` You want to make a monkey out of me ? You got me ! '' The instrumentals were originally recorded by Prima -- who also played the trumpet -- and his band , Sam Butera & The Witnesses , but the music was replaced by one written by the film 's composer , George Bruns , and orchestrated by Walter Sheets . The `` scat dialogue '' between Baloo and King Louie was the result of two recording sessions . Louis Prima recorded first , with the intent that Baloo -- played in his recording by Butera -- would simply repeat what Louie scatted , but Phil Harris decided not to imitate Prima 's recording and made up his own . The song was released the same date as the motion picture itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Robbie Williams version 2.1 Weekly charts 3 Uses in popular culture 4 See also 5 References Cover versions ( edit ) Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen released a single of `` I Wanna Be like You '' ( without an apostrophe in the title ) in 1968 and it also featured on their 1969 album King of the Swingers . Pinky and Perky recorded a version for their Film Parade album in 1970 and also released the song as a single . On the 1990 collection Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films , the song appears on `` Medley Two '' as recorded by Los Lobos , who play the song occasionally in their live shows . On 5 April 1994 Phish performed a truly Phish - styled version at The Metropolis Concert Hall in Montreal , Quebec . Big Bad Voodoo Daddy did a cover of the song on the Swingers soundtrack , even though the song does not appear in the film . The band later released the song on their 1999 album This Beautiful Life . Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a ska version of the song for the 2002 Japanese - exclusive album Dive into Disney . The Jungle Book 2 , released in 2003 , featured the band Smash Mouth playing the song during the end credits of the film ; the song also appeared on the film 's soundtrack . In the Australian version , Nikki Webster covers the song , which is also featured on her Best of album . The 2005 album En Vivo by Gabriel Ríos contains a cover of the song . In 2007 , a pop rock cover was recorded by the Jonas Brothers for Disneymania 5 . British pop singer Paolo Nutini performed `` I Wan'na Be like You '' at the 2007 Glastonbury Festival . On 23 October 2010 , X Factor contestant Katie Waissel pleased the judges with her surprise selection of the song . Craig David sang a cover of the song for an award ceremony in the UK ; the video is on YouTube . In November 2013 , The Overtones recorded a cover of the song as a mix with `` The Bare Necessities '' for their album Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2015 , Fall Out Boy recorded a cover version of the song for the compilation album We Love Disney . Christopher Walken performs the song as King Louie in the 2016 live - action adaptation , with new lyrics written by Richard M. Sherman to reflect the character of Louie being depicted as a Gigantopithecus . J - pop band Little Glee Monster recorded a Japanese cover of the song titled ' Kimi no yō ni naritai ` ( 君 の よう に なりたい ) . The Fun Songs version is performed in a 1994 Disney Sing - Along Songs home video : Let 's Go to the Circus . In it , Toby Scott Ganger imagines what it would be like if he and his friends were all monkeys in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus show . Robbie Williams version ( edit ) `` I Wanna Be like You '' Song by Robbie Williams featuring Olly Murs from the album Swings Both Ways Length 3 : 31 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Richard Sherman Robert Sherman Producer ( s ) Guy Chambers Swings Both Ways track listing `` Go Gentle '' ( 2 ) `` I Wanna Be like You '' ( 3 ) `` Swing Supreme '' ( 4 ) `` I Wan'na Be like You '' was covered by British recording artist Robbie Williams featuring British recording artist Olly Murs for his tenth studio album Swings Both Ways ( 2013 ) . Production of their rendition was handled by Guy Chambers . However , in the liner notes Robbie Williams incorrectly attributes the original to Phil Harris , and says how much he admires Harris ( p. 4 of notes in Deluxe Edition ) . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 Ireland ( IRMA ) 64 Uses in popular culture ( edit ) In 2009 , `` I Wanna Be like You '' was used in a British anti-smoking public information film . It showed children copying everything their parents did ( for example , boys putting shaving cream on their faces , girls dressing up in their mothers ' best clothes and both genders washing the car ) , and `` I Wanna Be like You '' is playing throughout the advertisement , but it stops when a girl puts a crayon to her mouth in imitation of her mother smoking . It stops with the voice - over saying , `` If you smoke , your children are more likely to . '' The Robbie Williams / Olly Murs collaborative cover appears in season 3 , episode 9 of the TV drama Stella . In 2015 , `` I Wanna Be like You '' was featured in season 1 , episode 7 of the TV drama Aquarius . See also ( edit ) I Wanna Be Loved by You References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) -- Soundtracks from Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Sherman , Richard . The Jungle Book audio commentary . The Jungle Book -- Platinum Edition Jump up ^ I Wan'na Be like You : Richard Sherman shares story behind writing famous Jungle Book song Jump up ^ Kenny Ball 45rpm Discography at www.45rpm.org.uk Jump up ^ Kenny Ball -- King Of The Swingers ( 1969 ) at Discogs Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Robbie Williams feat . Olly Murs -- I wan na Be like You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Robbie Williams feat . Olly Murs -- I wan na Be like You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . hide Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wan%27na_Be_like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)&oldid=823436479 '' Categories : Songs about animals Songs from The Jungle Book 1967 songs Songs written by the Sherman Brothers Jazz songs Swing music Robbie Williams songs Olly Murs songs Fall Out Boy songs Jonas Brothers songs Los Lobos songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 06 : 30 . 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Epistle to the Philippians

Epistle to the Philippians - wikipedia Epistle to the Philippians Jump to : navigation , search For the Russian sect , see Filippians . `` Philippians '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Philippines . Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature ( show ) Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship ( show ) Paul the Apostle Related literature ( show ) Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also ( show ) Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians , often referred to simply as Philippians , is the eleventh book in the New Testament . Paul and Timothy first visited Philippi in Greece during Paul 's second missionary journey , which occurred between approximately 49 and 51 AD . Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe . Biblical scholars are in general agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus . The estimated date of the letter is 62 AD , about 10 years after Paul 's first visit to Philippi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Authorship 3 Outline 4 Composition 5 Christology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Historical background ( edit ) The historical background of Philippians is traditionally gathered from two main primary New Testament sources : informative internal data from the letter itself , and related information garnered from the rest of the New Testament Canon , especially from the Acts of the Apostles and the other Pauline Epistles . Other primary information is also derived from external historical sources related to the chronological connections between Paul 's association with Philippi , its political and economical setting , and its social and religio - philosophical context . According to the document itself , the Philippians had sent Epaphroditus , their envoy ( `` messenger ( apostolon ) and minister ( leitourgon ) '' Phil 2 : 25 ) , with contributions as an expression of their `` partnership '' and `` concern '' to meet the needs of Paul ( Phil 1 : 3 -- 5 , Phil 2 : 30 , and Phil 4 : 10 -- 19 ) . During the execution of his responsibilities of travel to deliver their `` gift '' ( Phil 4 : 17 ) , Epaphroditus contracted some life - threatening debilitating illness ( esthenese , cf . Phil 2 : 26 -- 27 ) . At some point he recovers . It is at this time , whether premeditated or due to an extended stay with the apostle , various internal matters are revealed to Paul on the part of Epaphroditus ( Phil 1 : 27 -- 30 , Phil 2 : 19 -- 24 , Phil 3 : 2 -- 3 , Phil 3 : 17 -- 20 , Phil 4 : 2 -- 3 , and Phil 4 : 9 ) . Upon Epaphroditus ' return to health , Paul sends word to the Philippians through Epaphroditus of his upcoming sentence in Rome and of his optimism in the face of death ( 1 : 18b -- 26 ) , along with exhortations to imitate his capacity to rejoice in the Lord despite one 's circumstances ( 2 : 14 -- 18 ) . Moreover , Paul sends counsel regarding spiritual adversaries among the Philippians ( 3 : 1 -- 21 ) , and conflicts within their fellowship ( 4 : 2 -- 3 ) . Lastly , he provides receipt of both Epaphroditus ' heroism ( 2 : 25 -- 30 ) and the arrival of `` the gift '' ( 4 : 10 ) , along with his promise of a divine accounting ( 4 : 17 -- 20 ) . Within the letter is also found an optimism where Paul 's belief of his release is the basis upon which he promises to send Timothy to them for ministry ( 3 : 19 -- 23 ) , and an anticipation to also pay them a personal visit ( 2 : 24 ) . With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey ( 2 : 28 -- 29 ) . There has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter ( and therefore the date of the letter 's composition ) . Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody ( Philippians 1 : 7 , 13 ) , but which period of imprisonment is highly debated . Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts ( chapter 28 : 30 , 31 ) . Others suggest the earlier Caesarean imprisonment ( Acts 23 -- 26 ) . Still others suggest an earlier imprisonment again , and postulate an Ephesian imprisonment during Paul 's lengthy stay in that city ( Acts 19 ) . Until recently no one seems to have advocated the second period of Roman imprisonment ( after the end of the book of Acts , but attested to in the writings of early church fathers ) . Jim Reiher considered and speculated on this theory in a 2012 article . The main reasons suggested for a later date , include : The letter 's highly developed Ecclesiology An impending sense of death permeating the letter The absence of any mention of Luke in a letter to Luke 's home church ( when the narrative in Acts clearly suggests that Luke was with Paul in his first Roman imprisonment ) A harsher imprisonment than the open house arrest of his first Roman imprisonment A similar unique expression that is shared only with 2 Timothy A similar disappointment with co-workers shared only with 2 Timothy . This second Roman imprisonment theory is still to be rigorously debated in the wider theological community . Authorship ( edit ) The letter begins in standard form for an ancient Hellenistic letter structure , with author -- or senders -- first , then recipients with a greeting ( Phil . 1.1 -- 2 ) . The address and the greeting is clear : `` Paul and Timothy , servants of Christ Jesus . To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi , with the overseers and deacons. Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ . '' ( English Standard Version ) Outline ( edit ) I. Preface ( 1 : 1 -- 11 ) A. Salutation ( 1 : 1 -- 2 ) B. Thanksgiving for the Philippians ' Participation in the Gospel ( 1 : 3 -- 8 ) C. Prayer for the Philippians ' Discerning Love to Increase until the Day of Christ ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) II . Paul 's Present Circumstances ( 1 : 12 -- 26 ) A. Paul 's Imprisonment ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) B . The Brothers ' Response ( 1 : 14 -- 17 ) C. Paul 's Attitude ( 1 : 18 -- 26 ) III . Practical Instructions in Sanctification ( 1 : 27 -- 2 : 30 ) A. Living Boldly as Citizens of Heaven ( 1 : 27 -- 1 : 30 ) B. Living Humbly as Servants of Christ ( 2 : 1 -- 11 ) 1 . The Motivation to Live Humbly ( 2 : 1 -- 4 ) 2 . The Model of Living Humbly ( 2 : 5 -- 11 ) a . Christ 's Emptying ( 2 : 5 -- 8 ) b . Christ 's Exaltation ( 2 : 9 -- 11 ) C. Living Obediently as Children of God ( 2 : 12 -- 18 ) 1 . The Energizing of God ( 2 : 12 -- 13 ) 2 . The Effect on the Saints ( 2 : 14 -- 18 ) D. Examples of Humble Servants ( 2 : 19 -- 30 ) 1 . The Example of Timothy ( 2 : 19 -- 24 ) 2 . The Example of Epaphroditus ( 2 : 25 -- 30 ) IV . Polemical Doctrinal Issues ( 3 : 1 -- 4 : 1 ) A . The Judaizers Basis : The Flesh ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) B. Paul 's Goal : The Resurrection ( 3 : 7 -- 11 ) C. Perfection and Humility ( 3 : 12 -- 16 ) D. Paul as an Example of Conduct and Watchfulness ( 3 : 17 -- 4 : 1 ) V. Postlude ( 4 : 2 -- 23 ) A. Exhortations ( 4 : 2 -- 9 ) 1 . Being United ( 4 : 2 -- 3 ) 2 . Rejoicing without Anxiety ( 4 : 4 -- 7 ) 3 . Thinking and Acting Purely ( 4 : 8 -- 9 ) B. A Note of Thanks ( 4 : 10 -- 20 ) 1 . Paul 's Contentment ( 4 : 10 -- 13 ) 2 . The Philippians ' Gift ( 4 : 14 -- 18 ) 3 . God 's Provision ( 4 : 19 -- 20 ) C. Final Greetings ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Composition ( edit ) Philippians 2 : 5 -- 11 : Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus , who , although He existed in the form of God , did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped , but emptied Himself , taking the form of a bond - servant , and being made in the likeness of men . Being found in appearance as a man , He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death , even death on a cross . For this reason also , God highly exalted Him , and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name , so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow , of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth , and that every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord , to the glory of God the Father . The letter was written to the church at Philippi , one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe . They were very attached to Paul , just as he was very fond of them . Of all the churches , their contributions ( which Paul gratefully acknowledges ) are among the only ones he accepts . ( Acts 20 : 33 -- 35 ; 2 Cor. 11 : 7 -- 12 ; 2 Thess. 3 : 8 ) . The generosity of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously ( Phil . 4 : 15 ) . `` This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions , as 2 Cor. 8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove . It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were , as a class , very poor ( 2 Cor. 8 : 2 ) , though the very first converts were of all classes ( Acts 16 ) ; and the parallel facts , their poverty and their open - handed support of the great missionary and his work , are deeply harmonious . '' ( Moule ) . As with all epistles , the original was composed in Greek . Christology ( edit ) Philippians has been the subject of much research and Ralph P. Martin argues that Philippians 2 may be considered the beginning of the field of Christology , specifically referring to the rich analysis that Apostle Paul began in Philippians 2 : 5 -- 6 . Veronica Koperski views Philippians 3 : 10 as the beginning of the analysis of the knowledge of Christ . While Paul 's opening prayer is for love ( 1 : 9 ) , based on knowledge of Christ , his final prayer is for the peace of God ( 4 : 7 ) , which surpasses all understanding . Thus the concepts of love , knowledge and peace are jointly developed in the Epistle . See also ( edit ) Textual variants in the Epistle to the Philippians Cupio dissolvi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . Jump up ^ Frederick F. Bruce , 1989 , Philippians , NIBC , NT Series , edited by W. Ward Gasque ( Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson ) , 4 . Jump up ^ Wayne Jackson , 1987 , The Book of Philippians : A Grammatical and Practical Study ( Abilene , Tex. : Quality Publications ) , 13 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Clement of Rome ( late 1st century ) makes a reference to the ministry of Paul after the end of Acts . Clement , To the Corinthians , 5 . In J.B. Lightfoot ( ed ) , The Apostolic Fathers ( Michigan : Baker Book House , 1978 ) 15 . The author of the Muratorian Canon ( late 2nd century ) says that Luke recorded mostly that which he himself witnessed and therefore that is why he did not include ' the journey of Paul , when he went from the city -- Rome -- to Spain . ' The Muratoriun Canon . 2 . The apocryphal Acts of Peter makes reference to the tradition that Paul reached Spain . Paul is described in prison in Rome , receiving a vision from God that he would go to Spain . Acts of Peter , Verscelli Acts 1 and 3 . Eusebius ( early 300 's ) recorded that Paul did more ministry after his first jail time in Rome . Eusebius , Ecclesiastical History , II , 22 , 1 -- 8 , in Philip Schaff and Henry Wace ( editors ) , A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church 2nd series . Vol. 1 . Eusebius : Church History , Life of Constantine the Great , and Oration in Praise of Constantine ( Edinburgh : Eerdmans , 1997 ) 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Jim Reiher , `` Could Philippians have been written from the Second Roman Imprisonment ? '' Evangelical Quarterly . Vol . LXXXIV . No. 3 July 2012 . pp. 213 -- 233 . This article summarises the other theories , and offers examples of different scholars who adhere to different theories , but presents a different option for consideration Jump up ^ Ronald Russell , 1982 , `` Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians , '' Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 ( Sept . ) : 297 -- 298 . Jump up ^ `` 11 . Philippians : Introduction , Argument , and Outline '' . Bible.org . Jump up ^ Philippians 2 : 5 -- 11 : Scripture taken from the New American Standard Bible , Copyright © 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1995 by The Lockman Foundation . Used by permission . Jump up ^ Section X . Testimonies to the Canonical Authority of the Fourteen Epistles of Paul . Canon of the Old and New Testaments Ascertained , or The Bible Complete without the Apocrypha and Unwritten Traditions . Alexander , Archibald ( 1772 -- 1851 ) . Jump up ^ Where Christology began : essays on Philippians 2 by Ralph P. Martin , Brian J. Dodd 1998 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25619 - 8 pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90 - 390 - 0132 - 4 pp. 5 -- 17 Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90 - 390 - 0132 - 4 pp. 291 -- 293 References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` `` . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Further Reading ( edit ) Abrahamsen , Valerie ( March 1988 ) . `` Christianity and the Rock Reliefs at Philippi '' . Biblical Archaeologist. 51 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 3210038 . JSTOR 3210038 . Barclay , William . 1975 . The Letters to the Philippians , Colossians , and Thessalonians. Rev. ed . Daily Bible Study Series . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster . Barnes , Albert . 1949 . Ephesians , Philippians , and Colossians . Enlarged type edition . Edited by Robert Frew . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker . Black , David A. 1995 . `` The Discourse Structure of Philippians : A Study in Textlinquistics . '' Novum Testamentum 37.1 ( Jan . ) : 16 -- 49 Blevins , James L. 1980 . `` Introduction to Philippians . '' Review and Expositor 77 ( Sum . ) : 311 -- 325 . Brooks , James A. 1980 . `` Introduction to Philippians . '' Southwestern Journal of Theology 23.1 ( Fall ) : 7 -- 54 . Bruce , Frederick F. 1989 . Philippians . New International Biblical Commentary . New Testament Series . Edited by W. Ward Gasque . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , 2002 . Burton , Ernest De Witt. 1896 . `` The Epistles of the Imprisonment . '' Biblical World 7.1 : 46 -- 56 . Elkins , Garland. 1976 . `` The Living Message of Philippians . '' pp. 171 -- 180 in The Living Messages of the Books of the New Testament . Edited by Garland Elkins and Thomas B. Warren . Jonesboro , Ark. : National Christian . Garland , David E. 1985 . `` The Composition and Unity of Philippians : Some Neglected Literary Factors . '' Novum Testamentum 27.2 ( April ) : 141 -- 173 . Hagelberg , Dave . 2007 . Philippians : An Ancient Thank You Letter -- A Study of Paul and His Ministry Partners ' Relationship . English ed . Metro Manila : Philippine Challenge . Hawthorne , Gerald F. 1983 . Philippians . Word Biblical Commentary 43 . Edited by Bruce Metzger . Nashville , Tenn. : Nelson . Herrick , Greg . `` Introduction , Background , and Outline to Philippians . '' Bible.org . Jackson , Wayne . 1987 . The Book of Philippians : A Grammatical and Practical Study . Abilene , Tex. : Quality . Kennedy , H.A.A. 1900 . `` The Epistle to the Philippians . '' Expositor 's Greek Testament . Vol. 3 . Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll . New York , NY : Doran . Lenski , Richard C.H. 1937 . The Interpretation of St. Paul 's Epistles to the Galatians , to the Ephesians , and to the Philippians . Repr . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , 2001 . Lipscomb , David and J.W. Shepherd. 1968 . Ephesians , Philippians , and Colossians. Rev. ed . Edited by J.W. Shepherd . Gospel Advocated Commentary . Nashville , Tenn. : Gospel Advocate . Llewelyn , Stephen R. 1995 . `` Sending Letters in the Ancient World : Paul and the Philippians . '' Tyndale Bulletin 46.2 : 337 -- 356 . Mackay , B.S. 1961 . `` Further Thoughts on Philippians . '' New Testament Studies 7.2 ( Jan . ) : 161 -- 170 . Martin , Ralph P. 1959 . The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians . Tyndale New Testament Commentaries . Ed . By R.V.G. Tasker . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans , 1977 . Martin , Ralph P. 1976 . Philippians . New Century Bible Commentary . New Testament . Edited by Matthew Black . Repr . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . McAlister , Bryan . 2011 . `` Introduction to Philippians : Mindful of How We Fill Our Minds . '' Gospel Advocate 153.9 ( Sept . ) : 12 -- 13 Mule , D.S.M. ( 1981 ) . The Letter to the Philippians . Cook Book House . Müller , Jacobus J. 1955 . The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians . New International Commentary on the New Testament . Ed . By Frederick F. Bruce . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans , 1991 . Pelaez , I.N. ( 1970 ) . A Epistle on the Philippians . Angel & Water ; reprint , Angels new books , ed . Michael Angelo . ( 1987 ) . Peabody , MA : Hendrickson . Dictionary of Paul and His Letters , s.v. `` Philippians , Letter to the '' Reicke , Bo. 1970 . `` Caesarea , Rome , and the Captivity Epistles . '' pp. 277 -- 286 in Apostolic History and the Gospel : Biblical and Historical Essays Presented to F.F. Bruce . Edited by W. Ward Gasque and Ralph P. Martin . Exeter : Paternoster Press . Roper , David . 2003 . `` Philippians : Rejoicing in Christ . '' BibleCourses.com . Accessed : 3 Sept. 2011 . Russell , Ronald . 1982 . `` Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians . '' Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 ( Sept . ) : 295 -- 306 . Sanders , Ed . 1987 . `` Philippians . '' pp. 331 -- 339 in New Testament Survey . Edited by Don Shackelford . Searcy , Ark. : Harding University . Sergio Rosell Nebreda , Christ Identity : A Social - Scientific Reading of Philippians 2.5 -- 11 ( Göttingen , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 2011 ) ( Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments , 240 ) . Swift , Robert C. 1984 . `` The Theme and Structure of Philippians . '' Bibliotheca Sacra 141 ( July ) : 234 -- 254 . Synge , F.C. 1951 . Philippians and Colossians . Torch Bible Commentaries . Edited by John Marsh , David M. Paton , and Alan Richardson . London : SCM , 1958 . Thielman , Frank . 1995 . Philippians . NIV Application Commentary . General Editor . Terry Muck . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan . Vincent , Marvin R. 1897 . The Epistle to the Philippians and to Philemon . International Critical Commentary . Ed . By Samuel R. Driver , Alfred Plummer , Charles A. Briggs . Edinburgh : Clark , 1902 . Vincent , Marvin R. Vincent 's Word Studies in the New Testament . 4 vols . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , n.d. Wallace , Daniel B. `` Philippians : Introductions , Argument , and Outline . '' Bible.org . Walvoord , John F. 1971 . Philippians : Triumph in Christ . Everyman 's Bible Commentary . Chicago , Ill. : Moody . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Philippians Online translations of the Epistle to the Philippians : Online Bible at GospelHall.org Bible : Philippians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Online Study of Philippians : Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( Tyndale Seminary ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( BiblicalStudies.org.uk ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( NTGateway.com ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( TextWeek.com ) Related articles : Bible.org introduction to Philippians Sermons on Philippians Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Epistle to the Philippians '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . 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List of American Idol alumni album sales in the United States

List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states - wikipedia List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states Jump to : navigation , search This article provides a list of albums recorded by alumni of the popular American televised singing competition American Idol in the post-Idol career . It only lists main albums released in the alumni 's post-Idol career . American Idol compilations , individual artist 's pre-Idol recordings , EPs , and compilation albums are not listed here , however , the numbers in parentheses may include sales from these releases . For complete list of releases including those not listed here for each artist , please see their individual discography pages ( linked here in the total number in parentheses ) . Sales figure listed are for U.S. only . Contents ( hide ) 1 Artists with RIAA certified albums 2 Artists without RIAA certified albums 3 References 4 External links Artists with RIAA certified albums ( edit ) This first list only includes contestants with at least one certified album for units shipped in U.S. ( Gold , Platinum , and / or Multi-platinum ) . Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first . The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here . Contestant Total sales First album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album Sixth album Seventh album Eighth album 1 . Carrie Underwood ( season 4 , winner ) 16,389,000 Some Hearts ( November 15 , 2005 ) Arista Nashville 7,450,000 8x Platinum Peak : # 2 Carnival Ride ( October 23 , 2007 ) Arista Nashville 3,400,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Play On ( November 3 , 2009 ) Arista Nashville 2,300,000 3x Platinum Peak : # 1 Blown Away ( May 1 , 2012 ) Arista Nashville 1,794,800 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Storyteller ( October 23 , 2015 ) Arista Nashville 752,100 Platinum Peak : # 2 2 . Kelly Clarkson ( season 1 , winner ) 14,214,000 Thankful ( April 15 , 2003 ) RCA 2,800,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Breakaway ( November 30 , 2004 ) RCA 6,355,000 6x Platinum Peak : # 3 My December ( June 26 , 2007 ) RCA 858,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 All I Ever Wanted ( March 10 , 2009 ) RCA 1,004,000 N / A Peak : # 1 Stronger ( October 24 , 2011 ) RCA 1,129,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 Wrapped in Red ( October 29 , 2013 ) RCA 942,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 Piece by Piece ( March 3 , 2015 ) RCA 284,000 Gold Peak : # 1 Meaning of Life ( October 27 , 2017 ) Atlantic 64,000 N / A Peak : # 2 3 . Chris Daughtry ( as Daughtry ) ( season 5 , 4th place ) 7,352,000 Daughtry ( November 21 , 2006 ) RCA 5,040,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Leave This Town ( July 14 , 2009 ) RCA 1,357,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Break the Spell ( November 21 , 2011 ) RCA 513,000 Gold Peak : # 8 Baptized ( November 19 , 2013 ) RCA 270,000 N / A Peak : # 6 TBD ( 2017 ) RCA 4 . Clay Aiken ( season 2 , runner - up ) 5,069,000 Measure of a Man ( October 14 , 2003 ) RCA 2,786,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Merry Christmas with Love ( November 16 , 2004 ) RCA 1,416,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 A Thousand Different Ways ( September 19 , 2006 ) RCA 531,000 Gold Peak : # 2 On My Way Here ( May 6 , 2008 ) RCA 165,000 N / A Peak : # 4 Tried and True / Steadfast ( June 1 , 2010 ) / ( March 26 , 2012 ) Decca / Universal 80,000 N / A Peak : # 9 / # 120 5 . Fantasia Barrino ( season 3 , winner ) 3,332,000 Free Yourself ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 1,839,000 Platinum Peak : # 8 Fantasia ( December 12 , 2006 ) J Records 530,000 Gold Peak : # 19 Back to Me ( August 24 , 2010 ) J Records 490,000 N / A Peak : # 2 Side Effects of You ( April 23 , 2013 ) RCA 300,000 Peak : # 2 The Definition Of ... ( July 28 , 2016 ) RCA 32,000 Peak : # 6 6 . Ruben Studdard ( season 2 , winner ) 2,644,000 Soulful ( December 9 , 2003 ) J Records 1,792,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 I Need an Angel ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 483,000 Gold Peak : # 20 The Return ( October 17 , 2006 ) J Records 238,000 N / A Peak : # 8 Love Is ( May 19 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 50,000 N / A Peak : # 36 Letters from Birmingham ( March 13 , 2012 ) Shanachie 17,000 N / A Peak : # 150 Unconditional Love ( February 4 , 2014 ) The Verve Music Group 6,000 N / A Peak : # 46 7 . Scotty McCreery ( season 10 , winner ) 2,165,000 Clear as Day ( October 4 , 2011 ) Mercury Nashville 1,166,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery ( October 16 , 2012 ) Mercury Nashville 382,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See You Tonight ( October 15 , 2013 ) Mercury Nashville 269,900 N / A Peak : # 6 8 . Kellie Pickler ( season 5 , 6th place ) 1,557,000 Small Town Girl ( October 31 , 2006 ) BNA 900,000 Gold Peak : # 9 Kellie Pickler ( September 30 , 2008 ) BNA 470,000 N / A Peak : # 9 100 Proof ( January 24 , 2012 ) BNA 90,000 N / A Peak : # 7 The Woman I Am November 11 , 2013 Black River Entertainment 47,000 N / A Peak : # 19 9 . David Cook ( season 7 , winner ) 1,510,000 David Cook ( November 18 , 2008 ) RCA 1,380,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 This Loud Morning ( June 28 , 2011 ) RCA 133,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Digital Vein ( September 18 , 2015 ) InGrooves Music 11,000 N / A Peak : # 35 10 . Phillip Phillips ( season 11 , winner ) 1,490,000 The World from the Side of the Moon ( November 19 , 2012 ) Interscope 1,033,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 Behind the Light ( May 19 , 2014 ) Interscope 123,000 N / A Peak : # 7 11 . Jennifer Hudson ( season 3 , 7th place ) 1,446,000 Jennifer Hudson ( September 30 , 2008 ) Arista 839,000 Gold Peak : # 2 I Remember Me ( March 22 , 2011 ) Arista 459,000 Gold Peak : # 2 JHUD ( September 23 , 2014 ) RCA 61,000 N / A Peak : # 10 12 . Jordin Sparks ( season 6 , winner ) 1,313,000 Jordin Sparks ( November 20 , 2007 ) Jive 1,056,000 Platinum Peak : # 10 Battlefield ( July 21 , 2009 ) Jive 190,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Right Here , Right Now ( August 21 , 2015 ) Louder Than Life N / A Peak : # 161 13 . Adam Lambert ( season 8 , runner - up ) 1,291,000 For Your Entertainment ( November 23 , 2009 ) RCA 863,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Trespassing ( May 15 , 2012 ) RCA 197,000 N / A Peak : # 1 The Original High ( June 16 , 2015 ) Warner Bros Records 52,000 N / A Peak : # 3 14 . David Archuleta ( season 7 , runner - up ) 1,156,000 David Archuleta ( November 11 , 2008 ) Jive 765,000 Gold Peak : # 2 Christmas from the Heart ( October 13 , 2009 ) Jive 246,000 N / A Peak : # 30 The Other Side of Down ( October 5 , 2010 ) Jive 67,000 N / A Peak : # 13 Begin . ( August 7 , 2012 ) Highway Records 14,000 N / A Peak : # 28 No Matter How Far ( 2013 ) E1 Music 5,000 N / A Peak : # 110 15 . Josh Gracin ( season 2 , 4th place ) 804,000 Josh Gracin ( June 15 , 2004 ) Lyric Street 703,000 Gold Peak : # 11 We Were n't Crazy ( April 1 , 2008 ) Lyric Street 86,000 N / A Peak : # 33 Redemption ( November 8 , 2011 ) Average Joe 's 4,000 N / A Peak : N / A 16 . Taylor Hicks ( season 5 , winner ) 768,000 Taylor Hicks ( December 12 , 2006 ) Arista 705,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 The Distance ( March 10 , 2009 ) Modern Whomp 52,000 N / A Peak : # 58 17 . Bo Bice ( season 4 , runner - up ) 757,000 The Real Thing ( December 13 , 2005 ) RCA 673,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See the Light ( October 23 , 2007 ) StratArt 62,000 N / A Peak : # 150 ( May 18 , 2010 ) Saguaro Road 11,000 N / A Peak : # 154 18 . Elliott Yamin ( season 5 , 3rd place ) 696,000 Elliott Yamin ( March 20 , 2007 ) Hickory Records RED Distribution 527,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Sounds of the Season ( October 14 , 2007 ) Hickory Records 81,000 N / A Peak : # 32 My Kind of Holiday ( October 7 , 2008 ) TRP Records , Fontana Distribution 27,000 N / A Peak : # 162 Fight For Love ( May 5 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 49,000 N / A Peak : # 26 Let 's Get to What 's Real ( March 27 , 2012 ) E1 / Purpose Music Group 2,000 N / A Peak : N / A ^ Note 1 Aiken 's album , Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name , Steadfast , concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012 Artists without RIAA certified albums ( edit ) The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion , although the degree of success varies considerably . This list only includes contestants who have numbers available , and again does not include EPs , American Idol compilations , or pre-Idol recordings , numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases : Rank Former Contestant Total Sales Albums 19 . Mandisa ( season 5 , 9th place ) 928,000 True Beauty ( 2007 ) # 43 -- 226,000 It 's Christmas ( 2008 ) # 85 -- 64,000 Freedom ( 2009 ) # 83 -- 152,000 What If We Were Real ( 2011 ) # 66 -- 270,000 Overcomer ( 2013 ) # 29 - 140,000 20 . Katharine McPhee ( season 5 , runner - up ) 475,000 Katharine McPhee ( 2007 ) # 2 -- 381,000 Unbroken ( 2010 ) # 27 -- 45,000 Christmas Is the Time ... To Say I Love You ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 23,000 Hysteria ( 2015 ) did not chart 21 . Lauren Alaina ( season 10 , runner - up ) 454,000 Wildflower ( 2011 ) # 5 -- 303,000 Road Less Traveled ( 2016 ) # 31 -- 29,100 22 . Bucky Covington ( season 5 , 8th place ) did not chart 436,000 Bucky Covington ( 2007 ) # 4 -- 433,000 Good Guys ( 2012 ) # 178 -- 3,000 23 . Blake Lewis ( season 6 , runner - up ) 413,000 A.D.D. ( Audio Day Dream ) ( 2007 ) # 10 -- 350,000 Heartbreak on Vinyl ( 2009 ) # 135 -- 10,000 Portrait of a Chameleon ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 2,000 24 . Kris Allen ( season 8 , winner ) 401,600 Kris Allen ( 2009 ) # 11 -- 346,000 Thank You Camellia ( 2012 ) # 26 -- 35,000 Horizons ( 2014 ) # 80 -- 4,000 Letting You In ( 2016 ) 25 . William Hung ( Season 3 , Auditioner ) 242,000 Inspiration ( 2004 ) # 34 -- 200,000 Hung for the Holidays ( 2004 ) did not chart -- 35,000 Miracle : Happy Summer from William Hung ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 7,000 26 . Kimberley Locke ( season 2 , 3rd place ) 241,000 One Love ( 2004 ) # 16 -- 212,000 Based on a True Story ( 2007 ) # 160 -- 22,000 Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 3,000 27 . Crystal Bowersox ( season 9 , runner - up ) 230,000 Farmer 's Daughter ( 2010 ) # 28 -- 205,000 All That For This ( 2013 ) # 71 -- 8,000 28 . Danny Gokey ( season 8 , 3rd place ) 204,000 My Best Days ( 2010 ) # 4 -- 204,000 Hope in Front of Me ( 2014 ) # 40 29 . James Durbin ( season 10 , 4th place ) 194,000 Memories of a Beautiful Disaster ( 2011 ) # 36 -- 123,000 Celebrate ( 2014 ) # 83 30 . Lee DeWyze ( season 9 , winner ) 178,000 Live It Up ( 2010 ) # 19 -- 153,000 Frames ( 2013 ) # 116 -- 3,000 Oil & Water ( 2016 ) 31 . Diana DeGarmo ( Season 3 , Runner - Up ) 168,000 Blue Skies ( 2004 ) # 52 32 . Justin Guarini ( season 1 , runner - up ) 146,000 Justin Guarini ( 2003 ) # 20 -- 146,000 Stranger Things Have Happened ( 2005 ) did not chart 33 . Haley Reinhart ( season 10 , 3rd place ) 143,500 Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) # 17 -- 77,000 Better ( 2016 ) did not chart -- 7,500 34 . Colton Dixon ( season 11 , 7th place ) 128,000 A Messenger ( 2013 ) # 15 -- 100,000 Anchor ( 2014 ) # 23 -- 28,000 The Calm Before the Storm ( 2015 ) did not chart 35 . Tamyra Gray ( season 1 , 4th place ) 123,000 The Dreamer ( 2004 ) # 23 36 . Jason Castro ( Season 7 , 4th Place ) 105,000 Jason Castro ( 2010 ) # 18 -- 54,000 Who I Am ( 2010 ) # 198 -- 18,000 Only a Mountain ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 20,000 37 . Allison Iraheta ( Season 8 , 4th Place ) 103,000 Just Like You ( 2009 ) # 35 38 . Melinda Doolittle ( season 6 , 3rd place ) 091,000 Coming Back to You ( 2009 ) # 58 39 . Casey James ( season 9 , 3rd place ) 077,000 Casey James ( 2012 ) # 23 40 . Chris Sligh ( season 6 , 10th place ) 064,000 Running Back to You ( 2008 ) # 190 -- 54,000 The Anatomy of Broken ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 10,000 41 . LaToya London ( Season 3 , 4th Place ) 058,000 Love & Life ( 2005 ) # 82 42 . Phil Stacey ( season 6 , 6th place ) 058,000 Phil Stacey ( 2008 ) # 43 -- 40,000 Into the Light ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 18,000 43 . Mario Vazquez ( season 4 , Top 12 ) 056,000 Mario Vazquez ( 2006 ) # 80 44 . George Huff ( season 3 , 5th place ) 52,000 Miracles ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 29,000 George Huff ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 4,000 45 . Brooke White ( season 7 , 5th place ) 048,000 High Hopes & Heartbreak ( 2009 ) # 50 -- 29,000 Gemini ( 2011 ) did not chart -- 2,000 46 . Carly Smithson ( as a part of We Are the Fallen ) ( Season 7 , 6th Place ) 041,000 Tear the World Down ( 2010 ) # 33 47 . Jessica Sanchez ( Season 11 , Runnerup ) 38,000 Me , You & the Music ( 2013 ) # 26 -- 17,000 48 . Kristy Lee Cook ( season 7 , 7th place ) 032,000 Why Wait ( 2008 ) # 49 49 . Candice Glover ( Season 12 , Winner ) 027,000 Music Speaks ( 2014 ) # 14 50 . Casey Abrams ( season 10 , 6th place ) 27,000 Casey Abrams ( 2012 ) # 101 51 . Constantine Maroulis ( season 4 , 6th place ) 25,000 Constantine ( 2007 ) # 75 52 . Caleb Johnson ( season 13 , winner ) 024,000 Testify ( 2014 ) # 24 53 . Paris Bennett ( season 5 , 5th place ) 22,300 Princess P ( 2007 ) # 133 -- 22,000 A Royal Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 300 54 . R.J. Helton ( season 1 , 5th place ) 022,000 Real Life ( 2004 ) did not chart 55 . John Stevens ( Season 3 , 6th Place ) 021,000 Red ( 2005 ) did not chart 56 . Michael Johns ( season 7 , 8th place ) 020,000 Hold Back My Heart ( 2009 ) # 97 57 . Jasmine Trias ( season 3 , 3rd place ) 014,000 Jasmine Trias ( 2005 ) did not chart 58 . Ace Young ( season 5 , 7th place ) 010,000 Ace Young ( 2008 ) # 160 59 . LaKisha Jones ( season 6 , 4th place ) 00 7,000 So Glad I 'm Me ( 2009 ) did not chart 60 . Nick Fradiani ( season 14 , winner ) 00 5,000 Hurricane ( 2016 ) # 121 61 . Danny Noriega ( season 7 , semi ) 00 5,000 Till Death Do Us Party ( 2014 ) # 59 62 . Jim Verraros ( season 1 , 9th place ) 00 4,300 Rollercoaster ( 2005 ) did not chart Do Not Disturb ( 2011 ) did not chart 63 . Carmen Rasmusen ( season 2 , 6th place ) 00 3,100 Nothin ' Like the Summer ( 2007 ) did not chart 64 . Kimberly Caldwell ( season 2 , 7th place ) 00 3,000 Without Regret ( 2011 ) did not chart 65 . Ayla Brown ( season 5 , Top 16 ) 00 3,000 Forward ( 2006 ) did not chart 66 . Corey Clark ( season 2 , 9th place ) 00 2,600 Corey Clark ( 2005 ) did not chart 67 . Tim Halperin ( Season 10 , Semifinal ) 00 2,000 Rise and Fall ( 2011 ) did not chart 68 . Jon Peter Lewis ( Season 3 , 8th Place ) 00 1,600 Stories from Hollywood ( 2006 ) did not chart -- 1,100 Break the Silence ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 500 69 . Michael Sarver ( season 8 , 10th place ) 00 1,000 Michael Sarver ( 2010 ) did not chart 70 . Josiah Leming ( season 7 , Hollywood round ) 00 1,000 Come On Kid ( 2010 ) did not chart 71 . Kree Harrison ( season 12 , 2nd place ) 000 900 This Old Thing ( 2016 ) did not chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Kelly Clarkson 's Career Sales & ' Wild Thoughts ' About Rihanna '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Hits 5 Million Sold in U.S. Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Some Hearts '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Chart Beat 's ' Piano Man ' Returns ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Carnival Ride '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Play On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top Country Catalog Album Sales Chart : April 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Blown Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Chart : April 24 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Storyteller '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Thankful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Breakaway '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- My December '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Stronger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Wrapped in Red '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Chesney 's ' Live in No Shoes Nation ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idols Top 10 Selling Performers of All Time '' . Billboard . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Daughtry ^ Jump up to : Masley , Ed ( Jan 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hotlist : Best - selling ' American Idol ' albums '' . Jump up ^ Norman Byrd ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Daughtry fans get ' Baptized ' just before the holidays '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Daughtry -- Break the Spell '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillips Takes Idol Title '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Clay Aiken Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 12 - 29 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 01 - 12 - 2011 numbers posted in comments section of Idol chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Stronger ' hits the half - million mark '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Fantasia Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Fantasia Moves Forward Despite Personal Challenges Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7461832/dj-khaled-earns-his-first-no-1-album-on-billboard-200-album-chart-major-key ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Ruben Studdard ^ Jump up to : Ruben Studdard Reconnects With ' Love Is ' Jump up ^ Does Winning Idol Even Matter Any More Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalists : From Sanjaya to Taylor Hicks , Where Are They Now ? '' . The Daily Beast. 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rauly Ramirez ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Toni Braxton & Babyface 's Triumphant No. 1 Return to Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Scotty 's new single , more '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Clear as Day '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of December 18 , 2013 : Garth Brooks , Duck Dynasty , Cassadee Pope , Parmalee , & Scotty McCreery '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Christmas with Scotty McCreery '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Country Album Chart Report For April 15 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Sales figure given here ^ Jump up to : Wade Jessen ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Kellie Pickler Debuts in Top Five On Top Country Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Kellie Pickler Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of January 22 , 2013 : Jennifer Nettles , Jon Pardi , Rosanne Cash Debut In Top 5 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Cook Archived 2015 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch : Eminem Returns to # 1 , Gaga Sinks to # 8 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Phillip Phillips -- The World from the Side of the Moon '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Joe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Albums That Flopped in 2014 ( Or Did They ? ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Keveney ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TV singing shows fail to create stars '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post 05 - 23 - 2011 ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Jennifer Hudson Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson is happy to be ' this real girl ' '' . USA TODAY . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's All Time Top 24 ( 2012 ) '' . Billboard.com . February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search -- Jordin Sparks Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling American Idols '' . Arizona Central . July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Lambert Will Tour as Solo Artist ' If People Like This Record ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RIAA search - Adam Lambert Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CUVjID_UYAEKt7B.png ^ Jump up to : Chart Watch 02 - 20 - 2011 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Archuleta Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2011 Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( Aug 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Idol ' album sales : Underwood , Clarkson , McCreery '' . Idol Chatter . USA today . Retrieved Aug 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Colton Dixon 's sales soar after ' Idol ' performance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 12 - 08 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Josh Gracin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 03 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Daughtry 's 129,000 sales ' Spell ' a top - ten debut '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Taylor Hicks Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Bo Bice ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Idol sales : Cook returns to top 10 at year 's end '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 09 - 22 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Elliott Yamin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 1 - 16 - 2008 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 12 - 2009 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` James Durbin sales up 520 perfect after ' Idol ' appearance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MANDISA 'S YEAR KICKS OFF WITH FIRST GRAMMY ® AWARD MAKING HER ONE OF ONLY FIVE AMERICAN IDOL ALUMNI TO WIN COVETED GRAMOPHONE '' . Star Radio . January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 30 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson : One Million ' Stronger ' '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chatter 04 - 27 - 2011 '' Jump up ^ `` Mandisa : Overcomer '' . Capitol Music . Jump up ^ Timothy Yap ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Mandisa Gets the Remix Treatment with `` Get Up : The Remixes '' `` . Hallels . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Phillip Philips ' album sales rise '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : August 7 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' expansion '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 's ' Blake Lewis Signs With Republic , Lands Microsoft Campaign '' . Billboard . February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling Idol albums from 2009 '' . Idol Chatter. 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Blake Lewis Signs To Republic Records , Teases New Tune '' . Reality Rocks . Feb 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Kris Allen and RCA Records Part Ways ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` ' Ask Billboard : KRIS ALLEN SALES ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Idol ' Hits New Low '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Will ' The Voice ' ever find a Kelly Clarkson or Carrie Underwood ? Chart '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Samantha ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol 's William Hung : Where Is He Now ? '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ) . `` The Ultimate SoundScan Sales / Download Checklist '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 7 - 30 - 2008 Jump up ^ American Idol : With Scotty McCreery 's Successful Debut , Did Universal Learn From Sony 's Mistakes ? Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 16 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalist JAMES DURBIN 's Collaboration With QUIET RIOT Guitarist ALEX GROSSI : ' Roads ' Lyric Video '' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Lee DeWyze 's ' Frames ' : Exclusive Album Premiere '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Moves : The Beatles Beat Backstreet Boys ; Tedeschi Trucks Band 's Best Week '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Chart Watch Extra : The American Idol Alumni Association Archived 2009 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ole Label Services Soars with Anthem '' . ole Majorly Indie. 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Seven singers in the Billboard 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 11 - 09 - 2010 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Chris Brown , Jennifer Hudson debut in The Billboard 200 's two top spots '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance boosts Fantasia sales '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Idol ' albums in the Top 40 this week '' . USA Today . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 15 - 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 10 - 14 - 2009 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 02 - 23 - 2011 Jump up ^ Billboard 20 Jan 2007 Jump up ^ Bonus sales numbers -- and free downloads , too Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Four Season 10 Idols stay in the top 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WE ARE THE FALLEN : First Episode Of ' Interrogation Video Blog ' - Sep. 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2009 Jump up ^ Andy Graham . `` SoundScanner : Beck And Kid Cudi Crash The Charts '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance puts Casey Abrams on the charts '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 5 - 21 - 2008 Jump up ^ Max Willens ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' These Were The Biggest Flops ' American Idol ' Has Ever Produced '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 11 - 2008 archived post Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' American Idol ' Reaches New Low for Winner 's Debut Albumd '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Adore Delano Sets ' Drag Race ' Record '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 25 - 2008 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Billboard 200 : Where are the Idols ? '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Steady week for Idols on album chart '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : July 21 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . External links ( edit ) Idol chatter ( hide ) American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Idol_alumni_album_sales_in_the_United_States&oldid=818964797 '' Categories : American Idol Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 16 : 43 . About Wikipedia

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Queen Sugar

Queen Sugar - wikipedia Queen Sugar This article is about the television series . For the novel from which it is adapted , see Queen Sugar ( novel ) . Queen Sugar Genre Drama Created by Ava DuVernay Based on Queen Sugar by Natalie Baszile Starring Rutina Wesley Dawn - Lyen Gardner Kofi Siriboe Tina Lifford Omar Dorsey Dondre Whitfield Bianca Lawson Timon Kyle Durrett Nicholas L. Ashe Ethan Hutchison Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ava DuVernay Melissa Carter Oprah Winfrey Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Warner Horizon Television Harpo Films Forward Movement Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Oprah Winfrey Network Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Queen Sugar is an American drama television series created and executive produced by Ava DuVernay , with Oprah Winfrey serving as an executive producer . DuVernay also directs many episodes . The series is based on the novel of the same name by Natalie Baszile . The series airs on Oprah Winfrey Network ( OWN ) and premiered on September 6 , 2016 . The series follows the life of three siblings : two sisters , Nova Bordelon ( played by Rutina Wesley ) , a formidable journalist and activist from New Orleans , and Charley Bordelon ( Dawn - Lyen Gardner ) , a working wife and mother , who , with her teenaged son Micah , leaves her upscale home in Los Angeles and moves to the heart of Louisiana to claim an inheritance from her recently departed father -- an 800 - acre sugarcane farm ; and their brother , Ralph Angel Bordelon ( Kofi Siriboe ) , a single parent struggling with unemployment and raising his son alone after his father 's death . Queen Sugar has been speculated to be the first television show to feature female directors for every episode of the series . Critics have highlighted that the show 's predominantly Black cast does not preclude storylines that tackle universal issues like culture , class , and gender . The mainstream themes in the series often go hand in hand with episodes on racial profiling , the inheritance of chattel slavery , and other issues related to African Americans . In August 2018 , OWN renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Seasons 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 5 Novel 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Rutina Wesley as Nova Bordelon , the eldest Bordelon child , a journalist , activist and herbal healer Dawn - Lyen Gardner as Charlotte `` Charley '' Bordelon West , the middle Bordelon child - half sibling to Nova and Ralph Angel , a sports manager , mother of Micah and ex-wife of Davis Kofi Siriboe as Ralph Angel Bordelon , the youngest Bordelon child , the face - forward brother of Bordelon sisters looking to better himself after recently being released from prison Tina Lifford as Violet Bordelon , Ernest 's younger sister , aunt to the Bordelon children , and Hollywood 's girlfriend Omar Dorsey as Hollingsworth `` Hollywood '' Desonier , Violet 's much younger oil rig worker boyfriend and friend of the Bordelon family Dondre Whitfield as Remy Newell , an irrigation specialist who was a friend and confidante to Ernest who soon becomes a helping hand to Ernest 's children and soon becomes Charley 's love interest Bianca Lawson as Darla , Ralph Angel 's ex-girlfriend and Blue 's mother , seeking to reconnect with them both as she is in recovery from a drug addiction Nicholas L. Ashe as Micah West , Charley 's and Davis 's teenage son Ethan Hutchison as Blue Bordelon , Ralph Angel and Darla 's 6 - year - old son Henry G. Sanders as Prosper Denton , a lifelong friend to Ernest and fellow farmer ( Season 3 ; Recurring Seasons 1 - 2 ) Timon Kyle Durrett as Davis West , Charley 's charismatic star basketball player ex-husband , client , and Micah 's father whose involvement in a sex scandal leads to the dissolution of their marriage ( Seasons 1 - 3 ) Greg Vaughan as Calvin , a married police officer and Nova 's longtime secret lover ( Season 1 ; Guest Season 2 ) Marycarmen Lopez as Reyna Velez , Blue 's elementary school teacher ( Season 1 ) Recurring ( edit ) Glynn Turman as Ernest Bordelon , the patriarch of the Bordelon family and older brother of Violet ( season 1 ) True O'Brien as Stella , Micah 's girlfriend before he leaves Los Angeles ( season 1 ) Reagan Gomez - Preston as Chantal Williams , Nova 's friend Issac White as Devonte `` Too Sweet '' Bonclair , a teen who after being falsely imprisoned becomes the main focus of Nova 's current crusade on how the parish DA has been railroading African - Americans ( season 1 ; guest , season 3 ) Tanyell Waivers as Keke Raymond , a teenage friend of the family who Micah sets his sights on after meeting her at a family cook - out Deja Dee as Sierra , Nova 's college roommate Sharon Lawrence as Lorna Prescott , Charley 's mother Michael Michele as Darlene , Darla 's mother Roger Guenveur Smith as Quincy , Darla 's father Alimi Ballard as Dr. Robert Dubois , an activist , who becomes Nova 's love interest briefly in the second season Lea Coco as Jacob Boudreaux , a member of the Landry family who takes a special interest in Charley David Jensen as Samuel Landry , the owner of the most popular mill , the Landry mills , in the county who Charley and Ralph - Angel go up against Walter Perez as Romero , a doctor and love interest to Charley ( season 3 ) Vivien Ngô as Trinh Phan , a young woman who returns to help her parents with their seafood plant who becomes Ralph Angel 's love interest . ( season 3 ) Tony Aidan Vo as Khanh Phan , the younger brother to Trinh and son of Mrs. Phan ( season 3 ) Elyse Dinh McCrillis as Mrs. Phan , a Vietnamese American refugee and the mother to Khanh and Trinh ; also Ralph Angel 's boss at the seafood plant ( season 3 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On February 2 , 2015 , it was announced that Oprah Winfrey Network had ordered a straight - to - series TV drama based on Queen Sugar , the novel by Natalie Baszile . Ava DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey , who worked on the 2014 film Selma , co-created the series , while DuVernay was set to write and direct the initial episodes . The first season began filming in February 2016 and contained 13 episodes . DuVernay announced on January 27 , 2016 that the series would feature an all - women directorial team . On February 15 , 2016 , Neema Barnette joined the series as director and producer . Award - winning director Tina Mabry is a producer and will also direct two episodes , and Anthony Sparks , an award - winning TV writer and professor , is a co-executive producer for the series . It was later announced that singer - songwriter Meshell Ndegeocello would provide the score for the series . Casting ( edit ) On January 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Rutina Wesley would play the role of Nova Bordelon . Further casting was announced January 27 , 2016 . Dawn - Lyen Gardner , Kofi Siriboe , and Omar Dorsey , who co-starred in Selma , were all announced in leading roles . On February 1 , 2016 , it was announced that Emmy Award - winner Glynn Turman will guest - star as Ernest Bordelon , the patriarch of the family who died in the first episode . On February 16 , 2016 , it was announced that Tina Lifford , Dondre Whitfield , Timon Kyle Durrett and Nicholas L. Ashe were cast as series regulars . On February 23 , 2016 , Bianca Lawson and Greg Vaughan joined the cast as regulars , while Henry G. Sanders joined in a recurring role . Meanwhile , Oprah Winfrey Network said that Oprah Winfrey , who earlier was announced as a recurring character , would not have an onscreen role . On March 11 , 2016 , it was announced that Marycarmen Lopez also was cast as regular . Seasons ( edit ) On August 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season ahead of its television premiere which aired in a two - night premiere on June 20 and June 21 , 2017 . The second season premiered on OWN in a two episode special on June 20 and 21 , 2017 . The show was renewed for a third season on July 26 , 2017 . The third season premiered in a two - night special on May 29 and May 30 , 2018 . On August 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fourth season . Following the renewal co-executive producer Anthony Sparks was revealed to be the new showrunner , replacing the current showrunner Kat Candler . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 16 June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 13 May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) August 22 , 2018 Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` First Things First '' Ava DuVernay Ava DuVernay September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 2.69 The estranged Bordelon siblings Nova ( Rutina Wesley ) , Charley ( Dawn - Lyen Gardner ) , and Ralph Angel ( Kofi Siriboe ) must come together to save their family 's ailing sugarcane farm in Louisiana . Charley leaves her upscale L.A. lifestyle to return to her family home in Louisiana after her dad suffers a stroke and she receives unwelcome news about her husband . `` Evergreen '' Ava DuVernay Tina Mabry September 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 2.14 The siblings plan the funeral , but Charley and Nova disagree about how best to honor their father ; and Ralph Angel and Aunt Violet are at odds over whether it 's okay for his young son to attend the funeral service . In other events , Charley faces the fallout from the news about her husband and also learns there are things they do n't know about their father 's farm . `` Thy Will Be Done '' Neema Barnette Jason Wilborn September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 2.00 Charley , Nova and Ralph Angel learn the contents of their father 's will and contemplate running the farm together ; someone attempts to repossess one of the father 's possessions ; and the family considers a low offer for the land from a local buyer . `` The Darker Sooner '' So Yong Kim Kay Oyegun September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 1.52 The Bordelon siblings return to their everyday lives : Ralph Angel struggles to run the family farm ; Charley resumes managing her husband 's basketball career ; and Nova seeks justice for a friend 's son who she believes was wrongfully imprisoned . 5 5 `` By Any Chance '' Victoria Mahoney Anthony Sparks September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 1.59 Nova 's relationship suffers because of her pursuit of justice ; Charley confronts her husband 's accuser ; Ralph Angel faces a moral quandary ; and Hollywood resumes contact with someone from his past . 6 6 `` As Promised '' Tanya Hamilton Melissa Carter October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 1.44 Nova and Charley clash over Nova 's comments regarding Charley 's marriage ; Ralph Angel wants out of an illegal arrangement ; and Charley discovers what Davis did on the night in question . 7 7 `` In No Uncertain Terms '' Neema Barnette Denise Harkavy October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 1.68 Charley faces up to the state of her marriage ; Ralph Angel wants to farm full time ; and Aunt Violet uncovers information about Hollywood that jeopardizes their relationship . 8 8 `` Where With All '' Kat Candler Tina Mabry October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 1.71 The family prepares for a hurricane ; Remy questions Charley 's treatment of her staff ; Aunt Violet worries about Nova 's safety ; and Ralph Angel quarrels with Darla . 9 9 `` Next to Nothing '' Kat Candler Jason Wilborn November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 1.69 The siblings find two dead bodies on the property while repairing damage caused by the storm . In other events , Ralph Angel continues to push for custody of Blue . 10 10 `` So Far '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Anthony Sparks November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 1.50 Charlie searches for a new mill ; and realizes that there 's more to the story of the land than originally thought . In other events , Hollywood again tries to mend his relationship with Aunt Violet . 11 11 `` All Good '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Kay Oyegun November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 1.64 The siblings search for a new mill ; Charley is prepared to put her past with Davis behind her ; Ralph Angel and Darla help Blue with issues at school ; and Aunt Violet makes changes to the diner . 12 12 `` Far Too Long '' Tina Mabry Melissa Carter & Ali Gordon - Goldstein November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) 1.50 Charley makes a cunning decision as a result of the siblings ' quest for a new mill ; Ralph Angel locks heads with Charley ; Hollywood and Aunt Violet 's relationship hits a roadblock ; and Nova 's ex , Calvin , returns . 13 13 `` Give Us This Day '' Tina Mabry Ava DuVernay November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 1.91 In the Season 1 finale , Charley goes all out to secure an investor ; Nova and Calvin reunite , but not everyone is pleased ; Davis attempts to repair his relationship with Micah ; Aunt Violet tries to make amends with Hollywood ; and Ralph Angel makes a shocking discovery . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` After the Winter '' Kat Candler Monica Macer June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2.31 Charley and Davis remain entangled ; Ralph Angel tries to find his footing on the family farm ; Aunt Violet confronts her feelings for Hollywood ; and Micah has a dangerous encounter with a police officer . In other events , Nova deals with the loss of her relationship with Calvin and later holds a community fundraiser . 15 `` To Usward '' Cheryl Dunye Jason Wilborn June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 1.69 Ralph Angel has an idea for the farm ; Charley is blindsided during her final divorce mediation with Davis ; Nova holds a community fundraiser ; and Aunt Violet learns that Hollywood might have been involved in a life - threatening accident . 16 `` What Do I Care For Morning '' Aurora Guerrero Anthony Sparks June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 1.55 Micah finds solace at Nova 's place ; Charley confronts Davis about their custody arrangement ; Aunt Violet 's time with Hollywood might be short - lived ; Nova meets someone at a symposium ; and Ralph Angel confronts Jacob Boudreaux about spying on his property . 17 `` My Soul 's High Song '' Maryam Keshavarz Ava DuVernay July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) 1.46 Charley searches for a more permanent home for Micah ; a whitefly infestation threatens the farm ; Nova adjusts to a new editor who wants her to change her approach ; and Darla makes a decision that has serious consequences . 18 5 `` Caroling Dusk '' Amanda Marsalis Davita Scarlett July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 1.52 Charley 's therapist appointment brings to light childhood issues ; Nova reunites with Dr. Robert Dubois ; Davis meets an intriguing singer ; Ralph Angel meets an old friend during a high - pressured situation ; and Darla finds an unexpected job . 19 6 `` Line of Our Elders '' DeMane Davis Mimi Won Techentin July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 1.56 Charley 's opening celebration of the Queen Sugar Mill suffers a setback ; Nova learns something surprising about her late father ; and Ralph Angel has a run - in with someone he previously robbed and later makes a huge confession to his sisters . 20 7 `` I Know My Soul '' Kat Candler Maria Elena Rodriguez July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 1.57 Ralph Angel 's confession continues to cause unrest and his appeal to Darla for emotional support conflicts with Charley 's wishes . Plus , Nova learns something surprising about Violet . 21 8 `` Freedom 's Plow '' Amanda Marsalis Anthony Sparks August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 1.59 In the mid-season finale , Darla celebrates her two - year sober anniversary ; Violet has a health issue ; Nova and Dr. Robert Dubois ' reunion hits a roadblock ; Micah finally comes to terms with his emotions ; Charley confesses her feelings for Remy ; and Ralph Angel makes a life - changing confession to Darla . 22 9 `` Yet Do I Marvel '' Julie Dash Jason Wilborn October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1.74 In the mid-season premiere , Darla reaches out to her family to share her engagement news ; Violet 's condition worsens ; Nova 's Zika story causes concern in the community ; Micah tells his family about the police incident ; and Charley receives an unexpected visit from her mother , and the two have an honest conversation about Charley 's upbringing . 23 10 `` Drums at Dusk '' Julie Dash Valerie Chu October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.20 An unexpected encounter creates issues between Ralph Angel and Darla . Meanwhile , the presence of Charley 's mother , Lorna gives rise to old tensions in the family ; and Violet finally sees a doctor about her recurring symptoms . 24 11 `` Fruit of the Flower '' Cheryl Dunye Dana Greenblatt October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.31 Nova and Robert 's relationship begins to shift ; Ralph Angel feels humiliated by Remy ; Hollywood and Violet clash over Hollywood 's new friend ; and Lorna finally reveals the true history of her relationship with Nova and Ralph Angel 's father . 25 12 `` Live in the All Along '' Garrett Bradley Mimi Won Techentin October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1.14 Nova and Robert 's relationship hits a major setback ; Darla and Ralph Angel plan their upcoming wedding ; Davis offers Charley help with her harvest festival and they both realize they have moved on in new relationships ; Davis attempts to make amends . 26 13 `` Heritage '' Liesl Tommy Monica Macer & Davita Scarlett October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1.34 Charley and Remy discuss their future ; Violet receives a life changing diagnosis ; Nova and Calvin come face - to - face for the first time in months ; Darla reunites with her parents , and reveals a devastating secret to Ralph Angel . 27 14 `` On These I Stand '' Christina Voros Jason Wilborn & Anthony Sparks November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 1.28 Ralph Angel is left devastated by Darla 's news ; Charley 's business is threatened ; Micah has an issue with his school ; Nova receives a new opportunity ; and Violet reveals her diagnosis to Hollywood . 28 15 `` Copper Sun '' DeMane Davis Monica Macer & Dana Greenblatt November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1.22 Charley fires Darla after learning that she 's lied to her family ; Micah gets suspended from school ; Hollywood promises to fulfill Violet 's wish list ; and Jacob Boudreaux suggests he and Charley form a partnership . 29 16 `` Dream Variations '' Kat Candler Ava DuVernay November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1.33 In the Season 2 finale , Charley 's shocking plan to save her business puts her relationship with Remy in jeopardy ; Hollywood proposes to Violet ; Nova and Remy share an unexpected moment ; and Ralph Angel decides if he can forgive Darla . Note : This episode is 90 minutes . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` A Rock , a River , a Tree '' DeMane Davis Kat Candler May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) 1.48 31 `` Of Their Sojourn Here '' Patricia Cardoso Anthony Sparks May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 1.04 32 `` Your Distant Destiny '' Lauren Wolkstein Erika L. Johnson June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) 0.92 33 `` No Haven in My Shadow '' Maria Govan Mike Flynn June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) 1.13 34 5 `` A Little Lower Than Angels '' Shaz Bennett Chloé Hung June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 1.14 35 6 `` Delicate and Strangely Made '' Christina Choe Channing Godfrey Peoples June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 1.17 36 7 `` Study War No More '' DeMane Davis Anthony Sparks July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 1.20 37 8 `` Come , Clad in Peace '' DeMane Davis Erika L. Johnson July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.01 38 9 `` The Tree and Stone Were One '' Nijla Mumin Anthony Sparks July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.05 39 10 `` Here Beside the River '' TBA TBA August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 1.02 40 11 `` Your Passages Have Been Paid '' TBA TBA August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 1.05 41 12 `` The Horizon Leans Forward '' TBA TBA August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 1.05 42 13 `` From on the Pulse of Morning '' TBA TBA August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 1.01 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 based on 41 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With an authenticity of culture and place and strong performances throughout , Queen Sugar rises above melodrama in this alluring , unhurried and powerful portrait of a fractious black American family . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 75 out of 100 based on 25 critics for the season , indicating what the website considers to be `` generally favorable reviews '' . A 100 % approval rating for the second season was reported by Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 8.03 / 10 based on 7 reviews . Novel ( edit ) Main article : Queen Sugar ( novel ) UCLA graduate Natalie Baszile started writing Queen Sugar , the novel , in the early 1990s , but the text was only completed ten years later . She first presented the manuscript to publishers in 2009 but without any success . After revising the book for another two years , she resubmitted the text , with one agent agreeing to represent her . Baszile took part in a women writer 's retreat in Hedgebrook . A friend of hers who was also at the retreat , the novelist Sarah Manyika , suggested that she read part of Queen Sugar to fellow residents . Leigh Haber , O , The Oprah Magazine 's book editor was attending and loved the novel and passed it to people at Oprah 's Harpo Productions . A few months after that , Harpo called to say they wanted to option the book for a project . The book was published by Penguin in 2014 as Baszile 's debut novel and , a few months later , OWN negotiated the deal to turn the book into a television series . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result 2017 48th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Queen Sugar Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Kofi Siriboe Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Rutina Wesley Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Ava DuVernay ( for `` First Things First '' ) Won Anthony Sparks ( for `` By Any Chance '' ) Nominated 2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Score -- TV Show / Limited Series Meshell Ndegeocello Nominated 2018 49th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Queen Sugar Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Kofi Siriboe Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Rutina Wesley Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Dondre Whitfield Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Tina Lifford Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey To Co-Star In & Co-Create With ' Selma ' Filmmaker Ava DuVernay ' Queen Sugar ' OWN Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jagernauth , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Reteams With Oprah Winfrey For Drama Series '' . The Playlist . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay & Oprah Winfrey 's ' Queen Sugar ' Gets Fall Premiere Date On OWN '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay and Queen Sugar Look Like the Future of Television '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Racha Penrice , Ronda ( 20 June 2018 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Network 's ' Queen Sugar ' has quietly become one of TV 's most racially progressive shows '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Adrienne ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` Queen Sugar Deepens Its Complex Family Portrait '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Renewed For Season 4 By OWN With New Showrunner Anthony Sparks '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` True O'Brien Joins Former DAYS Co-Star on OWN 's Queen Sugar '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2016/11/queen-sugar-recap-season-1-episode-9.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News . `` OWN 's QUEEN SUGAR Announces Remaining All - Female Directorial Line - Up for Season 3 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Unveils Final Set Of Directors For All - Female - Helmed Season 3 Of Oprah Winfrey - Ava DuVernay Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Oprah , DuVernay creating new drama for OWN '' . USA Today . 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Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rutina Wesley To Star In OWN Drama Series ' Queen Sugar ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` True Blood 's Rutina Wesley joins new OWN drama from Oprah and Ava DuVernay '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Casting : Rutina Wesley to Star in OWN Series , Based on Book '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' Queen Sugar ' : OWN Drama Series Casts Dawn - Lyen Gardner , Kofi Siriboe & Omar J. Dorsey In Lead Roles '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tambay A. Obenson ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Omar J. Dorsey , Dawn - Lyen Gardner , Kofi Siriboe Join ' Que - Shadow and Act '' . Shadow and Act . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Prudom . `` Queen Sugar : Glynn Turman Cast in OWN Series from Ava DuVernay - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` Tina Lifford , Dondré Whitfield Among Four Cast In ' Queen Sugar ' - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Adds Bianca Lawson , Greg Vaughan & Henry G. Sanders - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` Erik Stocklin Joins Colleen Ballinger - Evans In ' Haters Back Off ' - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay - Directed ' Queen Sugar ' Gets Season 2 Pickup From OWN -- TCA '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OWN Gives ' Queen Sugar ' an Early 16 - Episode Second Season Renewal + A New Trailer '' . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' scores Season 3 renewal on OWN '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated with Broadcast : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . 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World War II

World War II - wikipedia World War II Jump to : navigation , search `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa and Horn of Africa , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more ... ) Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss 1938 Munich crisis 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , the Balkan Campaign as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 per cent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement . From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords . In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 , on their way to fight the Second Italo - Abyssinian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during Second World War but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war . Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it . In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig , 1 September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east . The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war . Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it . View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war . They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner . The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences . Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals . Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes . Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Russian city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security . In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province . Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south . In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May . In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR . In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 . Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties , War crimes during World War II , War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II , German war crimes , War crimes of the Wehrmacht , Italian war crimes , Japanese war crimes , Allied war crimes during World War II , and Soviet war crimes World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs . Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 . Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Lebensraum , Untermensch , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate . Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably . Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat . This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were utilised . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Nazis in fiction Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Documentaries See also : List of World War II documentary films The World Wars ( miniseries ) The World Wars is a three - part , six - hour event miniseries by the History Channel that premiered on Monday , 26 May 2014 , ( Memorial Day ) airing for three consecutive nights . An extended version of the series with never before seen footage was subsequently broadcast on H2 and in more than 160 countries on 22 June 2014 Apocalypse : The Second World War ( 2009 ) , a six - part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about World War II Battlefield , a documentary television series initially issued in 1994 -- 5 , that explores many important World War II battles BBC History of World War II , a television series , initially issued from 1989 to 2005 . The World at War ( 1974 ) , a 26 - part Thames Television series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view . It includes interviews with many key figures including Karl Dönitz , Albert Speer , and Anthony Eden . Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 . Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp. 213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p. 9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 : `` On September 3 , as Allied forces landed in Italy , Badoglio agreed to a secret armistice in the hope the Allies would land a major force north of Rome and save his government and the king . But when this did n't happen he desperately attempted to call off his bargain with Eisenhower , who cut short the matter on 8 September by announcing news of its existence . The next day the hero of Abyssinia , his king , and a small retinue deserted Rome for the southeast tip of Italy , leaving most of Italy to the Nazis . '' Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ `` Infantry Weapons Of World War 2 '' . Grey Falcon ( Black Sun ) . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . These all - purpose guns were developed and used by the German army in the 2nd half of World War 2 as a result of studies which showed that the ordinary rifle 's long range is much longer than needed , since the soldiers almost always fired at enemies closer than half of its effective range . The assault rifle is a balanced compromise between the rifle and the sub-machine gun , having sufficient range and accuracy to be used as a rifle , combined with the rapid - rate automatic firepower of the sub machine gun . Thanks to these combined advantages , assault rifles such as the American M - 16 and the Russian AK - 47 are the basic weapon of the modern soldier Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Neil C. ; Rothstein , Hy . `` Deception for Defense of Information Systems : Analogies from Conventional Warfare '' . Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School . Air University . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . References Adamthwaite , Anthony P. ( 1992 ) . The Making of the Second World War . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90716 - 0 . Anderson , Irvine H. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan : A Bureaucratic Reflex '' . The Pacific Historical Review . 44 ( 2 ) . JSTOR 3638003 . Applebaum , Anne ( 2003 ) . Gulag : A History of the Soviet Camps . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9322 - 6 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944 -- 56 . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9868 - 9 . Bacon , Edwin ( 1992 ) . `` Glasnost ' and the Gulag : New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II '' . Soviet Studies . 44 ( 6 ) : 1069 -- 1086 . 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The Penguin History of Europe . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026561 - 3 . Ropp , Theodore ( 2000 ) . War in the Modern World ( Revised ed . ) . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6445 - 2 . Roskill , S.W. ( 1954 ) . The War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 1 : The Defensive . History of the Second World War . United Kingdom Military Series . London : HMSO . Ross , Steven T. ( 1997 ) . American War Plans , 1941 -- 1945 : The Test of Battle . Abingdon and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4634 - 3 . Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . World War II Pacific Island Guide : A Geo - Military Study . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31395 - 0 . Rotundo , Louis ( 1986 ) . `` The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign '' . Military Affairs . 50 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 8 . JSTOR 1988530 . doi : 10.2307 / 1988530 . Salecker , Gene Eric ( 2001 ) . 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JSTOR 260931 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200948702200202 . Stueck , William ( 2010 ) . `` The Korean War '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume I : Origins ( pp. 266 -- 287 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83719 - 4 . Sumner , Ian ; Baker , Alix ( 2001 ) . The Royal Navy 1939 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 195 - 4 . Swain , Bruce ( 2001 ) . A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939 -- 45 . Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86508 - 352 - 0 . Swain , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . `` The Cominform : Tito 's International ? '' . The Historical Journal . 35 ( 3 ) : 641 -- 663 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00026017 . Tanaka , Yuki ( 1996 ) . Hidden Horrors : Japanese War Crimes in World War II . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 2717 - 4 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1961 ) . The Origins of the Second World War . 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ISBN 1 - 57607 - 999 - 6 . Umbreit , Hans ( 1991 ) . `` The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe '' . In P. S. Falla , ed. , Germany and the Second World War , Volume 2 : Germany 's Initial Conquests in Europe ( pp. 227 -- 326 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822885 - 1 . United States Army ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . The German Campaigns in the Balkans ( Spring 1941 ) . Washington , DC : Department of the Army . Waltz , Susan ( 2002 ) . `` Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Third World Quarterly . 23 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 448 . JSTOR 3993535 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590220138378 . Ward , Thomas A. ( 2010 ) . Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82497 - 9 . Watson , William E. ( 2003 ) . Tricolor and Crescent : France and the Islamic World . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97470 - 7 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe : The Emergence and Development of East - West Conflict , 1939 -- 1953 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew ; Barbier , M.K. ( 2002 ) . Strategy and Tactics : Infantry Warfare . St Paul , MN : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1401 - 2 . Williams , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Liberalism and War : The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35980 - 1 . Wilt , Alan F. ( 1981 ) . `` Hitler 's Late Summer Pause in 1941 '' . Military Affairs . 45 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 91 . JSTOR 1987464 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987464 . Wohlstetter , Roberta ( 1962 ) . Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0597 - 4 . Wolf , Holger C. ( 1993 ) . `` The Lucky Miracle : Germany 1945 -- 1951 '' . In Rudiger Dornbusch , Wilhelm Nölling and Richard Layard , eds. , Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ( pp. 29 -- 56 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04136 - 2 . Wood , James B. ( 2007 ) . Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War : Was Defeat Inevitable ? . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5339 - 2 . Yoder , Amos ( 1997 ) . The Evolution of the United Nations System ( 3rd ed . ) . London & Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 546 - 1 . Zalampas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines , 1923 -- 1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 462 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 1996 ) . Bagration 1944 : The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 478 - 7 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Poland 1939 : The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 408 - 5 . Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2004 ) . Unconditional Defeat : Japan , America , and the End of World War II . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2991 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ; Tamelander , Michael ( 2009 ) . Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany 's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 04 - 0 . Further reading Aksar , Yusuf ( 2004 ) . Implementing Intnl Humanitaria : From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5584 - 0 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Budiansky , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Air Power : The Men , Machines , and Ideas that Revolutionized War , from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03285 - 3 . Chaney , Otto Preston ( 1996 ) . Zhukov ( Revised ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2807 - 8 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . JSTOR 20444365 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . 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Steatoda nobilis

Steatoda nobilis - wikipedia Steatoda nobilis Steatoda nobilis Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Family : Theridiidae Genus : Steatoda Species : S. nobilis Binomial name Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) Steatoda nobilis is a spider in the genus Steatoda , known in the United Kingdom as the noble false widow and often referred to as the false widow . As the common name indicates , the spider superficially resembles and is frequently confused for the black widow and other spiders in the genus Latrodectus , which can have medically significant venom . Steatoda nobilis is native to Madeira and the Canary Islands from where it allegedly spread to Europe , and arrived in England before 1879 , perhaps through cargo sent to Torquay . In England it has a reputation as one of the few local spider species which is capable of inflicting a painful bite to humans , with most bites resulting in symptoms similar to a bee or wasp sting . It has also been found in California and Chile . Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution , habitat and ecology 2.1 Population expansion in UK and Ireland 3 Medical significance 4 Media reaction 4.1 Alleged incidents 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Steatoda nobilis has a brown bulbous abdomen with cream coloured markings that are often likened to the shape of a skull . The legs are reddish - orange . Females range in size from about 9.5 to 14 mm in size , while males are 7 to 11 mm . Males are able to produce stridulation sounds during courtship , by scraping 10 - 12 teeth on the abdomen against a file on the rear of the carapace . Male with swollen pedipalps Distribution , habitat and ecology ( edit ) The spider is an introduced species across Europe , plus parts of North Africa , and likely spreading . It was found for the first time in 2011 in Cologne , Germany . It is originally from the Canary Islands and Madeira . In England it has been reported mostly in southern counties , but its range appears to be expanding northwards . In 2011 , the spider was reported as an established invasive species in the USA , in Ventura County , California . In January 2016 , it was reported that Steatoda nobilis had been found in Chile , the first time that the species had been recorded in the southern hemisphere . As with other members of the family Theridiidae , Steatoda nobilis constructs a cobweb which is an irregular tangle of sticky silken fibres . Its ' scaffold web ' differs from others of the genus in the exceptional strength of the silk , and in the tubular retreat that is at least partly concealed in a deep crack or hole . They have poor eyesight and depend mostly on vibrations reaching them through their webs to orient themselves to prey or warn them of larger animals that could injure or kill them . Population expansion in UK and Ireland ( edit ) Steatoda nobilis , Hampshire , England The distribution of Steatoda nobilis is expected to increase northwards in the UK , due to , at least partly , mild winters in recent years . This prediction was reported by Stuart Hine of the Natural History Museum , and is substantiated by the National Recording Scheme . The spider is reported to be an established species in Ireland . Medical significance ( edit ) Female of Steatoda nobilis in Hampshire Like almost all spiders , Steatoda nobilis is venomous , but its bite is almost exclusively of mild effect on humans , without the severe consequences that can occur with black widow spiders . It is often alleged to be one of the spiders whose bite involves venom medically significant for humans , even though the few recorded bites do not typically present long - lasting effects . The symptoms of a bite are typically similar to a bee or wasp sting . The bite of this spider , along with others in the genus Steatoda , can produce a set of symptoms known as steatodism . Symptoms of bites include intense pain radiating from the bite site , along with feverishness or general malaise . Male bites are less severe than those of females . Media reaction ( edit ) Sensationalised stories about the bite of Steatoda nobilis have featured in UK newspaper articles . Stuart Hine from the Natural History Museum , London responded on the naturenet blog , stating , `` Of course I also explain the great value of spiders and how rare the event of spider bite in the UK actually is . I also always explain that up to 12 people die from wasp / bee stings in the UK each year and we do not panic so much about wasps and bees -- but this never makes it past editing . '' Steven Falk , an entomologist , cautioned that without `` hard evidence '' , it is difficult to know how many of the bites reported in the media have been caused by false widow spiders . The arrival of Steatoda nobilis in Chile in 2016 led to a similar media reaction . Alleged incidents ( edit ) In 2006 a Dorchester man spent three days in Dorset County Hospital with symptoms of heart seizure , after suffering a spider bite believed to be caused by Steatoda nobilis . In 2013 a man in Sidcup , Kent was allegedly bitten in his sleep , reporting that his hand had turned black and yellow . His hand remained swollen for five weeks until doctors gave him a course of antibiotics . In October 2013 , it was reported that a man from Romford in Essex had been allegedly bitten by a false widow . He was treated for bacterial infection with antibiotics and needed to have his leg drained of pus . In October 2013 , a British school in the Forest of Dean was closed for a day for fumigation as a result of a dense population of Steatoda nobilis on the site . In 2014 , a woman from County Durham had her left index finger amputated after contracting the flesh - eating bug necrotising fasciitis following a claimed bite from a false widow spider . In October 2014 , an Irish man went into cardiac arrest and spent a day in intensive care after being bitten three times by what was claimed as a false widow , on the hip , side and shoulder . Notes ( edit ) a . The correct and full English name for Steatoda nobilis is `` Noble false widow '' . Media coverage usually abbreviates this to `` false widow '' , although Steatoda nobilis is strictly speaking one of the false widows . Steatoda grossa and Steatoda paykulliana are other examples of false widow spiders . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Snazell , R. & Jones , D. ( 1993 ) . `` The theridiid spider Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) in Britain '' . Bulletin British Arachnological Society . 9 ( 5 ) : 164 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Jones , D. ( 1993 ) . `` The Return of Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell ) '' . Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society . 49 : 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kulczycki , A. , Legittimo , C.M. , Simeon , E. and Di Pompeo , P. ( 2012 ) . `` New records of Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Araneae , Theridiidae ) , an introduced species on the Italian mainland and in Sardinia '' . Bulletin British Arachnological Society . 15 ( 8 ) : 269 -- 272 . doi : 10.13156 / arac. 2012.15. 1.269 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Octavius Pickard - Cambridge ( 1879 ) . `` On some new and rare British spiders , with characters of a new genus '' . Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 5 ( 4 ) : 109 -- 215 . ^ Jump up to : David Sapsted ( 17 November 2006 ) . `` Watch out , the black widow 's sister is ready to bite you '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider , Steatoda nobilis '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Salek ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` More sightings of the false widow spider , as Britain 's ' most venomous arachnid ' , with orange legs and white skull markings spotted in Essex '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Noble false widow spider marches north in the UK '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Observation by C Wieczorrek '' . 15 December 2006 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Distribution Map of S. Nobilis '' . British Arachnological Society . Sep -- Oct 2012 . Retrieved 22 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Harvey , P.R. ; Nellist , D.R. ; M.G. Telfer , eds. ( 2002 ) . Provisional Atlas of British spiders ( Arachnida , Araneae ) . 1 &2 . Huntingdon : Biological Records Centre . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary for Steatoda nobilis ( Araneae ) '' . British Arachnological Society : National Recording Scheme. 2010 -- 2012 . Retrieved 22 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biting spider widens its web '' . BBC News . 2001 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` European Spider , Steatoda nobilis Theridiidae '' . University of California , Riverside . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steatoda nobilis ( Araneae : Theridiidae ) in South America : a new alien species for Chile '' . 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primer registro de una mordedura de Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Arachnida : Araneae : Theridiidae ) en Chile ( First record of a Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Arachnida : Araneae : Theridiidae ) bite from Chile ) '' ( in Spanish ) . 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ranger 's Blog : The truth about Steatoda nobilis - is it the UK 's most dangerous spider ? '' . 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Poisonous false widow spiders spread across Ireland '' . Irish Independent . 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Warrell , D.A. , Shaheen , J. , Hillyard , P.D. & D. Jones ( 1991 ) . `` Neurotoxic envenoming by an immigrant spider ( Steatoda nobilis ) in southern England '' . Toxicon. 29 ( 10 ) : 1263 -- 1265 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 91 ) 90198 - Z . PMID 1801319 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Williams , Rob ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` Killer spiders on the loose ! ( or not really ) - a guide to the really quite harmless false widow '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spiders are n't out to get us -- and their bite is n't dangerous '' . The Guardian . 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider bites footballer Steve Harris '' . BBC News . 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faúndez , E.I , & Téllez , F. ( 2016 ) . Considerations about Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) in Chile . Biodiversity And Natural History , 2 ( 1 ) , 13 - 15 '' ( in Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salek , Sebastian ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Bites reported across London and Kent as south east sees influx of Britain 's most poisonous spider '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Collier Row dad faced losing leg after false widow spider bite '' . Romford Recorder. 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider outbreak shuts Forest of Dean school '' . BBC News . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woman ' loses finger after being bitten by a spider ' '' . Sunderland Echo. 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Durham mum loses finger after spider bite causes flesh - eating bug '' . ChronicleLive. 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A young father - of - one has told how he almost died when he was attacked and bitten by a lethal false widow spider '' . Irish Independent . 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The truth about false widow spiders Natural History Museum . Jump up ^ False widow spider , Steatoda paykulliana Natural History Museum . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steatoda nobilis . World Spider Catalog : Family Theridiidae UKSafari.com : False widow spiders Steatoda nobilis images PatientPlus : Spider bites BBC video of Steatoda nobilis https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299281813_Primer_registro_de_una_mordedura_de_Steatoda_nobilis_Thorell_1875_Arachnida_Araneae_Theridiidae_en_Chile Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q1313475 ADW : Steatoda_nobilis Araneae : 891 BioLib : 234294 BugGuide : 697702 EoL : 1187785 Fauna Europaea : 353410 GBIF : 2157203 iNaturalist : 366894 IRMNG : 11078613 ITIS : 867551 NBN : NBNSYS0000039460 uBio : 2028799 WSC : urn : lsid : nmbe.ch : spidersp : 008093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steatoda_nobilis&oldid=853592828 '' Categories : Steatoda Tangle - web spiders of Europe Spiders of the Canary Islands Spiders of Macaronesia Arthropods of Madeira Venomous spiders Spiders described in 1875 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Français Nederlands Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 21 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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a spider with a skull on its back

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Waltz

Waltz - wikipedia Waltz Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Waltz ( disambiguation ) . Waltz Music An early moving picture demonstrates the waltz Genre Ballroom dance Time signature Detail from frontispiece to Thomas Wilson 's Correct Method of German and French Waltzing ( 1816 ) , showing nine positions of the Waltz , clockwise from the left ( the musicians are at far left ) . At that time , the waltz was a relatively new dance in England , and the fact that it was a couples dance ( as opposed to the traditional group dances ) , and that the gentleman clasped his arm around the lady 's waist , gave it a dubious moral status in the eyes of some . The waltz ( from German : `` Walzer '' pronounced ( ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ) ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help info ) time , performed primarily in closed position . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Variants 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Seikilos epitaph Typical waltz rhythm Melody sung in an approximation of Koine Greek pronunciation and in modern popular vocal style . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Seikilos epitaph God Pan and a Maenad dancing . Ancient Greek red - figured olpe from Apulia , ca . 320 -- 310 BCE . Pan 's right hand fingers are in a snapping position . Play media Waltz There are several references to a sliding or gliding dance that would evolve into the waltz that date from 16th century Europe , including the representations of the printmaker Hans Sebald Beham . The French philosopher Montaigne wrote of a dance he saw in 1580 in Augsburg , where the dancers held each other so closely that their faces touched . Kunz Haas ( of approximately the same period ) wrote , `` Now they are dancing the godless Weller or Spinner '' . `` The vigorous peasant dancer , following an instinctive knowledge of the weight of fall , utilises his surplus energy to press all his strength into the proper beat of the bar , thus intensifying his personal enjoyment in dancing '' . The peasants of Bavaria , Tyrol , and Styria began dancing a dance called Walzer , a dance for couples , around 1750 . The Ländler , also known as the Schleifer , a country dance in 3 4 time , was popular in Bohemia , Austria , and Bavaria , and spread from the countryside to the suburbs of the city . While the eighteenth century upper classes continued to dance the minuet , bored noblemen slipped away to the balls of their servants . In the 1771 German novel Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim by Sophie von La Roche , a high - minded character complains about the newly introduced waltz among aristocrats thus : `` But when he put his arm around her , pressed her to his breast , cavorted with her in the shameless , indecent whirling - dance of the Germans and engaged in a familiarity that broke all the bounds of good breeding -- then my silent misery turned into burning rage . '' Describing life in Vienna ( dated at either 1776 or 1786 ) , Don Curzio wrote , `` The people were dancing mad ... The ladies of Vienna are particularly celebrated for their grace and movements of waltzing of which they never tire . '' There is a waltz in the second act finale of the opera `` Una Cosa Rara '' written by Martin y Soler in 1786 . Soler 's waltz was marked Andante con moto , or `` at a walking pace with motion '' , but the flow of the dance was sped - up in Vienna leading to the Geschwindwalzer , and the Galloppwalzer . In the transition from country to town , the hopping of the Ländler , a dance known as Langaus , became a sliding step , and gliding rotation replaced stamping rotation . In the 19th century , the word primarily indicated that the dance was a turning one ; one would `` waltz '' in the polka to indicate rotating rather than going straight forward without turning . The Viennese custom is to slightly anticipate the second beat of each bar , making it sound as if the third is late and creating a certain buoyancy . The younger Strauss ( Johann Strauss II ) would sometimes break up the one - two - three of the melody with a one - two pattern in the accompaniment along with other rhythms , maintaining the 3 4 time while causing the dancers to dance a two - step waltz . The metronome speed for a full bar varies between 60 and 70 , with the waltzes of the first Strauss ( Johann Strauss I ) often played faster than those of his sons . Shocking many when it was first introduced , the waltz became fashionable in Vienna around the 1780s , spreading to many other countries in the years to follow . According to contemporary singer Michael Kelly , it reached England in 1791 , . During the Napoleonic Wars , infantry soldiers of the King 's German Legion introduced the dance to the people of Bexhill , Sussex from 1804 . It became fashionable in Britain during the Regency period , having been made respectable by the endorsement of Dorothea Lieven , wife of the Russian ambassador . Diarist Thomas Raikes later recounted that `` No event ever produced so great a sensation in English society as the introduction of the waltz in 1813 '' . In the same year , a sardonic tribute to the dance by Lord Byron was anonymously published ( written the previous autumn ) . Influential dance master and author of instruction manuals , Thomas Wilson published A Description of the Correct Method of Waltzing in 1816 . Almack 's , the most exclusive club in London , permitted the waltz though the entry in the Oxford English Dictionary shows that it was considered `` riotous and indecent '' as late as 1825 . Ann Bronte in ' The Tenant of Wildfell Hall ' has a scene set in 1827 where the local vicar Reverend Milward tolerates quadrilles and country dances but intervenes decisively when a waltz is called for , declaring `` No , no , I do n't allow that ! Come , it 's time to be going home '' . The waltz , and especially its closed position , became the example for the creation of many other ballroom dances . Subsequently , new types of waltz have developed , including many folk and several ballroom dances . Variants ( edit ) Waltz ( rhythm ) . Jazz waltz rhythm . In the 19th and early 20th century , numerous different waltz forms existed , including versions performed in 3 4 , 3 8 or 6 8 ( sauteuse ) , and 5 4 time ( 5 4 waltz , half and half ) . In the 1910s , a form called the `` Hesitation Waltz '' was introduced by Vernon and Irene Castle . It incorporated `` hesitations '' and was danced to fast music . A hesitation is basically a halt on the standing foot during the full waltz bar , with the moving foot suspended in the air or slowly dragged . Similar figures ( Hesitation Change , Drag Hesitation , and Cross Hesitation ) are incorporated in the International Standard Waltz Syllabus . The Country Western Waltz is mostly progressive , moving counter clock wise around the dance floor . Both the posture and frame are relaxed , with posture bordering on a slouch . The exaggerated hand and arm gestures of some ballroom styles are not part of this style . Couples may frequently dance in the promenade position , depending on local preferences . Within Country Western waltz , there is the Spanish Waltz and the more modern ( for the late 1930s - early 1950s ) Pursuit Waltz . At one time it was considered ill treatment for a man to make the woman walk backwards in some locations . In California the waltz was banned by Mission priests until after 1834 because of the `` closed '' dance position . Thereafter a Spanish Waltz was danced . This Spanish Waltz was a combination of dancing around the room in closed position , and a `` formation '' dance of two couples facing each other and performing a sequence of steps . `` Valse a Trois Temps '' was the `` earliest '' waltz step , and the Rye Waltz was favoured as a couple dance . In contemporary ballroom dance , the fast versions of the waltz are called Viennese Waltz as opposed to the Slow waltz . In traditional Irish music , the waltz was taught by travelling dancing masters to those who could afford their lessons during the 19th century . By the end of that century , the dance spread to the middle and lower classes of Irish society and traditional triple - tune tunes and songs were altered to fit the waltz rhythm . During the 20th century , the waltz found a distinctively Irish playing style in the hands of Céilidh musicians at dances . Waltz , by Camille Claudel ( 1893 ) International Standard Waltz has only closed figures ; that is , the couple never breaks the embrace . The American Style Waltz , part of the American Smooth ballroom dance syllabus , in contrast to the International Standard Waltz , involves breaking contact almost entirely in some figures . For example , the Syncopated Side - by - Side with Spin includes a free spin for both partners . Open rolls are another good example of an open dance figure , in which the follower alternates between the lead 's left and right sides , with the lead 's left or right arm ( alone ) providing the lead . Waltzes were the staple of many American musicals and films , including `` Waltz in Swing Time '' sung by Fred Astaire . The Scandinavian Waltz , performed as a part of Scandinavian folk dance , can be fast or slow , but the dancers are always rotating . The Peruvian Waltz is called and recognised in Peru as vals criollo . The Mexican Waltz ( vals mexicano ) follows the same basic rhythmic pattern as the standard waltz , but the melodies reflect a strong Spanish influence . Mexico 's Juventino Rosas wrote `` Sobre las Olas '' or `` Over the Waves '' , commonly known in the U.S. as a circus song played during a trapeze show . The Cajun Waltz is danced progressively around the floor , and is characterised by the subtle swaying of the hips and step very close to ordinary walking . It is danced entirely in the closed position . The Cuban ( or Tropical ) Waltz follows the pattern of the standard waltz throughout the song . The Venezuelan waltz provided a basis for distinctive regional musical composition . The Contra Waltz ( Freeform Waltz ) , included in most contra dance evenings , uses both open and closed positions , and incorporates moves from other dances such as swing , modern jive and salsa . Basically the dancers progress around the dance floor with a waltz step , but with no constraints on what moves they can use . The Valse Musette , a form of waltz popular in France , started in the late 19th century . The cross-step waltz ( French Valse Boston ) developed in France in the early 20th century and is popular in social waltz groups today . In folk dance from the Alsace region , waltzes in odd metres such as 5 4 , 8 4 and 11 4 are found . In modern bal folk , waltzes in even higher metres are played and danced . Estonian folk dance Labajalavalss ( flat of the foot waltz ) performed in 3 4 time . Today both the faster Viennese Waltz , made forever popular by the Strauss family , and the slower American and International style waltzes are extremely popular with dancers of all ages . Sama'i ( also known as usul semai ) is a vocal piece of Ottoman Turkish music composed in 6 / 8 metres . This form and metre ( usul in Turkish ) is often confused with the completely different Saz Semaisi , an instrumental form consisting of three to four sections , in 10 / 8 metre , or usul aksak semai ( broken semai in Turkish ) . Semai is one of the most important forms in Ottoman Turkish Sufi music . The Tsamikos ( Greek : Τσάμικος , Tsamikos ) or Kleftikos ( Greek : Κλέφτικος ) is a popular traditional folk dance of Greece , done to music of 3 / 4 metre . References ( edit ) Man and woman dancing a waltz by Eadweard Muybridge. 1887 . Jump up ^ Nettl , Paul . Birth of the Waltz , in Dance Index vol 5 , no . 9 . 1946 New York : Dance Index - Ballet Caravan , Inc. page 211 Jump up ^ Nettl , Paul . Birth of the Waltz , in Dance Index vol 5 , no . 9 . 1946 New York : Dance Index - Ballet Caravan , Inc. pages 208 , 211 Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( A.D. 1450 -- 1880 ) By George Grove , Sir George Grove , John Alexander Fuller - Maitland , Adela Harriet Sophia ( Bagot ) Wodehouse . Published 1889 . Macmillan Jump up ^ The History of Lady Sophia Sternheim , trans . Christa Baguss Britt ( State University of New York Press , 1991 ) , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob , H.E. ( 2005 ) . Johann Strauss : Father and Son a Century of Light Music . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 9311 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Waltz Emperors . Wechsberg. 1973 . C. Tinling & Company. page 49 , 50 ) Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( A.D. 1450 -- 1880 ) By George Grove , Sir George Grove , John Alexander Fuller - Maitland , Adela Harriet Sophia ( Bagot ) Wodehouse . Published 1889 . Macmillan. page 385 Jump up ^ The Waltz Emperors . Wechsberg. 1973 . C. Tinling & Company . pages 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Gutman , Robert W. ( 1999 ) . Mozart : A Cultural Biography . Harcourt . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Template : Scholes , Percy , The Oxford Companion to Music , 10th edition 1991 , page 1110 Jump up ^ Template : Sussex Weekly Advertiser 21 January 1805 Jump up ^ Hilton , Boyd ( 2006 ) . A Mad , Bad , and Dangerous People ? England 1783 -- 1846 . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Raikes , Thomas ( 1856 ) . A Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes from 1831 to 1847 : Comprising Reminiscences of Social and Political Life in London and Paris During that Period . pp. 240 -- 243 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to ' The Waltz ' '' . Readbookonline.net . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Childers , William ( 1969 ) . `` Byron 's `` Waltz '' : The Germans and Their Georges `` . Keats - Shelley Journal . Keats - Shelley Association of America , Inc. 18 : 81 -- 95 . JSTOR 30212687 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Susannah ( 2012 ) . A dance with Jane Austen : how a novelist and her characters went to the ball ( 1st Frances Lincoln ed . ) . London , England : Frances Lincoln Ltd . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3245 - 7 . Jump up ^ Template : Penguin edition 1964 , page 42 ^ Jump up to : Blatter , Alfred ( 2007 ) . Revisiting music theory : a guide to the practice . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97440 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Ballroom Dance in America '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lloyd ( 1939 ) . Cowboy Dances . The Caxton Printers . pp. 101 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Czarnoski , Lucile K ( 1950 ) . Dances of Early California Days . Pacific Books . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Czarnoski , Lucile K ( 1950 ) . Dances of Early California Days . Pacific Books . p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` Information on Styles of Waltz include American , International , C&W , Viennese Waltz and others ! '' . Dancetime.com. 2012 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Vallely , F. ( 1999 ) . The Companion to Traditional Irish Music . New York : New York University Press . pp. 431 -- 433 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm Definitions - Irish Traditional Music Tune Index '' . Irishtune.info. 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Whirling Dervishes '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AllMusic Review by James Manheim '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` yamahamusicsoft '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waltz . Waltz video example Waltz The Waltz Dance Steps & Moves Music regarding : Waltz within traditional dances of the County of Nice ( France ) Scroll to `` Five Step Waltz '' for notes about probable 1847 origin and associated music published the same year . Thomas Wilson 's 1816 Waltz Manual The Dance of Death at Project Gutenberg ( 1877 Book critical of the Waltz ) The Regency Waltz Waltzes under CreativeCommons licence on BalLibre.org Dance Did you know ? Today 's article Today 's biography Today 's picture Participation Solo Partner Group Circle Line Round Square Social context Ceremonial Competitive Concert Erotic Fad Folk Participation Sacred Social Street War Major present - day genres Acro Ballet Ballroom Belly Breaking Contemporary Country - western Hip - hop Jazz Latin Modern Postmodern Swing Tap Technique Ballet technique Choreography Connection Dance theory Graham Lead and follow Pole dance Moves ( glossary ) Musicality Pointe Sequence dance Spotting Turnout Turns Regional traditions Arab Africa Assyrian Cambodia China Cuba Denmark Europe Georgian India Indonesia Israel Ireland Japan Korea Kurdish Middle Eastern Netherlands Persian Philippines Poland Romani Russia Thailand Ukraine United States African - American Venezuela See also Dance and disability Dance and health Dance costume Dance etiquette Dance notation Dance in film Dance in mythology and religion Dance on television Dance research Dance science Dance technology Dancing mania History of dance List of dances Outline of dance Women in dance See also : Portal Irish music General Céilidh Folk music of Ireland Irish dance Music of Ireland Sean - nós dance Set dance Folk song Sean - nós song Traditional Irish singing Lilting Instruments Accordion Bodhrán Bones Bouzouki Concertina Fiddle Flute Hammered dulcimer Harp Lambeg Melodeon Tenor banjo Tin whistle Uilleann pipes Tune Types 4 dances Polka 2 and 4 4 dances Barndance Fling Highland Hornpipe Reel Strathspey Schottische 4 dances Mazurka Waltz 6 8 dances Single and Double Jigs 9 8 dances Hop and Slip jigs 12 8 dances Slide Non-dance tunes Marches and Airs which exist in various meters . Scales Aeolian mode Dorian mode Ionian mode Mixolydian mode Pentatonic scale Relations Cape Breton fiddling Folk music of England Folk music of Scotland Folk music of Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltz&oldid=806218912 '' Categories : Waltz Austrian folk dances German folk dances Triple time dances Forms of Ottoman classical music Greek folk music Greek dances Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles containing video clips Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 14 : 45 . 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Defecation

Defecation - wikipedia Defecation Jump to : navigation , search See also Defecation ( band ) , defector , and defalcation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anatomy of the anus and rectum Defecation is the final act of digestion , by which organisms eliminate solid , semisolid , or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus . Humans expel feces with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly . Waves of muscular contraction ( known as peristalsis ) in the walls of the colon move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the rectum . Undigested food may also be expelled this way , in a process called egestion . Open defecation , the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet of any kind , is still widespread in some developing countries , for example in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Physiology 1.2 Voluntary and involuntary control 2 Posture 3 Health aspects 4 Society and culture 4.1 Anal cleansing after defecation 4.2 Mythology and tradition 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Description Physiology The rectum ampulla ( anatomically also : ampulla recti ) temporarily stores fecal waste . As the waste fills the rectum and expands the rectal walls , nervous system stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate . This urge to defecate arises from the reflex contraction of rectal muscles , relaxation of the internal anal sphincter , and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter . If the urge is not acted upon , the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon by reverse peristalsis , where more water is absorbed and the faeces is stored until the next mass peristaltic movement of the transverse and descending colon . If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period the fecal matter may harden , resulting in constipation . If defecation occurs too fast , before excess liquid is absorbed , diarrhea may occur . When the rectum is full , an increase in intra-rectal pressure forces apart the walls of the anal canal , allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal . The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves push the feces out of the rectum . The internal and external anal sphincters along with the puborectalis muscle allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces . Defecation is normally assisted by taking a deep breath and trying to expel this air against a closed glottis ( Valsalva maneuver ) . This contraction of expiratory chest muscles , diaphragm , abdominal wall muscles , and pelvic diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract . Ventilation at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure . Thoracic blood pressure rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases . Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an aneurysm or to dislodge blood clots ( see thrombosis ) . Also , in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls ; this , coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet , can result in a blackout . During defecation , the external sphincter muscles relax . The anal and urethral sphincter muscles are closely linked . Experiments by Harrison Weed at the Ohio State University Medical Center have shown they can only be contracted together , not individually , and that both show relaxation during urination . This explains why defecation is frequently accompanied by urination . Voluntary and involuntary control Defecation may be involuntary or voluntary . Young children learn voluntary control through the process of toilet training . Once trained , loss of control , called fecal incontinence , may be caused by physical injury , nerve injury , prior surgeries ( such as an episiotomy ) , constipation , diarrhea , loss of storage capacity in the rectum , intense fright , inflammatory bowel disease , psychological or neurological factors , childbirth , or death . Posture Main article : Human defecation postures The positions and modalities of defecation are culture - dependent . Squat toilets are used by the vast majority of the world , including most of Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . The use of sit - down toilets in the Western world is a relatively recent development , beginning in the 19th century with the advent of indoor plumbing . Health aspects Attempting forced expiration of breath against a closed airway ( the valsalva maneuver ) is sometimes practiced to induce defecation while on a toilet . Cardiac arrest and other cardiovascular complications can in rare cases occur due to attempting to defecate using the valsalva maneuver . Valsalva retinopathy is another pathological syndrome associated with the Valsalva maneuver . Society and culture Anal cleansing after defecation Main article : Anal cleansing The anus and buttocks may be cleansed after defecation with toilet paper , similar paper products , or other absorbent material . In many cultures , such as Hindu and Muslim , water is used for anal cleansing after defecation , either in addition to using toilet paper or exclusively . When water is used for anal cleansing after defecation , toilet paper may be used for drying the area afterwards . Mythology and tradition The caganer is a defecating figurine in Spanish Nativity scenes Some peoples have culturally significant stories in which defecation plays a role . For example : In an Alune and Wemale legend from the island of Seram , Maluku Province , Indonesia , the mythical girl Hainuwele defecates valuable objects . One of the traditions of Catalonia ( Spain ) relates to the Caganer , a figurine depicting the act of defecation which appears in nativity scenes in Catalonia and neighbouring areas with Catalan culture . The exact origin of the Caganer is lost , but the tradition has existed since at least the 18th century . See also Artist 's Shit Constipation Hemorrhoid Rectal tenesmus - a feeling of incomplete defecation Shit References This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2017 ) Jump up ^ WHO and UNICEF ( 2017 ) Progress on Drinking Water , Sanitation and Hygiene : 2017 Update and SDG Baselines . Geneva : World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , 2017 Jump up ^ NIH . `` Bowel Movement '' . Medline . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Cardio - vascular Events at Defecation : Are They Unavoidable ? - Medical Hypotheses , Jul 1990 , 32 ( 3 ) : 231 - 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Fecal incontinence - Causes '' . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kira , Alexander ( 1976 ) . The Bathroom ( 2 . ed . New and expanded ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Viking Pr . pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 00612 - 2 . Jump up ^ A History of Technology , Vol. IV : The Industrial Revolution , 1750 - 1850 . ( C. Singer , E Holmyard , A Hall , T. Williams eds ) Oxford Clarendon Press , pps. 507 - 508 , 1958 Jump up ^ Fisher - Hubbard AO , Kesha K , Diaz F , Njiwaji C , Chi P , Schmidt CJ ( 2016 ) . `` Commode Cardia - Death by Valsalva Maneuver : A Case Series '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 61 ( 6 ) : 1541 -- 1545 . PMC 3526029 . PMID 22961088 . doi : 10.1111 / 1556 - 4029.13196 . Jump up ^ Ikeda T , Oomura M , Sato C , Anan C , Yamada K , Kamimoto K ( 2016 ) . `` Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation - a case report '' . Rinsho Shinkeigaku ( Clinical Neurology ) . 56 ( 5 ) : 328 -- 333 . PMID 27151226 . doi : 10.5692 / clinicalneurol. cn - 000856 . Jump up ^ Gibran , SK ; Kenawy , N ; Wong , D ; Hiscott , P ( 2007 ) . `` Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy '' . British Journal of Ophthalmology. 91 ( 5 ) : 701 -- 2 . PMC 1954736 . PMID 17446519 . doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 2006.104935 . Jump up ^ Connor AJ ( 2010 ) . `` Valsalva - related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation '' . Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 33 . PMID 27151226 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 3768.2009. 01624. x . Jump up ^ `` Hainuwele '' . The Oxford Companion to World Mythology . ISBN 9780195156690 . Jump up ^ `` A traditional Nativity scene , Catalan - style '' . BBC News . 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . Further reading This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2017 ) Deeb , Benjamin ( 2004 ) . Healthy to the Core : How to Measure Effective Defecation . Greenwood Press . Widmaier , Raff & Strang ( 2006 ) . Vanders ' Human Physiology , the mechanisms of body function . Chapter 15 . McGraw Hill . Symptoms and signs : digestive system and abdomen ( R10 -- R19 , 787,789 ) Upper Nausea Vomiting Heartburn Aerophagia Dysphagia oropharyngeal esophageal Odynophagia Halitosis Xerostomia Hypersalivation Burping Wet burp Defaecation Flatulence Fecal incontinence Encopresis Blood : Fecal occult blood Rectal tenesmus Constipation Obstructed defecation Diarrhea Rectal discharge Psoas sign Obturator sign Rovsing 's sign Hamburger sign Heel tap sign Aure - Rozanova 's sign Dunphy sign Alder 's sign Lockwood 's sign Rosenstein 's sign Abdomen Abdominal pain Acute abdomen Colic Baby colic Abdominal guarding Rebound tenderness Abdominal distension Bloating Ascites Tympanites Shifting dullness Bulging flanks Fluid wave test Abdominal mass Hepatosplenomegaly Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Jaundice Mallet - Guy sign Puddle sign Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self - cleaning toilet bowl Self - cleaning toilet seat Toilet paper Trap ( U-bend ) Types Aircraft Accessible Arborloo Bedpan Blair Board Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container - based Dry Dual flush Dunny Flush Freezing Head ( boat ) Hudo ( Scouting ) Incinerating Latrine Low - flush Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Public Sanisette ( self - cleaning ) Space Squat Treebog Unisex public Urine - diverting dry Washlet Cultural aspects Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Flying toilet Honeywagon Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Manual scavenging Outhouse Privatization of public toilets Rest area Scatology Shit Museum Slopping out Toilet ( room ) Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toileting Toilet training Toilet - related injuries and deaths Toilets in Japan Toilet Twinning Urinary segregation Washroom attendant Urine - related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal ( health care ) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces - related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Open defecation Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Commode Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defecation&oldid=801936491 '' Categories : Digestive system Colorectal surgery Medical signs Feces Excretion Symptoms and signs : Digestive system and abdomen Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles lacking ISBNs Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 50 . 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Template:Chief guests in republic day parade

Template : chief guests in Republic Day parade - wikipedia Template : chief guests in Republic Day parade Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Guest name Country Note 1950 President Sukarno Indonesia 1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Nepal 1952 1953 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath 1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R.A. Butler United Kingdom Two guests Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan 1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov Soviet Union 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying China 1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip United Kingdom 2nd invitation 1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov Soviet Union 2nd invitation 1961 Queen Elizabeth II United Kingdom 3rd invitation 1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann Denmark Note 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia 1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten United Kingdom 4th invitation 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation 1966 1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah Afghanistan Note 1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov Bulgaria 1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin Belgium Attended only the Beating Retreat 1971 President Julius Nyerere Tanzania 1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko Zaire President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka President Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser Australia 1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I Spain President Shehu Shagari Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 2nd invitation 1985 President Raúl Alfonsín Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou Greece President Alan Garcia Peru President J.R. Jayewardene Sri Lanka 2nd invitation General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh Vietnam Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius 2nd invitation 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Mário Soares Portugal Prime Minister John Major United Kingdom 5th invitation Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela South Africa President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil Prime Minister Basdeo Panday Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac France 3rd invitation 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev Nepal 2nd invitation 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 2nd invitation President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem Mauritius 3rd invitation 2003 President Mohammed Khatami Iran President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Brazil 2nd invitation 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 3rd invitation 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al - Saud Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin Russia 4th invitation 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy France 4th invitation 2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Lee Myung Bak South Korea 2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Indonesia 2nd invitation 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand 2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Bhutan 4th invitation 2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan 2nd invitation 2015 President Barack Obama United States 2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation 2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates 2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests ( Heads of ASEAN states ) Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia President Htin Kyaw Myanmar President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha Thailand 2nd invitation Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras ( Chennai ) . 2. ^ For the first time , the President of India ( S. Radhakrishnan ) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill - health . Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January . References These references will appear in the article , but this list appears only on this page . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day celebrations : President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards '' . 25 July 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ India , President of ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 # 26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr '' . Jump up ^ `` Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru '' ( PDF ) . claudearpi.net . Jump up ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20050205163551/http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm Jump up ^ Rajan , Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga ( 1964 ) . `` India in world affairs , 1954 -- 56 '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India , News Service . ( 1956 , Jan 22 ) . REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Zhukov At India 's National Day Aka Zhukov -- India ( 1957 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Deepak , B. R ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . India & China , 1904 -- 2004 : A century of peace and conflict . ISBN 9788178271125 . Jump up ^ `` In India , they have been celebrating Republic Day . After the parade ... '' . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2547?000 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Duke Popular Everywhere ( 1959 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Prasad , Rajendra ( 1984 ) . Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select Documents . ISBN 9788170230021 . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , News Photo , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be '' . Timescontent.com. 1961 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2488?000 Jump up ^ Indian Information . 1962 . Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Republic Celebration ( 1964 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2555?000 Jump up ^ `` visit to New Delhi of Mr Kosygin on the occasion of Republic Day -- Google zoeken '' . Google.com. 2013 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 1969 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 Jump up ^ Link : Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Record '' . 1972 . Jump up ^ Reed , Sir Stanley ( 1974 ) . `` The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who 's who '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian and Foreign Review '' . 1973 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha ( 1975 ) . `` Lok Sabha Debates '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521 Jump up ^ `` The Eastern Economist '' . 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick J. Hillery '' . Clarelibrary.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral Visits '' . Hcindia-au.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India Argentina Relations '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2000 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6 ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` General South African History timeline '' sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . News.rediff.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ New Delhi , 2 Dec ( IANS ) ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Thai PM to be chief guest on India 's Republic Day '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2013 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India , News -- India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade '' . 26 January 2015 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest '' . 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day '' . Jump up ^ `` India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ DANISH PREMIER TO VISIT INDIA. ( 1962 , Jan 04 ) . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/365725781 Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Asian Almanac '' . V.T. Sambandan. 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Chief_guests_in_republic_day_parade&oldid=792888349 '' Hidden categories : Templates needing substitution checking Talk Template Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 11 : 25 . About Wikipedia

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The Practice of the Presence of God

The Practice of the Presence of God - wikipedia The Practice of the Presence of God `` The Practice of the Presence of God '' is also the title of a section of Jeremy Taylor 's Holy Living The Practice of the Presence of God Author Brother Lawrence ( Nicholas Herman 1605 -- 91 ) Compiled by Father Joseph de Beaufort Language French Genre Christian literature The Practice of the Presence of God is a book of collected teachings of Brother Lawrence ( born Nicholas Herman ) , a 17th - century Carmelite monk , compiled by Father Joseph de Beaufort . The compilation includes letters , as well as records of his conversations kept by Brother Lawrence 's interlocutors . The basic theme of the book is the development of an awareness of the presence of God . Contents ( hide ) 1 About Brother Lawrence 2 Theme 3 References 4 External links About Brother Lawrence ( edit ) The first conversation in the book recounts Brother Lawrence 's conversion to a deeper commitment to his Christian faith at 18 years old : `` ... in the winter , seeing a tree stripped of its leaves , and considering that within a little time , the leaves would be renewed , and after that the flowers and fruit appear , he received a high view of the Providence and Power of God , which has never since been effaced from his soul . '' At the age of 24 , Brother Lawrence joined the Order of Discalced Carmelites in Paris , taking the religious name `` Lawrence of the Resurrection '' . He spent the rest of his life with this order , dying on 12 February 1691 . During his time as a friar he was much preoccupied with the cultivating a keen sensitivity to the presence of God in everyday life . Theme ( edit ) The text attempts to explain Lawrence 's method of acquiring the presence of God . A summary of his approach can be gleaned from the following passages . `` That he had always been governed by love , without selfish views ; and that having resolved to make the love of GOD the end of all his actions , he had found reasons to be well satisfied with his method . That he was pleased when he could take up a straw from the ground for the love of GOD , seeking Him only , and nothing else , not even His gifts . '' `` That in order to form a habit of conversing with GOD continually , and referring all we do to Him ; we must at first apply to Him with some diligence : but that after a little care we should find His love inwardly excite us to it without any difficulty . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Herman , Nicholas , The Practice of the Presence of God , The Christian Classics Ethereal Library . External links ( edit ) The Practice of the Presence of God ( full text and audio ) , Christian Classics Ethereal Library . The Practice of the Presence of God at Project Gutenberg . The Practice of the Presence of God public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Practice of the Presence of God ( free online text ) . The Practice of the Presence of God ( online book ) , The corner stone . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Practice_of_the_Presence_of_God&oldid=787786273 '' Categories : Books about Christianity 17th - century Christian texts Carmelite spirituality Christian devotional literature Discalced Carmelite Order Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 14 : 48 . About Wikipedia

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United States Capitol

United States Capitol - Wikipedia United States Capitol Not to be confused with Washington , D.C. . For the legislature , see United States Congress . United States Capitol United States Capitol , west front Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all General information Architectural style American neoclassicism Town or city Capitol Hill , Washington , D.C. Country United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 23.3 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 32.6 '' W  /  38.889806 ° N 77.009056 ° W  / 38.889806 ; - 77.009056 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 23.3 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 32.6 '' W  /  38.889806 ° N 77.009056 ° W  / 38.889806 ; - 77.009056 Construction started September 18 , 1793 Completed 1800 Client Washington administration Technical details Floor count 5 Floor area 16.5 acres ( 6.7 ha ) Design and construction Architect William Thornton , designer ( see Architect of the Capitol ) Website www.capitol.gov www.aoc.gov/us-capitol-building The United States Capitol , often called the Capitol Building , is the home of the United States Congress , and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government . It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington , D.C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the Federal District , the Capitol forms the origin point for the District 's street - numbering system and the District 's four quadrants . The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded , particularly with the addition of the massive dome , and expanded chambers for the bicameral legislature , the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing . Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches , the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior . Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts , though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.1. 1 Name 1.2 Design competition 1.3 Construction 1.4 Early religious use 1.5 War of 1812 1.6 The House and Senate Wings 1.7 Capitol dome 1.8 Later expansion 2 Interior 2.1 Art 2.2 Crypt 2.3 Features 2.4 Height 2.5 House Chamber 2.6 Old Supreme Court Chamber 2.7 Senate Chamber 2.8 Floor plans 3 Exterior 3.1 Grounds 3.2 Flags 4 Major events 5 Security 6 Capitol Visitor Center 7 See also 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The east front of the United States Capitol ( 2013 view ) The Capitol at night ( 2013 view ) Background ( edit ) See also : History of Washington , D.C. and List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. Prior to establishing the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia ( Independence Hall and Congress Hall ) , New York City ( Federal Hall ) , and a number of other locations ( York , Pennsylvania ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Maryland State House in Annapolis , Maryland ; and Nassau Hall in Princeton , New Jersey ) . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia , followed by the Second Continental Congress , which met from May 1775 to March 1781 . After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York , Pennsylvania , the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783 , when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall , demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War . Congress requested that John Dickinson , the Governor of Pennsylvania , call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters . In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia . As a result , Congress was forced to flee to Princeton , New Jersey , on June 21 , 1783 , and met in Annapolis , Maryland , and Trenton , New Jersey , before ending up in New York City . The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4 , 1789 . New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790 , when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital . The decision to locate the capital was contentious , but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War , in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River . As part of the legislation , Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years ( until December 1800 ) , until the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , would be ready . Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city . L'Enfant chose Jenkin 's Hill as the site for the `` Congress House '' , with a `` grand avenue '' ( now Pennsylvania Avenue , NW ) connecting it with the President 's House , and a public space containing a broader `` grand avenue '' ( now the National Mall ) stretching westward to the Potomac River ( see : L'Enfant Plan ) . Name ( edit ) In reviewing L'Enfant's plan , Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the `` Capitol '' rather than `` Congress House '' . The word `` Capitol '' comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill , one of the seven hills of Rome . The connection between the two is not , however , crystal clear . In addition to coming up with a city plan , L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President 's House ; however , he was dismissed in February 1792 over disagreements with President George Washington and the commissioners , and there were no plans at that point for the Capitol . Design competition ( edit ) Design for the U.S. Capitol , `` An Elevation for a Capitol '' , by James Diamond was one of many submitted in the 1792 contest , but not selected . In spring 1792 , United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the `` President 's House '' , and set a four - month deadline . The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City . At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol ; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish , reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time . The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet , a trained French architect . However , Hallet 's designs were overly fancy , with too much French influence , and were deemed too costly . A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31 , 1793 , to much praise for its `` Grandeur , Simplicity , and Beauty '' by Washington , along with praise from Thomas Jefferson . Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre , as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design . Thornton 's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5 , 1793 , from Washington , and Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol ( and later first Superintendent of the United States Patent Office ) . In an effort to console Hallet , the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton 's plans , develop cost estimates , and serve as superintendent of construction . Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton 's design , which he saw as costly to build and problematic . In July 1793 , Jefferson convened a five - member commission , bringing Hallet and Thornton together , along with James Hoban ( winning architect of the `` President 's Palace '' ) to address problems with and revise Thornton 's plan . Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan , which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton . The revised plan was accepted , except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an open recess in the center of the East front , which was part of Thornton 's original plan . The original design by Thornton was later modified by the famous British - American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe , Sr. , and then Charles Bulfinch . The current cast - iron dome and the House 's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas U. Walter and August Schoenborn , a German immigrant , in the 1850s , and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark . Construction ( edit ) The Capitol when first occupied by Congress ( painting circa 1800 by William Russell Birch ) L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and along Aquia Creek in Virginia for use in the foundations and outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791 . Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted . On September 18 , 1793 , President George Washington , along with eight other Freemasons dressed in masonic regalia , laid the cornerstone , which was made by silversmith Caleb Bentley . Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision of James Hoban , who was also busy working on construction of the `` President 's House '' ( also later known as the `` Executive Mansion '' ) . Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President , Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton 's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center , with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies . Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15 , 1794 . George Hadfield was hired on October 15 , 1795 , as Superintendent of Construction , but resigned three years later in May 1798 , because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton 's plan and quality of work done thus far . The Senate ( north ) wing was completed in 1800 . The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in , until the House of Representatives ( south ) wing was finally completed in 1811 , with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be . However , the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807 . Though the Senate wing building was incomplete , the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress with both chambers in session on November 17 , 1800 . The National Legislature was moved to Washington prematurely , at the urging of President John Adams , in hopes of securing enough Southern votes in the Electoral College to be re-elected for a second term as President . Early religious use ( edit ) For several decades , beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800 , the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions . The first services were conducted in the `` hall '' of the House in the north wing of the building . In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing , called the `` Oven '' , which it vacated in 1804 , returning to the north wing for three years . Then , from 1807 to 1857 , they were held in the then - House Chamber ( now called Statuary Hall ) . When held in the House chamber , the Speaker 's podium was used as the preacher 's pulpit . According to the U.S. Library of Congress exhibit Religion and the Founding of the American Republic : It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) and of James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) the state became the church . Within a year of his inauguration , Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives . Madison followed Jefferson 's example , although unlike Jefferson , who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol , Madison came in a coach and four . Worship services in the House -- a practice that continued until after the Civil War -- were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary . Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared . ( Catholic priests began officiating in 1826 . ) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist , Dorothy Ripley , delivered a camp meeting - style exhortation in the House to Jefferson , Vice President Aaron Burr , and a `` crowded audience '' . War of 1812 ( edit ) See also : Burning of Washington The Capitol after the August 1814 burning of Washington , D.C. , by the British , during the War of 1812 ( painting 1814 by George Munger ) Not long after the completion of both wings , the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24 , 1814 , during the War of 1812 . George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift , both military engineers , were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol . Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings ( now sides ) , which were completed by 1819 . During the reconstruction , Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol , a temporary structure financed by local investors . Construction continued through to 1826 , with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda , rising above the first low dome of the Capitol . Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features ; his successor , Bulfinch , also played a major role , such as the design of the first low dome covered in copper . The House and Senate wings ( edit ) Daguerreotype of east side of the Capitol in 1846 , by John Plumbe By 1850 , it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states . A new design competition was held , and President Millard Fillmore appointed Philadelphia architect Thomas U. Walter to carry out the expansion . Two new wings were added -- a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side , and a new chamber for the Senate on the north . When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s , some of the construction labor was carried out by slaves `` who cut the logs , laid the stones and baked the bricks '' . The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe ; however , there was a poor response to recruitment efforts , and African Americans , some free and some enslaved , composed the majority of the work force . Capitol dome ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol dome Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861 , before the partially complete Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the Capitol , dwarfing the original , timber - framed , copper - sheeted , low dome of 1818 , designed by Charles Bulfinch and no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building . In 1855 , the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the `` wedding - cake style '' cast - iron dome that stands today . Also designed by Thomas U. Walter , the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet ( 30 m ) in diameter , yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers . Like Mansart 's dome at `` Les Invalides '' ( which he had visited in 1838 ) , Walter 's dome is double , with a large oculus in the inner dome , through which is seen `` The Apotheosis of Washington '' painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs , which also support the visible exterior structure and the tholos that supports The `` Statue of Freedom '' , a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863 . This statue was cast by a slave named Philip Reid . The weight of the cast iron for the dome has been published as 8,909,200 pounds ( 4,041,100 kg ) . Later expansion ( edit ) The Washington Depot with the U.S. Capitol in the distance ( 1872 view ) When the Capitol 's new dome was finally completed , its massive visual weight , in turn , overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico , built in 1828 . The East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt in 1904 , following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings , who also designed the Russell Senate and Cannon House office buildings . Bird 's - eye view of Washington toward the west and northwest with The Capitol -- 1871 The next major expansion to the Capitol started in 1958 , with a 33.5 feet ( 10.2 m ) extension of the East Portico . During this project , in 1960 the dome underwent a restoration . A marble duplicate of the sandstone East Front was built 33.5 feet ( 10.2 m ) from the old Front . ( In 1962 , a connecting extension incorporated what had been an outside wall as an inside wall . ) In the process , the Corinthian columns were removed . It was not until 1984 that landscape designer Russell Page created a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at the U.S. National Arboretum in northeast Washington as the National Capitol Columns , where they are combined with a reflecting pool in an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins of Persepolis , in Persia . Besides the columns , hundreds of blocks of the original stone were removed and are stored behind a National Park Service maintenance yard in Rock Creek Park . National Capitol Columns at the National Arboretum ( 2008 view ) The United States Capitol , with scaffolding erected to facilitate restoration work on the dome ( November 2014 view ) On December 19 , 1960 , the Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service . The building was ranked # 6 in a 2007 survey conducted for the American Institute of Architects ' `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' list . The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings , especially churches and landmarks in Europe , including the dome of St. Peter 's Basilica in the Vatican and St. Paul 's Cathedral in London . On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly the U.S. flag when either is in session . On September 18 , 1993 , to commemorate the Capitol 's bicentennial , the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted . U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond was one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony . On June 20 , 2000 , ground was broken for the Capitol Visitor Center , which opened on December 2 , 2008 . From 2001 through 2008 , the East Front of the Capitol ( site of most presidential inaugurations until Ronald Reagan began a new tradition in 1981 ) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex , designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol . Prior to the center being built , visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building . The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall , a visitors theater , room for exhibits , and dining and restroom facilities , in addition to space for building necessities such as an underground service tunnel . A large - scale Capitol dome restoration project , the first extensive such work since 1959 -- 1960 , began in 2014 , with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration . As of 2012 , $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed , but other deterioration , including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside , needed to be addressed . Before the August 2012 recess , the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome . The House wanted to spend less on government operations , but in late 2013 , it was announced that renovations would take place over two years , starting in spring 2014 . Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014 , enclosing and obscuring the dome . All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016 . With the increased use of technologies such as the internet , a bid tendering process was approved in 2001 / 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network within the Capitol Building and annexes , followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center . The winning bidder was an Israeli company called Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired by Corning Incorporated . Interior ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol rotunda See also : United States Capitol subway system Capitol Rotunda ( 2013 view ) The Capitol building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure ( which also includes , the older original smaller center flanked by the two original ( designed 1793 , occupied 1800 ) smaller two wings ( inner north ) and inner south ) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives ( between 1800 and late 1850s ) and then flanked by two further extended ( newer ) wings , one also for each chamber of the larger , more populous Congress : the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber . Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives . It is an example of the neoclassical architecture style . Underground tunnels and internal subways connect the Capitol building with the Congressional office buildings in the Capitol Complex . All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S ( for Senate ) or H ( for House ) , depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol . Art ( edit ) The 1865 fresco painted by Constantino Brumidi on the interior of the Capitol 's dome is titled The Apotheosis of Washington . ( 2005 view ) Carlo Franzoni 's 1819 sculptural chariot clock , the Car of History , depicting Clio , the Greek muse of history . National Statuary Hall . ( 2006 view ) The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States , beginning in 1856 with Italian / Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol . The murals , known as the Brumidi Corridors , reflect great moments and people in United States history . Among the original works are those depicting Benjamin Franklin , John Fitch , Robert Fulton , and events such as the Cession of Louisiana . Also decorating the walls are animals , insects and natural flora indigenous to the United States . Brumidi 's design left many spaces open so that future events in United States history could be added . Among those added are the Spirit of St. Louis , the Moon landing , and the Space Shuttle Challenger shuttle crew . Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda . He is responsible for the painting of The Apotheosis of Washington beneath the top of the dome , and also the famous Frieze of American History . The Apotheosis of Washington was completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet ( 55 m ) in the air . It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify a founding father . Washington is depicted surrounded by 13 maidens in an inner ring with many Greek and Roman gods and goddesses below him in a second ring . The frieze is located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological , pictorial history of the United States from the landing of Christopher Columbus to the Wright Brothers 's flight in Kitty Hawk , North Carolina . The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953 . The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists : Brumidi , Filippo Costaggini , Charles Ayer Whipple , and Allyn Cox . The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began his Frieze of the United States History . Capitol Rotunda ( 2005 view ) Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation . On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America . On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States . The east side paintings include The Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman , The Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir , The Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell , and The Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn . The paintings on the west side are by John Trumbull : Declaration of Independence , Surrender of General Burgoyne , Surrender of Lord Cornwallis , and General George Washington Resigning His Commission . Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States ' founding fathers and a participant in the American Revolutionary War ; he painted a self - portrait into Surrender of Lord Cornwallis . Declaration of Independence ( 1819 ) , by John Trumbull First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing . National Statuary Hall Collection viewed from the south The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection , comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states to honor persons notable in their histories . One of the most notable statues in the National Statuary Hall is a bronze statue of King Kamehameha donated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959 . The statue 's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds ( 6,800 kg ) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor , so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center . The 100th , and last statue for the collection , that of Po'pay from the state of New Mexico , was added on September 22 , 2005 . It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall . Crypt ( edit ) Capitol Crypt On the ground floor is an area known as the Crypt . It was intended to be the burial place of George Washington , with a ringed balustrade at the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb . However , under the stipulations of his last will , Washington was buried at Mount Vernon . The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol . A compass star inlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington , D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for how addresses in Washington , D.C. , are designated ( NE , NW , SE , or SW ) . However , due to the retrocession of the Virginia portions of the District , the geographic center of the city lies near the White House . Within the Crypt is Gutzon Borglum 's massive Abraham Lincoln Bust . The sculptor had a fascination with large - scale art and themes of heroic nationalism , and carved the piece from a six - ton block of marble . Borglum carved the bust in 1908 , and it was donated to the Congress by Eugene Meyer , Jr. , and accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library , in the same year . The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911 . The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda for many years until 1979 when , after a rearrangement of all sculpture in the Rotunda , they were placed in the Crypt . Borglum was a patriot ; believing that the `` monuments we have built are not our own , '' he looked to create art that was `` American , drawn from American sources , memorializing American achievement '' , according to a 1908 interview article . Borglum 's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate , that Robert Todd Lincoln , the president 's son , praised the bust as `` the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen . '' Supposedly , according to legend , the marble head remains unfinished ( missing a left ear ) to symbolize Lincoln 's unfinished life . Features ( edit ) At one end of the room near the Old Supreme Court Chamber is a statue of John C. Calhoun . On the right leg of the statue , a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible . The bullet also left a mark on the cape , located on the back right side of the statue . Eleven presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing , most recently Gerald Ford . The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol . The catafalque is now on display in the Capitol Visitors Center for the general public to see when not in use . The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol , home to twenty - eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection . In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs , which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths . These baths were a spa - like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing . The facilities included several bathtubs , a barbershop , and a massage parlor . A steep , metal staircase , totaling 365 steps , leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol 's dome . The number of steps represents each day of the year . Also in the basement , the weekly Jummah prayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers . Height ( edit ) For more details , see Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 ; The Height of Buildings Act of 1899 ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. Contrary to a popular myth , D.C. building height laws have never referred to the height of the Capitol building , which rises to 289 feet ( 88 m ) . Indeed , the Capitol is only the fifth - tallest structure in Washington . House chamber ( edit ) The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats . Unlike Senators , Representatives do not have assigned seats . The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events . It is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout history . The United States national motto `` In God We Trust '' is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag . Of the twenty - three relief portraits only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits . President George W. Bush delivering the annual State of the Union address in the House chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber ( 2007 view ) US Senate chamber ( circa 1873 view ) In order clockwise around the chamber : George Mason Robert Joseph Pothier Jean Baptiste Colbert Edward I of England Alfonso X of Castile Pope Gregory IX Louis IX of France Justinian I Tribonian Lycurgus of Sparta Hammurabi Moses Solon Aemilius Papinianus Gaius Maimonides Suleiman the Magnificent Pope Innocent III Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester Hugo Grotius William Blackstone Napoleon Thomas Jefferson There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber , as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster : `` Let us develop the resources of our land , call forth its powers , build up its institutions , promote all its great interests , and see whether we also , in our day and generation , may not perform something worthy to be remembered . '' Old Supreme Court chamber ( edit ) Main article : Old Supreme Court Chamber From 1800 to 1806 , this room served as the Senate Chamber and from 1806 until 1860 , the room was used as the Supreme Court Chamber . In 1860 , the Supreme Court began using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber . Since 1935 , the Supreme Court has met in the United States Supreme Court Building . Senate chamber ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate Chamber The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859 and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate ( Vice Presidents ) . Floor plans ( edit ) Floor plans of the United States Capitol Basement , Terrace , and Courtyard Floor First ( Ground ) Floor Second ( Primary ) Floor Third ( Gallery ) Floor Fourth ( Attic ) Floor Layout and room numbers as of 1997 Exterior ( edit ) A 2007 aerial view of the Capitol Grounds from the west Grounds ( edit ) Capitol Plaza ( 2013 view ) See also : United States Capitol Complex The Capitol Grounds cover approximately 274 acres ( 1.11 km2 ) , with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns , walkways , streets , drives , and planting areas . Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol including The Rescue and George Washington . The current grounds were designed by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892 . In 1875 , as one of his first recommendations , Olmsted proposed the construction of the marble terraces on the north , west , and south sides of the building that exist today . Olmsted also designed the Summer House , the open - air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol . Three arches open into the hexagonal structure , which encloses a fountain and twenty - two brick chairs . A fourth wall holds a small window that looks onto an artificial grotto . Built between 1879 and 1881 , the Summer House was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves . Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted 's fountain for the latter purpose . Olmsted intended to build a second , matching Summer House on the southern side of the Capitol , but congressional objections led to the project 's cancellation . Flags ( edit ) Up to four U.S. flags can be seen flying over the Capitol . Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides . These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night since World War I . The other two flagpoles are above the North ( Senate ) and South ( House of Representatives ) wings of the building , and fly only when the chamber below is in session . The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered by House pages . The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers . To raise the flag , Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from the Senate Sergeant at Arms 's office . Several auxiliary flagpoles , to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground , are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol . Constituents pay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of a veteran family member . Major events ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United States and United States presidential inauguration The body of former President Ronald Reagan lying in state in 2004 The Capitol , as well as the grounds of Capitol Hill , have played host to major events , including presidential inaugurations held every four years . During an inauguration , the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase . Annual events at the Capitol include Independence Day celebrations , and the National Memorial Day Concert . Exterior of the Capitol prior to the 2015 visit by Pope Francis The general public has paid respect to a number of individuals lying in state at the Capitol , including numerous former presidents , senators , and other officials . Other Americans lying in honor include Officers Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson , the two officers killed in the 1998 shooting incident . Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol . The public also paid respect to Rosa Parks , an icon of the civil rights movement , at the Capitol in 2005 . She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol . In February 2018 , the evangelical Rev. Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda . On September 24 , 2015 , Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress , the first Pope to do so . Security ( edit ) See also : United States Capitol shooting incident ( 1954 ) , 1983 United States Senate bombing , United States Capitol shooting incident ( 1998 ) , and United States Capitol shooting incident ( 2013 ) In 1922 , the US Post Office featured the US Capitol on a US Postage stamp . On January 30 , 1835 , what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol . When President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis , Richard Lawrence , an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England , either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired . Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired . It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring . Lawrence was then restrained , with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane , prompting his aides to restrain him . Others present , including Davy Crockett , restrained and disarmed Lawrence . On July 2 , 1915 , prior to the United States ' entry into World War I , Eric Muenter ( aka Frank Holt ) , a German professor who wanted to stop American support of the Allies of World War I , exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S. Senate . The next morning he tried to assassinate J.P. Morgan , Jr. , son of the financier , at his home on Long Island , New York . In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion , Muenter , writing under an assumed name , said he hoped that the detonation would `` make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war . '' J.P. Morgan 's company served as Great Britain 's principal U.S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies . The Capitol at night ( 2006 view ) In 1954 , Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors ' gallery , injuring five representatives . On March 1 , 1971 , a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol , placed by the radical left domestic terrorist group , the Weather Underground . They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos . On November 7 , 1983 , a group called the Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for a bomb that detonated in the lobby outside the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd . Six people associated with the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee were later found in contempt of court for refusing to testify about the bombing . In 1990 , three members of the Armed Resistance Unit were convicted of the bombing , which they claimed was in response to the invasion of Grenada . On July 24 , 1998 , Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire , killing two Capitol Police officers . The Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11 , 2001 , before it crashed near Shanksville in Somerset County , Pennsylvania , after passengers tried to take over control of the plane from hijackers . Since the September 11 attacks , the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes . The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill , and have closed a section of one street indefinitely . The level of screening employed varies . On the main east - west thoroughfares of Constitution and Independence Avenues , barricades are implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency . Trucks larger than pickups are interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes . On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets , the barriers are typically kept in a permanent `` emergency '' position , and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass . All Capitol visitors are screened by a magnetometer , and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by an x-ray device . In both chambers , gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency . Structures ranging from scores of Jersey barriers to hundreds of ornamental bollards have been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways . In 2004 the capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then governor of Kentucky strayed into restricted airspace over the district . A shooting incident occurred in March 2016 . One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured ; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested , in critical but stable condition . The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as `` isolated '' . Capitol Visitor Center ( edit ) The opening ceremony of the Capitol Visitor Center in December 2008 . The plaster cast model of the Statue of Freedom is in the foreground . Main article : United States Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center ( CVC ) , located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza , between the Capitol building and 1st Street East , opened on December 2 , 2008 . The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors , including those with disabilities , and an expansion space for the US Congress . The complex contains 580,000 square feet ( 54,000 m ) of space below ground on three floors , and offers visitors a food court , restrooms , and educational exhibits , including an 11 - foot scale model of the Capitol dome . It also features skylights affording views of the actual dome . Long in the planning stages , construction began in the fall of 2001 , following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998 . The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was $ 621 million . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Apotheosis of Democracy by Paul Wayland Bartlett , a pediment on the east front of the House of Representatives Portico . Congressional Prayer Room The Capitol is pictured on the back of the United States fifty - dollar bill . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The United States Capitol : An Overview of the Building and Its Function '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See List of capitals in the United States Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the United States . He wrote this name on his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' ( Washington , D.C. ) and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . ( Reference : Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9727611 - 0 - 9 ) . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' on its website . ^ Jump up to : Kornwolf , James D ; Kornwolf , Georgiana Wallis ( 2002 ) . `` The Creation of the Federal City : Washington '' . Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America : Vol. 3 . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 1552 . ISBN 0801859867 . OCLC 45066419 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . A final legacy of Jefferson 's vision of the city is found in correspondence between him and L'Enfant . Jefferson consistently called the building to house Congress , the `` Capitol , '' whereas L'Enfant just as consistently referred to it as `` Congress House . '' At Google Books . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) L'Enfant , Peter Charles ( 1791 ) . `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States , in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July , MDCCXC , `` establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac '' : ( Washington , D.C. ) `` . Photocopy of annotated facsimile created by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey , Washington , D.C. ( 1887 ) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . ( 2 ) `` Enlarged image of central portion of The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . ( 3 ) Vlach , John Michael ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill '' . Capitol History : The Capitol Dome . United States Capitol Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ( 4 ) Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Capitol '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hodgkins , George W. ( 1960 ) . `` Naming the Capitol and the Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington , D.C. 60 / 62 : 36 -- 53 . JSTOR 40067217 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ `` William Thornton ( 1759 -- 1828 ) '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 17 , 1793 ) . `` Letter : Jefferson to Washington '' . Thomas Jefferson and the National Capital . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : East Front Elevation , Rendering '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woods , Robert O. ( June 2003 ) . `` Under the Capitol Dome '' . Mechanical Engineering Magazine . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morgan , J.D. ( 1899 ) . `` Maj . Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 2 : 120 . Jump up ^ Hazelton ( 1907 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 1995 ) . In the Greatest Solemn Dignity : The Capitol 's Four Cornerstones . Government Printing Office . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 37 -- 39 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Carter II , Edward C. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) . `` Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington , 1798 -- 1818 '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society : 139 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the Founding of the American Republic '' . U.S. Library of Congress . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the United States Capitol '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol slave labor studied '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Dome '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Steinhauer , Jennifer ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Dome Is Imperiled by 1,300 Cracks and Partisan Rift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jule Banville , `` Stone - Cold Whodunit '' ( April 24 , 2009 ) , Washington City Paper Jump up ^ `` Stones from US Capitol in Rock Creek Park '' ( July 25 , 2011 ) , Rock Creek Runner Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia -- Inventory of Historic Sites '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia : Office of Planning . Government of the District of Columbia . September 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . Harris Interactive . American Institute of Architects. 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Architecture Images - U.S. Capitol '' . American-architecture.info . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitors Center FAQ '' . Architect Of the Capitol . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capitol Dome Restoration Project Overview '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol 's historic dome set for 2 - year renovation '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dome Restoration Project Updates '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2007/02/house-ends-cell-phone-licensing-deal-002910 Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/homenews/news/10545-hastert-rebuffs-pelosi-on-investigation-request Jump up ^ `` AOC.gov '' . AOC.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frieze of American History '' . Aoc.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Art & History Home , First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of Presid '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abraham Lincoln Bust '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 365 Steps to the Top of Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . August 10 , 1997 . Section 1 , Page 22 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logan , Mrs. John A. ( Mary Simmerson ) ( 1901 ) . Thirty Years in Washington ; or , Life and Scenes in Our National Capital . Hartford , Connecticut : A.D. Worthington & Co. p. 78 . OCLC 29540458 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Bridget ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Muslim on Capitol Hill : Staffers Look to Rebuild '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew Gilmore . `` H - DC Discussion Network '' . H-net.org . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Chamber '' . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon I '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carrier , Thomas J. ( 2000 ) . The White House , the Capitol , and the Supreme Court : historic self - guided tours . Images of America . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0557 - 9 . OCLC 44503337 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Chamber 1859 -- 2009 '' . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Chamber : Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection '' . United States Senate . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Graham Will Be the Fourth Private Citizen Ever to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Journey - United States of America : Visit to the Congress of the United States of America ( Washington D.C. , 24 September 2015 ) Francis '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jon Grinspan . `` Trying to Assassinate Andrew Jackson '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( November 9 , 1983 ) . `` Capitol Bombing : Group Hit Other Targets , FBI Believes '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Seppy , Tom ( February 12 , 1985 ) . `` Judge Finds Four in Contempt in Bombing Probe '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( September 7 , 1990 ) . `` Three Leftists Plead Guilty to Bombing the U.S. Capitol '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Al - Jazeera offers accounts of 9 / 11 planning '' . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Report of the 9 / 11 Commission Archived December 6 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , US Govt Printing Office Jump up ^ `` Increased Security on Capitol Grounds '' ( Press release ) . United States Capitol Police . August 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lyndsey Layton and Manny Fernandez ( August 3 , 2004 ) . `` Street Closing Irks D.C. Leaders : Checkpoints Set Up Near World Bank , IMF and Capitol '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Post Store ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` WashingtonPost.com '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Schmidt ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` U.S. Capitol on Lockdown After Reports of Gunshots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Capitol shooting : Gunman wounds Capitol police officer '' . BBC News Online . 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture -- U.S. Capitol Visitor Center '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip Kopper `` A Capitol Attraction , '' American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitor Center : Project Information '' . Architect of the Capitol . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Newest Member : The US Capitol Visitor Center '' . Washingtonian magazine . 2008 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitor Center Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Architect of the Capitol . Spring 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . References ( edit ) Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . History of the United States Capitol -- A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Government Printing Office . ISBN 0160508304 . OCLC 46420177 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Brown , Glenn ( 1998 ) . Architect of the Capitol for The United States Capitol Preservation Commission , ed . History of the United States Capitol ( Annotated Edition in Commemoration of The Bicentennial of the United States Capitol ed . ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Frary , Ihna Thayer ( 1969 ) . They Built the Capitol . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5089 - 5 . Guy Gugliotta ( 2012 ) . Freedom 's Cap : The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4681 - 2 . Hazelton , George Cochrane ( 1907 ) . The National Capitol . J.F. Taylor & Co . Further Reading ( edit ) Aikman , Lonnelle . We , the People : the Story of the United States Capitol , Its Past and Its Promise . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Capitol Historical Society , in cooperation with the National Geographic Society , 1964 . Bordewich , Fergus M. ( December 2008 ) . `` A Capitol Vision From a Self - Taught Architect '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Ovason , David , The Secret Architecture of our Nation 's Capital : the Masons and the building of Washington , D.C. , New York City , New York : Harper Collins , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019537 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Capitol . Geographic data related to United States Capitol at OpenStreetMap Official website Capitol Visitors Center United States Capitol Historical Society Architect of the Capitol Capitol History Project -- documentary and website by C - SPAN . Temple of Liberty : Building the Capitol for a New Nation , Library of Congress U.S. Capitol Police `` Book Discussion on Freedom 's Cap '' , C - SPAN , March 20 , 2012 Committee for the Preservation of the National Capitol Records , 1949 - 1958 . Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives , Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library , Columbia University . 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Pokhran-II

Pokhran - II - Wikipedia Pokhran - II Jump to : navigation , search Pokhran - II Operation Shakti A cylindrical shaped nuclear bomb , Shakti I , prior to its detonation . Information Country India Test site Pokhran Test Range , Rajasthan Period 11 -- 13 May 1998 Number of tests 5 Test type Underground tests Device type Fission / fusion Max . yield 43 -- 45 kilotons of TNT ( 180 -- 190 TJ ) tested Test chronology ← Pokhran - I ( Operation Smiling Buddha ) Pokhran - II was the series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998 . It was the second Indian nuclear test ; the first test , code - named Smiling Buddha , was conducted in May 1974 . Pokhran - II consisted of five detonations , of which the first was a fusion bomb and the remaining four were fission bombs . These nuclear tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states , including Japan and the United States . On 11 May 1998 , Operation Shakti ( Pokhran - II ) was initiated with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs ; the word `` Shakti '' ( Devanagari : शक्ति ) means `` power '' in Sanskrit . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated , and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full - fledged nuclear state . Many names are attributed to these tests ; originally they were called Operation Shakti -- 98 ( Power -- 98 ) , and the five nuclear bombs were designated Shakti - I through Shakti - V. More recently , the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran II , and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran - I . Contents ( hide ) 1 India 's nuclear bomb project 1.1 Post-Smiling Buddha 2 Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 2.1 1998 Indian general elections 2.2 Preparations for the test 3 Nuclear weapon designs and development 3.1 Development and test teams 3.2 Movement and logistics 3.3 Nuclear bombs and detonations 4 Reactions to the tests 4.1 Reactions in India 4.2 International reactions 4.2. 1 United States 4.2. 2 Canada , Japan , and other states 4.2. 3 China 4.2. 4 Pakistan 4.3 U.N. sanctions 4.3. 1 Effects on Indian economy 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links India 's nuclear bomb project ( edit ) Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb , infrastructure , and research on related technologies has been undertaken by India since World War II . Origins of India 's nuclear program dates back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the Indian Congress towards harnessing of the nuclear energy -- a year later he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) . In 1950s , the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components . In 1962 , India and China engaged in the disputed northern front , and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964 . Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 . After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966 , the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts . Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India 's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test , Smiling Buddha , in 1974 . Post-smiling Buddha ( edit ) Responding to Smiling Buddha , the Nuclear Suppliers Group severely affected the India 's nuclear program . The world 's major nuclear powers imposed technological embargo on India and Pakistan , which was technologically racing to meet with India 's challenge . The nuclear program struggled for years to gain credibility and its progress crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependent on imported technology and technical assistance . At IAEA , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared that India 's nuclear program was not militarising despite authorising preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb design . As an aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's government , the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management . Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan , a mechanical engineer , but progress was slow . The nuclear program received little attention from Prime Minister Morarji Desai who was renowned for his peace advocacy . In 1978 , Prime Minister Desai transferred physicist Ramanna to Indian MoD , and his government was not entirely without progress in nuclear program and had the program continue to grow at a desirable rate . Disturbing news came from Pakistan when the world discovered the Pakistan 's clandestine atomic bomb program . Contrary to India 's nuclear program , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program was akin to United States 's Manhattan Project , it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program . The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then ; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years . In 1980 , the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981 . Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship , though the nuclear program continued to advance . Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam , who was then an aerospace engineer . Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 ( edit ) During the 1998 Indian general election , BJP 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee promised to carry out nuclear tests . In 1989 , the general elections witnessed the Janata Dal , the right - wing party led by V.P. Singh , forming the government . Prime Minister V.P. Singh down played the relations with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto whose Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) won the general elections in 1988 . Foreign relations between India and Pakistan began to severely worsen when India began charging Pakistan of supporting the militancy in Jammu and Kashmir . During this time , the missile program succeeded in the development of the Prithvi missiles . Successive governments in India decided to observe this temporary moratorium for fear of inviting international criticism . The Indian public had been supportive towards the nuclear tests which ultimately led Prime Minister Narasimha Rao deciding to conduct further tests in 1995 . Plans were halted after American spy satellites picked up signs of preparations for nuclear testing at Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan . President Bill Clinton and his administration exerted enormous pressure on Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to stop the preparations . Responding to India , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto issued harsh and severe statements against India on Pakistan 's news channels ; thus putting stress on the relations between two countries . Diplomatic tension escalated between two countries when Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto raised the Kashmir issue at the United Nations in 1995 . In a speech delivered by then - Speaker National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani , stressed the `` Kashmir issue '' as continue to endanger the peace and security in the region . The Indian delegation headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the United Nations , reiterated that the `` UN resolutions only call upon Pakistan -- the occupying force to vacate the `` Jammu and Kashmir Area . '' 1998 Indian general elections ( edit ) Main articles : Indian general election , 1998 ; Bharatiya Janata Party ; Indian economy ; and Indian politics The BJP , came to power in 1998 general elections with an exclusive public mandate . BJP 's political might have been growing steadily in strength over the past decade over several issues . In Pakistan , the similar conservative force , the PML ( N ) , was also in power with an exclusive mandate led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who defeated the leftist PPP led by Benazir Bhutto in general elections held in 1997 . During the BJP campaign , Atal Bihari Vajpayee indulged in grandstanding -- such as when he declared on 25 February that his government would `` take back that part of Kashmir that is under Pakistan 's control . '' Before this declaration , the BJP platform had clear intention to `` exercise the option to induct nuclear weapons '' and `` India should become an openly nuclear power to garner the respect on the world stage that India deserved . '' By 18 March 1998 , Vajpayee had publicly begun his lobbying for nuclear explosion and declared that `` there is no compromise on national security ; all options including the nuclear options will be exercised to protect security and sovereignty . '' Consultation began between Prime Minister Vajpayee , Dr. Abdul Kalam , R. Chidambaram and officials of the Indian DAE on nuclear options . Chidambaram briefed Prime Minister Vajpayee extensively on the nuclear program ; Abdul Kalam presented the status of the missile program . On 28 March 1998 , Prime Minister Vajpayee asked the scientists to make preparations in the shortest time possible , and preparations were hastily made . It was time of tense atmosphere when Pakistan , at a Conference on Disarmament , offered a peace rhetoric agreement with India for `` an equal and mutual restraint in conventional , missile and nuclear fields . '' Pakistan 's equation was later reemphasised on 6 April and the momentum in India for nuclear tests began to build up which strengthened Vajpayee 's position to order the tests . Preparations for the test ( edit ) Main articles : CIA activities in India , ISI activities in India , and Indo - US Relations The US Marine Intelligence maps showing the Indian test site , 1997 . Unlike Pakistan 's weapon -- testing laboratories , there was very little that India could do to hide its activity at Pokhran . Contrary to high - altitude granite mountains in Pakistan , the bushes are sparse and the dunes in the Rajasthan Desert do n't provide much cover from probing satellites . The Indian intelligence had been aware of United States spy satellites and the American CIA had been detecting Indian test preparations since 1995 ; therefore , the tests required complete secrecy in India and also needed to avoid detection by other countries . The 58th Engineer Regiment of Indian Army 's Corps of Engineers was commissioned to prepare the test sites without being probed by the United States spy satellites . The 58th Engineer 's commander Colonel Gopal Kaushik supervised the test preparations and ordered his `` staff officers take all measures to ensure total secrecy . '' Extensive planning was done by a very small group of scientists , senior military officers and senior politicians to ensure that the test preparations would remain secret , and even senior members of the Indian government did n't know what was going on . The chief scientific adviser and the director of DRDO , Dr. Abdul Kalam , and Dr. R. Chidambaram , the director of the DAE , were the chief coordinators of this test planning . The scientists and engineers of the BARC , the AMDER , and the DRDO were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly , layout , detonation and obtaining test data . A very small group of senior scientists were involved in the detonation process , all scientists were required to wear army uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests . Since 1995 , the 58th Engineer Regiment had learned to avoid satellite detection . Work was mostly done during night , and equipment was returned to the original place to give the impression that it was never moved . Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug - out sand was shaped like shaped dunes . Cables for sensors were covered with sand and concealed using native vegetation . Scientists would not depart for Pokhran in groups of two or three . They travelled to destination other than Pokhran under pseudonyms , and were then transported by the army . Technical staff at the test range wore military uniform , to prevent detection in satellite images . Nuclear weapon designs and development ( edit ) Development and test teams ( edit ) The main technical personnel involved in the operation were : Project Chief Coordinators Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy . Defence Research & Development Organization ( DRDO ) Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations . Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation . Movement and logistics ( edit ) Main articles : Military logistics and Indian Army Corps of Engineers The Thar Desert in the state of Rajasthan where the nuclear site , the Pokhran Test Range , is located . Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing , testing and producing components for the bombs , including the advanced detonators , the implosion and high - voltage trigger systems . These were also responsible for weaponising , systems engineering , aerodynamics , safety interlocks and flight trials . The bombs were transported in four Indian Army trucks under the command of Colonel Umang Kapur ; all devices from BARC were relocated at 3 : 00Hrs on 1 May 1998 . From the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport , the bombs were flown in an Indian Air Force 's AN - 32 plane to the Jaisalmer army base . They were transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks , and this required three trips . The devices were delivered to the device preparation building , which was designated as ' Prayer Hall ' . The test sites was organised into two government groups and were fired separately , with all devices in a group fired at the same time . The first group consisted of the thermonuclear device ( Shakti I ) , the fission device ( Shakti II ) , and a sub-kiloton device ( Shakti III ) . The second group consisted of the remaining two sub-kiloton devices Shakti IV and V. It was decided that the first group would be tested on 11 May and the second group on 13 May . The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ' White House ' , which was over 200 m deep , the fission bomb was placed in a 150 m deep shaft code named ' Taj Mahal ' , and the first sub-kiloton device in ' Kumbhkaran ' . The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May , and the first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device in the ' Kumbhkaran ' shaft , which was sealed by the army engineers by 8 : 30 pm . The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed into the ' White House ' shaft by 4 am , and the fission device being placed in the ' Taj Mahal ' shaft was sealed at 7 : 30 am , which was 90 minutes before the planned test time . The shafts were L - shaped , with a horizontal chamber for the test device . The timing of the tests depended on the local weather conditions , with the wind being the critical factor . The tests were underground , but due to a number of shaft seal failures that had occurred during tests conducted by the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom , the sealing of the shaft could not be guaranteed to be leak - proof . By early afternoon , the winds had died down and the test sequence was initiated . Dr. K. Santhanam of the DRDO , in charge of the test site preparations , gave the two keys that activated the test countdown to Dr. M. Vasudev , the range safety officer , who was responsible for verifying that all test indicators were normal . After checking the indicators , Vasudev handed one key each to a representative of BARC and the DRDO , who unlocked the countdown system together . At 3 : 45 pm the three devices were detonated . Nuclear bombs and detonations ( edit ) Five nuclear devices were detonated during Operation Shakti . All devices were weapon - grade plutonium and they were : Shakti I -- A thermonuclear device yielding 45 kt , but designed for up to 200 kt . Shakti II -- A plutonium implosion design yielding 15 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile . It was an improvement of the device detonated in the 1974 Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) test of 1974 , developed using simulations on the PARAM supercomputer . Shakti III -- An experimental linear implosion design that used `` non-weapon grade '' plutonium , but which likely omitted the material required for fusion , yielding 0.3 kt . Shakti IV - A 0.5 kt experimental device . Shakti V -- A 0.2 kt experimental device . An additional , sixth device ( Shakti VI ) is suspected to have been present but not detonated . At 3 : 43 pm IST ; three nuclear bombs ( specifically , the Shakti I , II and III ) were detonated simultaneously , as measured by international seismic monitors . On 13 May , at 12.21 p.m. IST 6 : 51 UTC , two sub-kiloton devices ( Shakti IV and V ) were detonated . Due to their very low yield , these explosions were not detected by any seismic station . On 13 May 1998 , India declared the series of tests to be over after this . Reactions to the tests ( edit ) Reactions in India ( edit ) Following the Pokhran - II tests , India became the sixth country to join the nuclear club . Shortly after the tests , a press meet was convened at the Prime Minister 's residence in New Delhi . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement : `` Today , at 15 : 45 hours , India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range . The tests conducted today were with a fission device , a low yield device and a thermonuclear device . The measured yields are in line with expected values . Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere . These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974 . I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests . '' News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large - scale approval by society in India . The Bombay Stock Exchange registered significant gains . Newspapers and television channels praised the government for its bold decision ; editorials were full of praise for the country 's leadership and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country 's armed forces . The Indian opposition , led by Congress Party criticised the Vajpayee administration for carrying out the series of nuclear tests . The Congress Party spokesman , Salman Khursheed , accused the BJP of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country 's national security . By the time India had conducted tests , the country had a total of $44 bn in loans in 1998 , from IMF and the World Bank . The industrial sectors of the Indian economy such as the chemicals industry , were likely to be hurt by sanctions . The Western consortium companies , which has invested heavily in India , especially in construction , computing and telecoms , were generally the one who were harmed by the sanctions . In 1998 , Indian government announced that it had already allowed for some economic response and was willing to take the consequences . International reactions ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The United States issued a strong statement condemning India and promised that sanctions would follow . The American intelligence community was embarrassed as there had been `` a serious intelligence failure of the decade '' in detecting the preparations for the test . In keeping with its preferred approach to foreign policy in recent decades , and in compliance with the 1994 anti-proliferation law , the United States imposed economic sanctions on India . The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid , banning the export of certain defence material and technologies , ending American credit and credit guarantees to India , and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India . From 1998 -- 99 , the United States held series of bilateral talks with India over the issue of India becoming party of the CTBT and NPT . In addition , the United States also made an unsuccessful attempt of holding talks regarding the rollback of India 's nuclear program . India took a firm stand against the CTBT and refusing to be signatory party of it despite under pressure by the US President Bill Clinton , and noted the treaty as it was not consistent with India 's national security interest . Canada , Japan , and other States ( edit ) Strong criticism was drawn from Canada on India 's actions and its High Commissioner . Sanctions were also imposed by Japan on India and consisted of freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid to India . Some other nations also imposed sanctions on India , primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid to India and government - to - government credit lines . However , the United Kingdom , France , and Russia refrained from condemning India . China ( edit ) On 12 May the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated : `` The Chinese government is seriously concerned about the nuclear tests conducted by India , '' and that the tests `` run counter to the current international trend and are not conducive to peace and stability in South Asia . '' . The next day the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued the statement clearly stating that `` it shocked and strongly condemned '' the Indian nuclear tests and called for the international community to `` adopt a unified stand and strongly demand that India immediate stop development of nuclear weapons '' . China further rejected India 's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as `` totally unreasonable '' . In a meeting with Masayoshi Takemura of Democratic Party of Japan , Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China Qian Qichen was quoted as saying that India 's nuclear tests were a `` serious matter , '' particularly because they were conducted in light of the fact that more than 140 countries have signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . `` It is even more unacceptable that India claims to have conducted the tests to counter what it called a `` China threat '' . On 24 November 1998 , the Chinese Embassy , New Delhi issued a formal statement : ( sic ) ... But regrettably , India conducted nuclear tests last May , which has run against the contemporary historical trend and seriously affected peace and stability in South Asia . Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests later on . India 's nuclear tests have not only led to the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan and provocation of nuclear arms races in South Asia , but also dealt a heavy blow to international nuclear disarmament and the global nonproliferation regime . It is only natural that India 's nuclear tests have met with extensive condemnation and aroused serious concern from the international community . -- Chinese Embassy , New Delhi Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : India - Pakistan relations The most vehement and strong reaction to India 's nuclear explosion was from a neighbouring country , Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement blaming India for instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed that his country would give a suitable reply to India . The day after the first tests , Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan indicated that Pakistan was ready to conduct a nuclear test . He stated : `` Pakistan is prepared to match India , we have the capability ... We in Pakistan will maintain a balance with India in all fields '' , he said in an interview . `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent . '' On 13 May 1998 , Pakistan bitterly condemned the tests , and Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub was quoted as saying that Indian leadership seemed to `` have gone berserk ( sic ) and was acting in a totally unrestrained way . '' Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was much more subdued , maintaining ambiguity about whether a test would be conducted in response : `` We are watching the situation and we will take appropriate action with regard to our security '' , he said . Sharif sought to mobilise the entire Islamic world in support of Pakistan and criticised India for nuclear proliferation . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had been under intense pressure regarding the nuclear tests by President Bill Clinton and Opposition leader Benazir Bhutto at home . Initially surprising the world , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif authorised nuclear testing program and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) carried out nuclear testings under the codename Chagai - I on 28 May 1998 and Chagai - II on 30 May 1998 . These six underground nuclear tests at the Chagai and Kharan test site were conducted fifteen days after India 's last test . The total yield of the tests was reported to be 40 kt ( see codename : Chagai - I ) . Pakistan 's subsequent tests invited similar condemnation from the United States . American President Bill Clinton was quoted as saying `` Two wrongs do n't make a right '' , criticising Pakistan 's tests as reactionary to India 's Pokhran - II . The United States and Japan reacted by imposing economic sanctions on Pakistan . According to the Pakistan 's science community , the Indian nuclear tests gave an opportunity to Pakistan to conduct nuclear tests after 14 years of conducting only cold tests ( See : Kirana - I ) . Pakistan 's leading nuclear physicist and one of the top scientists , Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , held India responsible for Pakistan 's nuclear test experiments in Chagai . UN sanctions ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 The reactions from abroad started immediately after the tests were advertised . On 6 June , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1172 condemning the test and that of Pakistan 's . China issued a vociferous condemnation calling upon the international community to exert pressure on India to sign the NPT and eliminate its nuclear arsenal . With India joining the group of countries possessing nuclear weapons , a new strategic dimension had emerged in Asia , particularly South Asia . Effects on Indian economy ( edit ) Overall , the effect of international sanctions on Indian economy was minimal ; the technological progress was marginal . Most nations did not call for embargoes against India as the exports and imports together constituted only 4.0 % of its GDP , with United States trade accounting for only 10.0 % of this total . Far more significant were the restrictions on lending imposed by the United States and its representatives on international finance bodies . Most of the sanctions were lifted within five years . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in India The Indian government has officially declared the 11 May as National Technology Day in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998 . It was officially signed by then - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998 and the day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology . See also ( edit ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam R. Chidambaram Anil Kakodkar India and weapons of mass destruction Pokhran - I -- First nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 Chagai - I -- Pakistan 's nuclear test on 28 May 1998 Chagai - II -- Pakistan 's second nuclear test on 30 May 1998 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Operation Shakti : 1998 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org. 30 March 2001 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN India Bureau ( 17 May 1998 ) . `` India releases pictures of nuclear tests '' . CNN India Bureau , 1998 . CNN India Bureau . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release by India '' . meadev.gov.in/ . Ministry of External Affairs , 1998 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` US imposes sanctions on India '' . BBC America . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : et . al . `` The nuclear politics : The 1998 Election '' . Nuclear weapon archives . Nuclear politics . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . 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Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clarifying India 's Nascent Nuclear Doctrine '' . armscontrol.org/ . arms control interview . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece Jump up ^ `` U.S. lifts final sanctions on Pakistan '' . CNN . 29 October 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Charan D. Wadhva ( 27 June -- 3 July 1998 ) . `` Costs of Economic Sanctions : Aftermath of Pokhran II '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 33 ( 26 ) : 1604 -- 1607 . JSTOR 4406922 . Jump up ^ `` China is ' Seriously Concerned ' But Restrained in Its Criticism , '' . New York Times , 13 May 1998 . 13 May 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Resources on India and Pakistan ( 1999 ) . `` China 's Reaction to India 's Nuclear Tests '' . CNS Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Active Correspondents ( 24 November 1998 ) . `` India - China Claim ' active approach '' . The Hindu , 24 / xi - 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Special Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Pakistan condemns India 's nuclear tests '' . BBC Pakistan . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gertz , Bill ( 2013 ) . Betrayal : How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security . Washington DC : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1621571378 . Jump up ^ See Chagai - I Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's tests '' . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoodbhoy , PhD ( Nuclear Physics ) , Pervez Amerali ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Bayonet '' . Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , Doctor of Philosophy ( Nuclear Physics ) , Professor of Nuclear and High - Energy Physics at the Quaid - e-Azam University and Senior academic research scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics . Dr. Prof. Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy and The Herald . ^ Jump up to : Dittmer , L. , ed. ( 2005 ) . South Asia 's nuclear security dilemma : India , Pakistan , and China . Armonk , NY : Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0765614193 . ^ Jump up to : Press Information Bureau ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` National technology day celebrated '' . Department of Science and Technology . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Nuclear Weapons Archive : Operation Shakti India aborted nuclear bomb plans in 1994 Sumit Ganguly ( Spring 1999 ) . `` India 's Pathway to Pokhran II : The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi 's Nuclear Weapons Program '' . International Security . 23 ( 4 ) : 148 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 23.4. 148 . JSTOR 2539297 . Chengappa , Raj . How the CIA was Fooled written by Raj Chengappa ( Weapons of peace ) . India Today . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 71 ° 43 ′ 20 '' E  /  27.07884 ° N 71.722113 ° E  / 27.07884 ; 71.722113 Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) Sites 58th Regiment of the Army Engineering Corps Pokhran CIRUS reactor Department of Atomic Energy Rajasthan Trombay Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory ( TBRL ) High Energy Materials Research Laboratory ( HEMRL ) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Administrators Atal Bihari Vajpai George Fernandes Brajesh Mishra Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Ved Prakash Malik Jaswant Singh Saleem Iqbal Shervani K. Subrahmanyam Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Satinder Kumar Sikka K. Santhanam Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Srikumar Banerjee D.D. Sood M.S. Ramkumar Related articles India and weapons of mass destruction History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - I Trinity expolsion Tsar Bomba Operation Shakti Chagai - I Test No. 6 See also : Nuclear power in India Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokhran-II&oldid=808403593 '' Categories : Indian nuclear weapons testing 1998 in India Pokaran Vajpayee administration initiatives Underground nuclear weapons testing Code names 1998 in science Political history of India Nuclear history of India Politics of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam May 1998 events Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did india conduct the nuclear test at pokhran

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List of NHL records (individual)

List of NHL records ( individual ) - wikipedia List of NHL records ( individual ) Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of individual records recognized by the National Hockey League through the end of the 2016 -- 17 NHL season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons 2 Games 3 Stanley Cup 4 NHL Awards 5 Goals 6 Assists 7 Points 8 Plus / minus 9 Power - play goals 10 Shorthanded goals 11 Overtime 12 Goals / assists / points by position 13 Records by a rookie 14 Points / goals / assists per game average 15 Milestone goal seasons 16 Hat trick or better games 17 Goal / assist / point streaks 18 Fastest goals 19 Shots 20 Hits 21 Blocked Shots 22 Penalty Shots 23 Penalty minutes 24 Goaltending 25 Shootout 26 See also 27 References 28 Sources Seasons ( edit ) Most seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1946 -- 47 to 1970 -- 1971 ; 1979 -- 1980 ) and Chris Chelios ( 1983 -- 84 to 2009 -- 10 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 26 Most playoff seasons : Chris Chelios , 24 ( 1983 -- 84 to 2008 -- 09 , except for 1997 -- 98 and the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out year ) Most consecutive playoff seasons : Larry Robinson , ( 1972 -- 73 to 1991 -- 92 ) and Nicklas Lidstrom , ( 1991 -- 92 to 2011 -- 12 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 20 Games ( edit ) Most games : Gordie Howe , 1,767 Most games , including playoffs : Mark Messier , 1,992 Most playoff games : Chris Chelios , 266 Most games played in a single NHL season , not including playoffs : Jimmy Carson ( 1992 -- 93 ) and Bob Kudelski ( 1993 -- 94 ) , 86 Most consecutive games : Doug Jarvis ( October 8 , 1975 -- October 10 , 1987 ) , 964 Most consecutive games by a defenceman : Jay Bouwmeester , 737 Oldest player to play a game : Gordie Howe , 52 years , 11 days Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final : Dick Irvin ( Chicago ( 5 ) , Toronto ( 29 ) , Montreal ( 43 ) ) , 77 Most games played in the Finals : Red Kelly ( Detroit ( 37 ) , Toronto ( 28 ) ) , Henri Richard ( Montreal ) , 65 Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal ( 20 ) , Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , Detroit ( 12 ) ) , 36 Stanley Cup ( edit ) Most Stanley Cup wins , as a player : Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens , ( 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 73 ) 11 Most Stanley Cup wins , as a non-player : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 14 Most Stanley Cup wins , combined player or non-player : Jean Beliveau , Montreal Canadiens ( Player : 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ; Sr. Vice President : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 86 , 93 ) , 17 Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams Player - Jack Marshall ( Winnipeg Victorias 1901 , Montreal AAA 1902 , 1903 , Montreal Wanderers 1907 , 1910 , Toronto Blueshirts 1914 ) and Hap Holmes ( Toronto Blueshirts 1914 , Seattle Metropolitans 1917 , Toronto Arenas 1918 , Victoria Cougars 1925 ) , 4 Player / Non-Player - Al Arbour ( Player : Detroit 1954 , Chicago 1961 , Toronto 1962 , 1964 ; Coach : New York Islanders 1980 , 81 , 82 , 83 ) , 4 Non-Player - Tommy Gorman ( Ottawa Senators : 1920 , 1921 , 1923 ( Manager ) ; Chicago : 1934 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Maroons : 1935 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Canadiens : 1944 , 1946 ( Manager ) and Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 4 NHL Awards ( edit ) Most Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 8 Most Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most Conn Smythe Trophies : Patrick Roy 3 Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies : Bernie Parent , Mario Lemieux , and Sidney Crosby : 2 Most James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most consecutive James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 6 Most consecutive Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 4 Most Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 7 Most Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron , 4 Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey 4 Most Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher , 7 Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk , 4 Most William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy , Martin Brodeur , 5 Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward , 3 Most Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 7 Most consecutive Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 5 Most Jack Adams Awards : Pat Burns , 3 Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards : Jacques Demers , 2 Goals ( edit ) Most goals career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals playoffs career ; Wayne Gretzky , 122 Most goals career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 1,016 Most goals , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 ‐ 82 ) , 92 Most goals , in playoffs one season : Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 19 Most goals , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 100 Most goals , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 12 Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final : Cyclone Taylor ( 1918 , five games ) , Frank Foyston ( 1919 , five games ) , Babe Dye ( 1922 , five games ) , 9 Most goals in the Finals , career : Maurice Richard , 34 Most goals , 50 games from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 61 Fastest 50 goals from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 30 , 1981 ) , 39 games Most goals , one regular season game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season home game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season road game : Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , 6 Most goals , one playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one home playoff game : Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one road playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , 5 Most goals , one period : Max Bentley ( January 28 , 1943 ) , Busher Jackson ( November 20 , 1934 ) , Clint Smith ( March 4 , 1945 ) , Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( February 18 , 1981 ) , Grant Mulvey ( February 3 , 1982 ) , Bryan Trottier ( February 13 , 1982 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Al Secord ( January 7 , 1987 ) , Joe Nieuwendyk ( January 11 , 1989 ) , Peter Bondra ( February 5 , 1994 ) , Mario Lemieux ( January 26 , 1997 ) , and Patrick Marleau ( January 23 , 2017 ) , 4 Most goals in one period during the Finals : Busher Jackson ( April 5 , 1932 ) , Ted Lindsay ( April 5 , 1955 ) , Maurice Richard ( April 6 , 1957 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( May 25 , 1985 ) , Dirk Graham ( June 1 , 1992 ) , and Peter Forsberg ( June 6 , 1996 ) , 3 Most game - winning goals in a season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 and 1971 -- 72 ) and Michel Goulet ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 16 Most game - winning goals in playoffs one season : Brad Richards ( 2004 ) , 7 Most game - winning goals in a playoff series : Mike Bossy ( six - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 4 Most game - winning goals career : Jaromir Jagr , 135 Most game - winning goals playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull , 24 Most goals in first game career : Auston Matthews ( 2016 ) , 4 Assists ( edit ) Most assists regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky 260 Most assists career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 2,223 Most assists , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most assists , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1987 -- 88 ) , 31 Most assists , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 174 Most assists , playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 14 Most assists , one game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , December 11 , 1985 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one home game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one road game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( December 11 , 1985 ) , 7 Most assists , one playoff game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one playoff home game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one period : Dale Hawerchuk ( March 6 , 1984 ) , 5 Points ( edit ) Most points regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points playoff career : Wayne Gretzky , 382 Most points career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 3,239 Most points , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Fastest 100 points from the start of a season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 27 , 1981 ) , 34 games Most points , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , 255 Most points , one game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one home game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one road game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny , ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff home game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one period : Bryan Trottier ( December 23 , 1978 ) , 6 Most points , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 ) , 47 Most points , one playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 19 Most points in the Final , one series : Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) , 13 Most points in the Final , career : Jean Beliveau , 62 Plus / minus ( edit ) Best ± rating , regular season career : Larry Robinson , + 730 Best ± rating one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , + 124 Best ± rating one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 , 11 - 1 game against the Cleveland Barons ) , + 10 Worst ± rating , season : Bill Mikkelson ( 1974 -- 75 ) , - 82 Worst ± rating , game : Doug Wilson ( February 10 , 1993 against the Calgary Flames ) and Chris Butler , ( January 5 , 2012 against the Boston Bruins ) , - 7 Worst ± rating , regular season career : Robert Stewart , - 260 Best ± ratings playoffs career : Charlie Huddy , + 94 Best ± ratings one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , + 28 Power - play goals ( edit ) Most power - play goals , career : Dave Andreychuk , 274 Most power - play goals , one season : Tim Kerr ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 34 Most power - play goals , one season for a defenceman : Sheldon Souray ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 19 Most power - play goals , career playoffs : Brett Hull 38 , Most power - play goals , one playoff season : Mike Bossy , ( 1981 ) , and Cam Neely , ( 1991 ) , 9 Most power - play goals , one playoff series : Chris Kontos ( seven - game series ) , ( 1989 ) , 6 Most power - play goals , one playoff game : Syd Howe ( March 23 , 1939 ) , Sid Smith ( April 10 , 1949 ) , Phil Esposito ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Johnny Bucyk ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Denis Potvin ( April 17 , 1981 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Jari Kurri ( April 3 , 1987 ) , Mark Johnson ( April 22 , 1988 ) , Dino Ciccarelli ( April 29 , 1993 , May 11 , 1995 ) and Valeri Kamensky ( April 24 , 1997 ) , Jonathan Toews ( May 7 , 2010 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , one playoff game period : Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , rookie Joe Nieuwendyk ( 1987 - 88 ) 31 Shorthanded goals ( edit ) Most shorthanded goals , career : Wayne Gretzky , 73 Most shorthanded goals , career playoffs : Mark Messier , 14 Most shorthanded goals , one season : Mario Lemieux ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 13 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff season : Derek Sanderson ( 1969 ) , Bill Barber ( 1980 ) , Lorne Henning ( 1980 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 ) , Wayne Presley ( 1989 ) , and Todd Marchant ( 1997 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff series : Bill Barber ( five - game series ) ( 1980 ) and Wayne Presley ( six - game series ) ( 1989 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one game : Theoren Fleury ( March 9 , 1991 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , rookie : Jordan Staal ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 7 Most two - man shorthanded goals , career : Mike Richards , 3 Overtime ( edit ) Most overtime goals , career : Alexander Ovechkin , 22 Most playoff overtime goals , career : Joe Sakic , 8 Most overtime assists , career : Mark Messier , 18 Most overtime points , career : Sergei Fedorov , 27 Most overtime goals , season : Steven Stamkos ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jonathan Toews ( 2015 -- 16 ) , and Alex Galchenyuk ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 5 Most overtime goals by a rookie , season : Shayne Gostisbehere , 4 Most overtime goals , playoffs season : Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3 Most overtime goals , one playoff series : Mel Hill , 3 Most consecutive overtime goals : Andrew Cogliano ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Nathan Horton ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 3 Goals / assists / points by position ( edit ) Most goals by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most assists by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most points by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Most goals by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 668 Most goals by a left wing , one season : Alexander Ovechkin ( 2007 -- 08 ) , 65 Most assists by a left wing , career : John Bucyk , 813 Most assists by a left wing , one season : Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most points by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 1,394 Most points by a left wing , one season : Luc Robitaille ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 125 Most goals by a right wing , career : Gordie Howe , 801 Most goals by a right wing , one season : Brett Hull ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 86 Most assists by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,149 Most assists by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 87 Most points by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,914 Most points by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 149 Most goals by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 410 Most goals by a defenceman , one season : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 48 Most goals by a defenceman , one game : Ian Turnbull ( February 2 , 1977 ) , 5 Most assists by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 1,169 Most assists by a defenceman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 102 Most assists by a defenceman , one game : Babe Pratt ( January 8 , 1944 ) , Pat Stapleton ( March 30 , 1969 ) , Bobby Orr ( January 1 , 1973 ) , Ron Stackhouse ( March 8 , 1975 ) , Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , and Gary Suter , ( April 4 , 1986 ) , 6 Most points by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 1579 Most points by a defenceman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 139 Most points by a defenceman , one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 ) and Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , 8 Most points by a defenceman , one playoff year : Paul Coffey ( 1985 ) , 37 Most goals by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur ( February 15 , 2000 & March 21 , 2013 ) , 2 Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs : Ron Hextall ( April 11 , 1989 ) and Martin Brodeur ( April 17 , 1997 ) , 1 Most goals by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur , 3 Most assists by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 Most assists by a goaltender , playoffs career : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , career , including playoffs : Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most assists by a goaltender , one game Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 Most points by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 Most points by a goaltender regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 - all assists Most points by a goaltender regular season one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 - all assists Most points by a goaltender career , including playoffs Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most points by a goaltender regular season one game : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 - all assists Most points by a goaltender , one period : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Records by a rookie ( edit ) Most goals by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 76 Most goals by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 , January 12 , 1918 and February 2 , 1918 ) , Howie Meeker ( January 8 , 1947 ) and Don Murdoch ( October 12 , 1976 ) , 5 Most goals by a player in his first NHL game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game : Auston Matthews ( October 12 , 2016 ) , 4 Most assists by a rookie , one season : Peter Stastny ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most assists by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 ) , 7 Most assists by a player in his first NHL game : Dutch Reibel ( October 8 , 1953 ) , 4 Most points by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 132 Most goals by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , 14 Most assists by a rookie , one playoff season : Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , 14 Most points by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , and Jake Guentzel ( 2017 ) , 21 Most points by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points by a player in his first NHL game : Al Hill ( February 14 , 1977 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie defenceman , one season : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 23 Most assists by a rookie defenceman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 60 Most points by a rookie defenceman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 76 Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest point streak by a rookie , one season : Paul Stastny ( February 3 , 2007 -- March 17 , 2007 ) , 20 games Longest point streak by an eighteen - year - old : Nathan MacKinnon ( January 10 , 2014 -- March 6 , 2014 ) , 13 games Longest point streak by a rookie defenceman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( January 19 , 2016 -- February 20 , 2016 ) , 15 games Points / goals / assists per game average ( edit ) Highest goals - per - game average , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mike Bossy , . 762 Highest goals - per - game average including playoffs , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mario Lemieux , . 749 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 20 - or - more goals ) : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 2.20 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more goals ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 1.18 Highest assists - per - game average , career ( among players with 300 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.320 Highest assists - per - game average , one season ( among players with 35 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 2.04 Highest points - per - game average , career ( among players with 500 - or - more points ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.921 Highest points - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more - points ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 2.77 Milestone goal seasons ( edit ) Most 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe , 22 Most consecutive 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1949 -- 1971 ) , 22 Most 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner , 17 Most consecutive 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner ( 1979 -- 1994 ) and Jaromir Jagr ( 1991 -- 2007 ) , 15 Most 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 12 Most consecutive 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1979 -- 1991 ) , 12 Most 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy ( 1977 -- 1986 ) , 9 Most 60 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive 60 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 - 1984 ) , 4 Most 70 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most consecutive 70 - or more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 1984 ) , 4 Most 80 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 2 Most 90 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 1 Hat trick or better games ( edit ) Most three - or - more goal games , career : Wayne Gretzky , 50 Most three - or - more goal games , playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoffs season : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 4 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 3 Most four - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 - 18 ) , 5 Most five - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 - 18 ) , 3 Goal / assist / point streaks ( edit ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak from start of NHL career : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak : Punch Broadbent , 16 games ( 1921 -- 22 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak , one playoff season : Reggie Leach 10 games ( 1976 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak by a defenceman : Mike Green ( 2008 -- 09 ) , 8 games Longest consecutive assist - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 23 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak , one playoff season : Bryan Trottier ( 1981 ) , 18 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenceman from start of season : John - Michael Liles ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 9 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenceman : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 28 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie forward : Paul Stastny ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 20 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie defenceman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 15 games Fastest goals ( edit ) Fastest goal from start of game : Doug Smail ( December 20 , 1981 ) , Bryan Trottier ( March 22 , 1984 ) , and Alexander Mogilny ( December 21 , 1991 ) , 5 seconds Fastest goal from start of game , playoffs : Don Kozak ( April 17 , 1977 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal from start of period : Claude Provost ( November 9 , 1957 ) , Denis Savard ( January 12 , 1986 ) , and James van Riemsdyk ( March 28 , 2014 ) , 4 seconds Fastest goal from start of period , playoffs : Pelle Eklund ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game : Dave Christian ( March 2 , 1980 ) , 7 seconds Fastest two goals from start of game : Mike Knuble , 27 seconds ( February 14 , 2003 ) Fastest two goals from start of game , playoffs : Dick Duff ( April 9 , 1963 ) , 68 seconds Fastest two goals : Nels Stewart ( January 3 , 1931 ) and Deron Quint ( December 15 , 1995 ) , 4 seconds Fastest two goals , playoffs : Norm Ullman ( April 11 , 1965 ) , 5 seconds Fastest three goals : Bill Mosienko ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest three assists : Gus Bodnar ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest regular season overtime goal : Mats Sundin , Alexander Ovechkin , William Nylander , David Legwand , and Andreas Athanasiou , 6 seconds Fastest playoff overtime goal : Brian Skrudland ( May 18 , 1986 ) , 9 seconds Fastest goal after being scored on : Doug Gilmour ( December 19 , 1987 ) , and Mikael Granlund ( January 5 , 2016 ) , 2 seconds Shots ( edit ) Most shots on goal , career : Ray Bourque , 6,206 Most shots on goal , playoffs career : Ray Bourque , 812 Most shots on goal , one season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 550 Most shots on goal , one playoff season : Henrik Zetterberg , 116 Most shots on goal , one game : Ray Bourque ( March 21 , 1991 ) , 19 Most shots on goal , one playoff game : Daniel Briere ( April 22 , 2006 ) , 14 Hits ( edit ) Most hits , one season : Matt Martin ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 382 Most hits , one playoff season : Dustin Brown ( 2014 ) , 125 Most hits , regular season career : Zdeno Chara , 3502 Most hits , playoff career : Brooks Orpik , 499 Most hits , one game : Brenden Morrow , 19 Most hits , one regular season game : Gary Roberts ( March 10 , 1999 ) and Zdeno Chara ( November 3 , 1999 ) 17 Most hits , one playoff game : Brenden Morrow ( May 4 , 2008 ) , 19 Blocked Shots ( edit ) Most blocked shots , one season : Kris Russell ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 283 Most blocked shots , one playoff season : Anton Volchenkov ( 2007 ) , 80 Most blocked shots , career : Zbynek Michalek , 1719 Most blocked shots , playoffs career : Chris Pronger , 374 Most blocked shots , one game : Kris Russell ( March 5 , 2015 ) , 15 Most blocked shots , one playoff game : Richard Matvichuk ( May 1 , 2001 ) , 13 Penalty Shots ( edit ) Most penalty shot goals , career : Pavel Bure , 7 Most penalty shot goals , playoffs career : Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot goals , one season : Pavel Bure , 3 Most penalty shot attempts , career : Vincent Lecavalier , 13 Most penalty shot attempts , playoffs career : Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot attempts , one season : Erik Cole , 5 Most penalty shot attempts , one game : Erik Cole ( November 9 , 2005 ) , Max Pacioretty ( February 6 , 2009 ) , and Auston Matthews ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 21 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 5 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , one game : Ben Bishop ( October 8 , 2015 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( March 4 , 2011 ) , Roberto Luongo ( February 6 , 2014 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 15 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 4 Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender , career : Tomas Vokoun , 8 Penalty minutes ( edit ) Most penalty minutes , career : Tiger Williams , 3,966 Most penalty minutes , playoffs career : Dale Hunter , 729 Most penalty minutes , career , including playoffs : Tiger Williams , 4,421 Most penalty minutes , one season : Dave Schultz ( 1974 -- 75 ) , 472 Most penalties , one game : Chris Nilan ( March 31 , 1991 ) , 10 Most penalties , one playoff game : Forbes Kennedy ( April 2 , 1969 ) and Kim Clackson ( April 20 , 1980 ) , 8 Most penalty minutes , one game : Randy Holt ( March 11 , 1979 ) , 67 Most penalty minutes , one playoff game : Dave Schultz ( April 22 , 1976 ) and Deryk Engelland ( April 17 , 2015 ) , 42 Most penalty minutes , career , in the Stanley Cup Final : Gordie Howe , 94 Goaltending ( edit ) Most wins by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 691 Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 151 Most wins by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur 804 Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 250 played ) : Ken Dryden . 740 in 397 games played Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 500 games played ) : Jacques Plante . 610 in 837 games played Most wins by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) and Braden Holtby ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 48 Most wins by a goaltender , career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante , 25 Most wins by a goaltender , expansion team season : Ron Tugnutt ( 2000 -- 01 Columbus Blue Jackets ) , 22 Most ties , career : Terry Sawchuk , 172 Most shutouts regular season career : Martin Brodeur 125 Most shutouts playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 24 Most shutouts , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 149 Most shutouts , one regular season : George Hainsworth ( 1928 -- 29 ) , 22 Most shutouts , one playoff season : Martin Brodeur ( 2002 -- 03 ) , 7 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career regular season : Martin Brodeur , 1,265 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career playoffs : Patrick Roy , 247 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , including playoffs Martin Brodeur , 1,470 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 38 ) , St. Louis ( 3 ) ) , 41 Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender : Glenn Hall , 502 ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one regular season : Grant Fuhr , 79 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) and Jonathan Quick ( 2013 -- 14 ) , 26 Most minutes played by a goaltender , career : Martin Brodeur , 74,380 Most minutes played by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 4,697 Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender : Alec Connell ( 7 games , 2 periods ) ( 1927 -- 28 ) , 461 minutes , 29 seconds Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career : Matt Hackett ( December 6 & 8 , 2011 ) , 102 minutes , 48 seconds Longest winning streak by a goaltender , one season : Gilles Gilbert ( 1975 -- 76 ) , 17 games Longest winning streak to start a season : Carey Price ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 10 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender , one season : Gerry Cheevers ( 24 wins , 8 ties 1971 -- 72 ) , 32 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season : Grant Fuhr ( 15 wins , 8 ties 1981 -- 82 ) , 23 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career : Patrick Lalime ( 14 wins , 2 ties 1996 -- 97 ) , 16 games Most 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur , 16 Most consecutive 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) and Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2017 ) , 12 Most 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 14 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) , 12 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons to start a career : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2012 ) , 7 Most 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 8 Most consecutive 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 2005 -- 2008 ) and Evgeni Nabokov ( 2007 -- 10 ) , 3 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season : Bill Durnan ( 1943 -- 44 ) , 10 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season : George Hainsworth ( 1926 -- 27 ) , 11 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most home games played by a goaltender , one season : Roberto Luongo ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 41 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 83 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2005 -- 06 ) , 2,488 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender career : Martin Brodeur , 28,928 Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 6,561 Most saves by a goaltender , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur , 33,758 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 80 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoffs overtime game shutout : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season shutout : Ben Scrivens ( January 29 , 2014 ) , 59 Most saves by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2003 -- 04 ) , 2,303 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff run : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 798 Most saves by a goaltender , in a Stanley Cup finals series : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 238 Highest save percentage , in a regular season : Craig Anderson ( 2013 ) , . 941 Highest save percentage , playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Jonathan Quick ( 2012 ) , . 946 Lowest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : George Hainsworth , 0.92 Lowest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Frank Brimsek , 1.25 Highest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : Frank Brophy , 7.11 Highest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Murray Bannerman , 4.77 Most overtime wins : Roberto Luongo , 49 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career : Ron Hextall , 584 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career : Ron Hextall , 115 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Ron Hextall ( 584 regular season , 115 playoffs ) , 699 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 113 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) , 43 Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 22 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 23 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 26 yrs. , 1 mos Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 29 yrs. , 7 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 31 yrs. , 10 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 35 yrs. , 6 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 37 yrs. , 11 mos . Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Henrik Lundqvist 727 Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal : 8 ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) ; St. Louis : 2 ( 1969 , 70 ) ) , 10 Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) , 8 Least saves required in a win : Ryan Miller ( Anaheim Jan. 25 , 2018 ) 11 : 40 min ; Antti Niemi ( Dallas , Dec. 12 , 2015 ) 6 : 43 min ; Richard Bachman ( Dallas Mar. 29 , 2013 ) 2 : 32 min ; Craig Billington ( Colorado Dec. 21 , 1998 ) 1 : 52 min , ( Colorado Dec. 31 , 1996 ) 0 : 12 sec ; Steve Weeks ( NY Rangers Mar. 24 , 1982 ) 0 : 17 sec 0 Shootout ( edit ) Most shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 11 Most game - deciding shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 7 Most shootout goals career : Radim Vrbata , 45 Most game - deciding shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen and T.J. Oshie , 19 Highest shootout percentage ( Minimum 15 attempts ) : Vyacheslav Kozlov , 58.7 % ( 27 / 46 ) Most shootout attempts in a season : Radim Vrbata , 18 Most shootout attempts career : Radim Vrbata , 104 Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 16 Most shootout games played by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 107 Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season : Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Mathieu Garon ( 2007 -- 08 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 10 Most shootout wins by a goaltender career : Ryan Miller , 57 Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season : Tomas Vokoun ( 2009 -- 10 ) and Tuukka Rask ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 9 Most shootout losses by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 55 Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 123 Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career : Henrik Lundqvist , 265 See also ( edit ) List of NHL records ( team ) List of NHL statistical leaders List of NHL statistical leaders by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual All Time Career Records ( 1918 - 2011 ) '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Bouwmeester '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hart Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Lindsay Award '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conn Smythe Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Norris Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Richard Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art Ross Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Selke Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Byng Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` William M. Jennings Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vezina Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Adams Award '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Player Defensive Statistics '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) NHL Official Guide and Record Book , 2016 www.nhl.com List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game 300 wins , goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Franchise records of the National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals League records : Individual records Team records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NHL_records_(individual)&oldid=828160682 '' Categories : National Hockey League statistical records National Hockey League lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Sagging (fashion)

Sagging ( fashion ) - wikipedia Sagging ( fashion ) Jump to : navigation , search A sagger in New York City . Sagging is a manner of wearing trousers or jeans which sag so that the top of the trousers or jeans are significantly below the waist , sometimes revealing much of the underwear . Sagging is predominantly a male fashion . Women 's wearing of low - rise jeans to reveal their G - string underwear ( the `` whale tail '' ) is not generally described as sagging . A person wearing sagging trousers is sometimes called a `` sagger '' , and in some countries this practice is known as `` low - riding '' . It has become popular since the popularity of wearing brightly colored and patterned `` boxer shorts '' . Sagging first peaked in popularity during the 1990s and remained popular into the mid 2000s , but it has recently made a comeback in the 2010s , with celebrities like Justin Bieber , Liam Payne , Ross Lynch and more bringing back the fashion trend . Sagging in the 1990s usually focused on baggy trousers with plaid boxers , but in the 2010s sagging has become popular with skinny jeans and branded boxer - briefs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Reaction 3 Music videos 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin ( edit ) The style was popularized by skaters and hip - hop artists in the 1990s . It later became a symbol of freedom and cultural awareness among some youths or a symbol of their rejection of the values of mainstream society . It is often claimed the style originated from the United States prison system where belts are sometimes prohibited and there can be a lack of appropriately sized clothing . Reaction ( edit ) Two male Detroiters sagging their pants in 2007 During the first decade of the 21st century , many North American local governments , school systems , transit agencies , and even airlines passed laws and regulations against the practice of wearing sagging pants , although no state or federal laws have been enacted banning the practice . US presidential candidate Barack Obama , speaking just before the 2008 US Presidential Election , appeared on MTV and said that laws banning the practice of wearing low - slung pants that expose one 's underwear were `` a waste of time ... Having said that , brothers should pull up their pants . You are walking by your mother , your grandmother , your underwear is showing . What 's wrong with that ? Come on . Some people might not want to see your underwear . I 'm one of them . '' In June 2007 the Town Council of Delcambre , Louisiana , passed an indecent exposure ordinance , which prohibited intentionally wearing trousers in such a way as to show underwear . In March 2008 the Hahira , Georgia City Council passed a controversial clothing ordinance , in the name of public safety , that bans citizens from wearing pants with top below the waist that reveal skin or undergarments . The council was split 2 -- 2 , but the tie was broken by the mayor . Benetta Standly , statewide organizer for the American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia stated , `` In Atlanta , we see this as racial profiling ... It 's going to target African - American male youths . There 's a fear with people associating the way you dress with crimes being committed . '' The interim police chief of Flint , Michigan ordered the arrest of saggers for disorderly conduct ; however , as of August 2008 , only warnings had been issued . The local chapter of the ACLU threatened legal action in response , saying that sagging did not violate the Flint disorderly conduct ordinance and a Florida judge threw out a case brought under a similar rule , as being unconstitutional . Sagging clothing is a violation of some school dress codes , and the prohibition has been supported in the court system . Two weeks after the `` Pants on the Ground '' video became popular thanks to American Idol ( see below ) , a billboard campaign against the style of sagging pants was launched in the Dallas , Texas , area . The billboards feature Big Mama Joseph from the 1997 film Soul Food saying , `` Pull ' Em Up ! '' and asks youngsters to `` Keep it a secret ! '' The campaign is the brainchild of Dallas Mayor Pro Tem Dwaine R. Caraway , and uses advertising space donated by Clear Channel Outdoor . Another billboard campaign against sagging pants was launched in Brooklyn , New York by New York State Senator Eric Adams on March 28 , 2010 . In May 2010 New York State Senate President Malcolm Smith used US $ 2,200 from his campaign fund to launch a similar campaign in Queens . At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Japanese snowboarder Kazuhiro Kokubo was barred from participating in the opening ceremonies due to dressing sloppily , including a loosened tie , shirt hanging out , and sagging pants . In the fall of 2010 at Westside Middle School in Memphis , Tennessee , the policy on handling sagging pants is for students to pull them up or get `` Urkeled '' , a reference to the character Steve Urkel of the 1990s television show Family Matters . In this practice , teachers would pull their pants up and attach them there using zip ties . Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway , for all of their classmates to see . In an interview with WMC - TV , Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture . One teacher at the school claimed to have `` Urkeled '' up to 80 students per week , although after five weeks students got the message , and the number dropped to 18 . On November 23 , 2010 , Albany , Georgia passed a city ordinance that banned the wearing of pants or skirts with top more than three inches below the top of the hips , and imposed a fine of $25 for the first offense , increasing to up to $250 for subsequent offenses . By September 2011 , City Attorney Nathan Davis reported that 187 citations had been issued and fines of $3,916 collected . On December 8 , 2010 , the city of Opa - locka , Florida voted unanimously on a $250 fine or 10 hours of community service for individuals who did not pull their pants up . In Fort Worth , Texas , the local transportation authority implemented a policy in June 2011 that prohibited any passenger from boarding a bus while wearing sagging pants that exposes their underwear or buttocks . Signs were posted on buses saying , `` Pull ' em up or find another ride '' , and one City Council member was looking for funds for a billboard campaign . The communications manager for the Fort Worth Transportation Authority said that on the first day the policy was enforced , 50 people were removed from buses for wearing improper pants . Some complained about the policy , but the overall response was positive . A state law went into effect in Florida for the 2011 -- 2012 school year banning the practice of sagging while at school . Pupils found in violation receive a verbal warning for the first offense , followed by parental notification by the principal for the second offense , which will require the parent to bring a change of clothing to school . Students would then face in - school suspension for subsequent violations . University of New Mexico football player Deshon Marman was removed from a U.S. Airways flight bound for Albuquerque , New Mexico for wearing sagging pants . A few months later Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong was removed from a Southwest Airlines flight from Oakland to Burbank , California for the same reason . In April 2012 Alabama County Circuit Judge John Bush sentenced 20 - year - old LaMarcus Ramsey to three days in jail for appearing in court with sagging blue jeans that exposed his underwear , telling him , `` You are in contempt of court because you showed your butt in court . '' On June 12 , 2013 , the Town Council of Wildwood , New Jersey , located on the Jersey Shore , voted unanimously to ban sagging pants from the town 's boardwalk . In Ocala , FL , a law was passed against sagging jeans , violators face a $500 fine or up to six months in jail . Something similar was done in Wildwood , NJ . On July 5 , 2016 an ordinance was passed in Timmonsville , SC that punishes sagging pants . If the law is violated , offenders could face up to a $600 fine . Music videos ( edit ) American rapper Travis Scott sagging his pants while performing in 2015 . Sagging has been ridiculed in music videos , first , in the 1996 song `` Back Pockets on the Floor '' performed by The Green Brothers of Highland Park , Michigan . Another song in 2007 by Dewayne Brown of Dallas , Texas entitled `` Pull Your Pants Up '' has a similar message . On January 13 , 2010 , `` General '' Larry Platt performed `` Pants on the Ground '' during auditions for the ninth season of American Idol in Atlanta , Georgia . In 2012 a 9 - year - old rapper named Amor `` Lilman '' Arteaga wrote a song titled `` Pull Ya Pants Up , '' and made a music video with an appearance by Brooklyn president Marty Markowitz . See also ( edit ) Wide leg jeans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In Pictures : Sagging Pants '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lung , Haha ( 2008 ) . Mind Fist : The Asian Art of the Ninja Masters . Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 3062 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Low - riding cool dudes told to hitch ' em high '' , Jun 30 , 2000 , Angela Gregory , NZ Herald Jump up ^ `` Undie - exposed for the beach '' , Jan 1 , 2002 , Patrick Gower , NZ Herald ^ Jump up to : Koppel , Niko ( August 30 , 2007 ) . `` Are Your Jeans Sagging ? Go Directly to Jail . '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teens ' Sagging Jeans Not Just for ' Gangstas . ' '' , Jennifer Skordas , Salt Lake Tribune . 15 October 1995 ( p . B1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Jim ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Saggy pants mean no ride on one Texas bus system . '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Westbury , Anthony ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Saggy pants symbolize what 's gone wrong in black community , kids say '' . TCPalm . Florida . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christian , Margena A. ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` The facts behind the saggin ' pants craze '' . Jet . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( October 15 , 2005 ) . `` Sag Harbored '' . Snopes . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert Murray ( 2008 ) . What schools ban and why . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35298 - 0 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Can Obama Help Kill Baggy Pants Look ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` US town bans saggy pants '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Malynda ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Hahira passes clothing ordinance '' . Valdosta Daily Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crackdown ! - Cities begin to belt wearers of saggy pants -- but do laws violate rights ? '' . Associated Press . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jessica ; Mary Chapman ( 18 August 2008 ) . `` Fashion Police : Flint Cracks Down on Sagging '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judge rules saggy pants law unconstitutional / '' , 9 / 17 / 2008 , NBC Jump up ^ Board Approves Dress Code Changes , Fresno Unified School District , 1993 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Central Unified School District Dress Code , Central Unified School District , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Anderson Union High School District Dress Code Guidelines , Anderson Union High School district , 2008 - 08 - 20 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Brunsma , David L. ( 2004 ) . The school uniform movement and what it tells us about American education : a symbolic crusade . Scarecrow Education . p. 60 . ISBN 1 - 57886 - 125 - X . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Heinz , Frank ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` City Begins Battle Against Saggy Drawers '' . www.nbcdfw.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pearson , Jake ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Sen. Eric Adams fights ' crack ' epidemic by launching ads urging youth to pull up saggy pants . '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Ad Campaign Asks Queens Bus Riders to Pull Up Their Pants '' . The Wall Street Journal . Metropolis ( blog ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japan rider apologises for hip - hop dress attire '' . AFP . February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Becky ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Threat of ' Urkel ' solves sagging pants problem '' . KSL.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Students get ' Urkeled ' for baggy pants '' . ABC2 . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` City Makes Thousands From Sagging Pants . '' . WYFF - TV . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pull Your Pants Up , ' City Officials Say '' . WPLG Local 10 . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Valero , Marc ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Droopy drawers ' law is mixed bag . '' . The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Day 's Billie Joe Armstrong Kicked Off Plane for Saggy Pants . '' . US Magazine . September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Judge Slaps Saggy Pants - Wearing Man With Jail Sentence . '' . NewsOne. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcius , Chelsia Rose ; Stephen Rex Brown ; Daniel Beekman ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Crack - down ' in NJ town bans saggy pants , too - short skirts , other fashion flubs '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Demby , Gene . `` Sagging Pants and the Long Histor of ' Dangerous ' Street Fashion . '' npr.org. 11 Sept. 2014 . Web . 11 Apr. 2015 . Jump up ^ Ian Cross July 5 , 2016 `` South Carolina town passes ordinance banning sagging pants '' http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/32378388/south-carolina-town-passes-ordinance-banning-sagging-pants?clienttype=generic&sf30338757=1 Jump up ^ `` ' Pants on the Ground ' similar to ' Back Pockets on the Floor ? ' '' . USA Today . January 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodwyn , Wade ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` In Dallas , a Hip - Hop Plea : Pull Your Pants Up '' . NPR . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jonsson , Patrik ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pants on the ground ' goes viral : Top five Larry Platt covers '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weichselbaum , Simone ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flatbush rapper Amor Arteaga , 9 , is creative force behind music video titled : ' Pull Ya Pants Up ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sagging . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagging_(fashion)&oldid=802875367 '' Categories : 2000s fashion 2010s fashion African - American - related controversies Clothing controversies Hip hop fashion History of clothing ( Western fashion ) Trousers and shorts Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Português Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 00 : 46 . About Wikipedia

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NBA Finals

NBA Finals - wikipedia NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search NBA Finals Status Active Genre Sporting event Date ( s ) June Frequency Annual Country United States Inaugurated 1947 ( 1947 ) The NBA Finals is the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The entrants are determined by the victors of the Eastern and Western conferences , who engage in a best - of - seven game series to determine the league champion . The winners of the Finals are awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , which replaced the Walter A. Brown Trophy in 1983 . Prior to the 1949 - 50 season , the series was named the BAA Finals , before seeing alteration following the merger between the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) and the National Basketball League ( NBL ) which created the modern NBA . The competition oversaw further name changes to NBA World Championship Series from 1950 to 1982 , as well as a brief stint as the Showdown , before settling on NBA Finals in 1986 . The NBA Finals was initially structured to harbor a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format until 2013 , where the first two and last two games of the series were played at the arena of the team who earned home - court advantage by having the better record during the regular season . This was then altered , because teams with the home - court advantage went 21 -- 8 in all Finals appearances . The competition is currently structured under a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , where the first two games are played at home for the higher - seeded team , and the following two at the home of the lower - seeded team . The following three are played at each team 's home arena respectively . A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals . The Boston Celtics hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 17 times , as well as winning the competition the most times in a row , winning it eight times from 1959 to 1966 . The Los Angeles Lakers have been runners - up the most times , winning 16 finals . The Eastern Conference has provided the most champions , with 38 wins from ten franchises , while the Western Conference have 32 , from nine franchises . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1947 -- 56 : Beginnings and Lakers dynasty 1.2 1957 -- 69 : Celtics dynasty 1.3 1970 -- 79 : Decade of parity 1.4 1980 -- 90 : Lakers -- Celtics rivalry and the Bad Boys 1.5 1991 -- 98 : Bulls dynasty 1.6 1999 -- 2010 : Lakers ' and Spurs ' dominance 1.7 2011 -- 14 : Rise of the Heat 1.8 2015 -- present : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry 2 Team records 2.1 Finals appearances 2.2 Active franchises with no Finals appearances 2.3 Most common matchups 2.4 Individual games records 3 Player records 3.1 Individual 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of NBA champions 1947 -- 56 : beginnings and Lakers dynasty ( edit ) During the first decade of the NBA , the Minneapolis Lakers had the first NBA dynasty , winning five championships in six years under Hall of Fame head coach John Kundla . The team also featured George Mikan , one of the greatest players in NBA history . 1957 -- 69 : Celtics dynasty ( edit ) Bill Russell ( off ball ) was a member of one of the first dynasties in the NBA , winning eight straight titles while contending against Wilt Chamberlain ( on ball ) . The Boston Celtics went 11 -- 1 in the NBA Finals during 13 seasons ( 1956 -- 57 to 1968 -- 69 ) . They won eight straight NBA championships from 1959 through 1966 . This period marks the largest stretch of seasons that a single team made up over 65 % of Finals appearances , and also includes the only ever time the NBA Finals was decided in double overtime . With the establishment of the Celtics dynasty in 1957 spearheaded by center Bill Russell , the team would see great success , only ever encountering difficulty when up against teams led by Wilt Chamberlain . However , for most of the late 1950s and 1960s , the Celtics and Russell managed to have an upper hand on teams led by Chamberlain . In 1964 , Chamberlain , who had moved to the state of California alongside his team , led the San Francisco Warriors to a Western Conference championship , but again failed to conquer the Celtics . The following season , he returned to the Eastern Conference to join the Philadelphia 76ers , who were the former Syracuse Nationals that had relocated to the city to cover the vacancy created with the departure of the Warriors . The first clash between the two stars in the playoffs was in 1966 , with Boston winning the series 4 -- 1 . In the following season , Philadelphia coach Alex Hannum instructed Chamberlain to provide an increased focus on playing a team game , to avoid drawing the double - teams that troubled Chamberlain during the Finals . This tactical change brought the team to a new record of 68 wins the following season , as well as defeating the Celtics before winning the Finals . In 1968 , Boston overcame a 3 -- 1 deficit against Philadelphia to once again arrive in the Finals . They went on to defeat the Los Angeles Lakers in the Finals to again become NBA Champions . In 1969 , the Celtics faced great difficulty entering the postseason , as they had an aging team and multiple injuries to a number of players . They qualified for the playoffs as the fourth and final seed in the East , while the Lakers , who in the added Chamberlain in the offseason to join stars Jerry West and Elgin Baylor . The Lakers won the West and were prohibitive favorites to become Champions for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles . Despite holding a 2 - 1 advantage going into Game 4 , the Lakers led 87 -- 86 and had the ball with 10 seconds to play . But after a turnover , Sam Jones scored to give the Celtics a narrow 88 -- 87 win and tying the series . The series was eventually tied 3 - 3 going into Game 7 in Los Angeles , with Lakers owner Jack Cooke hanging balloons in the arena in anticipation of a Lakers victory . West also picked up injuries to his thigh and hamstring during the series , however , returned to play for the final game . Russell utilized this newly lacking mobility in West to organize fast breaks at every opportunity for the Celtics , which allowed them to gain an early lead . They held off a furious Lakers comeback to win 108 -- 106 and win the series , and win their eleventh championship in 13 years . As many stars either declined or retired following this win , it is largely recognized as the last NBA Finals conducted by the Celtics dynasty . 1970 -- 79 : decade of parity ( edit ) The 1970s saw eight different teams win the title , with the Celtics and New York Knicks winning twice . In 1970 , a classic final featured the Knicks against the Lakers . In the waning moments of Game 3 , with the series tied , Jerry West hit a basket from 60 feet to tie the game , a shot which became one of the most famous ever . However , the Knicks won in overtime and continued their momentum for a 4 -- 3 win , becoming the first team after the Celtics dynasty to win an NBA championship . The Milwaukee Bucks also won their first franchise title , defeating the Baltimore Bullets in 1971 . Two seasons after losing in the Finals , the Lakers got a measure of revenge by winning 33 straight games , the longest such streak in NBA history . By season 's end , they broke the record for most wins in a season with 69 , one more than the 1966 -- 67 Philadelphia 76ers , before taking home the championship for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles . The Knicks returned to win the championship again a season later to record their second ever victorious season . Despite the rise of the Knicks , the 1974 championship returned to the Celtics , as a newly formed cohort of players led by Dave Cowens demonstrated excellent teamwork and resilience to win in seven games to secure another title . Following the success of the Lakers , the 1970s were characterized by a major breakthrough of the league 's western franchises . In 1975 , after compiling a 48 -- 34 regular - season record , the Golden State Warriors swept the heavily favored Washington Bullets 4 -- 0 in the 1975 NBA Finals . In 1976 , the Phoenix Suns , who only enjoyed eight years of existence as a franchise , overcame a losing record early in the season to build a remarkable win streak to finish 42 -- 40 . The events culminated in upset victories over the Seattle SuperSonics and the Warriors , before facing Boston in the Finals . The teams split the first four games , before Game 5 went into three overtimes before Boston won 128 -- 126 . The Celtics managed to secure their 13th championship quickly after , defeating the Suns 87 -- 80 in Game 6 . Other western franchises that secured their first titles in the 1970s included the Portland Trail Blazers in 1977 , and the Washington Bullets defeating the SuperSonics in 1978 . The SuperSonics managed to exact revenge in the following season , however , as they secured their first franchise title in 1979 . 1980 -- 90 : Lakers -- Celtics rivalry and the Bad Boys ( edit ) The 1980s saw a renewal in the rivalry between the Boston Celtics ( green ) and the Los Angeles Lakers ( gold ) , combining to win eight titles . Between 1980 and 1990 , the Celtics , 76ers , Lakers , or the Detroit Pistons won every NBA Finals . The Lakers won five titles from 1980 to 1990 ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , and 1988 ) ; the Celtics won three ( 1981 , 1984 , and 1986 ) ; the Pistons won twice ( 1989 and 1990 ) ; and the 76ers won once ( 1983 ) . The 1979 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game featured Magic Johnson 's Michigan State University team facing off against Larry Bird 's Indiana State University team . This meeting has been immortalized as the beginning of the Lakers and Celtics rivalry of the 1980s , which saw each team being represented by either player respectively . The game also attracted the largest ever TV rating for an NCAA Championship game , with 38 percent of all television viewers that night tuned to the game . Bird had actually been drafted the year before , but later decided to stay an additional year , and the two superstars both entered the league in 1979 , leading their respective teams to dazzling heights . Johnson and the Showtime Lakers reached the 1980 NBA Finals against the 76ers , which was also led by NBA superstar Julius Erving . The Lakers took a 3 -- 2 lead , but Kareem Abdul - Jabbar could not play in Game 6 due to injury . Johnson , a natural point guard , was shifted to center , and ended up playing every position on the court during the game , scoring 42 points , while also attaining 15 rebounds and 7 assists to win his first championship while being awarded his first NBA Finals MVP ; a remarkable performance in the annals of the sport . Boston reached the 1981 NBA Finals led by the `` Big Three '' of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , and Robert Parish . During the 1980 NBA draft , the Celtics traded two first round picks to the Warriors for Parish and a first round pick later spent on McHale . Considered to be one of the best front courts of all time , all three players would later make the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . They met the Houston Rockets in the 1981 Finals , practically single - handedly carried by Moses Malone , who upset the Lakers and Johnson in the first round . The Rockets were only the second team in NBA history to make the Finals after posting a losing record in the regular season , and the Celtics had an NBA best record of 62 -- 20 . The Celtics would later win the Finals in 6 games . The Lakers returned to the NBA Finals in 1982 , time time led by new coach Pat Riley , in a rematch against the 76ers . The 76ers defeated the Celtics in the Eastern Conference finals in a 7 - game series , but were defeated by Lakers in 6 games , with Johnson being named Finals MVP . Upon losing their past three NBA Finals appearances , the 76ers decided that they needed one more piece to become champions , and enlisted Malone as their premier target . On September 15 , 1982 , they traded for Malone , who was also the league 's reigning MVP . With the new duo of Malone and Erving , the 76ers won the 1983 NBA Finals , losing only once in the entire playoffs , as well as sweeping the Lakers . However , the 1984 NBA Finals was conducted by the Celtics and Lakers , who faced each other for the first time since 1969 . After an inspired performance from Bird , the Celtics toppled the Lakers 4 -- 3 . The final game of this series attracted the largest ever TV audience for an NBA game , and the second - largest ever for a basketball game , with only the game between the two stars played five years earlier having a larger audience . It was the last NBA Finals played in the 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , until 2014 . In the 1985 NBA Finals , the Lakers made amends for their previous eight losses to the Celtics by defeating them in six games . Even though the Lakers lost the first game by 34 points in the Memorial Day Massacre , they won 4 of the next 5 games , including Game 6 at the Boston Garden , to finally end the long years of frustration of failing to defeat the Celtics . These finals were the first to be played in the 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , which was suggested by Boston coach Red Auerbach to NBA commissioner David Stern , as he hoped to cut back on the frequent traveling from Boston to Los Angeles . The 1986 NBA Finals saw the Celtics face off against the Rockets , with Boston winning in six games , as well as securing their 16th title . Bird was also named Finals MVP for the second time . In 1987 , the Lakers and Celtics met again , with both sides holding a win in the Finals apiece . With the third being contested , it is regarded as a rubber match between the two dynasties . The Lakers won the first two games , but Boston won Game 3 . In Game 4 , Johnson hit an sky - hook with two seconds left to give the Lakers a 107 -- 106 win and a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Lakers would lose Game 5 , but would eventually win Game 6 to clinch the series , and a 2 - 1 all time win against the Celtics . Johnson was also named Finals MVP for the third time . In the following two seasons , the aging Celtics failed to reach the Finals , becoming overshadowed by the rise of the Detroit Pistons . The Lakers would manage to defend their title in the 1988 Finals , winning the series in 7 games against the Pistons . They then became the first team to win back - to - back NBA titles since 1969 . Seeking a three - peat in 1989 , the Lakers were swept by the Pistons in a rematch of the previous year 's Finals . In 1990 , the Pistons then went back - to - back after defeating the Blazers in five games , attaining the nickname `` Bad Boys '' due to its rough , physical play . Led by a Hall of Fame back court in Joe Dumars and Isiah Thomas and a rugged front court in Dennis Rodman and Bill Laimbeer , the Pistons were attained great success . 1991 -- 98 : Bulls dynasty ( edit ) Michael Jordan combined with coach Phil Jackson to win six NBA championships . The majority of the 1990s was marked by the supremacy of the Chicago Bulls , which saw them appear in six Finals . Coached by Phil Jackson and led by NBA superstar Michael Jordan , the Bulls won a title in every single appearance to the Finals from 1991 to 1998 . Jordan was also the Finals MVP every time . The only other team to win championships during this period was the Houston Rockets , who went back - to - back in 1994 and 1995 during Jordan 's initial retirement from professional basketball . The first championship came at the expense of the Los Angeles Lakers , which also saw the last appearance in the Finals for Magic Johnson . Billed as a showdown between the aging Johnson and the upstart Jordan , the Lakers won the first game , 93 -- 91 . For the rest of the series , Pippen guarded Johnson , allowing Jordan to attain a free scoring role to lead Chicago to ultimately taking the next four games . The Bulls returned to the Finals in the next year , pitted against Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers . Throughout the 1991 -- 1992 season , Jordan and Drexler led their teams to the best records in their respective conferences , leading to several comparisons between the two players in anticipation of a postseason match - up . Chicago defeated the Trail Blazers in Game 1 by 33 points , a game notable for Jordan breaking the record for the most three - pointer in a first half , with six . Game 2 went into overtime , with the Trail Blazers outscoring the Bulls 18 -- 7 in the final period to run away with the win . Game 3 and 4 were split between Chicago and Portland , respectively , but the Bulls took the final two games , clinching their second championship . In 1993 , Jordan was matched against close friend Charles Barkley , who was the league 's reigning MVP at the Phoenix Suns . The Bulls won the first two games in Phoenix , with 100 -- 92 and 111 -- 108 as the final scores , respectively . The Suns , rallying behind Barkley , won Game 3 , 129 -- 121 , in Chicago in triple overtime . The Bulls took Game 4 , 111 -- 105 , with Jordan scoring 55 points and tying Rick Barry for the second-most points in an NBA Finals game . The Suns won Game 5 , 108 -- 98 , sending the series back to Phoenix . Chicago won the series clincher in Game 6 , 99 -- 98 , on John Paxson 's three - pointer , as the Bulls became the third team in history to three - peat . After this win , Jordan would retire from basketball to pursue a career in baseball . Following Jordan 's departure , the Houston Rockets , led by Hakeem Olajuwon , won the 1994 and 1995 NBA titles . During this period , Olajuwon became the only player in history to win the NBA MVP , NBA Defensive Player of the Year and Finals MVP awards in the same season . That was the only year that both the NBA and NHL finals went to seven games while involving teams from the same city , with the Rockets facing the New York Knicks in 1994 . With their win in Game 7 , the Rockets denied New York from winning both the NBA and NHL titles in the same year , as the New York Rangers won the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals . After trading for Drexler midseason , the Rockets later swept an Orlando Magic team consisting of Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway in the 1995 Finals ; Olajuwon was again named Finals MVP , and the Rockets became the fifth franchise to win back - to - back titles and became the first 6th - seeded team to win the title without enjoying home court advantage on any of their playoff series . After his short stint in baseball , Jordan returned to basketball late in the 1994 -- 95 season . Although he did not lead the Bulls to the Finals , he returned to pre-retirement form the next year while the team acquired perennial rebounding champion Dennis Rodman . The 1995 -- 96 Bulls finished the regular season 72 -- 10 , attaining , at the time , the best regular season record in NBA history ( Later surpassed by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 - 16 season with a record of 73 - 9 ) . They dominated in the playoffs , with series records of 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 and 4 -- 0 , before facing the Seattle SuperSonics in the NBA Finals . After the Bulls took a 3 -- 0 series lead , Seattle won the next two games after coach George Karl switched point guard Gary Payton onto Jordan , leading to a sixth game . However , Jordan altered his game to accommodate the advances of Payton , and the Bulls won Game 6 to win their fourth title . In 1997 and 1998 , the Bulls met the Utah Jazz in the Finals twice . Led by Olympians John Stockton and Karl Malone , the Jazz were defeated in both Finals by the Bulls in six games . In both series , Chicago won by hitting winning shots in the sixth and deciding game -- the first by Steve Kerr in 1997 in Chicago , and the second by Jordan in Utah in 1998 . This saw Chicago winning their sixth NBA championship , and managing their second three - peat . However , prior to the 1999 season , Jackson decided to retire , which set off a chain reaction that resulted in most of the team , including Jordan and Pippen , requesting to leave the Bulls . With no foundation of youth to build upon , the Bulls became a lottery - bound team for the next six seasons . 1999 -- 2010 : Lakers ' and Spurs ' dominance ( edit ) Kobe Bryant was a member of the Los Angeles Lakers that won five NBA championships from 2000 - 2010 . The Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combined to win nine NBA Championships during this period . The Spurs were responsible for winning four championships during this period , in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , and 2007 . In the 1999 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs finished with a 15 -- 2 mark , including sweeps of the Blazers and Lakers . With a defensive squad led by David Robinson and Tim Duncan , San Antonio 's 84.7 points allowed per game was the fewest average points allowed in the post-season in the last 30 years . In the Finals that year , the Spurs held the New York Knicks , the first # 8 seed team to reach the finals in NBA history , to an average of 79.8 points per game . During the 2003 NBA Finals , the Spurs defeated the Nets in 6 games , which also marked the first championship contested between two former ABA teams . In Game 6 , Duncan was two blocks short of recording the first quadruple - double in NBA Finals history , finishing with 21 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , and 8 blocks . The Spurs went on to defeat the Detroit Pistons 4 -- 3 in the 2005 NBA Finals , as well as sweeping the LeBron James - led Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2007 NBA Finals . Duncan won the Finals MVP in 1999 , 2003 and 2005 . In 2007 , Tony Parker was named MVP , becoming the first European - born player to win the award . Tim Duncan won five championships with the San Antonio Spurs from 1999 - 2014 . From 2000 to 2002 , the Lakers , led by Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant , won three straight NBA Championships . O'Neal won the finals MVP all three times . Their first championship came at the expense of the Indiana Pacers , whom the Lakers defeated in 6 games . During their 2001 postseason run , the Lakers swept their first 3 series and won the Finals in 5 games , finishing with an unprecedented 15 -- 1 record , the best postseason record in NBA history . Their opponent in the Finals that year were the Philadelphia 76ers , led by Allen Iverson . In the 2002 NBA Finals , the Lakers swept the New Jersey Nets , leading almost the entire time in each game ; only for a short while after the beginning of Game 4 did the New Jersey Nets gain any significant lead in any game . In the 2003 offseason , veteran stars Gary Payton and Karl Malone signed with the Lakers . Along with Bryant and O'Neal , they formed what many expected to be one of the best teams in NBA history , and were the favorites to win the championship in 2004 . However , the Detroit Pistons , under coach Larry Brown , upset the Lakers in 5 games . Chauncey Billups was named the Finals MVP . Now established as one of the premier powerhouses of the East , the Pistons would return to the NBA Finals in the following year , bowing out to the Spurs in seven games . The 2006 NBA Finals were the only Finals during this period not to feature the Spurs or Lakers , instead featuring the Miami Heat and Dallas Mavericks . It was the first NBA Finals since 1971 that had both Western and Eastern Conference champions making their first Finals appearance in franchise history . The Mavericks won the first two games at home , but the turning point of the series was in Game 3 , when the Heat overcame a 13 - point deficit with less than 6 minutes left in the fourth quarter to win 98 -- 96 . The comeback was led by Dwyane Wade 's 12 points in the final six minutes and a clutch outside jumpshot by Gary Payton , who was appearing in his third NBA finals . Miami swept all three of their home games , two of which were sparked by fourth quarter comebacks led by Wade ; the Heat would win their first ever championship in game six . The Lakers returned to the finals in 2008 , against the Boston Celtics . Renewing the teams ' fierce rivalry , this marked the 11th time that these two teams met in the Finals , the last such meeting happening in 1987 . The Celtics , who defeated the Lakers 4 -- 2 , were led by their `` Big Three '' superstars of Ray Allen , Kevin Garnett , and Paul Pierce , who was also named Finals MVP . The Lakers bounced back from their 2008 loss and returned to the Finals in 2009 , where they faced the Orlando Magic , led by Defensive Player of the Year Dwight Howard in 2009 . The Lakers would defeat Orlando in five games , with Bryant earning the Finals MVP award . The Lakers met the Celtics once again in 2010 , trailing 3 -- 2 before winning the last two at home , marking the first time in the history of the Celtics that they lost a Game 7 in the NBA Finals . Bryant was also named Finals MVP , with the triumphs in 2009 and 2010 becoming Phil Jackson 's 10th and 11th NBA titles . With these championship victories , Jackson surpassed both Red Auerbach 's record for most NBA titles of all time and National Hockey League coach Scotty Bowman 's record for most titles as head coach in any major American professional sport . 2011 -- 14 : rise of the Heat ( edit ) LeBron James ( left ) joined Dwyane Wade ( center ) and Chris Bosh ( right ) at the Miami Heat to form the Big Three . During the 2010 offseason , the Miami Heat re-signed team captain Dwyane Wade and added free agents Chris Bosh and LeBron James to form the Big Three . The Heat were then considered the favorites by many to win multiple championships , appearing in the next four finals , and winning two , in 2012 and 2013 . James has also later represented the Eastern Conference in the NBA Finals in every year since 2011 . The second appearance by the Heat in a Finals came in 2011 , where they were pitted against the Dallas Mavericks in a rematch of the finals from five years earlier . The Mavericks , who were led by Dirk Nowitzki , Jason Terry , Tyson Chandler , and Jason Kidd , won the series 4 -- 2 , with Nowitzki being named the Finals MVP . The Heat returned to the finals in the following year against the young upstart Oklahoma City Thunder team , in a series that pitted reigning league MVP James and 3 - time NBA scoring leader Kevin Durant against each other , neither of whom had won a championship at the time . After the Thunder took Game 1 at home , the Heat won four straight games to win the series 4 -- 1 becoming the first team to win a championship after trailing in three different series . Winning his first championship , James was unanimously named NBA Finals MVP . The Heat repeated as champions in 2013 , this time over the San Antonio Spurs , with the finals being the first since 1987 to feature four former Finals MVPs in a Finals ; with Tim Duncan ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) and Tony Parker ( 2007 ) for the Spurs , and Wade ( 2006 ) and James ( 2012 ) for the Heat . The Spurs were up 3 -- 2 in the series going into Game 6 in Miami . With seconds remaining in regulation , Ray Allen scored a game - tying three - pointer to send the game into overtime , and the Heat would prevail 103 -- 100 . The game is considered by some to have been one of the greatest playoff games in NBA history . The Heat would win Game 7 , 95 -- 88 , to clinch the title . James was again named the Finals MVP for the second straight year . Looking for a 3 - peat , the Heat dominated the 2014 postseason , going 12 -- 3 in the first three rounds . They reached the 2014 NBA Finals and faced the Spurs in a rematch of the 2013 Finals . With James limited in Game 1 due to leg cramps , the Spurs ended the game on a 31 -- 9 run , winning the game 110 -- 95 . The Heat would win Game 2 , but that would be their only win of the series , as the Spurs would win Games 3 , 4 , and 5 to win the Championship , their first since 2007 and the fifth and final title of Duncan 's career . Kawhi Leonard was named Finals MVP , becoming the third - youngest Finals MVP after Duncan and Magic Johnson . 2015 -- present : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry ( edit ) The rivalry between these two teams began when they faced each other in the 2015 NBA Finals . Stephen Curry led the Golden State Warriors to the best regular season record in NBA history , and the 2015 and 2017 championship . After the 2014 Finals , LeBron James became a free agent and returned to the Cleveland Cavaliers where he teamed up with Kyrie Irving . The Cavs also traded for Kevin Love to form a new Big Three in Cleveland as they led the Cavs to the 2015 NBA Finals . In the 2015 postseason , 2014 finalist Miami Heat did not qualify in the playoffs after losing James to free agency and due to mediocrity stemming from brutal injuries all season , and the former defending champions , the San Antonio Spurs , were eliminated in a Game 7 battle against the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round . This allowed Cleveland to conquer the East . Golden State , spearheaded by reigning MVP , Stephen Curry , achieved a 67 -- 15 record and were able to take the West . Entering the 2015 Finals , James and current Cavalier and former Heat teammate James Jones made their fifth straight finals appearance -- the first two players to do this since the 1960s Celtics . The Warriors managed to defy conventional wisdom and traditionalist ideas by winning the championship with a small - ball , three - point shooting , fast - paced team . The Warriors won Game 1 in overtime , with the Cavaliers losing Irving to injury in the process . The Cavaliers would win Games 2 and 3 , however , the Warriors won the next three games after coach Steve Kerr made the adjustment of inserting sixth man Andre Iguodala into the starting lineup in place of center Andrew Bogut , thus achieving the desired small - ball offense . The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 4 -- 2 , with Iguodala becoming the first player to not start in any regular season game to win the Finals MVP award . During the 2015 -- 16 season , the Warriors broke the record for most wins in a season with a record of 73 -- 9 and Curry would go on to win his second straight MVP award , as well as becoming the first unanimous MVP in history and shattering his own record for three - pointers made in a single season by over one hundred in the process . The Warriors would advance to the NBA Finals with 3 straight wins against a Kevin Durant led Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals after trailing 3 -- 1 . The Cavaliers finished the season as the top - seed in the Eastern Conference and defeated the Toronto Raptors 4 -- 2 in the Eastern Conference Finals to advance , facing the Warriors in a rematch of last year 's matchup . In the 2016 NBA Finals , James led the Cavaliers to their first - ever NBA championship in franchise history , recovering from a 3 -- 1 deficit to win 4 -- 3 . During the final three minutes of Game 7 with the score tied at 89 , Irving missed a tightly contested lay - up , allowing Iguodala to secure the rebound and run for a fast break . Curry passed the ball back to Iguodala for a give - and - go play , however , James tracked back to make a chase - down block on Iguodala , keeping the scores leveled as a timeout was called with 1 : 07 remaining . Irving hit a 3 - point shot to take the lead with less than one minute remaining and Love successfully defended Curry trying to make a 3 - pointer . The Cavaliers managed to hold on to the lead to win and end the city 's 52 - year championship drought , James was named the Finals MVP . In the summer of 2016 , the Warriors acquired Durant through free agency . After finishing 67 -- 15 , they became the first team in history to win 67 + games in three straight seasons , and also went 12 -- 0 in the playoffs , becoming the first team to sweep the first three rounds of the playoffs since the first round changed to best - of - seven in 2003 . Meanwhile , the Cavaliers only lost one game in their first three series , setting up another rubber match against the Warriors in the 2017 NBA Finals . This marks the first time in history that two teams have met in three straight NBA Finals . The Warriors eventually won the series 4 -- 1 with Durant being named the Finals MVP . The Warriors took a 3 - 0 series lead while setting a playoffs record of 15 consecutive wins before losing game 4 of the finals to the Cavs . The Warriors closed out their playoff series with a 13.5 point differential . Team records ( edit ) Finals appearances ( edit ) The statistics below refer to series wins and losses , not individual games won and lost . No . Team % Most recent appearance Most recent title Notes 31 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 . 516 Currently hold the record for the most appearances in the NBA Finals , and have appeared in the Finals in every decade since the 1940s . They have won 11 titles in Los Angeles and 5 in Minneapolis . They also attained a three - peat in Minneapolis from 1952 to 1954 , and another in Los Angeles from 2000 to 2002 . 21 Boston Celtics 17 . 810 2008 Won 8 straight titles from 1959 to 1966 , and are the most successful team in the NBA Finals , winning 17 championships . 9 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 5 . 555 2017 2017 Won two titles in Philadelphia , before eventually securing three more as the Golden State Warriors . 9 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 . 333 2001 Won one title in Syracuse , before winning another two following the move to Philadelphia . 8 New York Knicks 6 . 250 1999 1973 In their most recent appearance , they became the first 8th seed to ever reach the Finals . 7 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons . 429 2005 Went back - to - back in 1989 - 90 , and won all three championships in Detroit . 6 Chicago Bulls 6 0 1.000 1998 1998 All the titles were with head coach Phil Jackson and players Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen . The titles were won via two three - peats , from 1991 -- 93 and 1996 -- 98 . They are the only active NBA franchise with multiple Finals appearances , and no losses . 6 San Antonio Spurs 5 . 833 2014 2014 All the titles were with Tim Duncan and Gregg Popovich . Won their first championship in 1999 , and an additional three championships in the odd years from 2003 - 2007 , before another in 2014 . They are the only franchise to move from the ABA to the NBA , and subsequently win a championship . 5 Miami Heat . 600 2014 2013 All the titles were with Dwyane Wade and Udonis Haslem . They faced the Mavericks in 2006 and 2011 , and made four straight appearances from 2011 to 2014 , yielding two titles , the first franchise to accomplish that since the 1984 -- 87 Celtics . Houston Rockets . 500 1995 1995 Won two championships with Hakeem Olajuwon and coach Rudy Tomjanovich , with both championships being back - to - back . Their 1995 triumph was done as the 6th seed , the lowest seeded team to win a championship . St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks . 250 1961 1958 All appearances when the team resided in St. Louis . Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder . 250 2012 1979 Hold a record of 1 -- 2 as Seattle SuperSonics , and 0 -- 1 as Oklahoma City Thunder . They remain the only franchise since the 1977 to win a title in one city , and later relocate . Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards . 250 1979 1978 All appearances in the Finals came between 1971 and 1979 , featuring Wes Unseld . They were 0 -- 1 as the newly formed Baltimore Bullets , and 1 -- 2 as Washington Bullets . Cleveland Cavaliers . 250 2017 2016 Lost in the 2007 and 2015 Finals , but won their first title in 2016 . LeBron James featured in all four Finals appearances . Cleveland lost again in the 2017 Finals . Portland Trail Blazers . 333 1992 1977 Their only title was won with Bill Walton , but the franchise lost two finals with Clyde Drexler . Dallas Mavericks . 500 2011 2011 They lost in 2006 and won in 2011 , both times against the Heat . Both Mavericks teams were led by Dirk Nowitzki and Jason Terry . Milwaukee Bucks . 500 1971 Their singular triumph was recorded with a team that consisted of Oscar Robertson and Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . New York / New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 . 000 2003 None They appeared twice in the Finals as New Jersey Nets , in 2002 and 2003 . Orlando Magic 0 . 000 2009 None They were swept by the Rockets in 1995 , and defeated by the Lakers in 2009 . Have only recorded a singular win in the Finals . Phoenix Suns 0 . 000 1993 None Lost in the 1976 and 1993 Finals to the Celtics and Bulls , respectively . Best historical won - loss record among all franchises to have never won a title . New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 . 000 1998 None Both appearances were with coach Jerry Sloan and players Karl Malone and John Stockton , and losses against the Bulls . Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City - Omaha Kings / Kansas City Kings / Sacramento Kings 0 1.000 1951 1951 Only ever appearance in NBA Finals and only ever title was won as the Rochester Royals . Indiana Pacers 0 . 000 2000 None Baltimore Bullets 0 1.000 1948 1948 Team folded in 1954 and is the only championship winning team to fold . Chicago Stags 0 . 000 1947 None Team folded in 1950 . Washington Capitols 0 . 000 1949 None Team folded in 1951 . Active franchises with no Finals appearances ( edit ) Team No. of seasons Founded Other achievements Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers 46 1970 Reached three conference semifinals as the Braves , and four as the Clippers . First appeared was in the 2005 -- 06 season and lost to the Phoenix Suns , before returning in the 2011 -- 12 season , losing to the San Antonio Spurs . Their other appearances came in the 2013 -- 14 season when they lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder , and in the 2014 -- 15 season when they lost to the Houston Rockets . Denver Nuggets 40 1976 Joined NBA after nine American Basketball Association ( ABA ) in 1976 . They have played in the 1976 ABA championship , but lost to the New York Nets , as well as participating in the 1978 conference finals , before ultimately losing to the Seattle SuperSonics . They also featured in the 1985 and 2009 conference finals , but lost both times to the Los Angeles Lakers . Minnesota Timberwolves 27 1989 Reached the Western Conference finals in the 2003 -- 04 season , but lost to the Lakers . Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets * 28 1988 Reached the conference semifinals four times , first in the 1992 -- 93 season when they lost to the New York Knicks , second in the 1997 -- 98 season , losing to the Chicago Bulls , third in the 2000 -- 01 season when they lost to the Milwaukee Bucks , and fourth in the 2001 -- 02 season , losing to the New Jersey Nets . Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 21 1995 Reached the Western Conference finals in the 2012 -- 13 season , but lost to the Spurs . Toronto Raptors 21 1995 Reached the Eastern Conference finals in the 2015 -- 16 season , but lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers . New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets / Pelicans * 14 2002 Reached the conference semifinals in the 2007 -- 08 season , but lost to the Spurs . ( * ) As a result of the original franchise 's relocation to New Orleans , the NBA team in Charlotte suspended operations for the 2002 -- 03 and the 2003 -- 04 seasons , before a new team , also named the Bobcats , was established for the 2004 -- 05 season . In 2014 , the Bobcats later became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets , and retained the history and records of the Hornets organization from 1982 to 2002 . The original Hornets , now renamed the Pelicans , obtained the records during their time in New Orleans and Oklahoma City from 2002 to 2013 . Most common matchups ( edit ) 12 times : Boston Celtics ( 9 ) vs. Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 6 times : Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 5 ) vs. Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 5 times : Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) vs. New York Knicks ( 2 ) 4 times : Boston Celtics ( 3 ) vs. St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks ( 1 ) 3 times : Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 times : Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) 2 times : Boston Celtics ( 2 ) vs. Houston Rockets ( 0 ) 2 times : Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) vs. Utah Jazz ( 0 ) 2 times : Dallas Mavericks ( 1 ) vs. Miami Heat ( 1 ) 2 times : Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 2 times : Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) vs. Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( * ) the number in parentheses describes the victories in the Finals for either team . Individual games records ( edit ) Team PCT Notes 179 Los Angeles Lakers 89 90 . 497 Hold the record for the most games in a Finals , with a record of 20 -- 15 in Minneapolis and 69 - 75 while in Los Angeles . Won 4 - 3 in their last Finals appearance in 2010 . 129 Boston Celtics 77 52 . 597 Recorded the first ever sweep in the Finals . Lost 4 - 3 in their last Finals appearance in 2010 . 53 Philadelphia 76ers 24 29 . 453 Includes a record of 9 -- 11 while in Syracuse , and 15 - 18 while in Philadelphia . Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2001 . 48 New York Knicks 20 28 . 417 Lost 4 -- 1 in their last Finals appearance in 1999 . 45 Golden State Warriors 24 21 . 533 Includes records of 10 -- 6 while in Philadelphia , 3 -- 8 while in San Francisco , and 11 - 7 in their current incarnation . Won 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2017 . 40 Detroit Pistons 22 18 . 550 Includes a record of 4 -- 8 while in Fort Wayne , and 18 - 10 while in Detroit . Lost 4 - 3 their last Finals appearance in 2005 . 35 Chicago Bulls 24 11 . 686 Won 4 -- 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1998 . 34 San Antonio Spurs 23 11 . 676 Won 4 -- 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2014 . 29 Miami Heat 15 14 . 517 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2014 . 25 Atlanta Hawks 11 14 . 440 All appearances in the Finals occurred while the team was in St. Louis . 23 Houston Rockets 12 11 . 522 Won 4 - 0 in their last Finals appearance in 1995 . 22 Cleveland Cavaliers 7 15 . 318 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2017 , as well as becoming the only team in the Finals to overcome a 3 - 1 deficit in 2016 . 20 Washington Wizards 5 15 . 250 Includes a record of 0 -- 4 in Baltimore and 5 -- 11 in Washington , all as the Bullets . 17 Portland Trail Blazers 7 10 . 412 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1992 . 12 Dallas Mavericks 6 6 . 500 All games played during the Finals have been against the Heat , and won 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2011 . 12 Phoenix Suns 8 . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1993 . 12 Utah Jazz 8 . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in both Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , both times against the Bulls . 11 Milwaukee Bucks 7 . 636 Lost 4 -- 3 in their last Finals appearance in 1974 . 10 Brooklyn Nets 8 . 200 All Finals appearances have occurred while the team was in New Jersey , and lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2003 . 9 Orlando Magic 8 . 111 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2009 . 7 Sacramento Kings . 571 All appearances have occurred while the team was in Rochester . 6 Baltimore Bullets . 667 Franchise defunct . 6 Indiana Pacers . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in their only Finals appearance in 2000 . 6 Washington Capitols . 333 Franchise defunct . 5 Chicago Stags . 200 Franchise defunct . Player records ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Career Most years in Finals ( 12 ) -- Bill Russell Most games played in Finals ( 70 ) -- Bill Russell Most career points in Finals ( 1,679 ) -- Jerry West Most career assists in Finals ( 584 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career rebounds in Finals ( 1,718 ) -- Bill Russell Most career blocks in Finals ( 116 ) -- Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most career steals in Finals ( 102 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career turnovers in Finals ( 190 ) -- Magic Johnson Total points ( finals ) Jerry West -- 1,679 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- 1,317 LeBron James -- 1,255 Michael Jordan -- 1,176 Elgin Baylor -- 1,161 Bill Russell -- 1,151 Sam Jones -- 1,143 Tom Heinsohn -- 1,037 John Havlicek -- 1,018 Magic Johnson -- 971 PPG average ( min 10 games ) ( finals ) Rick Barry -- 36.3 Michael Jordan -- 33.6 Jerry West -- 30.5 Series Most points , one series ( 284 ) -- Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) Most assists , one series ( 95 ) -- Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most rebounds , one series ( 189 ) -- Bill Russell ( 1962 ) Most blocks , one series ( 32 ) -- Tim Duncan ( 2003 ) Most steals , one series ( 20 ) -- Isiah Thomas ( 1988 ) Most turnovers , one series ( 31 ) -- Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) and LeBron James ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA D - League Finals List of NBA players with most championships List of NBA champions List of National Basketball Association Finals head coaches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ballard , Bill ( June 4 , 1989 ) . `` Here Are Some Final Facts on NBA Playoffs '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA owners change Finals format to 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics History '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Magic Fills in at Center '' . nba.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA.com. 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Team Stream Now . `` LeBron James and the Ghost of 23 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Michael C. ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` NBA Finals 2013 , Spurs vs. Heat Game 6 : The greatest game ever played ? '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jared . `` NBA Finals Live : Cavs vs. Warriors in Game 7 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Kevin Durant , Warriors roll to second NBA title in three years '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` G.O.A.T. Grade : Definitive proof the 2017 Warriors are the Greatest Team of All Time '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Golden State Warriors Finals appearances '' . mcubed.net . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Líderes en la historia de las Finales ( Estadísticas ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : All - Time Records Index '' . nba.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) NBA Finals : All - Time Champions List of Championships - Year by Year NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Finals&oldid=808921876 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals Recurring sporting events established in 1947 1947 establishments in the United States Annual sporting events in the United States June sporting events Hidden categories : Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 01 : 29 . 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List of moments of inertia

List of moments of inertia - wikipedia List of moments of inertia Jump to : navigation , search In physics and applied mathematics , the mass moment of inertia , usually denoted by I , measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis , and is the rotational analogue to mass . Mass moments of inertia have units of dimension ML ( ( mass ) × ( length ) ) . It should not be confused with the second moment of area , which is used in beam calculations . The mass moment of inertia is often also known as the rotational inertia , and sometimes as the angular mass . For simple objects with geometric symmetry , one can often determine the moment of inertia in an exact closed - form expression . Typically this occurs when the mass density is constant , but in some cases the density can vary throughout the object as well . In general , it may not be straightforward to symbolically express the moment of inertia of shapes with more complicated mass distributions and lacking symmetry . When calculating moments of inertia , it is useful to remember that it is an additive function and exploit the parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorems . This article mainly considers symmetric mass distributions , with constant density throughout the object , and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass unless otherwise specified . Contents ( hide ) 1 Moments of inertia 2 List of 3D inertia tensors 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Moments of inertia ( edit ) Following are scalar moments of inertia . In general , the moment of inertia is a tensor , see below . Description Figure Moment ( s ) of inertia Point mass m at a distance r from the axis of rotation . A point mass does not have a moment of inertia around its own axis , but using the parallel axis theorem a moment of inertia around a distant axis of rotation is achieved . I = m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I = mr ^ ( 2 ) ) Two point masses , M and m , with reduced mass μ and separated by a distance , x about an axis passing through the center of mass of the system and perpendicular to the line joining the two particles . I = M m M + m x 2 = μ x 2 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( M \ ! + \ ! m ) ) x ^ ( 2 ) = \ mu x ^ ( 2 ) ) Rod of length L and mass m , rotating about its center . This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin ( but rigid ) wire . This is a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the center of the plate , with w = L and h = 0 . I c e n t e r = m L 2 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( center ) ) = ( \ frac ( mL ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Rod of length L and mass m , rotating about one end . This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin ( but rigid ) wire . This is also a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the end of the plate , with h = L and w = 0 . I e n d = m L 2 3 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( end ) ) = ( \ frac ( mL ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin circular hoop of radius r and mass m . This is a special case of a torus for a = 0 ( see below ) , as well as of a thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , with r = r and h = 0 . I z = m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = mr ^ ( 2 ) \ ! ) I x = I y = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin , solid disk of radius r and mass m . This is a special case of the solid cylinder , with h = 0 . That I x = I y = I z 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( I_ ( z ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , ) is a consequence of the perpendicular axis theorem . I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m r 2 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin cylindrical shell with open ends , of radius r and mass m . This expression assumes that the shell thickness is negligible . It is a special case of the thick - walled cylindrical tube for r = r . Also , a point mass m at the end of a rod of length r has this same moment of inertia and the value r is called the radius of gyration . I ≈ m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I \ approx mr ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! ) Solid cylinder of radius r , height h and mass m . This is a special case of the thick - walled cylindrical tube , with r = 0 . I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m 12 ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , of inner radius r , outer radius r , length h and mass m . I z = m 2 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) = m r 2 2 ( 1 − t + t 2 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( r_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + r_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) = mr_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( 1 - t+ ( \ frac ( t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) where t = ( r -- r ) / r is a normalized thickness ratio ; I x = I y = m 12 ( 3 ( r 2 2 + r 1 2 ) + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3 \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) With a density of ρ and the same geometry I z = π ρ h 2 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi \ rho h ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) I x = I y = π ρ h 12 ( 3 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) + h 2 ( r 2 2 − r 1 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi \ rho h ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) Regular tetrahedron of side s and mass m I s o l i d = m s 2 20 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 20 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I h o l l o w = m s 2 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Regular octahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , solid ) = I_ ( y , solid ) = I_ ( z , solid ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Regular dodecahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 ( 39 φ + 28 ) 90 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ( 39 \ phi + 28 ) ) ( 90 ) ) ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 ( 39 φ + 28 ) 150 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ( 39 \ phi + 28 ) ) ( 150 ) ) \ , \ ! ) ( where φ = 1 + 5 2 ( \ displaystyle \ phi = ( \ frac ( 1 + ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) Regular icosahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 φ 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 φ 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Hollow sphere of radius r and mass m . A hollow sphere can be taken to be made up of two stacks of infinitesimally thin , circular hoops , where the radius differs from 0 to r ( or a single stack , where the radius differs from - r to r ) . I = 2 m r 2 3 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Solid sphere ( ball ) of radius r and mass m . A sphere can be taken to be made up of two stacks of infinitesimally thin , solid discs , where the radius differs from 0 to r ( or a single stack , where the radius differs from - r to r ) . I = 2 m r 2 5 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Sphere ( shell ) of radius r and mass m , with centered spherical cavity of radius r . When the cavity radius r = 0 , the object is a solid ball ( above ) . When r = r , ( r 2 5 − r 1 5 r 2 3 − r 1 3 ) = 5 3 r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 3 ) ) ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , and the object is a hollow sphere . I = 2 m 5 ( r 2 5 − r 1 5 r 2 3 − r 1 3 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Right circular cone with radius r , height h and mass m I z = 3 m r 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( 3mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = 3 m 20 ( r 2 + 4 h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( 3m ) ( 20 ) ) \ left ( r ^ ( 2 ) + 4h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Right circular hollow cone with radius r , height h and mass m I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m 4 ( r 2 + 2 h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( r ^ ( 2 ) + 2h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Torus with minor radius a , major radius b and mass m . About an axis passing through the center and perpendicular to the diameter : m 4 ( 4 b 2 + 3 a 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( m ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( 4b ^ ( 2 ) + 3a ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) About a diameter : m 8 ( 5 a 2 + 4 b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( m ) ( 8 ) ) \ left ( 5a ^ ( 2 ) + 4b ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Ellipsoid ( solid ) of semiaxes a , b , and c with mass m I a = m 5 ( b 2 + c 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( a ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) I b = m 5 ( a 2 + c 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( b ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) I c = m 5 ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Thin rectangular plate of height h , width w and mass m ( Axis of rotation at the end of the plate ) I e = m 12 ( 4 h 2 + w 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( e ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 4h ^ ( 2 ) + w ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Thin rectangular plate of height h , width w and mass m ( Axis of rotation at the center ) I c = m 12 ( h 2 + w 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( h ^ ( 2 ) + w ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Solid cuboid of height h , width w , and depth d , and mass m . For a similarly oriented cube with sides of length s ( \ displaystyle s ) , I C M = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( CM ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I h = m 12 ( w 2 + d 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( h ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( w ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) I w = m 12 ( d 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( w ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( d ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) I d = m 12 ( w 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( d ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( w ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Solid cuboid of height D , width W , and length L , and mass m , rotating about the longest diagonal . For a cube with sides s ( \ displaystyle s ) , I = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) . I = m 6 ( W 2 D 2 + D 2 L 2 + W 2 L 2 W 2 + D 2 + L 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( W ^ ( 2 ) D ^ ( 2 ) + D ^ ( 2 ) L ^ ( 2 ) + W ^ ( 2 ) L ^ ( 2 ) ) ( W ^ ( 2 ) + D ^ ( 2 ) + L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) Triangle with vertices at the origin and at P and Q , with mass m , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . I = m 6 ( P ⋅ P + P ⋅ Q + Q ⋅ Q ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) ( \ mathbf ( P ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) + \ mathbf ( P ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( Q ) + \ mathbf ( Q ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( Q ) ) ) Plane polygon with vertices P , P , P , ... , P and mass m uniformly distributed on its interior , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . I = m 6 ( ∑ n = 1 N ∥ P n + 1 × P n ∥ ( ( P n ⋅ P n ) + ( P n ⋅ P n + 1 ) + ( P n + 1 ⋅ P n + 1 ) ) ∑ n = 1 N ∥ P n + 1 × P n ∥ ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sum \ limits _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ \ left ( \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ right ) + \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ right ) + \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ right ) \ right ) ) ( \ sum \ limits _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ ) ) \ right ) ) Plane regular polygon with n - vertices and mass m uniformly distributed on its interior , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . a stands for side length . I = m a 2 24 ( 1 + 3 cot 2 ⁡ ( π n ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( ma ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 24 ) ) \ left ( 1 + 3 \ cot ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) Infinite disk with mass normally distributed on two axes around the axis of rotation with mass - density as a function of x and y : ρ ( x , y ) = m 2 π a b e − ( ( x / a ) 2 + ( y / b ) 2 ) / 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ rho ( x , y ) = ( \ tfrac ( m ) ( 2 \ pi ab ) ) \ , e ^ ( - ( ( x / a ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y / b ) ^ ( 2 ) ) / 2 ) \ , , ) I = m ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Uniform disk about an axis perpendicular to its edge . I = 3 m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 3mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) List of 3d inertia tensors ( edit ) This list of moment of inertia tensors is given for principal axes of each object . To obtain the scalar moments of inertia I above , the tensor moment of inertia I is projected along some axis defined by a unit vector n according to the formula : n ⋅ I ⋅ n ≡ n i I i j n j , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( I ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( n ) \ equiv n_ ( i ) I_ ( ij ) n_ ( j ) \ , , ) where the dots indicate tensor contraction and we have used the Einstein summation convention . In the above table , n would be the unit Cartesian basis e , e , e to obtain I , I , I respectively . Description Figure Moment of inertia tensor Solid sphere of radius r and mass m I = ( 2 5 m r 2 0 0 0 2 5 m r 2 0 0 0 2 5 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Hollow sphere of radius r and mass m I = ( 2 3 m r 2 0 0 0 2 3 m r 2 0 0 0 2 3 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid ellipsoid of semi-axes a , b , c and mass m I = ( 1 5 m ( b 2 + c 2 ) 0 0 0 1 5 m ( a 2 + c 2 ) 0 0 0 1 5 m ( a 2 + b 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Right circular cone with radius r , height h and mass m , about the apex I = ( 3 5 m h 2 + 3 20 m r 2 0 0 0 3 5 m h 2 + 3 20 m r 2 0 0 0 3 10 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ) mh ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 20 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ) mh ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 20 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 10 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid cuboid of width w , height h , depth d , and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( h 2 + d 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( w 2 + d 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( w 2 + h 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( h ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( w ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( w ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Slender rod along y - axis of length l and mass m about end I = ( 1 3 m l 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 m l 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Slender rod along y - axis of length l and mass m about center I = ( 1 12 m l 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 m l 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid cylinder of radius r , height h and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 2 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , of inner radius r , outer radius r , length h and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( 3 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( 3 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 2 m ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) See also ( edit ) Parallel axis theorem Perpendicular axis theorem List of second moments of area The inertia tensor of a triangle in three - dimensional space References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Raymond A. Serway ( 1986 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers ( 2nd ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 004534 - 7 . Jump up ^ Classical Mechanics - Moment of inertia of a uniform hollow cylinder . LivePhysics.com . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Satterly , John ( 1958 ) . `` The Moments of Inertia of Some Polyhedra '' . The Mathematical Gazette . Mathematical Association . 42 ( 339 ) : 11 -- 13 . doi : 10.2307 / 3608345 . JSTOR 3608345 . ^ Jump up to : Ferdinand P. Beer and E. Russell Johnston , Jr ( 1984 ) . Vector Mechanics for Engineers , fourth ed . McGraw - Hill . p. 911 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 004389 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Eric W. Weisstein . `` Moment of Inertia -- Ring '' . Wolfram Research . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Karel Rektorys ( 1994 ) . Survey of Applicable Mathematics , second ed. , Vol. II . Kluwer Academic Publisher . p. 942 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0681 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~ygao/phy141/Lecture15/sld010.htm External links ( edit ) The inertia tensor of a tetrahedron Tutorial on deriving moment of inertia for common shapes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_moments_of_inertia&oldid=809498778 '' Categories : Mechanics Physics - related lists Physical quantities Rigid bodies Tensors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 14 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

moment of inertia of a rod about a point

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List of Pakistani dramas

List of Pakistani dramas - Wikipedia List of Pakistani dramas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Pakistani dramas , television serials that were created in Pakistan . Pakistani dramas are generally short and usually end after a run of less than one year and are based on Urdu novels , however sometimes the story tends to deviate away from the novel . The serials have been used repeatedly to transmit socio - cultural messages , by incorporating them into story lines . Shailja Kejriwal says that in India , Pakistani dramas have a reputation for `` being slightly classier than the local fare . '' Pakistani television series ( edit ) Mera Naam Yousaf Hai 2015 A Plus Mehreen Jabbar Imran Abbas , Maya Ali , Mansha Pasha , Behroze Sabzwari , Waseem Abbas , Hina Khawaja Bayat , Seema Sehar Tum Kon Piya 2016 Urdu1 Yasir Nawaz Imran Abbas , Ayeza Khan , Ali Abbas , Hina Khawaja Bayat , Hira Tareen Dayar - e-Dil 2015 Hum TV Haseeb Hassan Mikaal Zulfiqar , Maya Ali , Osman Khalid Butt , Sanam Saeed , Hareem Farooq Dil E Muztar 2013 Hum TV Shahzad Kashmiri Imran Abbas , Sanam Jung , Sarwat Gilani , Aijaz Aslam Humsafar 2011 - 12 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Mahira Khan , Fawad Afzal Khan , Naveen Waqar , Atiqa Odho Zindagi Gulzar Hai 2012 - 2013 Hum TV Sultana Siddiqui Sanam Saeed , Fawad Afzal Khan , Samina Peerzada , Waseem Abbas Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan 2012 ARY Digital Haissam Hussain Fawad Khan , Ayesha Khan , Mikaal Zulfiqar Akbari Asghari 2011 Hum TV Haissam Hussain Fawad Khan , Imran Abbas , Humaima Malik , Sanam Baloch Aunn Zara 2013 A-Plus Entertainment Haissam Hussain Maya Ali , Osman Khalid Butt Dastaan Hum TV Haissam Hussain Sanam Baloch , Fawad Afzal Khan , Mehreen Raheel Noorpur Ki Rani 2009 Hum TV Haissam Hussain Mahnoor Baloch , Sanam Baloch , Samina Peerzada , Noman Ijaz , Danish Taimoor , Naila Jaffery , Qavi Khan Mera Naseeb 2011 Hum TV Adnan Ahmed Rubina Ashraf , Samina Peerzada , Sanam Saeed , Imran Abbas , Syra Yousuf , Sakina Sammo , Bushra Ansari Aasmanon Pay Likha 2013 Geo Entertainment Mohsin Raza Sajal Ali , Sheheryar Munawar Siddiqui Shehr - e-Zaat 2012 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Mahira Khan , Mohib Mirza , Mikaal Zulfiqar Meri Zaat Zarra - e-Benishan 2009 Geo Entertainment Babar Javed Samiya Mumtaz , Faisal Qureshi , Samina Peerzada , Imran Abbas , Sarwat Gillani Kis Ki Ayegi Baraat 2011 Geo Entertainment Marina Khan Uroosa Siddiqui , Ali Safina , Ahsan Khan , Alishba Yousuf , Sana Askari , Bushra Ansari Qaid - e-Tanhai Hum TV Babar Javed Savera Nadeem , Faisal Qureshi , Saba Hameed , Neelam Muneer Meri Ladli 2012 ARY Digital Nadeem Siddique Sajal Ali , Ahsan Khan , Maria Wasti , Sami Khan , Urwa Hocane Thakan 2012 ARY Digital Ameen Iqbal Saba Qamar , Tauqeer Nasir , Saba Hameed , Yumna Zaidi , Bindiya Main Abdul Qadir Hoon 2011 Hum TV Babar Javed Alishba Yousuf , Fahad Mustafa , Aamina Sheikh , Saba Hameed Maat 2011 Hum TV Amna Nawaz Khan Saba Qamar , Aamina Sheikh , Adnan Siddiqui , Asad Malik Pani Jaisa Piyar 2011 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Saba Qamar , Ahsan Khan , Mikaal Zulfiqar , Juggan Kazim Aik Pal 2014 Hum TV Affan Waheed Arij Fatyma , Danish Taimoor , Sumbul Iqbal , Tariq Jameel , Nargis Rasheed Dhaani 2015 present Geo Entertainment Ali Faizan Sami Khan , Madiha Iman Udaari 2016 presents Hum TV Entertainment Urwa Hocane , Samiya Mumtaz , Farhan Saeed , Bushra Ansari , Ahsan Khan ( yaken ka safar ) ( 2017 ) presents ( ( hum t.v entertainment ) ) ( ( ( ahad raza ) ( ( , sajal Ali , , ) ) ( ( Hera Mani ) ) and others ( ( sun yara ) ( ( janaid ) ) ( ( hira Mani ) ) ( ( minal khan ) ) ( ( directed by Danish nawaz ) ) presented by ( ( art digital ) ) ( ( oh rangarezera ) ) ( ( balal Abbas ) ) ( ( sajal Ali ) ) ( ( Norman ajaz ) ) ( ( sana fakhar ) ) presented by ( ( hum TV entertainment ) ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/23/indian-tv-channel-show-pakistani-soaps Hum TV Dramas Official PAK TV Dramas Latest Episodes ARY Digital programs Drama serials Aks Bulbulay Daagh Daam Daddy Dareecha Dugdugi Dusri Bivi Guzaarish Khuda Mera Bhi Hai Khushboo Ka Ghar Khushi Ek Roag Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan Main Manto Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain Mera Saaein Mera Yaqeen Meri Behan Meri Dewrani Meri Ladli Meri Beti Meri Beti Neeyat Omer Dadi Aur Gharwale Pyarey Afzal Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah Rubber Band Tanhaiyan Naye Silsilay Thakan Timmy G Zindagi Dhoop Tum Ghana Saya Shows Bigg Boss 8 Jeeto Pakistan Kuch Kar Dikha Madventures Nachley Pakistan Music Stars Geo Entertainment Programs Serials Aasmanon Pay Likha Adhoori Aurat Aik Nayee Cinderella Ana Ashk Bashar Momin Bikhra Mera Naseeb Chemistry Doraha Do Qadam Door Thay Ghaao Hum Tum Ishq Ibadat Jal Pari Kash Mein Teri Beti Na Hoti Khuda Aur Muhabbat Ladies Park Malika - e-Aliya Meri Behan Maya Meri Dulari Meri Maa Meri Zaat Zarra - e-Benishan Mil Ke Bhi Hum Na Mile Mirat Ul Uroos Nanhi Numm Saat Pardon Mein Tanveer Fatima ( B.A ) Uff Yeh Mohabbat Uraan Yariyan Yeh Zindagi Hai Zeenat Bint - e-Sakina Hazir Ho Zip Bus Chup Raho Mor Mahal Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai Series Kis Ki Ayegi Baraat ( Azar Ki Ayegi Baraat - Dolly Ki Ayegi Baraat - Takkay Ki Ayegi Baraat - Annie Ki Ayegi Baraat ) Shows Pehchan Ramazan Amaan Ramazan Ramazan Sharif Banana News Network Burka Avenger Chal Parha Inaam Ghar Khabarnaak Nadia Khan Show Pakistan Idol Subh - e-Pakistan Sur Kshetra The Awaien Show The Shareef Show Mubarak Ho Sitcoms Ham Sab Umeed Say Hain Jalebiyan Nadaaniyaan Uski Suno Awaz Hum TV programming Primetime ( current ) Toh Dil Ka Kia Hua ( 2 July 2017 ) Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain ( 30 October 2017 ) Yeh Raha Dil ( 13 February 2017 ) Mohabbat Khawab Safar ( 24 April 2017 ) Alif Allah ( 25 April 2017 ) Dil - e-Jaanam ( 1 March 2017 ) Adhi Gawahi ( 5 July 2017 ) Phir Wohi Mohabbat ( 16 March 2017 ) Yaqeen Ka Safar ( 19 April 2017 ) Tumhari Marium ( 30 June 2017 ) Woh Aik Pal ( 11 March 2017 ) Daytime Jago Pakistan Jago ( since 2005 ) Wonderful Indonesia ( since 2017 ) Tilawat - e-Quran Paak ( since 2005 ) Late night Saturday Night Special ( 2012 -- ) Tonite with HSY ( 2014 -- ) Upcoming O Rangreza ( Summer 2017 ) Hum TV Telefilms ( ( a plus entertainment ) ) ( ( t.v one ) ) ( ( urdu 1 ) ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pakistani_dramas&oldid=802996033 '' Categories : 2013 Pakistani television series debuts Hum TV series Pakistani drama television series Geo TV series Urdu - language television programs 2012 Pakistani television series debuts Romantic fantasy television series ARY Digital television series Hidden categories : Use Pakistani English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Use dmy dates from June 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 20 : 28 . About Wikipedia

list of hum tv dramas based on novels

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Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy)

Mark Sloan ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Mark Sloan ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2011 ) Mark Sloan Grey 's Anatomy character Eric Dane as Mark Sloan First appearance `` Yesterday '' 2x18 , February 19 , 2006 ( as guest star ) `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' 3x03 , October 5 , 2006 ( as main cast ) Last appearance `` Remember the Time '' 9x02 , October 4 , 2012 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Eric Dane Information Full name Mark Everett Sloan Nickname ( s ) McSteamy Prettier Occupation Attending plastic surgeon and ENT at Seattle Grace Hospital and later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital Title Chief of Plastic Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Sloan Riley ( daughter ) Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres ( daughter ) Grandson ( via Sloan ) Significant other ( s ) Lexie Grey ( deceased ) Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Teddy Altman Reed Adamson ( deceased ) Amelia Shepherd Julia Canner Nancy Shepherd Mark Everett Sloan , M.D. , F.A.C.S. is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by Eric Dane . Dr. Sloan is an attending specializing in plastic surgery . Dr. Sloan earned the nickname `` McSteamy '' for his good looks by the female interns of Seattle Grace later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital . He was good friends with Dr. Derek Shepherd , a fellow physician at Seattle Grace , but was the catalyst for the end of Shepherd 's marriage when Shepherd caught Sloan sleeping with his wife , Addison . Later , he pursues a ' forbidden ' relationship with Dr. Lexie Grey , straining his relationship with Derek yet again . He reveals that he loves Lexie in episodes `` Migration '' , `` Flight '' , `` Going , Going , Gone '' , and `` Remember The Time '' In the show 's ninth season , he dies of injuries sustained in a jet plane crash that also injured or killed several of his colleagues from the hospital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Mark first appears in season two , introduced as a highly respected otolaryngologist sub-specialized in plastic surgery and the childhood best friend of neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . Derek explains that Mark had an affair with his wife , Addison ( Kate Walsh ) while they were living in New York . Mark travels to Seattle , intent on convincing Addison to return with him , but his offer is rejected and Derek declines to renew their friendship . Mark returns during season three at Addison 's drunken behest , but she again rejects him once sober . Undeterred , Mark sells his successful private practice ( which he previously shared with Derek ) and takes over the plastics program at Seattle Grace Hospital . During Meredith 's morphine rampage , Mark finds out about his nickname McSteamy which was given to him by her during his first trip to Seattle back when he attempted to get Addison back and earn Derek 's friendship back . It is later revealed that Mark has at some point slept with all of Derek 's sisters . Mark has a brief fling with Addison 's friend , orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , and develops a friendship with Derek 's girlfriend , intern Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . It is revealed that after Derek left New York , Mark and Addison continued their relationship for two months , during which she conceived and aborted his child . Just weeks after moving to Seattle he quickly observes that Derek 's true love was Meredith and tries to convince Addison that her marriage with Derek was over . Mark enters into a sixty - day abstinence pact with Addison , agreeing that if they can remain celibate for that time , Addison will give their relationship another chance . Addison ultimately breaks the pact by having sex with intern Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and soon thereafter departs from Seattle to work in Los Angeles . Mark supports Derek when Meredith comes close to dying after drowning , and the two are able to rekindle their friendship . It is eventually revealed that he and Derek grew up together and that he , having lost his mother as a child and emotionally neglected by his father , considered Derek 's mother as his maternal figure . As he was an only child and Derek was the only son , they became close friends and he was Derek 's best man at the latter 's wedding to Addison . He also forms a friendship with Callie , and develops an attraction to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) . Erica does not reciprocate his feelings , and he is supportive of Callie when she and Erica have a brief relationship . When Addison shows up at Seattle Grace for a case , Mark attempts to sleep with Addison again but she refuses . The nurses later start a club against him called Nurses United Against Mark Sloan . After a string of unresolved sexual tension on his part , Mark then finds himself seduced by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , despite Derek 's request that he keep their relationship platonic even before their relationship had begun . They begin a sexual relationship , which Lexie halts until he is willing to publicly admit to being her partner . Mark eventually agrees and tells Derek , who attacks him . Animosity exists between them for several episodes , before they once more repair their friendship . Mark and Lexie 's relationship becomes increasingly serious . He meets her father , Thatcher ( Jeff Perry ) ; and at the end of season five , asks her to move in with him . Though Lexie initially declines , he remains committed to their relationship , and she agrees early in season six . Mark discovers that he has an 18 - year - old daughter , Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) , who arrives seeking his support after becoming pregnant and being evicted by her mother . Mark permits her to move in with him , which angers Lexie . When Lexie makes it clear that she knew that Mark would choose his own daughter over her , she puts an end to their relationship . Sloan experiences difficulties in her pregnancy , so Mark takes her to LA to be treated . He and Addison once again sleep together , but when he comes back he tells Lexie because he does n't want to lie to her and wants them to get back together , but when she tells him she slept with Alex it puts an end to their relationship . When Sloan decides to give her baby up for adoption , Mark and Callie offer to raise it together . Sloan declines his offer and leaves Seattle , leaving Mark distraught . He enters into a relationship with cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , despite the fact she is in love with their trauma colleague , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) . Sloan returns unexpectedly and gives birth to a son . She reconsiders having the baby adopted , but when Mark reassures her that he will support her no matter what , gives the baby to an adoptive couple from Washington . In the sixth - season finale , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital . Mark helps Lexie save Alex , her new boyfriend . In the aftermath of the shooting , Lexie has a nervous breakdown and Mark has her committed to the psychiatric unit . Their friendship is strained , however Lexie softens towards him when she learns that he is still in love with her . As Lexie goes to talk to Mark about him still being in love with her , she sees Mark entering his apartment with Derek 's sister Amelia kissing her and ultimately having sex with her . When Callie 's girlfriend , pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , breaks up with her , she and Mark have a drunken one - night stand . Shortly thereafter , he reconciles with Lexie , but is delighted when Callie discovers she is pregnant with his child . Lexie , however , is dismayed by the news and leaves Mark . Mark asks Dr. Jackson Avery to find out how Lexie 's doing , but Jackson lies to Mark that he was n't able to find it out , and he ( Jackson ) starts dating Lexie shortly after that . In the meanwhile , Callie and Mark 's daughter is born . Mark later gives Jackson and Lexie his blessing , and tells Lexie he will let her go ; Lexie replies that she is still in love with him , but right now she needs Jackson to be happy . After giving Jackson a hard time , Mark finally acknowledges his surgery skills and decides to teach him , although he still evidences feelings towards Lexie , while he shows his own parenting skills with Sofia . He also starts getting along better with Arizona . After a long time without dating , Mark finally embarks on a relationship with Julia . This makes Lexie jealous , which leads to her and Jackson breaking up . Lexie struggles to tell Mark how she feels but finally admits it leaving him torn between her and Julia . In the season 8 finale , Mark , Lexie , Derek , Meredith , Cristina , and Arizona are involved in an aviation accident while on the way to Boise , Idaho to perform surgery on conjoined twins , crushing Lexie under debris . After trying and failing to save her , Mark holds a dying Lexie by the hand , telling her that he has and will always love her . He and the remaining surviving crash victims are left stranded in the woods , mourning Lexie and fighting to stay alive . In the ninth - season premiere , it is discovered that Mark is on life support due to the extensive injuries he sustained in the plane crash and , as determined by his will , the machines would be turned off if he showed no signs of waking within 30 days . Flashbacks of some moments in Mark 's life showcased him being videotaped as he was extending his congratulations to newlyweds Callie and Arizona . At the end of the speech , he declares that Lexie was the one he wanted to grow old and dance with in their granddaughter 's wedding . At 5 : 00 that day , with Derek and Callie keeping vigil at his bedside , the machines were turned off , and Mark Sloan died shortly thereafter . The following episode reveals that he had a surge of good health upon his return to Seattle Grace before ultimately succumbing to his injuries . His ' surge ' allowed him enough energy to advise his protégé Jackson , ' when you love someone , tell them ' , which is believed to be a reflection on the major obstacle of his failed relationship with Lexie . During this momentary energy , Mark also took the opportunity to make a clean break with his girlfriend , Julia , stating that the situation was not fair to her as he had always loved only Lexie . Following his death , Shonda Rhimes muses regarding Mark and Lexie 's relationship : ' ... he and Lexie get to be together in a way . Their love remains true . '' Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital is later renamed Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital in tribute to Lexie and Mark . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) Dane auditioned for the role during the casting of the pilot and ultimately received the role , which was only later introduced in the show . He initially appeared as a guest - star in the episode `` Yesterday '' of the second season , becoming a series regular from the third season episode `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' , first broadcast in October 2006 . Casting director Linda Lowy gave the insight : `` You ca n't forget about McSteamy . We cast ( Dane ) for one episode , and I think the women across the nation went kind of crazy . Everyone was talking about him , so we decided to make him a regular . '' In July 2012 , TVLine announced Dane would leave the show after the first two episodes of the ninth season . Rhimes said she and Dane decided to end Mark 's storyline after much discussion . She added : `` It was a thing that Eric had been thinking about for a while , but it felt like the right time to him . '' However , E ! Online reported that Rhimes had been forced by the network to reduce the cast for budget reasons and that Dane had not asked to leave the series . Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2013 ) The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Sloan as `` charming '' , `` confident '' , `` smug '' , `` smarmy '' , and `` great with his hands '' . Shonda Rhimes said of the character : `` Mark , the original bad boy , is struggling with his own demons . He brings a healthy serving of mystery and potential conflict to Seattle Grace . '' Actress Kate Walsh said : `` He 's the guy you should n't go out with but you ca n't help yourself . '' Carolina Paiz , one of the writers of the series , wrote : `` he can be impertinent and evil and demeaning . '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) His role in the episode `` In the Midnight Hour '' from the fifth season was well received by Debbie Chang of BuddyTV who wrote , `` Mark ( Eric Dane ) is pretty freaking awesome in this episode . He 's lascivious as all heck , but he 's showing some compassion . '' His scenes with Shepherd were described as `` fun . '' Victor Balta of Today listed their friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' His bromance with Jackson Avery was also well received . Janalen Samson of BuddyTV wrote : `` Eric Dane has always shown a facility for sly , deft comedy and these scenes with Jesse Williams are proving to be gems . I do love a good Bromance and these two actors are bringing the love and the funny in spades . Writing for TV Fanatic , Courtney Morrison commented : `` Sloan has brought the GA comedy scale up a bit with his bromances and mentoring Jackson . The pairing was listed in Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 . Los Angeles Times TV columnist , Carina Mackenzie , described his scenes with Torres as `` always perfectly sharp . '' At the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Dane was part of the Grey 's Anatomy cast awarded the `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' accolade , for which they were also nominated the following year . References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes writes Mark Sloan obituary : ' I like to believe that Mark is with Lexie somewhere ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio - Grey 's Anatomy '' . ABC . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Q & A With Eric Dane '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Dr. McSteamy scrubs in as cast regular '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Why Did ( Spoiler Alert ) Have to Die ? Insiders Spill Scoop '' . E !. Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` Eric Dane , Kate Walsh Grace TV Guide '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paiz , Carolina ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Carolina Paiz on `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode 5.9 `` In the Midnight Hour '' Recap ( Page 2 / 4 ) `` . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : Love Is All You Need '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 '' . Zap2it . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Love is in the air for Bailey '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations announced for the 14th annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . General `` Mark Sloan 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Mark Sloan at ABC.com Mark Sloan on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sloan_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=802017652 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from July 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 12 : 56 . 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Iguazu Falls

Iguazu falls - wikipedia Iguazu falls Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Iguazu Falls View of Iguazu Falls Location Argentina : Misiones Province Brazil : Paraná State Coordinates 25 ° 41 ′ 12 '' S 54 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W  /  25.68667 ° S 54.44472 ° W  / - 25.68667 ; - 54.44472 Coordinates : 25 ° 41 ′ 12 '' S 54 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W  /  25.68667 ° S 54.44472 ° W  / - 25.68667 ; - 54.44472 Type Cataract Total height 60 -- 82 metres ( 197 -- 269 ft ) Number of drops 275 Longest drop 82 metres ( 269 ft ) Total width 2.7 kilometres ( 1.7 mi ) Watercourse Iguazu River Average flow rate 1,756 m / s ( 62,010 cu ft / s ) The Iguazu Falls , Iguazú Falls , Iguassu Falls , or Iguaçu Falls ( Spanish : Cataratas del Iguazú ( kataˈɾatas ðel iɣwaˈsu ) ; Guarani : Chororo Yguasu ( ɕoɾoɾo ɨɣwasu ) ; Portuguese : Cataratas do Iguaçu ( kataˈɾatɐs du iɡwaˈsu ) ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná . They are the largest waterfalls system in the world . The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu . The Iguazu River rises near the city of Curitiba . For most of its course , the river flows through Brazil ; however , most of the falls are on the Argentine side . Below its confluence with the San Antonio River , the Iguazu River forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil . The name `` Iguazú '' comes from the Guarani or Tupi words `` y '' ( ɨ ) , meaning `` water '' , and `` ûasú `` ( waˈsu ) , meaning `` big '' . Legend has it that a deity planned to marry a beautiful woman named Naipí , who fled with her mortal lover Tarobá in a canoe . In a rage , the deity sliced the river , creating the waterfalls and condemning the lovers to an eternal fall . The first European to record the existence of the falls was the Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541 . Play media Video Clip : Panoramic view of the falls from Argentine side Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Distribution of the falls between Argentina and Brazil 3 Tourism 4 Access 5 Comparisons to other notable falls 6 Climate 7 Gallery 8 Portrayals in film 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Geography ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls are located where the Iguazu River tumbles over the edge of the Paraná Plateau , 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) upriver from the Iguazu 's confluence with the Paraná River . Numerous islands along the 2.7 - kilometre - long ( 1.7 mi ) edge divide the falls into many separate waterfalls and cataracts , varying between 60 to 82 metres ( 197 to 269 ft ) high . The number of these smaller waterfalls fluctuates from 150 to 300 , depending on the water level . Approximately half of the river 's flow falls into a long and narrow chasm called the Devil 's Throat ( Garganta del Diablo in Spanish or Garganta do Diabo in Portuguese ) . The Devil 's Throat is U-shaped , 82 by 150 by 700 metres ( 269 ft × 492 ft × 2,297 ft ) . Placenames have been given also to many other smaller falls , such as San Martín Falls , Bossetti Falls , and many others . About 900 metres ( 2,950 ft ) of the 2.7 - kilometre ( 1.7 mi ) length does not have water flowing over it . The edge of the basalt cap recedes by 3 mm ( 0.1 in ) per year . The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains into the Paraná River , a short distance downstream from the Itaipu Dam . The junction of the water flows marks the border between Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay . There are points in the cities of Foz do Iguaçu , Brazil , Puerto Iguazú , Argentina , and Ciudad del Este , Paraguay , which have access to the Iguazu River , where the borders of all three nations may be seen , a popular tourist attraction for visitors to the three cities . Distribution of the falls between Argentina and Brazil ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls are arranged in a way that resembles a reversed letter `` J '' . The border between Brazil and Argentina runs through the Devil 's Throat . On the right bank is the Brazilian territory , which has just over 20 % of the jumps of these falls , and the left side jumps are Argentine , which make up almost 80 % of the falls . Tourism ( edit ) There are two international airports close to Iguazú Falls : the Argentine Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport ( IGR ) and the Brazilian Foz do Iguaçu International Airport ( IGU ) . Argentina 's airport is 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the city of Iguazu , but is closer to the falls hotels than its Brazilian counterpart . There are bus and taxi services from and to the Airport - Falls . Brazil 's airport is between Foz do Iguaçu , Brazil , and the falls . Aerolíneas Argentinas and LATAM Argentina have direct flights from Buenos Aires to Iguazu International Airport Krause . Azul , GOL , and LATAM Brasil offer services from main Brazilian cities to Foz do Iguaçu . Access ( edit ) Iguazú Falls from the International Space Station , 2016 The falls may be reached from two main towns , with one on either side of the falls : Puerto Iguazú in Argentina and Foz do Iguaçu in Brazil , as well as from Ciudad del Este , Paraguay , on the other side of the Paraná river from Foz do Iguaçu . The falls are shared by the Iguazú National Park ( Argentina ) and Iguaçu National Park ( Brazil ) . The two parks were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984 and 1987 , respectively . The first proposal for a Brazilian national park aimed at providing a pristine environment to `` future generations '' , just as `` it had been created by God '' and endowed with `` all possible preservation , from the beautiful to the sublime , from the picturesque to the awesome '' and `` an unmatched flora '' located in the `` magnificent Iguaçú waterfalls '' . These were the words used by André Rebouças , an engineer , in his book `` Provinces of Paraná , Railways to Mato Grosso and Bolivia '' , which started up the campaign aimed at preserving the Iguaçu Falls in 1876 . At this time , Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. , the first national park in the world , was four years old . On the Brazilian side , there is a walkway along the canyon with an extension to the lower base of Devil 's Throat . Helicopter rides offering aerial views of the falls have been available from Brazil , however , Argentina has prohibited such helicopter tours because of the adverse environmental impact on the flora and fauna of the falls . From Foz do Iguaçu airport , the park may be reached by taking a taxi or bus to the entrance of the park . There is an entrance fee to the park on both sides . Once inside , free and frequent buses are provided to various points within the park . The town of Foz do Iguaçu is approximately 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) away , and the airport is between the park and the town . The Argentine access , across the forest , is by a Rainforest Ecological Train very similar to the one in Disney 's Animal Kingdom . The train brings visitors to the entrance of Devil 's Throat , as well as the upper and lower trails . The Paseo Garganta del Diablo is a 1 - kilometre - long ( 0.6 mi ) trail that brings visitors directly over the falls of Devil 's Throat , the highest and deepest of the falls . Other walkways allow access to the elongated stretch of falls across the forest on the Argentine side and to the boats that connect to San Martin Island . Also on the Argentine side , there are inflatable boat services that take visitors very close to the falls . Walkways allow close views of the falls from both Argentina and Brazil . The Brazilian transportation system aims at allowing the increase in the number of visitors , while reducing the adverse environmental impact , through an increase in the average number of passengers per vehicle inside the park . The new transportation system has 72 - passenger capacity , panoramic - view , double - deck buses . The upper deck is open , which enables visitors a broad view of the flora and fauna during the trip to the falls . The bus combustion systems are in compliance with the CONAMA ( phase IV ) and EURO ( phase II ) emissions and noise requirements . The reduction in the number of vehicles , of noise levels , and speed , is enabling tourists to observe increasing numbers of wild animals along the route . Each bus has an exclusive paint scheme , representing some of the most common wild animals found in the Iguaçú National Park , including the spotted jaguars , butterflies , raccoons , prego monkeys , coral snakes , toucans , parrots , and yellow breasted caimans . Comparisons to other notable falls ( edit ) See also : Victoria Falls § Statistics Tourists visiting the spot Upon seeing Iguazu , the United States First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt reportedly exclaimed `` Poor Niagara ! '' ( which , at 50 m or 165 feet , are a third shorter ) . Often Iguazu also is compared with Victoria Falls in Southern Africa , which separates Zambia and Zimbabwe . Iguazu is wider , but because it is split into approximately 275 discrete falls and large islands , Victoria has the largest curtain of water in the world , at more than 1,600 m ( 5,249 ft ) wide and over 100 m ( 328 ft ) in height ( in low flow Victoria is split into five by islands ; in high flow it may be uninterrupted ) . The only wider falls are extremely large rapid - like falls , such as the Boyoma Falls ( Stanley Falls ) . With the flooding of the Guaíra Falls in 1982 , Iguazu currently has the sixth - greatest average annual flow of any waterfall in the world , following number five Niagara , with an average rate of 1,746 m / s ( 61,660 cu ft / s ) . Its maximum recorded flow was 45,700 m / s ( 1,614,000 cu ft / s ) in 9 June 2014 . By comparison , the average flow of Niagara Falls is 2,400 m / s ( 85,000 cu ft / s ) , with a maximum recorded flow of 8,300 m / s ( 293,000 cu ft / s ) . The average flow at Victoria Falls is 1,088 m / s ( 38,420 cu ft / s ) , with a maximum recorded flow of 7,100 m / s ( 250,000 cu ft / s ) . Climate ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls experience a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa , according to the Köppen climate classification ) with abundant precipitation and high temperatures year - round . During the summer of 2006 , a severe drought caused the Iguazu River to become diminished , reducing the amount of water flowing over the falls to 300 cubic metres per second ( 11,000 cu ft / s ) until early December . This was unusual , as dry periods normally last only a few weeks . ( show ) Climate data for Iguazu Falls ( Foz do Iguacu ) , Brazil Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 38.8 ( 101.8 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 196.0 ( 7.717 ) 180.1 ( 7.091 ) 174.8 ( 6.882 ) 151.0 ( 5.945 ) 127.6 ( 5.024 ) 138.3 ( 5.445 ) 84.4 ( 3.323 ) 107.4 ( 4.228 ) 146.6 ( 5.772 ) 219.8 ( 8.654 ) 153.7 ( 6.051 ) 189.0 ( 7.441 ) 1,868.7 ( 73.571 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 9 9 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 9 7 9 95 Average relative humidity ( % ) 77 80 82 85 86 85 83 80 79 78 75 74 80.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 230.5 196.3 209.9 193.6 180.8 151.2 168.7 157.9 146.4 195.6 231.4 232.3 2,294.6 Source : INMET Gallery ( edit ) Aerial view of the Iguazu Falls from a helicopter Iguazu Falls from the Argentine side Iguazu Falls from the Brazilian side Aerial view , from the Argentine side Bosetti waterfall Falls and Brazilian tourist complex Panorama of the Falls Portrayals in film ( edit ) Iguazu Falls have been featured in several TV shows and movies , including : Le cascate dell'Ignazu ( 1907 , Ambrosio . Shot by Roberto Omegna , 135 meters ) Z Argentiny do Mexika ( 1954 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon ( 1956 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) The Mission ( 1986 ) The Country Bears Down Under ( 1990 ) Baraka ( 1992 ) Extermineitors IV : Como hermanos gemelos ( 1992 ) O Trem Caipira ( 1994 ) Tummy ( 1995 ) Happy Together ( 1997 ) Mr. Magoo ( 1997 ) Miami Vice ( 2006 ) In the Hands of the Gods ( 2007 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) OSS 117 : Rio ne répond plus ( 2009 ) Salve Geral ( 2009 ) Survivor : Tocantins ( 2009 ) Operação X ( 2011 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) If Cats Disappeared From the World ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) List of waterfalls by flow rate References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Iguaçu Falls '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library ed . ) . 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Dominic Couzens ( 2008 ) , Top 100 Birding Sites of the World , University of California Press , p. 228 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 52 - 025932 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Bonnie Hamre . `` Iguazu Falls '' . About.com Travel . Jump up ^ `` Travel to Puerto Iguazu '' . LATAM . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travel to Foz Do Iguaçu '' . LATAM . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` UNESCO World Heritage Centre -- World Heritage List '' . unesco.org . Jump up ^ `` IguazuFalls.com Helicopter Ride '' . IguazuFalls.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fabiula Wurmeister ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` Chuvas fazem vazão das Cataratas bater recorde e Itaipu abrir vertedouro '' . globo.com notícias . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia histórico nas Cataratas do Iguaçu '' . Cataratas do Iguaçu S.A. 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Kerala Articles '' . keralaarticles.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` NORMAIS CLIMATOLÓGICAS DO BRASIL 1961 -- 1990 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ IMDb . `` Most Popular Titles With Location Matching `` Foz do Iguaçu , Paraná , Brazil '' `` . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iguaçu Falls . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Iguaçu Falls . Foz do Iguaçu ( Brazilian government site , in Portuguese ) Copel Monitoramento Hydrológico ( Iguazu River flow rate measurements ; leftmost green dot gives flow rate at Hotel Cataratas ) Iguazu Falls -- Information , Hotels , Activities Iguazu Falls Travel Information ( English website ) Greatest Places : Iguazu Falls page Iguazu Falls at UNESCO World Heritage Centre site Iguazu Falls facts `` Iguazu Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . https://vimeo.com/44873371 New 7 Wonders of Nature Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iguazu_Falls&oldid=809433270 '' Categories : Waterfalls of Argentina Waterfalls of Brazil International waterfalls Argentina -- Brazil border Landforms of Misiones Province Landforms of Paraná ( state ) Block waterfalls Segmented waterfalls Environment of Paraná ( state ) Foz do Iguaçu Tourist attractions in Misiones Province Tourist attractions in Paraná ( state ) World Heritage Sites in Argentina World Heritage Sites in Brazil Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from August 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Guaraní - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 02 : 11 . 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History of Egypt

History of Egypt - wikipedia History of Egypt Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt pre -- 3150 BC Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3150 -- 2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686 -- 2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181 -- 2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055 -- 1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650 -- 1550 BC New Kingdom 1550 -- 1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069 -- 744 BC Kushite Egypt 744 -- 656 BC Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664 -- 525 BC Classical antiquity Achaemenid Egypt 525 -- 404 BC Twenty - eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404 -- 398 BC Twenty - ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398 -- 380 BC Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380 -- 343 BC Achaemenid Egypt 343 -- 332 BC Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332 -- 30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC -- 641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619 -- 629 Middle Ages Rashidun Egypt 641 -- 661 Umayyad Egypt 661 -- 750 Abbasid Egypt 750 -- 935 Tulunid Egypt 868 -- 905 Ikhshidid Egypt 935 -- 969 Fatimid Egypt 969 -- 1171 Ayyubid Egypt 1171 -- 1250 Mamluk Egypt 1250 -- 1517 Early modern Ottoman Egypt 1517 -- 1867 French occupation 1798 -- 1801 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805 -- 1882 Khedivate of Egypt 1867 -- 1914 Modern Egypt British occupation 1882 -- 1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914 -- 1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 -- 1953 Republic 1953 -- present Egypt portal The history of Egypt has been long and rich , due to the flow of the Nile river , with its fertile banks and delta . Its rich history also comes from its native inhabitants and outside influence . Much of Egypt 's ancient history was a mystery until the secrets of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and help of the Rosetta Stone . The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing . The Lighthouse of Alexandria , one of the other Seven Wonders , is gone . The Library of Alexandria was the only one of its kind for centuries . Human settlement in Egypt dates back to at least 40,000 BC with Aterian tool manufacturing . Ancient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty , Narmer . Predominately native Egyptian rule lasted until the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century BC . In 332 BC , Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom , whose first ruler was one of Alexander 's former generals , Ptolemy I Soter . The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome . The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire . Roman rule in Egypt ( including Byzantine ) lasted from 30 BC to 641 AD , with a brief interlude of control by the Sasanian Empire between 619 - 629 , known as Sasanian Egypt . After the Muslim conquest of Egypt , parts of Egypt became provinces of successive Caliphates and other Muslim dynasties : Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 - 661 ) , Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) , Abbasid Caliphate ( 750 - 909 ) , Fatimid Caliphate ( 909 - 1171 ) , Ayyubid Sultanate ( 1171 -- 1260 ) , and the Mamluk Sultanate ( 1250 - 1517 ) . In 1517 , Ottoman sultan Selim I captured Cairo , absorbing Egypt into the Ottoman Empire . Egypt remained entirely Ottoman until 1867 , except during French occupation from 1798 to 1801 . Starting in 1867 , Egypt became a nominally autonomous tributary state called the Khedivate of Egypt . However , Khedivate Egypt fell under British control in 1882 following the Anglo - Egyptian War . After the end of World War I and following the Egyptian revolution of 1919 , the Kingdom of Egypt was established . While a de jure independent state , the United Kingdom retained control over foreign affairs , defense , and other matters . British occupation lasted until 1954 , with the Anglo - Egyptian agreement of 1954 . The modern Republic of Egypt was founded in 1953 , and with the complete withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal in 1956 , it marked the first time in 2300 years that Egypt was both fully independent and ruled by native Egyptians . President Gamal Abdel Nasser ( president from 1956 to 1970 ) introduced many reforms and created the short - lived United Arab Republic ( with Syria ) . His terms also saw the Six - Day War and the creation of the international Non-Aligned Movement . His successor , Anwar Sadat ( president from 1970 to 1981 ) changed Egypt 's trajectory , departing from many of the political , and economic tenets of Nasserism , re-instituting a multi-party system , and launching the Infitah economic policy . He led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula , which Israel had occupied since the Six - Day War of 1967 . This later led to the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty . Recent Egyptian history has been dominated by events following nearly thirty years of rule by former president Hosni Mubarak . The Egyptian revolution of 2011 deposed Mubarak and resulted in the first democratically elected president in Egyptian history , Mohamed Morsi . Unrest after the 2011 revolution and related disputes led to the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory ( pre -- 3100 BC ) 2 Ancient Egypt ( 3100 -- 332 BC ) 2.1 Achaemenid rule 2.2 Second Achaemenid conquest 3 Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt ( 332 BC -- 641 AD ) 3.1 Sassanid Egypt 4 Arab and Ottoman Egypt ( 641 -- 1882 ) 5 British Protectorate ( 1882 -- 1953 ) 6 Republican Egypt ( since 1953 ) 6.1 Reign of Nasser 6.2 Reign of Sadat 6.3 Reign of Mubarak 6.4 Terrorist insurgency 6.5 Civil unrest since 2011 6.5. 1 Revolution 6.5. 2 Morsi 's presidency 6.5. 3 After Morsi 6.5. 4 El - Sisi Presidency 7 See also 8 References Prehistory ( pre -- 3100 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistoric Egypt and Population history of Egypt There is evidence of petroglyphs along the Nile terraces and in desert oases . In the 10th millennium BC , a culture of hunter - gatherers and fishermen was replaced by a grain - grinding culture . Climate changes and / or overgrazing around 6000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt , forming the Sahara . Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River , where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society . By about 6000 BC , a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley . During the Neolithic era , several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt . The Badari culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt . The earliest known Lower Egyptian site , Merimda , predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years . Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years , remaining culturally distinct , but maintaining frequent contact through trade . The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels , dated to about 3200 BC . Ancient Egypt ( 3100 -- 332 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Egypt and History of ancient Egypt The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza , built during the Old Kingdom . A unified kingdom was founded 3150 BC by King Menes , leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia . Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion , arts , language and customs . The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period , c. 2700 -- 2200 BC. , which constructed many pyramids , most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids . The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years . Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government , however , brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC , reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III . A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt , that of the Semitic - speaking Hyksos . The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris . They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I , who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes . The New Kingdom , c. 1550 -- 1070 BC , began with the Eighteenth Dynasty , marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia , and included parts of the Levant in the east . This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs , including Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti , Tutankhamun and Ramesses II . The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism . Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom . The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans , Nubians and Assyrians , but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country . A team lead by Johannes Krause managed the first reliable sequencing of the genomes of 90 mummified individuals in 2017 . Whilst not conclusive , because of the non-exhaustive time frame and restricted location that the mummies represent , their study nevertheless showed that these Ancient Egyptians `` closely resembled ancient and modern Near Eastern populations , especially those in the Levant , and had almost no DNA from sub-Saharan Africa . What 's more , the genetics of the mummies remained remarkably consistent even as different powers -- including Nubians , Greeks , and Romans -- conquered the empire . '' Achaemenid rule ( edit ) In the sixth century BC , the Achaemenid Empire conquered Egypt . The entire Twenty - seventh Dynasty of Egypt , from 525 BC to 402 BC , save for Petubastis III , was an entirely Persian - ruled period , with the Achaemenid kings being granted the title of pharaoh . The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch . It fell to the Persians again in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh , King Nectanebo II , was defeated in battle . Second Achaemenid conquest ( edit ) The Thirty - first Dynasty of Egypt , also known as the Second Egyptian Satrapy , was effectively a short - living province of the Achaemenid Empire between 343 BC to 332 BC . After an interval of independence , during which three indigenous dynasties reigned ( the 28th , 29th and 30th dynasty ) , Artaxerxes III ( 358 -- 338 BC ) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief second period ( 343 -- 332 BC ) , which is called the Thirty - first Dynasty of Egypt , thus starting another period of pharaohs of Persian origin . Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt ( 332 BC -- 641 AD ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ptolemaic Kingdom and Egypt ( Roman province ) The Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra and her son by Julius Caesar , Caesarion , at the Dendera Temple complex . The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state extending from southern Syria in the east , to Cyrene to the west , and south to the frontier with Nubia . Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade . To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace , they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs . The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions , had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress , and participated in Egyptian religious life . The last ruler from the Ptolemaic dynasty was Cleopatra , who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony , who had died in her arms ( from a self - inflicted stab wound ) after Augustus had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled . The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians , often caused by an unwanted regime , and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome . Nevertheless , Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest . The native Egyptian / Coptic culture continued to exist as well ( the Coptic language itself was Egypt 's most widely spoken language until at least the 10th century ) . Egypt quickly became the Empire 's breadbasket supplying the greater portion of the Empire 's grain in addition to flax , papyrus , glass , and many other finished goods . The city of Alexandria became a key trading outpost for the Roman Empire ( by some accounts , the most important for a time ) . Shipping from Egypt regularly reached India and Ethiopia among other international destinations . It was also a leading ( perhaps the leading ) scientific and technological center of the Empire . Scholars such as Ptolemy , Hypatia , and Heron broke new ground in astronomy , mathematics , and other disciplines . Culturally , the city of Alexandria at times rivaled Rome in its importance . Christianity reached Egypt relatively early in the evangelist period of the first century ( traditionally credited to Mark the Evangelist ) . Alexandria , Egypt and Antioch , Syria quickly became the leading centers of Christianity . Diocletian 's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt , when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted . The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian . After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451 , a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established . Sassanid Egypt ( edit ) Sasanian Egypt ( known in Middle Persian sources as Agiptus ) refers to the brief rule of Egypt and parts of Libya by the Sasanian Empire , which lasted from 619 to 629 , until the Sasanian rebel Shahrbaraz made an alliance with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius and had control over Egypt returned to him . Arab and Ottoman Egypt ( 641 -- 1882 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Muslim Egypt and History of Ottoman Egypt Selim I ( 1470 -- 1520 ) , conquered Egypt The Hanging Church of Cairo , first built in the 3rd or 4th century , is one of the most famous Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt . The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion early in the 7th century , until 639 -- 42 , when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Arab Islamic Empire . The final loss of Egypt was of incalculable significance to the Byzantine Empire , which had relied on Egypt for many agricultural and manufactured goods . When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt , the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country . Early in this period , Egyptians began to blend their new faith with their Christian traditions as well as other indigenous beliefs and practices , leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day . These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity . Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries , with Cairo as the seat of the Caliphate under the Fatimids . With the end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty , the Mamluks , a Turco - Circassian military caste , took control about AD 1250 . By the late 13th century , Egypt linked the Red Sea , India , Malaya , and East Indies . The Greek and Coptic languages and cultures went into a steep decline in favor of Arabic culture ( though Coptic managed to last as a spoken language until the 17th century and remains a liturgical language today ) . The Mamluks continued to govern the country until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517 , after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire . The mid-14th - century Black Death killed about 40 % of the country 's population . After the 15th century , the Ottoman invasion pushed the Egyptian system into decline . The defensive militarization damaged its civil society and economic institutions . The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion . Portuguese traders took over their trade . Egypt suffered six famines between 1687 and 1731 . The 1784 famine cost it roughly one - sixth of its population . The brief French invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte began in 1798 . The expulsion of the French in 1801 by Ottoman , Mamluk , and British forces was followed by four years of anarchy in which Ottomans , Mamluks , and Albanians -- who were nominally in the service of the Ottomans -- wrestled for power . Out of this chaos , the commander of the Albanian regiment , Muhammad Ali ( Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha ) emerged as a dominant figure and in 1805 was acknowledged by the Sultan in Istanbul as his viceroy in Egypt ; the title implied subordination to the Sultan but this was in fact a polite fiction : Ottoman power in Egypt was finished and Muhammad Ali , an ambitious and able leader , established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952 . In later years , the dynasty became a British puppet . His primary focus was military : he annexed Northern Sudan ( 1820 -- 1824 ) , Syria ( 1833 ) , and parts of Arabia and Anatolia ; but in 1841 the European powers , fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself , forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans , but he kept the Sudan and his title to Egypt was made hereditary . A more lasting result of his military ambition is that it required him to modernize the country . Eager to adopt the military ( and therefore industrial ) techniques of the great powers , he sent students to the West and invited training missions to Egypt . He built industries , a system of canals for irrigation and transport , and reformed the civil service . The introduction in 1820 of long - staple cotton , the Egyptian variety of which became notable , transformed its agriculture into a cash - crop monoculture before the end of the century . The social effects of this were enormous : land ownership became concentrated and many foreigners arrived , shifting production towards international markets . British protectorate ( 1882 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Egypt under the British and History of modern Egypt Nationalists demonstrating in Cairo , 1919 British indirect rule lasted from 1882 , when the British succeeded in defeating the Egyptian Army at Tel el - Kebir in September and took control of the country , to the 1952 Egyptian revolution which made Egypt a republic and when British advisers were expelled . Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim ( in September 1848 ) , then by a grandson Abbas I ( in November 1848 ) , then by Said ( in 1854 ) , and Isma'il ( in 1863 ) . Abbas I was cautious . Said and Ismail were ambitious developers , but they spent beyond their means . The Suez Canal , built in partnership with the French , was completed in 1869 . The cost of this and other projects had two effects : it led to enormous debt to European banks , and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required . In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt 's share in the canal to the British Government . Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet , and , `` with the financial power of the bondholders behind them , were the real power in the Government . '' Local dissatisfaction with Ismail and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879 , with Ahmad Urabi a prominent figure . In 1882 he became head of a nationalist - dominated ministry committed to democratic reforms including parliamentary control of the budget . Fearing a reduction of their control , Britain and France intervened militarily , bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army at the battle of Tel el - Kebir . They reinstalled Ismail 's son Tewfik as figurehead of a de facto British protectorate . In 1914 , the Protectorate was made official , and the title of the head of state , which in 1867 had changed from pasha to khedive , was changed again to sultan , to repudiate the vestigial suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan , who was backing the Central powers in the First World War . Abbas II was deposed as khedive and replaced by his uncle , Hussein Kamel , as sultan . In 1906 , the Dinshaway Incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement . After the First World War , Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement to a majority at the local Legislative Assembly . When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on 8 March 1919 , the country arose in its first modern revolution . The revolt led the UK government to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt 's independence on 22 February 1922 . The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system . Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924 . In 1936 , the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty was concluded . Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution . The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad . British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954 . Republican Egypt ( since 1953 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Republic of Egypt and History of modern Egypt Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords : Menachem Begin , Jimmy Carter , Anwar Al Sadat . On 18 June 1953 , the Egyptian Republic was declared , with General Muhammad Naguib as the first President of the Republic . Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by Gamal Abdel Nasser -- the real architect of the 1952 movement -- and was later put under house arrest . Reign of Nasser ( edit ) Main article : Gamal Abdel Nasser Nasser assumed power as President in June 1956 . British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956 . He nationalized the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956 , prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis . In 1958 , Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic . The union was short - lived , ending in 1961 when Syria seceded , thus ending the union . During most of its existence , the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen ( formerly the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ) known as the United Arab States . In the 1967 Six Day War , Israel invaded and occupied Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip , which Egypt had occupied since the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . Three years later ( 1970 ) , President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat . Reign of Sadat ( edit ) Main article : Anwar el - Sadat Sadat switched Egypt 's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States , expelling Soviet advisors in 1972 . He launched the Infitah economic reform policy , while clamping down on religious and secular opposition . In 1973 , Egypt , along with Syria , launched the October War , a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights . It was an attempt to regain part of the Sinai territory that Israel had captured six years earlier . Sadat hoped to seize some territory through military force , and then regain the rest of the peninsula by diplomacy . The conflict sparked an international crisis between the US and the USSR , both of whom intervened . The second UN-mandated ceasefire halted military action . While the war ended with a military stalemate , it presented Sadat with a political victory that later allowed him to regain the Sinai in return for peace with Israel . Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977 , which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai . Sadat 's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt 's expulsion from the Arab League , but it was supported by most Egyptians . On 6 October 1981 , Sadat and six diplomats were assassinated while observing a military parade commemorating the eighth anniversary of the October 1973 War . He was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak . Reign of Mubarak ( edit ) Main article : Hosni Mubarak This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Mubarak started many projects such as Cairo International Airport and the Cairo metro . Mubarak made many new cities including : Sheikh Zayed Ain Sokhna New Cairo Borg el - Arab Terrorist insurgency ( edit ) Main article : Terrorism in Egypt In 1980s , 1990s , and 2000s , terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe , and began to target Copts and foreign tourists as well as government officials . Some scholars and authors have credited Islamist writer Sayyid Qutb , who was executed in 1967 , as the inspiration for the new wave of attacks . The 1990s saw an Islamist group , al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya , engage in an extended campaign of violence , from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals , to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners . Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt 's economy -- tourism -- and in turn to the government , but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support . Victims of the campaign against the Egyptian state from 1992 - 1997 exceeded 1,200 and included the head of the counter-terrorism police ( Major General Raouf Khayrat ) , a speaker of parliament ( Rifaat el - Mahgoub ) , dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders , and over 100 Egyptian police . At times , travel by foreigners in parts of Upper Egypt was severely restricted and dangerous . On 17 November 1997 , 62 people , mostly tourists , were killed near Luxor . The assailants trapped the people in the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut . During this period , Al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya was given support by the governments of Iran and Sudan , as well as al - Qaeda . The Egyptian government received support during that time from the United States . Civil unrest since 2011 ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian crisis ( 2011 -- 14 ) Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian revolution of 2011 In 2003 , the Kefaya ( `` Egyptian Movement for Change '' ) , was launched to oppose the Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms and greater civil liberties . Celebrations in Tahrir Square after Omar Suleiman 's statement announcing Hosni Mubarak 's resignation On 25 January 2011 , widespread protests began against Mubarak 's government . The objective of the protest was the removal of Mubarak from power . These took the form of an intensive campaign of civil resistance supported by a very large number of people and mainly consisting of continuous mass demonstrations . By 29 January , it was becoming clear that Mubarak 's government had lost control when a curfew order was ignored , and the army took a semi-neutral stance on enforcing the curfew decree . Some protesters , a very small minority in Cairo , expressed views against what they deemed was foreign interference , highlighted by the then - held view that the U.S. administration had failed to take sides , as well as linking the administration with Israel . On 11 February 2011 , Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo . Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had stepped down and that the Egyptian military would assume control of the nation 's affairs in the short term . Jubilant celebrations broke out in Tahrir Square at the news . Mubarak may have left Cairo for Sharm el - Sheikh the previous night , before or shortly after the airing of a taped speech in which Mubarak vowed he would not step down or leave . On 13 February 2011 , the high level military command of Egypt announced that both the constitution and the parliament of Egypt had been dissolved . The parliamentary election was to be held in September . A constitutional referendum was held on 19 March 2011 . On 28 November 2011 , Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power . Turnout was high and there were no reports of violence , although members of some parties broke the ban on campaigning at polling places by handing out pamphlets and banners . There were however complaints of irregularities . Morsi 's presidency ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi The first round of a presidential election was held in Egypt on 23 and 24 May 2012 . Mohamed Morsi won 25 % of the vote and Ahmed Shafik , the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak , 24 % . A second round was held on 16 and 17 June . On 24 June 2012 , the election commission announced that Mohamed Morsi had won the election , making him the first democratically elected president of Egypt . According to official results , Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3 percent . On 8 July 2012 , Egypt 's new president Mohamed Morsi announced he was overriding the military edict that dissolved the country 's elected parliament and he called lawmakers back into session . On 10 July 2012 , the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt negated the decision by Morsi to call the nation 's parliament back into session . On 2 August 2012 , Egypt 's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35 - member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood , six others and the former military ruler Mohamed Hussein Tantawi as the Defence Minister from the previous Government . On 22 November 2012 , Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution . The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak - era killings of protesters , who had been acquitted , and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months . Additionally , the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution . Liberal and secular groups previously walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices , while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi . The move was criticized by Mohamed ElBaradei , the leader of Egypt 's Constitution Party , who stated `` Morsi today usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt 's new pharaoh '' on his Twitter feed . The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt . On 5 December 2012 , Tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of Egypt 's president clashed , hurling rocks and Molotov cocktails and brawling in Cairo 's streets , in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country 's revolution . Six senior advisors and three other officials resigned from the government and the country 's leading Islamic institution called on Morsi to stem his powers . Protesters also clamored from coastal cities to desert towns . Morsi offered a `` national dialogue '' with opposition leaders but refused to cancel a 15 December vote on a draft constitution written by an Islamist - dominated assembly that has ignited two weeks of political unrest . A constitutional referendum was held in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012 , with 64 % support , and 33 % against . It was signed into law by a presidential decree issued by Morsi on 26 December 2012 . On 3 July 2013 , the constitution was suspended by order of the Egyptian army . On 30 June 2013 , on the first anniversary of the election of Morsi , millions of protesters across Egypt took to the streets and demanded the immediate resignation of the president . On 1 July , the Egyptian Armed Forces issued a 48 - hour ultimatum that gave the country 's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people . The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army 's 48 - hour ultimatum , vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis . On 3 July , General Abdel Fattah el - Sisi , head of the Egyptian Armed Forces , announced that he had removed Morsi from power , suspended the constitution and would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and named Supreme Constitutional Court 's leader , Adly Mansour as acting president . Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013 . After Morsi ( edit ) Main article : Post-coup unrest in Egypt ( 2013 -- 2014 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) During the months after the coup d'état , a new constitution was prepared , which took effect on 18 January 2014 . After that , presidential and parliamentary elections have to be held in June 2014 . On 24 March 2014 , 529 Morsi 's supporters were sentenced to death , while the trial of Morsi himself was still ongoing . Having delivered a final judgement , 492 sentences were commuted to life imprisonment with `` only '' 37 death sentences being upheld . On 28 April , another mass trial took place with 683 Morsi supporters sentenced to death for killing 1 police officer . In 2015 , Egypt participated in the Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen . El - Sisi presidency ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Abdel Fattah el - Sisi In the elections of June 2014 El - Sisi won with a percentage of 96.1 . Under President el - Sisi , Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip , including the dismantling of tunnels between the Gaza strip and Sinai . See also ( edit ) History of cities in Egypt : Alexandria history and timeline Cairo history and timeline Timeline of Egypt ( fr ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Midant - Reynes , Béatrix . The Prehistory of Egypt : From the First Egyptians to the First Kings . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . Jump up ^ `` The Nile Valley 6000 -- 4000 BC Neolithic '' . The British Museum . 2005 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bard , Kathryn A. Ian Shaw , ed . The Oxford Illustrated History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2000 . p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom '' . BBC . 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Kushite Conquest of Egypt '' . Ancientsudan.org . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wade , L. ( 2017 ) . `` Egyptian mummy DNA , at last '' . Science . 356 ( 6341 ) : 894 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 356.6341. 894 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Alan K ( 1996 ) . Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC -- AD 642 ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20531 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stanwick , Paul Edmond ( 2003 ) . Portraits of the Ptolemies : Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77772 - 8 . Jump up ^ Riggs , Christina , ed. ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0199571451 . Jump up ^ Olson , Roger E. ( 2014 ) . The Story of Christian Theology : Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform . InterVarsity Press . p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . See drop - down essay on `` Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire '' Jump up ^ Nash , John F. ( 2008 ) . Christianity : the One , the Many : What Christianity Might Have Been . 1 . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Kamil , Jill . Coptic Egypt : History and Guide . Cairo : American University in Cairo , 1997 . p. 39 Jump up ^ El - Daly , Okasha . Egyptology : The Missing Millennium . London : UCL Press ^ Jump up to : Abu - Lughod , Janet L. ( 1991 ) ( 1989 ) . `` The Mideast Heartland '' . Before European Hegemony : The World System A.D. 1250 -- 1350 . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 243 -- 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506774 - 3 . Jump up ^ Egypt -- Major Cities , U.S. Library of Congress Jump up ^ Donald Quataert ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 -- 1922 . Cambridge University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83910 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt , Study Shows '' . ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006 ^ Jump up to : Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin , Nasser of the Arabs , published c. 1973 , p 2 . Jump up ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin , Nasser of the Arabs , p 2 . Jump up ^ Anglo French motivation : Derek Hopwood , Egypt : Politics and Society 1945 -- 1981 ( London , 1982 , George Allen & Unwin ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ De facto protectorate : Joan Wucher King , Historical Dictionary of Egypt ( Metuchen , New Jersey , USA : Scarecrow , 1984 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ James Jankowski , Egypt , A Short History , p. 111 Jump up ^ Jankowski , op cit. , p. 112 Jump up ^ `` Egypt '' . CIA - The World Factbook . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Partially independent from the UK in 1922 , Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British - backed monarchy in 1952 . Jump up ^ USMC Major Michael C. Jordan ( 1997 ) . `` The 1973 Arab - Israeli War : Arab Policies , Strategies , and Campaigns '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , p. 443 Jump up ^ Murphy , Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East : the Egyptian Experience , Scribner , 2002 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Murphy , Caryle Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East : the Egyptian Experience , Scribner , 2002 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles , Muslim Extremism in Egypt by Gilles Kepel , English translation published by University of California Press , 1986 , p. 74 Jump up ^ `` Solidly ahead of oil , Suez Canal revenues , and remittances , tourism is Egypt 's main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year . '' ( in 2005 ) ... concerns over tourism 's future Archived 24 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gilles Kepel , Jihad , 2002 Jump up ^ Lawrence Wright , The Looming Tower ( 2006 ) , p. 258 Jump up ^ `` Timeline of modern Egypt '' . Gemsofislamism.tripod.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ As described by William Dalrymple in his book From the Holy Mountain ( 1996 , ISBN 0 00 654774 5 ) pp. 434 - 54 , where he describes his trip to the area of Asyut in 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Uppsala Conflict Data Program , Conflict Encyclopedia , The al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya insurgency , viewed 2013 - 05 - 03 , http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=50®ionSelect=10-Middle_East# Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Egypt Protest Pictures & Photos '' . AP Photo / Lai Seng Sin. 31 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` Mubarak Steps Down , Ceding Power to Military '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt crisis : President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader '' . BBC . 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Mubarak Resigns As Egypt 's President , Armed Forces To Take Control Huffington Post / AP , 11 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Mubarak Flees Cairo for Sharm el - Sheikh '' . CBS News . 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Parliament dissolved , constitution suspended '' . BBC . 13 February 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Egypt 's Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully , Turnout High For Elections . NPR. 28 November 2011 . Last Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Pipes and Cynthia Farahat ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` Do n't Ignore Electoral Fraud in Egypt '' . Daniel Pipes Middle East Forum . Jump up ^ Fahmy , Mohamed ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Egypt 's president calls back dissolved parliament '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Watson , Ivan ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Court overrules Egypt 's president on parliament '' . CNN . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt unveils new cabinet , Tantawi keeps defence post '' . 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers '' . BBC News . 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rallies for , against Egypt president 's new powers '' . Associated Press . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ELBaradei '' . 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Michael ( 22 November 2012 ) . `` Egypt 's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers publisher '' Washington Post `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Richard ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi 's constitutional ' coup ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution '' . Wall Street Journal . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleishman , Jeffrey ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt 's vote on constitution '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Czech News Agency ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Soud s islamisty v Egyptě : Na popraviště půjde více než 500 Mursího stoupenců '' . IHNED.cz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents '' . The Washington Post . 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt and Saudi Arabia discuss maneuvers as Yemen battles rage '' . Reuters. 14 April 2015 . Egypt articles History Ancient Achaemenid Ptolemaic Roman Christian Muslim Ottoman Muhammad Ali dynasty Khedivate Modern British occupation Sultanate Kingdom Republic Nasser era Sadat era Mubarak era 2010s crisis Geography Cities Climate Deserts Earthquakes Environmental issues Lakes Mountains Suez Canal Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Military Supreme Council Political parties President list Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Companies Egyptian pound Energy Mining National Bank Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water supply and sanitation Society Crime Demographics Education Health Homelessness Languages Religion Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Flag Egyptians Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Olympics Public holidays Outline Index Book Portal History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Egypt&oldid=834247041 '' Categories : History of Egypt History of Egypt by period Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles slanted towards recent events from April 2014 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2013 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Articles to be expanded from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 18 : 11 . 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List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh

List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh Jump to : navigation , search Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Incumbent Yogi Adityanath since 19 March 2017 Appointer Governor of Uttar Pradesh Inaugural holder Govind Ballabh Pant Formation 26 January 1950 The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( UP ) , a North Indian state , is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh . As per the Constitution of India , the governor is the state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . On 26 January 1950 Govind Ballabh Pant , Premier of United Provinces , became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh . Including him , 11 out of UP 's 21 chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress . Among these is V.P. Singh , a future Prime Minister of India , as was Charan Singh of the Rashtriya Lok Dal . UP has also had two women chief ministers -- Sucheta Kriplani and Mayawati . Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017 , having assumed office at the age of 38 , he is the youngest person to have held the office . On ten occasions , most recently in 2002 , the state has come under President 's rule , leaving the office of chief minister vacant . Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premiers of United Provinces 2 Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh 3 References 4 External links Premiers of United Provinces ( edit ) Govind Ballabh Pant , the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh The United Provinces , headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand . Under the Government of India Act , 1935 , a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council . No Name Term of office Party Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari 3 April 1937 16 July 1937 Independent Govind Ballabh Pant 17 July 1937 2 November 1939 Indian National Congress Vacant ( 2 ) Govind Ballabh Pant 1 April 1946 25 January 1950 Indian National Congress Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) Colour key for parties Bahujan Samaj Party Bharatiya Kranti Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress Indian National Congress ( O ) Janata Dal Janata Party Samajwadi Party N / A ( President 's rule ) UP 's fifth chief minister , Charan Singh of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal , went on to become India 's fifth prime minister . UP 's 9th chief minister , N.D. Tiwari of the Indian National Congress , only Chief Minister who Served two different states ( Uttar Pradesh - 4 term & Uttarakhand - 1 term . ) Ram Naresh Yadav served as UP 's chief minister in the late 1970s as a member of the Janata Party . Although V.P. Singh 's chief - ministerial reign was as a Congressman , as Prime Minister of India he headed the National Front government as a member of the Janata Dal . Kalyan Singh was the first chief minister from the BJP . His tenure also witnessed the demolition of Babri Masjid UP 's 19th chief minister , Rajnath Singh , is the current Union Home Minister . Mulayam Singh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party has served three stints as UP 's chief minister . Mayawati was the one who completed her tenure in UP as Chief Minister from 2007 to 2012 after 1960 . Akhilesh Yadav , the state 's youngest - ever Chief Minister , holding office from 2012 to 2017 . No Name Constituency Term of office Tenure length Party Assembly ( Election ) Ref Govind Ballabh Pant Bareilly Municipality 26 January 1950 20 May 1952 4 years , 335 days Indian National Congress Not yet created 20 May 1952 27 December 1954 First Assembly ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( 1951 election ) Sampurnanand Varanasi South 28 December 1954 9 April 1957 5 years , 344 days 10 April 1957 6 December 1960 Second Assembly ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( 1957 election ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta Ranikhet South 7 December 1960 14 March 1962 2 years , 298 days 14 March 1962 1 October 1963 Third Assembly ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( 1962 election ) Sucheta Kriplani Mendhwal 2 October 1963 13 March 1967 3 years , 162 days ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 2 ) Ranikhet 14 March 1967 2 April 1967 19 days Fourth Assembly ( 1967 -- 68 ) ( 1967 election ) Charan Singh Chhaprauli 3 April 1967 25 February 1968 328 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 25 February 1968 26 February 1969 1 year , 1 day N / A Dissolved ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 3 ) Ranikhet 26 February 1969 17 February 1970 356 days Indian National Congress Fifth Assembly ( 1969 -- 74 ) ( 1969 election ) ( 5 ) Charan Singh ( 2 ) Chhaprauli 18 February 1970 1 October 1970 225 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 1 October 1970 18 October 1970 17 days N / A 6 Tribhuvana Narayana Singh 18 October 1970 3 April 1971 167 days Indian National Congress ( O ) 7 Kamlapati Tripathi Chandauli 4 April 1971 12 June 1973 2 years , 69 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 13 June 1973 8 November 1973 148 days N / A 8 Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Bara 8 November 1973 4 March 1974 2 years , 21 days Indian National Congress 5 March 1974 29 November 1975 Sixth Assembly ( 1974 -- 77 ) ( 1974 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 November 1975 21 January 1976 52 days N / A 9 N.D. Tiwari Kashipur 21 January 1976 30 April 1977 1 year , 99 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 April 1977 23 June 1977 54 days N / A Dissolved 10 Ram Naresh Yadav Nidhauli Kalan 23 June 1977 27 February 1979 1 year , 249 days Janata Party Seventh Assembly ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( 1977 election ) 11 Banarsi Das Hapur 28 February 1979 17 February 1980 354 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 113 days N / A Dissolved 12 V.P. Singh Tindwari 9 June 1980 18 July 1982 2 years , 39 days Indian National Congress Eighth Assembly ( 1980 -- 85 ) ( 1980 election ) 13 Sripati Mishra Isauli 19 July 1982 2 August 1984 2 years , 14 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 2 ) Kashipur 3 August 1984 10 March 1985 1 year , 52 days 11 March 1985 24 September 1985 Ninth Assembly ( 1985 -- 89 ) ( 1985 election ) 14 Vir Bahadur Singh Paniyara 24 September 1985 24 June 1988 2 years , 274 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 3 ) Kashipur 25 June 1988 5 December 1989 1 year , 163 days 15 Mulayam Singh Yadav Jaswantnagar 5 December 1989 24 June 1991 1 year , 201 days Janata Dal Tenth Assembly ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( 1989 election ) 16 Kalyan Singh Atrauli 24 June 1991 6 December 1992 1 year , 165 days Bharatiya Janata Party Eleventh Assembly ( 1991 -- 92 ) ( 1991 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 6 December 1992 4 December 1993 363 days N / A Dissolved ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 2 ) Jaswantnagar 4 December 1993 3 June 1995 1 year , 181 days Samajwadi Party Twelfth Assembly ( 1993 -- 95 ) ( 1993 election ) 17 Mayawati 3 June 1995 18 October 1995 137 days Bahujan Samaj Party -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 18 October 1995 17 October 1996 1 year , 154 days N / A Dissolved 17 October 1996 21 March 1997 Thirteenth Assembly ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( 1996 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 2 ) Harora 21 March 1997 21 September 1997 184 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 16 ) Kalyan Singh ( 2 ) Atrauli 21 September 1997 12 November 1999 2 years , 52 days Bharatiya Janata Party 18 Ram Prakash Gupta MLC 12 November 1999 28 October 2000 351 days 19 Rajnath Singh Haidergarh 28 October 2000 8 March 2002 1 year , 131 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 8 March 2002 3 May 2002 56 days N / A Fourteenth Assembly ( 2002 -- 07 ) ( 2002 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 3 ) Harora 3 May 2002 29 August 2003 1 year , 118 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 3 ) Gunnaur 29 August 2003 13 May 2007 3 years , 257 days Samajwadi Party ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 4 ) MLC 13 May 2007 15 March 2012 4 years , 307 days Bahujan Samaj Party Fifteenth Assembly ( 2007 -- 12 ) ( 2007 election ) 20 Akhilesh Yadav MLC 15 March 2012 19 March 2017 5 years , 4 days Samajwadi Party Sixteenth Assembly ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( 2012 election ) 21 Yogi Adityanath MLC 19 March 2017 Incumbent 1 year , 71 days Bharatiya Janata Party Seventeenth Assembly ( 2017 -- ) ( 2017 election ) Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Uttar Pradesh as well . ^ Jump up to : Chief Ministers . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ President 's rule . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Date of Constitution & Dissolution of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Archived 12 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.patrika.com/news/bareilly/up-first-cm-pandit-govind-ballabh-pant-was-won-from-bareilly-constituency-hindi-news-1505294/ Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1951 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1957 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1962 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1967 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Retrieved on 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1969 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1974 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1977 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1980 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1985 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1989 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1991 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1993 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1996 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2002 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2007 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2012 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Election Results '' . Economic Times . Retrieved on 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) States of India since 1947 on WorldStatesmen.org `` Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh '' . The Indian Express . 15 May 2007 . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant Sampurnanand Chandra Bhanu Gupta Sucheta Kriplani Charan Singh Tribhuvan Narain Singh Kamalapati Tripathi Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna N.D. Tiwari Ram Naresh Yadav Banarsi Das V.P. Singh Sripati Mishra Vir Bahadur Singh Mulayam Singh Yadav Kalyan Singh Mayawati Jagdambika Pal Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Akhilesh Yadav Yogi Adityanath Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Topics in Uttar Pradesh History History of Uttar Pradesh Late Harappan Painted Grey Ware culture Vedic period Mahajanapadas Magadha Nanda Maurya Sunga Kushan Gupta Harsha Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Nawabs Rebellion British Nationalism Independence Geography Geography of Uttar Pradesh Bakhira Sanctuary Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Chandra Prabha Sanctuary Dudhwa National Park Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Hastinapur Sanctuary Kachhua Sanctuary Kaimoor Sanctuary Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary Mahavir Swami Sanctuary Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Okhla Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Pilibhit Tiger Reserve Saman Sanctuary Samaspur Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sohagi Barwa Sanctuary Suhelva Sanctuary Sur Sarovar Sanctuary Vijai Sagar Sanctuary Climate Government and politics Government of Uttar Pradesh Governors Chief Ministers Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Allahabad High Court Uttar Pradesh Police Divisions Districts Cities Political parties Assembly elections , 2007 Languages Western Hindi Braj Bhasha Kannauji Hindustani Hindi Urdu Bundeli Eastern Hindi Awadhi Bagheli Bihari Bhojpuri Literature Vedas Epic poetry Sanskrit Hindi Urdu Bhojpuri Culture Culture of Uttar Pradesh Ganga - Jamuni tehzeeb Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Music and dance Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Kathak Nautanki Economy Economy of Uttar Pradesh Conglomerates Other Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh cricket team Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=843304196 '' Categories : Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Lists of people from Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 07 : 42 . 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Suddenly Human

Suddenly Human - wikipedia Suddenly Human Jump to : navigation , search `` Suddenly Human '' Star Trek : The Next Generation episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 4 Directed by Gabrielle Beaumont Story by Ralph Phillips Teleplay by John Whelpley Jeri Taylor Featured music Dennis McCarthy Cinematography by Marvin Rush Production code 176 Original air date October 15 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 15 ) Recurring / Guest appearances Sherman Howard - Endar Chad Allen - Jono / Jeremiah Rossa Barbara Townsend - Adm. Connaught Rossa Episode chronology ← Previous `` Brothers '' Next → `` Remember Me '' Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 4 ) List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes `` Suddenly Human '' is 78th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , the fourth episode of the fourth season . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS Enterprise - D. In this episode , The Enterprise rescues a Starfleet admiral 's grandson , long thought dead , but who had been adopted and raised by the enemies who killed the boy 's parents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Future Deep Space Nine episode similarities 3 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Enterprise responds to a distress call from a Talarian vessel . They rescue five teenaged members , four of whom are Talarian , and one human , Jono ( Chad Allen ) . Jono keeps to himself , but shows strict obedience to Captain Picard , which together with some unexplained past injuries leads Doctor Crusher to suggest Jono may have been physically abused . It is determined that Jono is Jeremiah Rossa , a long - lost Federation citizen . His grandmother is a Starfleet admiral , and he was orphaned ten years ago when his parents were killed in a skirmish with the Talarians . When the Captain introduces the topic of Jono 's human family , Jono gets angry . After persistent effort by Picard , Jono 's memories of the attack begin to return and a friendship develops between Jono and Wesley Crusher . A Talarian ship arrives , and its Captain , Endar , asks for a status on his son , Jono . Ten years ago , Endar claimed Jono after Jono 's parents were killed . This is part of the Talarian custom of adopting the children of slain enemies to replace their children who have died in battle . Endar explains Jono 's injuries as the products of a boy trying to impress his father by participating in high - risk activities ; Picard seems satisfied and observes that Endar seems to care for Jono . Picard allows Endar to see Jono , but when Jono says he wants to stay with Endar , Picard suspects the boy is afraid to say he wants to stay in the Federation . Endar insists that Jono will come back with him , even if the result is war between the Talarians and the Federation . Returning to his vessel , Endar calls for reinforcements , as Picard decides to try to convince Jono to stay . After Jono receives a message from his grandmother , Picard takes the boy to play a form of racquetball , where Jono breaks down and cries . The crew believes they are making progress with the boy , but that night , Jono stabs the Captain . The dagger is deflected by Picard 's sternum , and the wound is minor . The problem of where Jono should live is now compounded as Jono has committed a Federation crime . When Picard learns that Jono feels he can not betray Endar by befriending Picard , the Captain realizes he has been trying to impose his wishes on the boy . Just as Endar 's patience is about to run out , Picard contacts the Talarians and lets them know he will let Jono go back . Jono bids Picard farewell with a Talarian ritual that is normally reserved for family members . Future deep space nine episode similarities ( edit ) Suddenly Human , which aired in 1990 , has strong similarities to the second season DS9 episode , Cardassians , which aired in 1993 . In both Suddenly Human and Cardassians , a young male alien is living with a family of another species , who adopt him after the conclusion of a battle or war . In both episodes , the adopting family insists on the return of the child , while the biological family also fights for custody . Tensions rise as the question of custody is decided . In both episodes , custody is decided by the commanding officers present . However , the episodes have different conclusions . In Suddenly Human , Captain Picard returns the young man Jono / Jeremiah Rossa to his adopting father because the young man is old enough to decide for himself with whom he wishes to live , and because it is the only life he has ever known . In Cardassians , Commander Benjamin Sisko removes the child from his caring Bajoran foster family when it is revealed that he was placed in foster care under false pretenses by another Cardassian . Reviews ( edit ) Jamahl Epsicokhan of TrekNation 's Jammer 's Reviews , pointed out that this was the third TNG episode in a row to deal with family issues . Epsicokhan called Suddenly Human the least effective of the three family - oriented episodes , stating that the plot took too long to play out , that the storyline was flat in parts , and criticized the script . The reviewer was also disappointed that the Starfleet admiral 's reaction to her request for custody being disregarded by Picard was left as an unresolved plot point . As of March 22 , 2017 , Suddenly Human has an average viewer rating of 6.5 out of 10 stars , on the IMDb . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Epsicokhan , Jamahl . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation `` Suddenly Human '' `` . TrekNation . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Suddenly Human '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` Suddenly Human '' on IMDb `` Suddenly Human '' at TV.com `` Suddenly Human '' at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) `` Suddenly Human '' at StarTrek.com `` Suddenly Human '' rewatch by Keith R.A. DeCandido Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Season 4 `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part II '' `` Family '' `` Brothers '' `` Suddenly Human '' `` Remember Me '' `` Legacy '' `` Reunion '' `` Future Imperfect '' `` Final Mission '' `` The Loss '' `` Data 's Day '' `` The Wounded '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` Clues '' `` First Contact '' `` Galaxy 's Child '' `` Night Terrors '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` The Nth Degree '' `` Qpid '' `` The Drumhead '' `` Half a Life '' `` The Host '' `` The Mind 's Eye '' `` In Theory '' `` Redemption I '' Star Trek : The Next Generation Characters Beverly Crusher Wesley Crusher Data Geordi La Forge Jean - Luc Picard Katherine Pulaski William Riker Deanna Troi Worf Tasha Yar Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Films Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Other topics Awards Cast USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - E ) `` These Are the Voyages ... '' Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suddenly_Human&oldid=771622178 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes 1990 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2017 , at 16 : 24 . 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Hundred Acre Wood

Hundred Acre Wood - wikipedia Hundred Acre Wood This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hundred Acre Wood Map of the Hundred Acre Wood drawn by E.H. Shepard to illustrate Winnie - the - Pooh . Winnie - the - Pooh location Created by A.A. Milne Genre children 's book Type Forest Notable locations Owl 's House , The Six Pine Trees , Galleon 's Lap Notable characters Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger , ( full list ) The Hundred Acre Wood ( also spelled as 100 Aker Wood , Hundred - Acre Wood , and 100 Acre Wood ; also known as simply `` The Wood '' ) is a part of the fictional land inhabited by Winnie - the - Pooh and his friends in the Winnie - the - Pooh series of children 's stories by author A.A. Milne . The wood is visited regularly by the young boy Christopher Robin , who accompanies Pooh and company on their many adventures . In A.A. Milne 's books , the term `` Hundred Acre Wood '' is actually used for a specific part of the larger Forest , centred on Owl 's house . ( See the map in the book , as well as numerous references in the text to the characters going `` into '' or `` out of '' the Hundred Acre Wood as they go between Owl 's house and other Forest locations ) . However , in the Pooh movies , and in general conversation with most Pooh fans , `` The Hundred Acre Wood '' is used for the entire world of Winnie - the - Pooh , the Forest and all the places it contains . The Hundred Acre Wood of the Winnie - the - Pooh stories is in actuality Five Hundred Acre Wood in Ashdown Forest in East Sussex , England , where the Winnie - the - Pooh stories were set . A.A. Milne 's country home at Cotchford Farm , Hartfield was situated just north of Ashdown Forest , and Five Hundred Acre Wood is a dense beech wood that Christopher Robin Milne would explore on his way from Cotchford Farm onto the Forest . Five Hundred Acre Wood is long - established , having been originally sold off from the Forest in 1678 . The wood remains privately owned , being part of Buckhurst Park estate , and is not therefore generally accessible to the public , though two footpaths which are public rights of way to do , one of which is part of a long - distance footpath , the Wealdway , cross through the wood and may be used by members of the public . Milne was inspired by the beautiful landscape of Ashdown Forest to use it as the setting for his Winnie - the - Pooh stories , and many features from the stories can be identified with specific locations in the forest . However , an American television episode `` How Much Is The Rabbit In That Window ? '' suggests that the Hundred Acre Wood is relocated near a small city in the United States of America , due to the fact that a postal box has `` U.S. Mail '' written on it . The car park at the hilltop of Gills Lap , the ( Galleon 's Lap of the Pooh stories ) in Ashdown Forest , ( grid reference TQ 467 315 ) , contains a display panel with a map of the surrounding area and the features from several of the Winnie - the - Pooh stories marked on it . For example , Five Hundred Acre Wood lies a short distance to the north - east , while the `` Enchanted Place '' is a small wooded area 200 metres ( 656 feet ) to the north . A memorial plaque dedicated to A.A. Milne and his illustrator , Ernest H. Shepard , lies 100 metres ( 328 feet ) away . Five Hundred Acre Wood lies a short distance to the north - east . Contents 1 Places in the Wood 2 Residents of the Wood 2.1 Disney materials only 3 Fauna 4 In other media 5 In other languages 6 References Places in the Wood ( edit ) The following places are shown on Ernest H. Shepard 's map at the beginning of the Winnie - the - Pooh book : Pooh Bear 's House Kanga 's House The Sandy Pit Where Roo Plays A Nice Place for Picnics The Bee Tree The way to the North Pole An area with Big Stones and Rocks Rabbit 's House An area for Rabbit 's Friends - and - Relations Christopher Robin 's House The Six Pine Trees The Pooh Trap for Heffalumps Piglet 's House Where the Woozle Was n't A Floody Place Owl 's House Eeyore 's Gloomy Place Additional places mentioned in the books , but not shown on the map include : The House at Pooh Corner The Poohsticks Bridge The Stepping Stones A Gravel Pit Pooh 's Thoughtful Spot Galleon 's Lap Residents of the Wood ( edit ) Eeyore Kanga Lottie Owl Piglet Rabbit Christopher Robin Roo Tigger Winnie - the - Pooh Disney materials only ( edit ) Beaver Buster Darby Gopher Mrs. Heffalump Kessie Lumpy Porcupine Raccoon Skunk Squirrels Turtle Woodpecker Fauna ( edit ) Bears Beavers Birds Bugs Donkeys Gopher Hedgehogs Heffalumps Kangaroos Mice Owls Pigs Rabbits Squirrels Tiggers Woozles In other media ( edit ) In the Kingdom Hearts series , the Hundred Acre Wood is located within a book found at Merlin 's house ( which is in Traverse Town during Kingdom Hearts and Hollow Bastion during Kingdom Hearts II ) . In the games , the main character , Sora , gathers pages of a Winnie - the - Pooh storybook after it is destroyed . The Hundred Acre wood is made up of several minigames which serve to level the player up and award items . In other languages ( edit ) Language Native name Translation Czech Stokorcovy les Hundred Acre Wood Dutch Honderd Bunder Bos Hundred Acre Wood Finnish Puolen hehtaarin metsä Half Hectare Forest French La foret des reves bleus The Blue Dreams Forest German Der Hundertsechzig - Morgen - Wald The Hundred - and - Sixty Acre Wood Italian II Bosco dei Centro Acri The Hundred Acre Wood Latvian Septiņjūdžu mežs Seven Miles Wood Norwegian Hundremeterskogen Hundred Meters Forest Polish Stumilowy Las Hundred Mile Wood Portuguese Bosque dos Cem Acres Hundred Acre Wood Spanish El Bosque de Los Cien Acres The Hundred Acre Forest Swedish Sjumilaskogen Seven Mile Wood References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buckhurst Park website Coordinates : 51 ° 03 ′ 51 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 32 '' E  /  51.0641 ° N 0.0922 ° E  / 51.0641 ; 0.0922 Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Winnie the Pooh ( Disney franchise ) Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Kanga Roo Heffalumps Gopher Soyuzmultfilm featurettes Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Disney featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Disney shorts Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Disney feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Disneytoon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action continuation Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards ) Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear A Bear Named Winnie Goodbye Christopher Robin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Acre_Wood&oldid=853577365 '' Categories : Winnie - the - Pooh Fictional forests Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

this bear lives in the hundred acre wood

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Islam

Islam - wikipedia Islam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the religion . For the history of Islamic civilization , see History of Islam . For other uses , see Islam ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( hide ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( hide ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( hide ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( hide ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( hide ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( hide ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal Islam ( / ˈɪslɑːm / ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is a messenger of God . It is the world 's second - largest religion and the fastest - growing major religion in the world , with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1 % of the global population , known as Muslims . Muslims make up a majority of the population in 50 countries . Islam teaches that God is merciful , all - powerful , unique and has guided mankind through prophets , revealed scriptures and natural signs . The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran , viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God , and the teachings and normative example ( called the sunnah , composed of accounts called hadith ) of Muhammad ( c. 570 -- 8 June 632 CE ) . Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses and Jesus . As for the Quran , Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam . Apart from the theological viewpoint , Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca , and by the 8th century the Umayyad Islamic caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east . The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century , during the Abbasid Caliphate , when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific , economic and cultural flourishing . The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires , traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities ( dawah ) . Most Muslims are of one of two denominations : Sunni ( 75 -- 90 % ) or Shia ( 10 -- 20 % ) . About 13 % of Muslims live in Indonesia , the largest Muslim - majority country , 31 % in South Asia , the largest population of Muslims in the world , 23 % in the Middle East - North Africa , where it is the dominant religion and 15 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , the Caucasus , China , Europe , the Mainland Southeast Asia , the Philippines , and Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and meaning 2 Articles of faith 2.1 Concept of God 2.2 Angels 2.3 Revelations 2.4 Prophets and sunnah 2.5 Resurrection and judgment 2.6 Divine will 3 Acts of worship 3.1 Testimony 3.2 Prayer 3.3 Charity 3.4 Fasting 3.5 Pilgrimage 3.6 Recitation and memorization of the Quran 4 Law and jurisprudence 4.1 Scholars 4.2 Schools of jurisprudence 4.3 Economics 4.4 Jihad 5 Society 5.1 Family life 5.2 Etiquette and diet 5.3 Social responsibilities 5.4 Character 5.5 Government 6 History 6.1 Muhammad ( 610 -- 632 ) 6.2 Caliphate and civil strife ( 632 -- 750 ) 6.3 Classical era ( 750 -- 1258 ) 6.4 Pre-Modern era ( 1258 -- 20th century ) 6.5 Modern times ( 20th century -- present ) 7 Denominations 7.1 Sunni 7.2 Shia 7.3 Sufism 7.4 Other denominations 7.5 Non-denominational Muslims 7.6 Derived religions 8 Demographics 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Art 9.3 Calendar 10 Criticism 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Citations 12.3 Books and journals 12.3. 1 Encyclopedias 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology and meaning The Kaaba in Mecca is the direction of prayer and destination of pilgrimage for Muslims Islam ( Arabic : الإسلام ‎ , IPA : ( alʔisˈlaːm ) ( listen ) ) is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root S-L-M which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness , submission , safeness , and peace . In a religious context it means `` voluntary submission to God '' . Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root , and means `` submission '' or `` surrender '' . Muslim , the word for an adherent of Islam , is the active participle of the same verb form , and means `` one who submits '' or `` one who surrenders '' . The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran . In some verses , there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal state : `` Whomsoever God desires to guide , He opens his heart to Islam . '' Other verses connect Islām and dīn ( usually translated as `` religion '' ) : `` Today , I have perfected your religion ( dīn ) for you ; I have completed My blessing upon you ; I have approved Islam for your religion . '' Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God -- more than just a verbal affirmation of faith . In the Hadith of Gabriel , islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān ( faith ) , and ihsān ( excellence ) . Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies . This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims ' religion , parallel to Jesus Christ in Christianity . Some authors , however , continue to use the term Muhammadanism as a technical term for the religious system as opposed to the theological concept of Islam that exists within that system . Articles of faith Main articles : Aqidah and Iman Faith ( Iman ) in the Islamic creed ( Aqidah ) is often represented as the six articles of faith , notably spelled out in the Hadith of Gabriel . Concept of God Main articles : God in Islam and Allah Medallion showing the word `` Allah '' ( God ) in Hagia Sophia , Istanbul , Turkey . Islam is often seen as having the simplest doctrines of the major religions . Its most fundamental concept is a rigorous monotheism , called tawḥīd ( Arabic : توحيد ‎ ) . God is described in chapter 112 of the Quran as : `` Say , He is God , the One and Only ; God , the Eternal , Absolute ; He begetteth not , nor is He begotten ; And there is none like unto Him '' ( 112 : 1 - 4 ) . Muslims repudiate polytheism and idolatry , called Shirk , and reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus . In Islam , God is beyond all comprehension and Muslims are not expected to visualize God . God is described and referred to by certain names or attributes , the most common being Al - Rahmān , meaning `` The Compassionate '' and Al - Rahīm , meaning `` The Merciful '' ( See Names of God in Islam ) . Muslims believe that the creation of everything in the universe was brought into being by God 's sheer command , `` ' Be ' and so it is , '' and that the purpose of existence is to worship God . He is viewed as a personal god who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him . There are no intermediaries , such as clergy , to contact God who states , `` I am nearer to him than ( his ) jugular vein . '' God consciousness is referred to as Taqwa . Allāh is the term with no plural or gender used by Muslims and Arabic - speaking Christians and Jews to reference God , while ʾilāh ( Arabic : إله ‎ ) is the term used for a deity or a god in general . Other non-Arab Muslims might use different names as much as Allah , for instance `` Tanrı '' in Turkish , `` Khodā '' in Persian or Ḵẖudā in Urdu . Angels Main article : Islamic view of angels Islamic calligraphy of the Archangel Israfil ( reflects upon how angels are most commonly represented in Islam ) . Belief in angels is fundamental to the faith of Islam . The Arabic word for angel ( Arabic : ملك ‎ malak ) means `` messenger '' , like its counterparts in Hebrew ( malʾákh ) and Greek ( angelos ) . Angels do not possess any bodily desires are not subject to temptations nor do they eat , drink or procreate . Angels ' duties include communicating revelations from God , glorifying God , recording every person 's actions , and taking a person 's soul at the time of death . Muslims believe that angels are made of light . They are described as `` messengers with wings -- two , or three , or four ( pairs ) : He ( God ) adds to Creation as He pleases ... '' Some scholars have emphasized a metaphorical reinterpretation of the concept of angels . Pictorial depictions of angels are generally avoided in Islamic art , as the idea of giving form to anything immaterial is not accepted . Muslims therefore do not generally share the perceptions of angelic pictorial depictions , such as those found in Western art . Revelations Main articles : Quran , Wahy , and Islamic holy books See also : History of the Quran The first chapter of the Quran , Al - Fatiha , consisting of seven verses . The Islamic holy books are the records which most Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets . Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures , the Tawrat ( Torah ) and the Injil ( Gospel ) , had become distorted -- either in interpretation , in text , or both . The Quran ( literally , `` Reading '' or `` Recitation '' ) is viewed by Muslims as the final revelation and literal word of God and is widely regarded as the finest literary work in the Arabic language . Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God through the archangel Gabriel ( Jibrīl ) on many occasions between 610 CE until his death on June 8 , 632 . While Muhammad was alive , all of these revelations were written down by his companions ( sahabah ) , although the prime method of transmission was orally through memorization . The Quran is divided into 114 suras , or chapters , which combined , contain 6,236 āyāt , or verses . The chronologically earlier suras , revealed at Mecca , are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics . The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community . The Quran is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction , and is considered the `` sourcebook of Islamic principles and values '' . Muslim jurists consult the hadith ( `` reports '' ) , or the written record of Prophet Muhammad 's life , to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation . The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir . The set of rules governing proper pronunciation is called tajwid . Muslims usually view `` the Quran '' as the original scripture as revealed in Arabic and that any translations are necessarily deficient , which are regarded only as commentaries on the Quran . Prophets and Sunnah Main articles : Prophets in Islam , Sunnah , and Hadith The Arabic word for prophets preceded by the honorific `` peace be upon them '' . Muslims identify the prophets of Islam ( Arabic : أنۢبياء ‎ anbiyāʾ ) as those humans chosen by God to be his messengers . According to the Quran , the prophets were instructed by God to bring the `` will of God '' to the peoples of the nations . Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine , though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim . Islamic theology says that all of God 's messengers preached the message of Islam -- submission to the will of God . The Quran mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam , including Adam , Noah , Abraham , Moses and Jesus , among others . Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad as the last law bearing prophet ( Seal of the prophets ) to convey the divine message to the whole world ( to sum up and to finalize the word of God ) . In Islam , the `` normative '' example of Muhammad 's life is called the Sunnah ( literally `` trodden path '' ) . Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad 's actions in their daily lives and the Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran . This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith , which recount his words , his actions , and his personal characteristics . Hadith Qudsi is a sub-category of hadith , regarded as verbatim words of God quoted by Muhammad but is not part of the Quran . A hadith involves two elements - a chain of narrators , called sanad , and the actual wording , called matn . Hadiths can be classified , by studying the narration , as `` authentic '' or `` correct '' , called Sahih ( Arabic : صَحِيْح ‎ ) , `` good '' , called Ḥasan ( Arabic : حَسَن ‎ ) or `` weak '' , called Ḍaʻīf ( Arabic : ضَعِيْف ‎ ) among others . Muhammad al - Bukhari collected over 300,000 hadith , but only included 2,602 distinct hadith that passed the tests that codified them as authentic into his book Sahih al - Bukhari , which is considered by Sunnis to be the most authentic source after the Quran . Another famous source ( s ) of hadiths is known as The Four Books , which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference . Resurrection and judgment Main article : Qiyama Belief in the `` Day of Resurrection '' , Yawm al - Qiyāmah ( Arabic : يوم القيامة ‎ ) is also crucial for Muslims . They believe the time of Qiyāmah is preordained by God but unknown to man . The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Quran and the hadith , and also in the commentaries of scholars . The Quran emphasizes bodily resurrection , a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death . On Yawm al - Qiyāmah , Muslims believe all mankind will be judged on their good and bad deeds and consigned to Jannah ( paradise ) or Jahannam ( hell ) . The Qurʼan in Surat al - Zalzalah describes this as , `` So whoever does an atom 's weight of good will see it ( 99 : 7 ) and whoever does an atom 's weight of evil will see it ( 99 : 8 ) . '' The Qurʼan lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell , such as disbelief in God ( Arabic : كفر ‎ kufr ) , and dishonesty ; however , the Qurʼan makes it clear God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he so wills . Good deeds , such as charity , prayer and compassion towards animals , will be rewarded with entry to heaven . Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and blessings , with Qurʼanic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come . Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God . Yawm al - Qiyāmah is also identified in the Quran as Yawm ad - Dīn ( Arabic : يوم الدين ‎ ) , `` Day of Religion '' ; as - sāʿah ( Arabic : الساعة ‎ ) , `` the Last Hour '' ; and al - Qāriʿah ( Arabic : القارعة ‎ ) , `` The Clatterer '' . Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as fitna or malahim . The Mahdi ( prophesied redeemer ) will be sent and with the help of Jesus , will battle the Antichrist . They will triumph , liberating Islam from cruelty , and this will be followed by a time of serenity with people living true to religious values . Divine will Main article : Qadar The concept of divine will is referred to as al - qadā wa'l - qadar ( Arabic : قدر ‎ ) , which literally derives from a root that means to measure . Everything , good and bad , is believed to have been decreed . Acts of worship See also : Five Pillars of Islam There are five basic religious acts in Islam , collectively known as ' The Pillars of Islam ' ( arkan al - Islam ; also arkan ad - din , `` pillars of religion '' ) , which are considered obligatory for all believers . The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith . They are ( 1 ) the creed ( shahadah ) , ( 2 ) daily prayers ( salat ) , ( 3 ) almsgiving ( zakah ) , ( 4 ) fasting during Ramadan , and ( 5 ) the pilgrimage to Mecca ( hajj ) at least once in a lifetime . Both Shia and Sunni sects agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts . Apart from these , Muslims also perform other religious acts . Notable among them are charity ( Sadaqah ) and recitation of the Quran . Testimony Main article : Shahadah Silver coin of the Mughal Emperor Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith The Shahadah , which is the basic creed of Islam that must be recited under oath with the specific statement : `` ' ašhadu ' al - lā ilāha illā - llāhu wa ' ašhadu ' anna muħammadan rasūlu - llāh '' , or `` I testify that there is no god but God , Muhammad is the messenger of God . '' This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam . Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer , and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed . Prayer Main article : Salat See also : Mosque and Jumu'ah Muslim men prostrating during prayer in the Umayyad Mosque , Damascus . Ritual prayers are called Ṣalāh or Ṣalāt ( Arabic : صلاة ) . Salat is intended to focus the mind on God , and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship . Performing prayers five times a day is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances . The prayers are recited in the Arabic language , and consist of verses from the Quran . The prayers are done with the chest in direction of the kaaba though in the early days of Islam , they were done in direction of Jerusalem . The act of supplicating is referred to as dua . A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims , who often refer to it by its Arabic name masjid . A large mosque for gathering for Friday prayers or Eid prayers are called masjid jāmi . Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer , it is also important to the Muslim community as a place to meet and study . In Medina , Al - Masjid al - Nabawi , or the Prophet 's Mosque , was also a place of refuge for the poor . Modern mosques have evolved greatly from the early designs of the 7th century , and contain a variety of architectural elements such as minarets . Charity Main articles : Zakat and Sadaqah `` Zakāt '' ( Arabic : زكاة ‎ zakāh `` alms '' ) is giving a fixed portion of accumulated wealth by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy and for those employed to collect Zakat ; also , for bringing hearts together , freeing captives , for those in debt ( or bonded labour ) and for the ( stranded ) traveller . It is considered a religious obligation ( as opposed to voluntary charity ) that the well - off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a `` trust from God 's bounty '' . Conservative estimates of annual zakat is estimated to be 15 times global humanitarian aid contributions . The amount of zakat to be paid on capital assets ( e.g. money ) is 2.5 % ( 1 / 40 ) per year , for people who are not poor . Sadaqah means optional charity which is practiced as religious duty and out of generosity . Both the Quran and the hadith have put much emphasis on spending money for the welfare of needy people , and have urged the Muslims to give more as an act of optional charity . The Quran says : Spend something ( in charity ) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you , before Death should come to any of you ( 63 : 10 ) . One of the early teachings of Muhammad was that God expects men to be generous with their wealth and not to be miserly ( Quran % 3Averse % 3D1 107 : 1 -- 7 ) . Accumulating wealth without spending it to address the needs of the poor is generally prohibited and admonished . Another kind of charity in Islam is waqf which means perpetual religious endowment . Fasting Main article : Sawm Further information : Sawm of Ramadan Fasting ( Arabic : صوم ‎ ṣawm ) from food and drink , among other things , must be performed from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan . The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God , and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him , atone for their past sins , and think of the needy . Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden . For others , flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances , but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly . Pilgrimage Main articles : Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims at the Masjid al - Haram in Mecca during Hajj The obligatory Islamic pilgrimage , called the ḥajj ( Arabic : حج ‎ ) , has to be performed during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah in the city of Mecca . Every able - bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime . Rituals of the Hajj include : spending a day and a night in the tents in the desert plain of Mina , then a day in the desert plain of Arafat praying and worshiping God , following the foot steps of Abraham ; then spending a night out in the open , sleeping on the desert sand in the desert plain of Muzdalifah ; then moving to Jamarat , symbolically stoning the Devil recounting Abraham 's actions ; then going to Mecca and walking seven times around the Kaaba which Muslims believe was built as a place of worship by Abraham ; then walking seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah recounting the steps of Abraham 's wife , while she was looking for water for her son Ismael in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement . Another form of pilgrimage , Umrah , can be undertaken at any time of the year . Recitation and memorization of the Quran Men reading the Quran in a mosque Muslims recite and memorize the whole or part of the Quran as acts of virtue . Reciting the Quran in the correct manner has been described as an excellent act of worship . Pious Muslims recite the whole Quran at the month of Ramadan . In Islamic societies , any social program generally begins with the recitation of the Quran . One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a hafiz who , it is said , will be able to intercede for ten people on the Last Judgment Day . Apart from this , almost every Muslim memorizes some portion of the Quran because they need to recite it during their prayers . Law and jurisprudence Part of a series on Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ) Ritual ( show ) Salat Raka'ah Qibla Turbah Sunnah salat ( Tahajjud Tarawih ) Nafl salat Sawm Hajj Ihram ( clothing Mut'ah ) Tawaf Umrah ( and Hajj ) Political ( show ) Islamic leadership Caliphate Imamah Wilayat al - faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Marital ( show ) Marriage Contract Mahr Misyar Halala Urfi Mut'ah Polygyny Divorce Khula Iddah Kafa'ah Adoption Sexual ( show ) Masturbation Hygiene Sexual violation Zina Awrah Criminal ( show ) Hudud Blasphemy Maisir ( gambling ) Zina ( illicit sex ) Hirabah ( unlawful warfare ) Fasad ( `` mischief '' ) Rajm ( stoning ) Tazir ( discretionary ) Qisas ( retaliation ) Diya ( compensation ) Etiquette ( show ) Adab Gender segregation Mahram Honorifics Rada Toilet Economic ( show ) History Zakat Jizya Nisab Khums Sadaqah ( Waqf ) Bayt al - mal Banking Riba Murabaha Takaful Sukuk Inheritance Hygiene ( show ) Sexual Toilet Taharah Ihram Wudu Masah Ghusl Tayammum Miswak Najis Dietary Dhabihah Alcohol Pork Comparison with kashrut Military ( show ) Jihad Hudna Istijarah ( asylum ) Prisoners of war Islamic studies Main articles : Sharia and Fiqh Sharia is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition . It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam , particularly the Quran and the Hadith . In Arabic , the term sharīʿah refers to God 's divine law and is contrasted with fiqh , which refers to its scholarly interpretations . The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists . Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of sharia : the Quran , sunnah ( authentic hadith ) , qiyas ( analogical reasoning ) , and ijma ( juridical consensus ) . Different legal schools developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad . Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two principal branches of law , ʿibādāt ( rituals ) and muʿāmalāt ( social relations ) , which together comprise a wide range of topics . Its rulings assign actions to one of five categories : mandatory , recommended , permitted , abhorred , and prohibited . Thus , some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God 's will . Historically , sharia was interpreted by independent jurists ( muftis ) . Their legal opinions ( fatwas ) were taken into account by ruler - appointed judges who presided over qāḍī 's courts , and by maẓālim courts , which were controlled by the ruler 's council and administered criminal law . In the modern era , sharia - based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models . While the constitutions of most Muslim - majority states contain references to sharia , its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status ( family ) laws . Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence . The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of sharia . The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world . There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government , human rights , freedom of thought , and women 's rights . Scholars Main article : Ulama Imam teaches the Quran in Crimea , ( 1850s , lithograph by Carlo Bossoli ) Islam , like Judaism , has no clergy in the sacerdotal sense , such as priests who mediate between God and people . However , there are many terms in Islam to refer to religiously sanctioned positions of Islam . In the broadest sense , the term ulema ( Arabic : علماء ‎ ) is used to describe the body of Muslim scholars who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences . A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a mufti ( Arabic : مفتي ‎ ) and often issues judicial opinions , called fatwas . A scholar of jurisprudence is called a faqih ( Arabic : فقيه ‎ ) . Someone who studies the science of hadith is called a muhaddith . A qadi is a judge in an Islamic court . Honorific titles given to scholars include shiekh , mullah and maulvi . Imam ( Arabic : إمام ‎ ) is a leadership position , often used in the context of conducting Islamic worship services . Schools of jurisprudence Main article : Madhab The main Islamic madh'habs ( schools of law ) of Muslim countries or distributions A school of jurisprudence is referred to as a madhab ( Arabic : مذهب ‎ ) . The four major Sunni schools are the Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali and sometimes Ẓāhirī while the two major Shia schools are Ja'fari and Zaidi . Each differ in their methodology , called Usul al - fiqh . The following of decisions by a religious expert without necessarily examining the decision 's reasoning is called taqlid . The term ghair muqallid literally refers to those who do not use taqlid and by extension do not have a madhab . The practice of an individual interpretating law with independent reasoning is called ijtihad . Economics Main article : Islamic economic jurisprudence To reduce the gap between the rich and the poor , Islamic economic jurisprudence encourages trade , discourages the hoarding of wealth and outlaws interest - bearing loans ( usury ; the term is riba in Arabic ) . Therefore , wealth is taxed through Zakat , but trade is not taxed . Usury , which allows the rich to get richer without sharing in the risk , is forbidden in Islam . Profit sharing and venture capital where the lender is also exposed to risk is acceptable . Hoarding of food for speculation is also discouraged . Grabbing other people 's land is also prohibited . The prohibition of usury has resulted in the development of Islamic banking . During the time of Muhammad , any money that went to the state , was immediately used to help the poor . Then in 634 , Umar formally established the welfare state Bayt al - mal . The Bayt al - mal or the welfare state was for the Muslim and Non-Muslim poor , needy , elderly , orphans , widows , and the disabled . The Bayt al - mal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century and continued through the Umayyad period and well into the Abbasid era . Umar also introduced Child Benefit and Pensions for the children and the elderly . Jihad Main articles : Jihad , Islamic military jurisprudence , and List of expeditions of Muhammad Jihad means `` to strive or struggle '' ( in the way of God ) . Jihad , in its broadest sense , is `` exerting one 's utmost power , efforts , endeavors , or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation '' . Depending on the object being a visible enemy , the Devil , and aspects of one 's own self ( such as sinful desires ) , different categories of jihad are defined . Jihad , when used without any qualifier , is understood in its military aspect . Jihad also refers to one 's striving to attain religious and moral perfection . Some Muslim authorities , especially among the Shi'a and Sufis , distinguish between the `` greater jihad '' , which pertains to spiritual self - perfection , and the `` lesser jihad '' , defined as warfare . Within Islamic jurisprudence , jihad is usually taken to mean military exertion against non-believer / non-Muslim combatants . Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works , terrorists , criminal groups , rebels , apostates , and leaders or states who oppress Muslims . Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare . Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority . For the rest of the populace , this happens only in the case of a general mobilization . For most Twelver Shias , offensive jihad can only be declared by a divinely appointed leader of the Muslim community , and as such is suspended since Muhammad al - Mahdi 's occultation in 868 AD . Society Family life See also : Islam and children , Women in Islam , and Marriage in Islam The dome of the Carol I Mosque in Constanța , Romania , topped by the Islamic crescent In a Muslim family , the birth of a child is attended with some religious ceremonies . Immediately after the birth , the words of Adhan is pronounced in the right ear of the child . In the seventh day , the aquiqa ceremony is performed in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor . The head of the child is also shaved , and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child 's hair is donated to the poor . Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food , shelter , and education , the parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities , religious knowledge , and religious practices to the children . Marriage , which serves as the foundation of a Muslim family , is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses . The groom is required to pay a bridal gift ( mahr ) to the bride , as stipulated in the contract . Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous . Polyandry , a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands is prohibited in Islam . However , Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny , that is , they can have more than one wife at the same time , up to a total of four , per Sura 4 Verse 3 . A man does not need approval of his first wife for a second marriage as there is no evidence in the Qur'an or hadith to suggest this . The testimony of a woman is deemed in Islam to be worth half that of a man . With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim - majority countries , plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim Weddings . Generally in a Muslim family , a woman 's sphere of operation is the home and a man 's corresponding sphere is the outside world . However , in practice , this separation is not as rigid as it appears . With regard to inheritance , a son 's share is double that of a daughter 's . Certain religious rites are performed during and after the death of a Muslim . Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the Shahada as Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith . After the death , the body is bathed properly by the members of the same gender and then enshrouded in a threefold white garment called kafan . Placing the body on a bier , it is first taken to a mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person , and then to the graveyard for burial . Etiquette and diet Main articles : Adab ( behavior ) and Islamic dietary laws Many practices fall in the category of adab , or Islamic etiquette . This includes greeting others with `` as - salamu ' alaykum '' ( `` peace be unto you '' ) , saying bismillah ( `` in the name of God '' ) before meals , and using only the right hand for eating and drinking . Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health . Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam . Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al - Janazah ( `` funeral prayer '' ) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body , and burying it in a grave . Muslims are restricted in their diet . Prohibited foods include pork products , blood , carrion , and alcohol . All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim , Jew , or Christian , with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself . Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food . Social responsibilities Main article : Islam and humanity In a Muslim society , various social service activities are performed by the members of the community . As these activities are instructed by Islamic canonical texts , a Muslim 's religious life is seen incomplete if not attended by service to humanity . In fact , In Islamic tradition , the idea of social welfare has been presented as one of its principal values . The 2 : 177 verse of the Quran is often cited to encapsulate the Islamic idea of social welfare . Similarly , duties to parents , neighbors , relatives , sick people , the old , and minorities have been defined in Islam . Respecting and obeying one 's parents , and taking care of them especially in their old age have been made a religious obligation . A two-fold approach is generally prescribed with regard to duty to relatives : keeping good relations with them , and offering them financial help if necessary . Severing ties with them has been admonished . Regardless of a neighbor 's religious identity , Islam teaches Muslims to treat neighboring people in the best possible manner and not to cause them any difficulty . Concerning orphaned children , the Quran forbids harsh and oppressive treatment to them while urging kindness and justice towards them . It also rebukes those who do not honor and feed orphaned children ( Quran 89 : 17 - 18 ) . Character Main article : Morality in Islam The Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal , social , political , and religious life . Proper moral conduct , good deeds , righteousness , and good character come within the sphere of the moral guidelines . In Islam , the observance of moral virtues is always associated with religious significance because it elevates the religious status of a believer and is often seen as a supererogatory act of worshipping . One typical Islamic teaching on morality is that imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is permissible and just ; but forgiving the offender is better . To go one step further by offering a favor to the offender is regarded the highest excellence . The Quran says : ' Repel ( evil ) with what is best ' ( 41 : 34 ) . Thus , a Muslim is expected to act only in good manners as bad manners and deeds earn vices . The fundamental moral qualities in Islam are justice , forgiveness , righteousness , kindness , honesty , and piety . Other mostly insisted moral virtues include but not limited to charitable activities , fulfillment of promise , modesty and humility , decency in speech , tolerance , trustworthiness , patience , truthfulness , anger management , and sincerity of intention . As a religion , Islam emphasizes the idea of having a good character as Muhammad said : ' The best among you are those who have the best manners and character ' ( Sahih al - Bukhari , 8 : 73 : 56 ) . In Islam , justice is not only a moral virtue but also an obligation to be fulfilled under all circumstances . The Quran and the hadith describe God as being kind and merciful to His creatures , and tell people to be kind likewise . As a virtue , forgiveness is much celebrated in Islam , and is regarded as an important Muslim practice . About modesty , Muhammad is reported as saying : ' Every religion has its characteristic , and the characteristic of Islam is modesty ' . Government Main articles : Political aspects of Islam , Islamic state , Islam and secularism , Islamic democracy , Sultanate , Khanate , Imamate , Emirate , Mansa ( title ) , and Caliphate Mainstream Islamic law does not distinguish between `` matters of church '' and `` matters of state '' ; the scholars function as both jurists and theologians . Currently no government conforms to Islamic economic jurisprudence , but steps have been taken to implement some of its tenets . History Main articles : History of Islam and Spread of Islam A panoramic view of Al - Masjid al - Nabawi ( the Mosque of the Prophet ) in Medina , Hejaz region , today 's Saudi Arabia , the second most sacred Mosque in Islam Muhammad ( 610 -- 632 ) Main articles : Muhammad and Muhammad in Islam See also : Early social changes under Islam Muslim tradition views Muhammad ( c. 570 -- June 8 , 632 ) as the seal of the prophets . During the last 22 years of his life , beginning at age 40 in 610 CE , according to the earliest surviving biographies , Muhammad reported revelations that he believed to be from God , conveyed to him through the archangel Gabriel ( Jibril ) . Muhammad 's companions memorized and recorded the content of these revelations , known as the Quran . During this time , Muhammad in Mecca preached to the people , imploring them to abandon polytheism and to worship one God . Although some converted to Islam , the leading Meccan authorities persecuted Muhammad and his followers . This resulted in the Migration to Abyssinia of some Muslims ( to the Aksumite Empire ) . Many early converts to Islam were the poor and former slaves like Bilal ibn Rabah al - Habashi . The Meccan élite felt that Muhammad was destabilising their social order by preaching about one God and about racial equality , and that in the process he gave ideas to the poor and to their slaves . After 12 years of the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and the Meccan boycott of the Hashemites , Muhammad 's relatives , Muhammad and the Muslims performed the Hijra ( `` emigration '' ) to the city of Medina ( formerly known as Yathrib ) in 622 . There , with the Medinan converts ( Ansar ) and the Meccan migrants ( Muhajirun ) , Muhammad in Medina established his political and religious authority . The Constitution of Medina was formulated , instituting a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim , Jewish , Christian and pagan communities of Medina , bringing them within the fold of one community -- the Ummah . The Constitution established : the security of the community religious freedoms the role of Medina as a sacred place ( barring all violence and weapons ) the security of women stable tribal relations within Medina a tax system for supporting the community in time of conflict parameters for exogenous political alliances a system for granting protection of individuals a judicial system for resolving disputes where non-Muslims could also use their own laws and have their own judges . All the tribes signed the agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and to live in harmony amongst themselves . Within a few years , two battles took place against the Meccan forces : first , the Battle of Badr in 624 -- a Muslim victory , and then a year later , when the Meccans returned to Medina , the Battle of Uhud , which ended inconclusively . The Arab tribes in the rest of Arabia then formed a confederation and during the Battle of the Trench ( March -- April 627 ) besieged Medina , intent on finishing off Islam . In 628 , the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed between Mecca and the Muslims and was broken by Mecca two years later . After the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah many more people converted to Islam . At the same time , Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control . By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless conquest of Mecca , and by the time of his death in 632 ( at the age of 62 ) he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity . The earliest three generations of Muslims are known as the Salaf , with the companions of Muhammad being known as the Sahaba . Many of them , such as the largest narrator of hadith Abu Hureyrah , recorded and compiled what would constitute the sunnah . Caliphate and civil strife ( 632 -- 750 ) Further information : Muslim conquests , First Fitna , and Second Fitna Dome of the Rock built by Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan ; completed at the end of the Second Fitna . With Muhammad 's death in 632 , disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community . Abu Bakr , a companion and close friend of Muhammad , was made the first caliph . Under Abu Bakr , Muslims put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars , or `` Wars of Apostasy '' . The Quran was compiled into a single volume at this time . Abu Bakr 's death in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar ibn al - Khattab as the caliph , followed by Uthman ibn al - Affan , Ali ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali . The first four caliphs are known in Sunni Islam as al - khulafā ' ar - rāshidūn ( `` Rightly Guided Caliphs '' ) . Under them , the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into the parts of the Persian and Byzantine territories . When Umar was assassinated by Persians in 644 , the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition . The standard copies of the Quran were also distributed throughout the Islamic State . In 656 , Uthman was also killed , and Ali assumed the position of caliph . This led to the first civil war ( the `` First Fitna '' ) over who should be caliph . Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661 . To avoid further fighting , the new caliph Hasan ibn Ali signed a peace treaty , abdicating to Mu'awiyah , beginning the Umayyad dynasty , in return that he not name his own successor . These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community . The majority accepted the legitimacy of the first four leaders , and became known as Sunnis . A minority disagreed , and believed that only Ali and some of his descendants should rule ; they became known as the Shia . Mu'awiyah appointed his son , Yazid I , as successor and after Mu'awiyah's death in 680 , the `` Second Fitna '' broke out , where Husayn ibn Ali was killed at the Battle of Karbala , a significant event in Shia Islam . The Umayyad dynasty conquered the Maghreb , the Iberian Peninsula , Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh . Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians , persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars , often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians , resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests . The generation after the death of Muhammad but contemporaries of his companions are known as the Tabi'un , followed by the Tabi ' al - Tabi'in . The Caliph Umar ibn Abd al - Aziz set up the influential committee , `` The Seven Fuqaha of Medina '' , headed by Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr . Malik ibn Anas wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence , the Muwatta , as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists . The descendants of Muhammad 's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al - Muttalib rallied discontented non-Arab converts ( mawali ) , poor Arabs , and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them , inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750 . Classical era ( 750 -- 1258 ) Further information : Islamic Golden Age , Hadith studies , and Islamic philosophy During this time , the Delhi Sultanate took over northern parts of Indian subcontinent . Religious missions converted Volga Bulgaria to Islam . Many Muslims also went to China to trade , virtually dominating the import and export industry of the Song dynasty . The eye , according to Hunain ibn Ishaq from a manuscript dated circa 1200 . This era is sometimes called the `` Islamic Golden Age '' . Public hospitals established during this time ( called Bimaristan hospitals ) , are considered `` the first hospitals '' in the modern sense of the word , and issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors . The Guinness World Records recognizes the University of Al Karaouine , founded in 859 , as the world 's oldest degree - granting university . The doctorate is argued to date back to the licenses to teach in Muslim law schools . Standards of experimental and quantification techniques , as well as the tradition of citation , were introduced . An important pioneer in this , Ibn al - Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern scientific method and often referred to as the `` world 's first true scientist '' . The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today . It is argued that the data used by Copernicus for his heliocentric conclusions was gathered and that Al - Jahiz proposed a theory of natural selection . Rumi wrote some of the finest Persian poetry and is still one of the best selling poets in America . Legal institutions introduced include the trust and charitable trust ( Waqf ) . Al - Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith . During the early Abbasid era , the major Sunni hadith collections were compiled by scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim while major Shia hadith collections by scholars such as Al - Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh were also compiled . The Ja'fari jurisprudence was formed from the teachings of Ja'far al - Sadiq while the four Sunni Madh'habs , the Hanafi , Hanbali , Maliki and Shafi'i , were established around the teachings of Abū Ḥanīfa , Ahmad bin Hanbal , Malik ibn Anas and al - Shafi'i respectively . In the 9th century , al - Shafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence in his book ar - Risālah . Al - Tabari and Ibn Kathir completed the most commonly cited commentaries on the Quran , the Tafsir al - Tabari in the 9th century and the Tafsir ibn Kathir in the 14th century , respectively . Philosophers Al - Farabi and Avicenna sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology , while others like Al - Ghazali argued against them and ultimately prevailed . Caliphs such as Mamun al Rashid and Al - Mu'tasim made the mutazilite philosophy an official creed and imposed it upon Muslims to follow . Mu'tazila was a Greek influenced school of speculative theology called kalam , which refers to dialectic . Many orthodox Muslims rejected mutazilite doctrines and condemned their idea of the creation of the Quran . In inquisitions , Imam Hanbal refused to conform and was tortured and sent to an unlit Baghdad prison cell for nearly thirty months . The other branch of kalam was the Ash'ari school founded by Al - Ash'ari . Some Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life and emphasized poverty , humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires . Ascetics such as Hasan al - Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Tasawwuf ( Sufism ) . Beginning in the 13th century , Sufism underwent a transformation , largely because of efforts to legitimize and reorganize the movement by Al - Ghazali , who developed the model of the Sufi order -- a community of spiritual teachers and students . The first Muslims states independent of a unified Muslim state emerged from the Berber Revolt ( 739 / 740 - 743 ) . In 930 , the Ismaili group known as the Qarmatians unsuccessfully rebelled against the Abbassids , sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone , which was eventually retrieved . The Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty in 1258 . Pre-modern era ( 1258 -- 20th century ) Abdülmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman dynasty . Islam spread with Muslim trade networks and Sufi orders activity that extended into Sub-Saharan Africa , Central Asia and the Malay archipelago . Under the Ottoman Empire , Islam spread to Southeast Europe . The Muslims in China who were descended from earlier immigration began to assimilate by adopting Chinese names and culture while Nanjing became an important center of Islamic study . The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s , especially relative to the non-Muslim European powers . This decline was evident culturally ; while Taqi al - Din founded an observatory in Istanbul and the Jai Singh Observatory was built in the 18th century , there was not a single Muslim country with a major observatory by the twentieth century . The Reconquista , launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia , succeeded in 1492 . By the 19th century the British Empire had formally ended the Mughal dynasty in India . The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I and the Caliphate was abolished in 1924 . The majority and oldest group among Shia at that time , the Zaydis , named after the great grandson of Ali , the scholar Zayd ibn Ali , used the Hanafi jurisprudence , as did most Sunnis . The Shia Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran . The ensuing mandatory conversion of Iran to Twelver Shia Islam for the largely Sunni population also ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaidi and Ismaili sects . Nader Shah , who overthrew the Safavids , attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Shiism by calling it the Jaafari Madh'hab . A revival movement during this period was an 18th - century Salafi movement led by Ibn Abd al - Wahhab in today 's Saudi Arabia . Referred to as Wahhabi , their self designation is Muwahiddun ( unitarians ) . Building upon earlier efforts such as those by Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al - Qayyim , the movement allegedly seeks to uphold monotheism and purify Islam of what they see as later innovations . Their zeal against idolatrous shrines led to the desecration of shrines around the world , including that of Muhammad and his companions in Mecca and Medina . In the 19th century , the Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated . Modern Times ( 20th century -- present ) Further information : Islamic revival The flag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration . Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants , from mostly India and Indonesia , to the Caribbean , forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas . The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith , likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914 . Muslim immigrants began arriving , many as guest workers and largely from former colonies , in several Western European nations since the 1960s . There are more and more new Muslim intellectuals who increasingly separate perennial Islamic beliefs from archaic cultural traditions . Liberal Islam is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and human rights . Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam 's sacred texts , and they stress the need to leave room for `` independent thought on religious matters '' . Women 's issues receive significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam . Secular powers such as the Chinese Red Guards closed many mosques and destroyed Qurans , and Communist Albania became the first country to ban the practice of every religion . About half a million Muslims were killed in Cambodia by communists who , it is argued , viewed them as their primary enemy and wished to exterminate them since they stood out and worshipped their own god . In Turkey , the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments , and headscarves were banned in official buildings , as also happened in Tunisia . Jamal - al - Din al - Afghani , along with his acolyte Muhammad Abduh , have been credited as forerunners of the Islamic revival . Abul A'la Maududi helped influence modern political Islam . Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood advocate Islam as a comprehensive political solution , often in spite of being banned . In Iran , revolution replaced a secular regime with an Islamic state . In Turkey , the Islamist AK Party has democratically been in power for about a decade , while Islamist parties did well in elections following the Arab Spring . The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) , consisting of Muslim countries , was established in 1969 after the burning of the Al - Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem . Piety appears to be deepening worldwide . In many places , the prevalence of the hijab is growing increasingly common and the percentage of Muslims favoring Sharia laws has increased . With religious guidance increasingly available electronically , Muslims are able to access views that are strict enough for them rather than rely on state clerics who are often seen as stooges . It is estimated that , by 2050 , the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world , `` driven primarily by differences in fertility rates and the size of youth populations among the world 's major religions , as well as by people switching faiths . '' Perhaps as a sign of these changes , most experts agree that Islam is growing faster than any other faith in East and West Africa . Denominations Main article : Islamic schools and branches See also : Shia -- Sunni relations An overview of the major schools and branches of Islam . Sunni Part of a series on Sunni Islam Beliefs ( show ) Monotheism Prophets and messengers Holy books Angels Judgement Day Predestination Five Pillars ( show ) Declaration of Faith Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage Rightly - Guided Caliphs ( show ) Abu Bakr Umar ibn al - Khattab Uthman ibn Affan Ali ibn Abi Talib Sunni schools of law ( show ) Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Hanbali Others Zahiri Awza'i Thawri Laythi Jariri Sunni schools of theology ( show ) Ash'ari Maturidi Traditionalist Others : Mu'tazila Murji'ah Contemporary movements ( show ) Ahl - i Hadith Al - Ahbash Barelvi Deobandi Islamic Modernism Salafi movement Wahhabism Holy sites ( show ) Jerusalem Mecca Medina Mount Sinai Lists ( show ) Literature Kutub al - Sittah Islam portal Main article : Sunni Islam Sahih Al - Bukhari , one of the six Sunni hadith books . The largest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam , which makes up 75 % -- 90 % of all Muslims and is arguably the world 's largest religious denomination . Sunni Muslims also go by the name Ahl as - Sunnah which means `` people of the tradition ( of Muhammad ) '' . Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad ; since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him and those leaders were elected . Sunnis believe that anyone who is righteous and just could be a caliph but they have to act according to the Quran and the Hadith , the example of Muhammad and give the people their rights . The Sunnis follow the Quran and the Hadith , which are recorded in sunni traditions known as Al - Kutub Al - Sittah ( six major books ) . For legal matters derived from the Quran or the Hadith , many follow four sunni madh'habs ( schools of thought ) : Hanafi , Hanbali , Maliki and Shafi'i . All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim may choose any one that he or she finds agreeable . Ahl al - Hadith is a movement that deemphasized sources of jurisprudence outside the quran and sunnah , such as informed opinion ( ra'y ) . The Salafi movement claim to take the first three generations of Muslims , known as the salaf , as exemplary models . In the 18th century , Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab led a salafi movement , referred by outsiders as Wahhabism , in modern - day Saudi Arabia . The Deobandi movement is a reformist movement originating in South Asia , influenced by the Wahhabi movement . Shia Part of a series on Shia Islam Beliefs and practices ( show ) Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate Angels Judgment Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession Clergy The Four Companions Arba'een Pilgrimage Holy days ( show ) Ashura Arba'een Mawlid Eid al - Fitr Eid al - Adha Eid al - Ghadeer History ( show ) The verse of purification Two things Mubahala Khumm Fatimah 's house First Fitna Second Fitna Battle of Karbala Branches of Shi'i Islam ( show ) Zaydi Shia Imami Shia Twelvers Ja'faris Batinis Alevism Bektashism Ghulat Alawites Hurufism Qizilbash Ismāʿīlīs Nizaris Taiyabi - Musta'līs Dawoodi Sulaymani Alavi Batiniyya Druze Pamiris Extinct sects Ahl al - Kisa ( show ) Muhammad Ali Fatimah Hasan Hussein Holy women ( show ) Fatimah Khadija bint Khuwaylid Umm Salama Zaynab bint Ali Umm Kulthum bint Ali Umm ul - Banin Fatimah bint Hasan Sukayna bint Husayn Rubab Shahrbanu Fātimah bint Mūsā Hakimah Khātūn Narjis Fatimah bint Asad Umm Farwah bint al - Qasim Shia Islam portal Main article : Shia Islam See also : Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam The Imam Hussein Shrine in Karbala , Iraq is a holy site for Shia Muslims . The Shia constitute 10 -- 20 % of Islam and are its second - largest branch . While the Sunnis believe that a Caliph should be elected by the community , Shia 's believe that Muhammad appointed his son - in - law , Ali ibn Abi Talib , as his successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams . As a result , they believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first Imam ( leader ) , rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr , Uthman ibn al - Affan and Umar ibn al - Khattab . Other points of contention include certain practices viewed as innovating the religion , such as the mourning practice of tatbir , and the cursing of figures revered by Sunnis . However , Jafar al - Sadiq himself disapproved of people who disapproved of his great grand father Abu Bakr and Zayd ibn Ali revered Abu Bakr and Umar . More recently , Ali Khamenei and Grand Ayatollah Ali al - Sistani condemned the practice . Shia Islam has several branches , the most prominent being the Twelvers ( the largest branch ) , Zaidis and Ismailis . Different branches accept different descendants of Ali as Imams . After the death of Imam Jafar al - Sadiq who is considered the sixth Imam by the Twelvers and the Ismaili 's , the Ismailis recognized his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as his successor whereas the Twelver Shia 's ( Ithna Asheri ) followed his other son Musa al - Kadhim as the seventh Imam . The Zaydis consider Zayd ibn Ali , the uncle of Imam Jafar al - Sadiq , as their fifth Imam , and follow a different line of succession after him . Other smaller groups include the Bohra as well as the Alawites and Alevi . Some Shia branches label other Shia branches that do not agree with their doctrine as Ghulat . Sufism Main article : Sufism See also : Sufi -- Salafi relations Mawlānā Rumi 's tomb , Konya , Turkey Sufism , or tasawwuf ( Arabic : تصوف ‎ ) , is a mystical - ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct personal experience of God . It is not a sect of Islam and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations . Classical Sufi scholars have focused on the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God by making use of `` intuitive and emotional faculties '' that one must be trained to use . Hasan al - Basri was inspired by the ideas of piety and condemnation of worldliness preached by Muhammad and these ideas were later further developed by Al - Ghazali . Traditional Sufis , such as Bayazid Bastami , Jalaluddin Rumi , Haji Bektash Veli , Junaid Baghdadi , and Al - Ghazali , argued for Sufism being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of Muhammad . Sufi practices such as veneration of saints have faced stiff opposition from followers of Salafism and Wahhabism , who have sometimes physically attacked Sufi places of worship , leading to deterioration in Sufi -- Salafi relations . The Barelvi movement is a Sufi - influenced revivalist movement within Sunni Islam with over 200 million followers , largely in South Asia . Sufism enjoyed a strong revival in central Asia and South Asia . Central Asia is considered to be a center of Sufism . Sufism has played a significant role in fighting against Tsars of Russia and Soviet colonization . Here , Sufis and their different orders are the main religious sources . Sufism is also strong in African countries such as Tunisia , Algeria , Morocco , Senegal , Chad and Niger . Other denominations Ahmadiyya is an Islamic reform movement ( with Sunni roots ) founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad that began in India in 1889 and is practiced by 10 to 20 million Muslims around the world . Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies concerning the arrival of the ' Imam Mahdi ' and the ' Promised Messiah ' . The Ibadi is a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam and is a branch of Kharijite and is practiced by 1.45 million Muslims around the world . Unlike most Kharijite groups , Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers . Mahdavia is an Islamic sect that believes in a 15th - century Mahdi , Muhammad Jaunpuri The Quranists are Muslims who generally reject the Hadith . Non-denominational Muslims Main article : Nondenominational Muslim Non-denominational Muslims is an umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self - identify with a specific Islamic denomination . Prominent figures who refused to identify with a particular Islamic denomination have included Jamal ad - Din al - Afghani , Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self - identify as `` just Muslim '' , although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response . The Pew Research Center reports that respondents self - identifying as `` just Muslim '' make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries ( and a plurality in three others ) , with the highest proportion in Kazakhstan at 74 % . At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self - identify in this way . Derived Religions Some movements , such as the Druze , Berghouata and Ha - Mim , either emerged from Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam and whether each is separate a religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial . Yazdânism is seen as a blend of local Kurdish beliefs and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to Kurdistan by Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir in the 12th century . Bábism stems from Twelver Shia passed through Siyyid ' Ali Muhammad i - Shirazi al - Bab while one of his followers Mirza Husayn ' Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah founded the Bahai Faith . Sikhism , founded by Guru Nanak in late fifteenth century Punjab , incorporates aspects of both Islam and Hinduism . African American Muslim movements include the Nation of Islam , Five - Percent Nation and Moorish scientists . Demographics Main articles : Muslim world and Ummah See also : List of countries by Muslim population World Muslim population by percentage ( Pew Research Center , 2014 ) . A comprehensive 2009 demographic study of 232 countries and territories reported that 23 % of the global population , or 1.57 billion people , are Muslims . Of those , it is estimated that over 75 -- 90 % are Sunni and 10 -- 20 % are Shia with a small minority belonging to other sects . Approximately 57 countries are Muslim - majority , and Arabs account for around 20 % of all Muslims worldwide . The number of Muslims worldwide increased from 200 million in 1900 to 551 million in 1970 , and tripled to 1.6 billion by 2010 . The majority of Muslims live in Asia and Africa . Approximately 62 % of the world 's Muslims live in Asia , with over 683 million adherents in Indonesia , Pakistan , India , and Bangladesh . In the Middle East , non-Arab countries such as Iran and Turkey are the largest Muslim - majority countries ; in Africa , Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities . Most estimates indicate that the People 's Republic of China has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims ( 1.5 % to 2 % of the population ) . However , data provided by the San Diego State University 's International Population Center to U.S. News & World Report suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims . Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries , and is slowly catching up to that status in the Americas , with between 2,454,000 , according to Pew Forum , and approximately 7 million Muslims , according to the Council on American - Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) , in the United States . According to the Pew Research Center , Islam is set to equal Christianity in number of adherents by the year 2050 . Islam is set to grow faster than any other major world religion , reaching a total number of 2.76 billion ( an increase of 73 % ) . High fertility rates play a factor , with Islam having a rate of 3.1 compared to the world average of 2.5 , and the minimum replacement level for a population at 2.1 . Age also plays a role in these numbers due to the fact that Islam has the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 ( 34 % of the total religion ) of any major religion ( Christianity 's is 27 % ) . Sixty percent of Muslims are between the ages of 16 and 59 , while only 7 % are aged 60 + ( the smallest percentage of any major religion ) . Countries such as Nigeria and the Republic of Macedonia are expected to have Muslim majorities by 2050 . In India , the Muslim population will be larger than any other country . Europe 's domestic population is set to shrink as opposed to their Islamic population which is set to grow to 10 % of Europe 's total . According to BBC News , the rates of growth of Islam in Europe reveal that the growing number of Muslims is due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates . Culture Main article : Islamic culture The term `` Islamic culture '' could be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion , such as festivals and dress code . It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people . Finally , `` Islamic civilization '' may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the early Caliphates , including that of non-Muslims , sometimes referred to as `` Islamicate '' . Architecture Main article : Islamic architecture Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic architecture is that of the mosque . Varying cultures have an effect on mosque architecture . For example , North African and Spanish Islamic architecture such as the Great Mosque of Kairouan contain marble and porphyry columns from Roman and Byzantine buildings , while mosques in Indonesia often have multi-tiered roofs from local Javan styles . Great Mosque of Djenné , in the west African country of Mali Great Mosque of Xi'an in Xi'an , China Dome in Po - i - Kalyan , Bukhara , Uzbekistan Art Main article : Islamic art Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people ( not necessarily Muslim ) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by Muslim populations . It includes fields as varied as architecture , calligraphy , painting , and ceramics , among others . While not condemned in the Quran , making images of human beings and animals is frowned on in many Islamic cultures and connected with laws against idolatry common to all Abrahamic religions , as ' Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood reported that Muhammad said , `` Those who will be most severely punished by Allah on the Day of Resurrection will be the image - makers '' ( reported by al - Bukhaari , see al - Fath , 10 / 382 ) . However this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods , and there are examples of paintings of both animals and humans in Mughal , Persian and Turkish art . The existence of this aversion to creating images of animate beings has been used to explain the prevalence of calligraphy , tessellation and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture . The phrase Bismillah in 18th - century Ottoman calligraphy in the Thuluth style . Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi 's tomb in Shiraz Calendar Islamic calendar Months Muharram Safar Rabi ' al - awwal Rabi ' al - Thani Jumada al - awwal Jumada al - Thani Rajab Sha'ban Ramadan Shawwal Dhu al - Qidah Dhu al - Hijjah Main article : Islamic calendar The phases of the Moon form the basis for the Islamic calendar . The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen , reportedly by Caliph Umar , to be the Hijra in 622 CE , which was an important turning point in Muhammad 's fortunes . It is a lunar calendar with days lasting from sunset to sunset . Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar , which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the Gregorian calendar . The most important Islamic festivals are Eid al - Fitr ( Arabic : عيد الفطر ‎ ) on the 1st of Shawwal , marking the end of the fasting month Ramadan , and Eid al - Adha ( عيد الأضحى ) on the 10th of Dhu al - Hijjah , coinciding with the end of the Hajj pilgrimage . Criticism Main article : Criticism of Islam Criticism of Islam has existed since Islam 's formative stages . Early criticism came from Christian authors , many of whom viewed Islam as a Christian heresy or a form of idolatry and often explained it in apocalyptic terms . Later there appeared criticism from the Muslim world itself , and also from Jewish writers and from ecclesiastical Christians . Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad , the last law bearing prophet of Islam , both in his public and personal life , as seen in medieval Christian views on Muhammad . Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran , the Islamic holy book , are also discussed by critics . Other criticisms focus on the question of human rights in modern Islamic nations , and the treatment of women in Islamic law and practice . In wake of the recent multiculturalism trend , Islam 's influence on the ability of Muslim immigrants in the West to assimilate has been criticized . See also Main article : Outline of Islam Book : Abrahamic religions Book : Islam Criticism of Islam Challenge of the Quran Glossary of Islam History of Islam Islam and violence Islam and other religions Islam by country Islamic economics Islamic ethics Islam and humanity Morality in Islam Islamic literature Islamic mythology Islamic schools and branches Islamic studies List of Muslim empires and dynasties List of notable converts to Islam Lists of Muslims Major religious groups Muslim world Religious conversion # Islam Scientific foreknowledge in sacred texts Timeline of Muslim history Islam in South Asia References Notes Jump up ^ There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English , differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress , whether the s is / z / or 2 / s / , and whether the a is pronounced / ɑː / , / æ / or ( when the stress is on the first syllable ) / ə / ( Merriam Webster ) . The most common are / ˈɪzləmˌ ˈɪsləmˌ ɪzˈlɑːmˌ ɪsˈlɑːm / ( Oxford English Dictionary , Random House ) and / ˈɪzlɑːmˌ ˈɪslɑːm / ( American Heritage Dictionary ) . Jump up ^ The verse reads : ' It is not righteousness that ye turn your faces towards East or West ; but it is righteousness to believe in Allah and the Last Day , and the Angels , and the Book and the Messengers ; to spend of your substance , out of love for Him , for your kin , for orphans , for the needy , for the wayfarer , for those who ask , and for the ransom of slaves ; to be steadfast in prayer , and practice regular charity , to fulfill the contracts which we have made ; and to be firm and patient , in pain ( or suffering ) and adversity , and throughout all periods of panic . Such are the people of truth , the God fearing ' Citations Jump up ^ quran.com : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2009 ) . `` Islam . Overview '' . In John L. Esposito . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Profession of Faith ( ... ) affirms Islam 's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God , the last and final prophet . ^ Jump up to : F.E. Peters ( 2009 ) . `` Allāh '' . In John L. Esposito . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . the Muslims ' understanding of Allāh is based ( ... ) on the Qurʿān 's public witness . Allāh is Unique , the Creator , Sovereign , and Judge of humankind . It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets , Abraham , with whom he made his covenant , Moses , Jesus , and Muḥammad , through all of whom he founded his chosen communities , the `` Peoples of the Book . '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Global Religious Landscape '' . Pew Forum. 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Burke , Daniel ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` The world 's fastest - growing religion is ... '' CNN . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lippman , Thomas W. ( 2008 - 04 - 07 ) . `` No God But God '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Islam is the youngest , the fastest growing , and in many ways the least complicated of the world 's great monotheistic faiths . It is based on its own holy book , but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity , incorporating some of the teachings of those religions -- modifying some and rejecting others . Jump up ^ PBS - Islam : Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today . Jump up ^ `` Why Muslims are the world 's fastest - growing religious group '' . Pew Research Center . 2017 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ According to Oxford Dictionaries , `` Muslim is the preferred term for ' follower of Islam , ' although Moslem is also widely used . '' Jump up ^ Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Allah '' . ( ( ( : Template : Google.com/books ? id = OZbyz Hr - eIC ) ) Encyclopedia of Islam ) Check url = value ( help ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts on File . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Jump up ^ İbrahim Özdemir ( 2014 ) . `` Environment '' . In Ibrahim Kalin . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Science , and Technology in Islam . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . When Meccan pagans demanded proofs , signs , or miracles for the existence of God , the Qurʾān 's response was to direct their gaze at nature 's complexity , regularity , and order . The early verses of the Qurʾān , therefore , reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth , and everything that can be seen in the environment ( ... ) The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God ( āyah ) , inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator . Jump up ^ `` People of the Book '' . Islam : Empire of Faith . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Reeves , J.C. ( 2004 ) . Bible and Qurʼān : Essays in scriptural intertextuality . Leiden ( u.a. : Brill . Page 177 Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/living/yom-kippur-muslims/index.html , retrieved 10 - 1 - 2016 Jump up ^ Bennett ( 2010 , p. 101 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ www.al-islam.org Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b , p. 17 ) Jump up ^ * Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 111,112,118 ) `` Shari'ah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Trofimov , Yaroslav ( 2008 ) , The Siege of Mecca : The 1979 Uprising at Islam 's Holiest Shrine , New York , p. 79 , ISBN 0 - 307 - 47290 - 6 Jump up ^ Esposito , John ( 1998 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 9 , 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511234 - 4 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Peters , F.E. ( 2003 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians . Princeton University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11553 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watt , William Montgomery ( 2003 ) . Islam and the Integration of Society . Psychology Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17587 - 6 . ( Jump up ^ George Saliba ( 1994 ) , A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam , pp. 245 , 250 , 256 -- 7 . New York University Press , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8023 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 1983 ) . `` The Astronomy of the Mamluks '' . Isis. 74 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 555 . doi : 10.1086 / 353360 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Ahmad Y ( 1996 ) . `` Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century '' . In Sharifah Shifa Al - Attas . Islam and the Challenge of Modernity , Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Islam and the Challenge of Modernity : Historical and Contemporary Contexts , Kuala Lumpur , August 1 -- 5 , 1994 . International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization ( ISTAC ) . pp. 351 -- 399 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ The preaching of Islam : a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold , pg. 125 - 258 Jump up ^ Harney , John ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Almukhtar , Sarah ; Peçanha , Sergio ; Wallace , Tim ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Behind Stark Political Divisions , a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Of the total Muslim population , 10 - 13 % are Shia Muslims and 87 - 90 % are Sunni Muslims . Sunni Islam : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide `` Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community , and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority ( 85 to 90 percent ) of that community . '' `` Sunni '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam , comprising about 85 % of the world 's over 1.5 billion Muslims . `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Sunni Islam accounts for over 75 % of the world 's Muslim population ... ^ Jump up to : See `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . The Pew Forum 's estimate of the Shia population ( 10 - 13 % ) is in keeping with previous estimates , which generally have been in the range of 10 - 15 % . Some previous estimates , however , have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20 % of the world 's Muslim population . `` Shia '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition , with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15 % of all Muslims worldwide ... `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Shia Islam represents 10 - 20 % of Muslims worldwide ... Jump up ^ Miller ( 2009 , pp. 8 , 17 ) Jump up ^ Pechilis , Karen ; Raj , Selva J. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today . Routledge . p. 193 . ISBN 9780415448512 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations , 2010 and 2050date = 2015 - 04 - 02 '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Akhilesh Pillalamarri , The . `` How South Asia Will Save Global Islam '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East - North Africa Overview '' . 7 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Region : Middle East - North Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Region : Sub-Saharan Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total population . These numbers are estimates , and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarized here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim Population by Country '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dictionary listing for Siin roots derived from Lane 's Arabic - English Lexicon via www.studyquran.co.uk Jump up ^ Lewis , Barnard ; Churchill , Buntzie Ellis ( 2009 ) . Islam : The Religion and The People . Wharton School Publishing . p. 8 . ISBN 9780132230858 . Jump up ^ `` What does Islam mean ? '' . The Friday Journal . 2011 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Quran 6 : 125 , Quran 61 : 7 , Quran 39 : 22 Gardet , L. ; Jomier , J. `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 3 , Quran 3 : 19 , Quran 3 : 83 Jump up ^ Quran 9 : 74 , Quran 49 : 14 Gardet , L. ; Jomier , J. `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. ( 2000 - 04 - 06 ) . The Oxford History of Islam . Oxford University Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9780195107999 . Jump up ^ Mahmutćehajić , Rusmir ( 2006 ) . The mosque : the heart of submission . Fordham University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 2584 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kenneth G. Wilson , The Columbia Guide to Standard American English ( ISBN 0231069898 ) , page 291 : Muhammadan and Mohammedan are based on the name of the prophet Mohammed , and both are considered offensive . Jump up ^ Quran 112 : 1 -- 4 Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 74 -- 76 ) Esposito ( 2004 , p. 22 ) Griffith ( 2006 , p. 248 ) D. Gimaret . `` Allah , Tawhid '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ God Created the Universe with the Purpose to Serve Humankind : God Created ... By Fateh Ullah Khan Page 298 ( Khan , Fateh Ullah ( 2009 ) . God Created the Universe with the Purpose to Serve Humankind : God Created Humankind to Worship Him and Appointed Him as Viceroy in Earth to See how He Behaves . Fateh Ullah Khan Gandapur . pp. 298 -- . ISBN 978 - 969 - 9399 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ Turfe , Tallal Alie ( 1985 ) . Islamic Unity and Happiness . TTQ , Inc. p. 37 . ISBN 9780940368477 . Jump up ^ What is Islam ? By Jamaal Zarabozo Page 37 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Agwan , A.R. ; Khan , N.K. ( 2000 ) . A -- E. Global Vision Publishing . p. 357 . ISBN 9788187746003 . Jump up ^ Bentley , David ( September 1999 ) . The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book . William Carey Library . ISBN 0 - 87808 - 299 - 9 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 117 `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence '' . Patheos.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Quran 51 : 56 Jump up ^ `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Quran 2 : 186 Jump up ^ Quran 50 : 16 Jump up ^ `` God '' . Islam : Empire of Faith . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . `` Islam and Christianity '' , Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 2001 ) : Arabic - speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh . L. Gardet . `` Allah '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Quran 35 : 1 Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 26 -- 28 ) W. Madelung . `` Malā'ika '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Gisela Webb . `` Angel '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . Jump up ^ Guessoum , Nidhal ( 30 October 2010 ) . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85773 - 075 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kaiyume Baksh ( 2007 ) . Islam and Other Major World Religions . Trafford Publishing . pp. 163 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 1303 - 2 . Jump up ^ Accad ( 2003 ) : According to Ibn Taymiya , although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible , most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it . Esposito ( 1998 , pp. 6 , 12 ) Esposito ( 2002 , pp. 4 -- 5 ) Peters ( 2003 , p. 9 ) Buhl , F ; Welch , A.T. `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . * Hava Lazarus - Yafeh . `` Tahrif '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Chejne , A. ( 1969 ) The Arabic Language : Its Role in History , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Speicher , K. ( 1997 ) in : Edzard , L. , and Szyska , C. ( eds . ) Encounters of Words and Texts : Intercultural Studies in Honor of Stefan Wild . Georg Olms , Hildesheim , pp. 43 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 17 , 18 , 21 ) Jump up ^ Al Faruqi ; Lois Ibsen ( 1987 ) . `` The Cantillation of the Qur'an '' . Asian Music ( Autumn -- Winter 1987 ) : 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Qur'an '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , p. 79 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 79 -- 81 ) `` Tafsir '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Teece ( 2003 , pp. 12 , 13 ) Turner ( 2006 , p. 42 ) `` Qur'an '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . : The word Quran was invented and first used in the Qurʼan itself . There are two different theories about this term and its formation . Jump up ^ Momem ( 1987 , p. 176 ) `` Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ * Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World ( 2003 ) , p. 666 * J. Robson . `` Hadith '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . * D.W. Brown . `` Sunna '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . ^ Jump up to : Read , Study , Search Online . Sahih Bukhari . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( Brown , Jonathan ( 5 June 2007 ) . The Canonization of Al - Bukh ? r ? and Muslim : The Formation and Function of the Sunn ? ? ad ? th Canon . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 15839 - 1 . Jump up ^ Muqaddimah Ibn al - Salah , pg. 160 - 9 Dar al - Ma'aarif edition Jump up ^ Meri , Josef W. ( 2005 ) . Medieval Islamic Civilization : An Encyclopedia . USA : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96690 - 0 . Jump up ^ www.al-islam.org Jump up ^ www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith Jump up ^ `` Resurrection '' , The New Encyclopedia of Islam ( 2003 ) `` Avicenna '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . : Ibn Sīnā , Abū ʿAlī al - Ḥusayn b . ʿAbd Allāh b . Sīnā is known in the West as `` Avicenna '' . L. Gardet . `` Qiyama '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Animals in Islam By Basheer Ahmad Masri Page 27 Jump up ^ What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam : Second Edition : Second Edition By John L. Esposito Page 130 Jump up ^ Smith ( 2006 , p. 89 ) ; Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World , p. 565 `` Heaven '' , The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 2000 ) Asma Afsaruddin . `` Garden '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . `` Paradise '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Quran 1 : 4 Jump up ^ Quran 6 : 31 Jump up ^ Quran 101 : 1 Jump up ^ Yahya , Harun ( 12 May 2010 ) . Portents And Features of the Mahdi 's Coming . Global Publishing . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ * Cohen - Mor ( 2001 , p. 4 ) : `` The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events ' being written ' or ' being in a book ' before they happen : ' Say : `` Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us ... '' ' `` * Ahmet T. Karamustafa . `` Fate '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . : The verb qadara literally means `` to measure , to determine '' . Here it is used to mean that `` God measures and orders his creation '' . Jump up ^ `` Hajj -- ReligionFacts '' . www.religionfacts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Pillars of Islam , Oxford Islamic Studies Online Jump up ^ Hossein Nasr The Heart of Islam , Enduring Values for Humanity ( April. , 2003 ) , pp 3 , 39 , 85 , 27 -- 272 Jump up ^ N Mohammad ( 1985 ) , The doctrine of jihad : An introduction , Journal of Law and Religion , 3 ( 2 ) : 381 - 397 Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 135 Momen ( 1987 ) , p. 178 `` Islam '' , Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 18 , 19 ) Hedáyetullah ( 2006 , pp. 53 -- 55 ) Kobeisy ( 2004 , pp. 22 -- 34 ) Momen ( 1987 , p. 178 ) Jump up ^ Budge , E.A. Wallis ( June 13 , 2001 ) . Budge 's Egypt : A Classic 19th century Travel Guide . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 123 -- 128 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41721 - 2 . Jump up ^ Skinner Keller , Rosemary ; Ruether , Rosemary Radford ; Marie Cantlon ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America : Native American creation stories . Indiana University Press . pp. 615 -- . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34687 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , J. ; Hillenbrand , R. ; Burton - Page , J. `` Masdjid '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . `` Mosque '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Qurʼan , Surat al - Tawbah 9 : 60 `` Zakat expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect ( Zakat ) and for bringing hearts together and for freeing captives and for those in debt ( or bonded labour ) and for the cause of Allah and for the ( stranded ) traveller -- an obligation ( imposed ) by Allah . And Allah is Knowing and Wise . '' Jump up ^ Ariff , Mohamed ( 1991 ) . The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia : Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 981 - 3016 - 07 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : A faith - based aid revolution in the Muslim world ? '' . IRIN. 2012 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci , Zakat , Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy , p. 479 Jump up ^ Said , Abdul Aziz ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Contemporary Islam : Dynamic , Not Static . Taylor & Francis . p. 145 . ISBN 9780415770118 . Jump up ^ Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York City : Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 177 Esposito ( 2004 , p. 90 ) `` Zakat '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Zakat '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . Jump up ^ Holt , P.M. , Ann K.S. Lambton , and Bernard Lewis ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21946 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York City : Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 184 Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 90 , 91 ) `` Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Davids , Abu Muneer Ismail ( 2006 ) . Getting the Best Out of Hajj By Abu Muneer Ismail Davids . ISBN 9789960980300 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , F. E ( 2009 - 01 - 10 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians By F.E. Peters Page 20 . ISBN 1400825482 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Alhuseini , Sayed / Farouq M. ( 17 April 2012 ) . Islam and the Glorious Ka'abah : none . iUniverse . pp. 61 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4697 - 8590 - 5 . Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 , pp. 145 -- 147 ) Goldschmidt ( 2005 , p. 48 ) `` Hajj '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices . Indiana University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21627 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York City : Britannica Educational Publishing . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` British & World English : sharia '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John L. Esposito , ed. ( 2014 ) . `` Islamic Law '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Vikør , Knut S. ( 2014 ) . `` Sharīʿah '' . In Emad El - Din Shahin . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. ; DeLong - Bas , Natana J. ( 2001 ) . Women in Muslim Family Law . Syracuse University Press . pp. 2 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 2908 - 5 . Quote : `` ( ... ) , by the ninth century , the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four : the Quran , the Sunnah of the Prophet , qiyas ( analogical reasoning ) , and ijma ( consensus ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Ann Elizabeth ( 2009 ) . `` Law . Modern Legal Reform '' . In John L. Esposito . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ An - Na'im , Abdullahi A ( 1996 ) . `` Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights '' . In Witte , John ; van der Vyver , Johan D. Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective : Religious Perspectives . pp. 337 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 0179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hajjar , Lisa ( 2004 ) . `` Religion , State Power , and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies : A Framework for Comparative Analysis '' . Law & Social Inquiry. 29 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 38 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1747 - 4469.2004. tb00329. x . JSTOR 4092696 . Jump up ^ Al - Suwaidi , J. ( 1995 ) . Arab and western conceptions of democracy ; in Democracy , war , and peace in the Middle East ( Editors : David Garnham , Mark A. Tessler ) , Indiana University Press , see Chapters 5 and 6 ; ISBN 978 - 0253209399 Jump up ^ Encyclopedeia of Eminent Thinkers -- Page 38 , K.S. Bharathi -- 1998 Jump up ^ Weiss ( 2002 , pp. 3,161 ) Jump up ^ International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya Page 203 Quran 4 : 29 Jump up ^ Karim , Shafiel A. ( 2010 ) . The Islamic Moral Economy : A Study of Islamic Money and Financial Instruments . Boca Raton , FL : Brown Walker Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59942 - 539 - 9 . Jump up ^ Financial Regulation in Crisis ? : The Role of Law and the Failure of Northern Rock By Joanna Gray , Orkun Akseli Page 97 Jump up ^ Ibn Majah Vol 3 Hadith 2289 International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya Page 202 Islamic Capital Markets : Theory and Practice By Noureddine Krichene Page 119 Jump up ^ Abu Daud Hadith 2015 Ibn Majah Vold 3 Hadith 2154 The Stability of Islamic Finance : Creating a Resilient Financial Environment By Zamir Iqbal , Abbas Mirakhor , Noureddine Krichenne , Hossein Askari Page 75 Jump up ^ Al - Buraey , Muhammad ( 1985 ) . Administrative Development : An Islamic Perspective . KPI . pp. 254 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0333 - 2 . Jump up ^ The challenge of Islamic renaissance By Syed Abdul Quddus Jump up ^ Al - Buraey , Muhammad ( 1985 ) . Administrative Development : An Islamic Perspective . KPI . pp. 252 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0059 - 1 . Jump up ^ Akgündüz , Ahmed ; Öztürk , Said ( 2011 ) . Ottoman History : Misperceptions and Truths . IUR Press . pp. 539 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 90 - 26108 - 9 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Firestone ( 1999 ) pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Reuven Firestone ( 1999 ) , The Meaning of Jihād , p. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Britannica Encyclopedia , Jihad Jump up ^ Brockopp ( 2003 , pp. 99 -- 100 ) Esposito ( 2003 , p. 93 ) `` jihad '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Firestone ( 1999 , p. 17 ) `` Djihad '' , Encyclopedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Peters , Rudolph ; Cook , David ( 2014 ) . `` Jihād '' . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tyan , E. ( 2012 ) . `` D̲j̲ihād '' . In P. Bearman , Th . Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , W.P. Heinrichs . Encyclopaedia of Islam ( 2nd ed . ) . Brill . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Firestone ( 1999 , p. 17 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Djihād '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Knowing the Enemy : Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror , Mary R. Habeck , Yale University Press , p. 108 -- 109 , 118 Jump up ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr The Heart of Islam , Enduring Values for Humanity ( April. , 2003 ) , pp 72 Jump up ^ Sachedina ( 1998 , pp. 105,106 ) ^ Jump up to : Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices . Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21627 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Islam '' . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts on File . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Jump up ^ Waines ( 2003 , pp. 93 -- 96 ) The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ( 2003 ) , p. 339 Esposito ( 1998 , p. 79 ) Jump up ^ Newby , Gordon D. ( 2002 ) . A concise encyclopedia of Islam ( Repr . ed . ) . Oxford : Oneworld . p. 141 . ISBN 1851682953 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 2001 ) . Islam : religion , history , and civilization . New York : HarperOne . p. 68 . ISBN 0060507144 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ca n't a Woman have 2 Husbands ? '' . 14 Publications . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Section 30 Jump up ^ Validity of second marriage without consent of first Jump up ^ IslamWeb Fatwa Q&A Jump up ^ I'laam al - Muwaqqa'een , part 1 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Eaton , Gai ( 2000 ) . Remembering God : Reflections on Islam . Cambridge : The Islamic Texts Society . pp. 92 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0946621842 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , . Jump up ^ Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York City : Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 5 Curtis ( 2005 , p. 164 ) Esposito ( 2002b , p. 111 ) Ghamidi ( 2001 ) : Customs and Behavioral Laws Archived 2013 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Ghamidi ( 2001 ) : The Dietary Laws Archived 2007 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Ghamidi ( 2001 ) : Various types of the prayer Archived 2013 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Ersilia Francesca . `` Slaughter '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . ^ Jump up to : Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York City : Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , John ; Denny , Frederick ; Jaffee , Martin S ( 2016 ) . Jews , Christians , Muslims : A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions . Routledge . p. 245 . ISBN 9781317347002 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Shafi Usmani . Maariful Quran . English trans . 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Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina , with the first treaty written shortly after Muhammad 's arrival . R.B. Serjeant . `` The Sunnah Jâmi'ah , Pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrîm of Yathrib : Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so - called ' Constitution of Medina ' . '' in The Life of Muhammad : The Formation of the Classical Islamic World : Volume iv . Ed . Uri Rubin . Brookfield : Ashgate , 1998 , p. 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41 ( 1978 ) : 18 ff . See also Caetani . Annali dell'Islam , Volume I. Milano : Hoepli , 1905 , p. 393 . Julius Wellhausen . Skizzen und Vorabeiten , IV , Berlin : Reimer , 1889 , p 82f who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra . Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad 's residence in Medina , before the battle of Badr in 2 / 624 . Even Moshe Gil a skeptic of Islamic history argues that it was written within five months of Muhammad 's arrival in Medina . Moshe Gil . `` The Constitution of Medina : A Reconsideration . '' Israel Oriental Studies 4 ( 1974 ) : p. 45 . Jump up ^ R.B. Serjeant , `` Sunnah Jami'ah , pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrim of Yathrib : analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so - called ' Constitution of Medina ' '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ( 1978 ) , 41 : 1 - 42 , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Watt . Muhammad at Medina and R.B. Serjeant `` The Constitution of Medina . '' Islamic Quarterly 8 ( 1964 ) p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Medina '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters ( 2003 , pp. 78 , 79,194 ) Lapidus ( 2002 , pp. 23 -- 28 ) Jump up ^ Buhl , F ; Welch , A.T. `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . 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Retrieved 5 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Islam Today '' . Islam : Empire of Faith ( 2000 ) . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Islam , followed by more than a billion people today , is the world 's third fastest growing religion . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Islam '' . Susan Headden . U.S. News & World Report . April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2003 , pp. 275,306 ) `` Shariah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Sunnite '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Salafi Islam GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Deobandis -- Oxford Reference '' . oxfordreference.com . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780195125580.001. 0001 / acref - 9780195125580 - e-522 ( inactive 2017 - 03 - 26 ) . 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Jump up ^ Alvi , Farhat . `` The Significant Role of Sufism in Central Asia '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Sufism in Southeast Asia : Reflections and Reconsiderations '' . JSTOR 20071709 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 1 : Religious Affiliation '' . The World 's Muslims : Unity and Diversity . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal '' , Babou , Cheikh Anta , The International Journal of African Historical Studies , v. 40 no . 1 ( 2007 ) pp. 184 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` Who Are the Ahmadi ? '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Breach of Faith . Human Rights Watch . June 2005 . p. 8 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate Larry DeVries ; Don Baker ; Dan Overmyer ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Asian Religions in British Columbia . University of Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1662 - 5 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world Juan Eduardo Campo ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million `` Ahmadiyya Muslims '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . A figure of 10 - 20 million represents approximately 1 % of the Muslim population . See also Ahmadiyya by country . Jump up ^ Robert Brenton Betts ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) . The Sunni - Shi'a Divide : Islam 's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781612345222 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Benakis , Theodoros ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` Islamophoobia in Europe ! '' . New Europe . Brussels . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims -- those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites , but who accept Islam as a religion generally . Jump up ^ Longton , Gary Gurr ( 2014 ) . `` Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims '' . The Sentinel . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so - called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint , and to my surprise / ignorance , such people exist . Online , I found something called the people 's mosque , which makes itself clear that it 's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly , 100 per cent non-judgmental . Jump up ^ Kirkham , Bri ( 2015 ) . `` Indiana Blood Center cancels ' Muslims for Life ' blood drive '' . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a non-denominational Muslim , and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center . Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . Unthinkable : Iran , the Bomb , and American Strategy . p. 29 . ISBN 9781476733937 . Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists , Khomeini 's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist , and therefore embracing Sunni , Shi'a , Sufi , and other , more nondenominational Muslims Jump up ^ Cughtai , Muhammad Ikram ( 2005 ) . Jamāl Al - Dīn Al - Afghāni : An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence . p. 454 . Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders , al - Afghani revised to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam . Jump up ^ Jones , Justin ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) . Shi'a Islam in Colonial India : Religion , Community and Sectarianism . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 9781139501231 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Khaled . `` Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni ? '' . The Friday Times . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Burns , Robert ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) . Christianity , Islam , and the West . p. 55 . ISBN 9780761855606 . 40 per cent called themselves `` just a Muslim '' according to the Council of American - Islamic relations Jump up ^ Tatari , Eren ( 2014 ) . Muslims in British Local Government : Representing Minority Interests in Hackney , Newham and Tower Hamlets . p. 111 . ISBN 9789004272262 . Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims , six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect , two said they are Ahmadi , and two said their families are Alevi Jump up ^ Lopez , Ralph ( 2008 ) . Truth in the Age of Bushism . p. 65 . ISBN 9781434896155 . Many Iraqis take offense at reporters ' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite . A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as `` just Muslim . '' Jump up ^ House of Justice , Universal . `` One Common Faith '' . reference.bahai.org . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . 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Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . `` Religion in Britain '' ( PDF ) . National Statistics . Office for National Statistics . 2003 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Mosque in America : A National Portrait Archived 2010 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Council on American - Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) . April 26 , 2001 . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` site '' . BBC News . 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' Islamic ' Culture : A Groundless Myth '' . nytimes.com. 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2010 , p. 56 ) Jump up ^ `` Islam '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Isichei , Elizabeth Allo ( 1997 ) . Elizabeth Allo Isichei , A history of African societies to 1870 , page 175 . Cambridge University Press , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45599 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Jenkins - Madina , Richard Ettinghauset and Architecture 650 -- 1250 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 08869 - 8 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Salim Ayduz ; Ibrahim Kalin ; Caner Dagli ( May 1 , 2014 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Science , and Technology in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199812578 . Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam 's strong antagonism of idolatry . It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity ( tawhid ) and order without figural represenation . Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal . Jump up ^ Patheos Library -- Islam Sacred Time -- Patheos.com Jump up ^ Ghamidi ( 2001 ) : Customs and Behavioral Laws Archived 2013 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Erwin Fahlbusch ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 2 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 759 . ISBN 9789004116955 . Jump up ^ Warraq , Ibn ( 2003 ) . Leaving Islam : Apostates Speak Out . Prometheus Books . p. 67 . ISBN 1 - 59102 - 068 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kammuna , Ibn ( 1971 ) . Examination of the Three Faiths . Berkeley and Los Angeles : Moshe Perlmann . pp. 148 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Oussani , Gabriel . `` Mohammed and Mohammedanism '' . Newadvent.org . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Warraq , Ibn ( March 1 , 2000 ) . The Quest for Historical Muhammad ( 1st ed . ) . Amherst , Mass. : Prometheus Books . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 787 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bible in Mohammedian Literature. , by Kaufmann Kohler Duncan B. McDonald , Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Robert ( October 25 , 2002 ) . Islam Unveiled : Disturbing Questions About the World 's Fastest Growing Faith . Encounter Books . pp. 22 -- 63 . ISBN 1 - 893554 - 58 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia - Country report - Freedom in the World - 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Timothy Garton Ash ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Islam in Europe '' . The New York Review of Books . Jump up ^ Modood , Tariq ( April 6 , 2006 ) . Multiculturalism , Muslims and Citizenship : A European Approach ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35515 - 5 . Books and journals Accad , Martin ( 2003 ) . `` The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries : An Exegetical Inventorial Table ( Part I ) '' . Islam and Christian - Muslim Relations . 14 ( 1 ) . Ahmed , Akbar ( 1999 ) . Islam Today : A Short Introduction to the Muslim World ( 2.00 ed . ) . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 257 - 9 . Bennett , Clinton ( 2010 ) . Interpreting the Qur'an : a guide for the uninitiated . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9944 - 8 . Brockopp , Jonathan E. ( 2003 ) . Islamic Ethics of Life : abortion , war and euthanasia . University of South Carolina press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 471 - 0 . Cohen - Mor , Dalya ( 2001 ) . A Matter of Fate : The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513398 - 6 . Curtis , Patricia A. ( 2005 ) . A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations . Blackwell Publishing Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8138 - 1946 - 4 . Esposito , John ( 2010 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539600 - 3 . Esposito , John ( 1998 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511234 - 4 . Esposito , John ; Haddad , Yvonne Yazbeck ( 2000a ) . Muslims on the Americanization Path ? . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513526 - 1 . Esposito , John ( 2000b ) . Oxford History of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510799 - 9 . Esposito , John ( 2002a ) . Unholy War : Terror in the Name of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516886 - 0 . Esposito , John ( 2002b ) . What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515713 - 3 . Esposito , John ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512558 - 4 . Esposito , John ( 2004 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd Rev Upd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518266 - 8 . Farah , Caesar ( 1994 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 5th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1853 - 0 . Farah , Caesar ( 2003 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 7th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 2226 - 2 . Firestone , Reuven ( 1999 ) . Jihad : The Origin of Holy War in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512580 - 0 . Ghamidi , Javed ( 2001 ) . Mizan . Dar al - Ishraq . OCLC 52901690 . Goldschmidt , Jr. , Arthur ; Davidson , Lawrence ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 . Griffith , Ruth Marie ; Savage , Barbara Dianne ( 2006 ) . Women and Religion in the African Diaspora : Knowledge , Power , and Performance . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8370 - 9 . Haddad , Yvonne Yazbeck ( 2002 ) . Muslims in the West : from sojourners to citizens . Oxford University Press . Hawting , G.R. ( 2000 ) . The First Dynasty of Islam : The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661 -- 750 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24073 - 5 . Hedayetullah , Muhammad ( 2006 ) . Dynamics of Islam : An Exposition . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55369 - 842 - 5 . Hofmann , Murad ( 2007 ) . Islam and Qur'an . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59008 - 047 - 4 . Holt , P.M ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1977a ) . Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 1 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29136 - 4 . Holt , P.M. ; Lambton , Ann K.S ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1977b ) . Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 2 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29137 - 2 . Hourani , Albert ; Ruthven , Malise ( 2003 ) . A History of the Arab Peoples . Belknap Press ; Revised edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01017 - 8 . Kobeisy , Ahmed Nezar ( 2004 ) . Counseling American Muslims : Understanding the Faith and Helping the People . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32472 - 7 . Kramer , Martin ( 1987 ) . Shi'Ism , Resistance , and Revolution . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 0453 - 3 . Lapidus , Ira ( 2002 ) . A History of Islamic Societies ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77933 - 3 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1984 ) . The Jews of Islam . Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0462 - 0 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1993 ) . The Arabs in History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285258 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1997 ) . The Middle East . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 83280 - 7 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2001 ) . Islam in History : Ideas , People , and Events in the Middle East ( 2nd ed . ) . Open Court . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9518 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2003 ) . What Went Wrong ? : The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East ( Reprint ed . ) . Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051605 - 5 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2004 ) . The Crisis of Islam : Holy War and Unholy Terror . Random House , Inc. , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6785 - 2 . Madelung , Wilferd ( 1996 ) . The Succession to Muhammad : A Study of the Early Caliphate . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64696 - 0 . Malik , Jamal ; Hinnells , John R ( 2006 ) . Sufism in the West . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27408 - 7 . Menski , Werner F. ( 2006 ) . Comparative Law in a Global Context : The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85859 - 3 . Miller , Tracy , ed . ( October 2009 ) . Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Momen , Moojan ( 1987 ) . An Introduction to Shi'i Islam : The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03531 - 5 . Nasr , Seyed Muhammad ( 1994 ) . Our Religions : The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition ( Chapter 7 ) . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 067700 - 7 . Nigosian , Solomon Alexander ( 2004 ) . Islam : its history , teaching , and practices . Indiana University Press . Patton , Walter M. ( April 1900 ) . `` The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân '' . The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures . Brill Academic Publishers . 16 ( 3 ) : 129 . doi : 10.1086 / 369367 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10314 - 7 . Peters , F.E. ( 2003 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11553 - 2 . Rahman , H.U. ( 1999 ) . Chronology of Islamic History , 570 - 1000 CE ( 3rd ed . ) . Ta - Ha Publishers Ltd . Rippin , Andrew ( 2001 ) . Muslims : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21781 - 1 . Sachedina , Abdulaziz ( 1998 ) . The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam : The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511915 - 0 . Siljander , Mark D. and John David Mann . A Deadly Misunderstanding : a Congressman 's Quest to Bridge the Muslim - Christian Divide . First ed . New York : Harper One , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143828 - 8 Smith , Jane I. ( 2006 ) . The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515649 - 2 . Tabatabae , Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn ; Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1979 ) . Shi'ite Islam . Suny press . ISBN 0 - 87395 - 272 - 3 . Teece , Geoff ( 2003 ) . Religion in Focus : Islam . Franklin Watts Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7496 - 4796 - 4 . Trimingham , John Spencer ( 1998 ) . The Sufi Orders in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512058 - 2 . Turner , Colin ( 2006 ) . Islam : the Basics . Routledge ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34106 - X . Turner , Bryan S. ( 1998 ) . Weber and Islam . Routledge ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17458 - 9 . Waines , David ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Islam . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53906 - 4 . Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1973 ) . The Formative Period of Islamic Thought . University Press Edinburgh . ISBN 0 - 85224 - 245 - X . Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1974 ) . Muhammad : Prophet and Statesman ( New ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 881078 - 4 . Weiss , Bernard G. ( 2002 ) . Studies in Islamic Legal Theory . Boston : Brill Academic publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12066 - 1 . Encyclopedias William H. McNeill ; Jerry H. Bentley ; David Christian , eds. ( 2005 ) . Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History . Berkshire Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9743091 - 0 - 1 . Gabriel Oussani , ed. ( 1910 ) . Catholic Encyclopedia . Paul Lagasse ; Lora Goldman ; Archie Hobson ; Susan R. Norton , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 236 - 9 . Ahmad , Imad - ad - Dean ( 2008 ) . `` Islam '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 256 -- 58 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Erwin Fahlbusch ; William Geoffrey Bromiley , eds. ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 1st ed . ) . Eerdmans Publishing Company , and Brill . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2414 - 5 . John Bowden , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 522393 - 4 . Bearman , P.J. ; Bianquis , Th. ; Bosworth , C.E. ; van Donzel , E. ; Heinrichs , W.P. ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . Richard C. Martin ; Said Amir Arjomand ; Marcia Hermansen ; Abdulkader Tayob ; Rochelle Davis ; John Obert Voll , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . MacMillan Reference Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865603 - 8 . Jane Dammen McAuliffe ( ed . ) . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . Brill Academic Publishers . Salamone Frank , ed. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94180 - 8 . Glasse Cyril , ed. ( 2003 ) . New Encyclopedia of Islam : A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam . AltaMira Press . ISBN 978 - 0759101906 . Further Reading Abdul - Haqq , Abdiyah Akbar ( 1980 ) . Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim . Minneapolis : Bethany House Publishers . N.B . Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an , and this religion 's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures , in order to `` dialogue '' on the basis of what both faiths really teach . ISBN 0 - 87123 - 553 - 6 Akyol , Mustafa ( 2011 ) . Islam Without Extremes ( 1st ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 07086 - 6 . Arberry , A.J. ( 1996 ) . The Koran Interpreted : A Translation ( 1st ed . ) . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82507 - 6 . Cragg , Kenneth ( 1975 ) . The House of Islam , in The Religious Life of Man Series . Second ed . Belmont , Calif. : Wadsworth Publishing Co. , 1975 . xiii , 145 p . ISBN 0 - 8221 - 0139 - 4 Hourani , Albert ( 1991 ) . Islam in European Thought . First pbk . ed . Cambridge , Eng. : Cambridge University Press , 1992 , cop . 1991 . xi , 199 p . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42120 - 9 ; alternative ISBN on back cover , 0 - 521 - 42120 - 0 Khan , Muhammad Muhsin ; Al - Hilali Khan ; Muhammad Taqi - ud - Din ( 1999 ) . Noble Quran ( 1st ed . ) . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 9960 - 740 - 79 - 9 . A. Khanbaghi ( 2006 ) . The Fire , the Star and the Cross : Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran . I.B. Tauris . Khavari , Farid A. ( 1990 ) . Oil and Islam : the Ticking Bomb . First ed . Malibu , Calif. : Roundtable Publications . viii , 277 p. , ill . with maps and charts . ISBN 0 - 915677 - 55 - 5 Kramer ( ed . ) , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Jewish Discovery of Islam : Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis . Syracuse University . ISBN 978 - 965 - 224 - 040 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Kuban , Dogan ( 1974 ) . Muslim Religious Architecture . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 03813 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1994 ) . Islam and the West . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509061 - 1 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1996 ) . Cultures in Conflict : Christians , Muslims , and Jews in the Age of Discovery . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510283 - 3 . Mubarkpuri , Saifur - Rahman ( 2002 ) . The Sealed Nectar : Biography of the Prophet . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59144 - 071 - 0 . Najeebabadi , Akbar Shah ( 2001 ) . History of Islam . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59144 - 034 - 5 . Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices ( New ed . ) . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21627 - 4 . Rahman , Fazlur ( 1979 ) . Islam ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 70281 - 2 . Tausch , Arno ( 2009 ) . What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think : An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study , Based on the `` World Values Survey '' . Foreword Mansoor Moaddel , Eastern Michigan University ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60692 - 731 - 1 . Tausch , Arno ( 2015 ) . The political algebra of global value change . General models and implications for the Muslim world . With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62948 - 899 - 8 . Walker , Benjamin ( 1998 ) . Foundations of Islam : The Making of a World Faith . Peter Owen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7206 - 1038 - 3 . 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2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles - wikipedia 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Women 's Singles 2017 Wimbledon Championships Champion Garbiñe Muguruza Runner - up Venus Williams Final score 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 Details Draw 128 ( 12 Q / 6 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2016 Wimbledon Championships 2018 → Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Serena Williams was the two - time defending champion , but did not defend her title because of pregnancy . Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title , defeating Venus Williams in the final , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 . Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994 . Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals . Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova , also in 1994 , and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the quarterfinals . Johanna Konta became the first British woman to reach the semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978 , and Magdaléna Rybáriková became the first Slovak woman to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon . Despite losing in the second round , Karolína Plíšková attained the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament , after Angelique Kerber and Simona Halep , the other contenders for the top ranking , lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Angelique Kerber ( Fourth round ) 02 . Simona Halep ( Quarterfinals ) 03 . Karolína Plíšková ( Second round ) 04 . Elina Svitolina ( Fourth round ) 05 . Caroline Wozniacki ( Fourth round ) 06 . Johanna Konta ( Semifinals ) 07 . Svetlana Kuznetsova ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . Dominika Cibulková ( Third round ) 09 . Agnieszka Radwańska ( Fourth round ) 10 . Venus Williams ( Final ) 11 . Petra Kvitová ( Second round ) 12 . Kristina Mladenovic ( Second round ) 13 . Jeļena Ostapenko ( Quarterfinals ) 14 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Champion ) 15 . Elena Vesnina ( Second round ) 16 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( First round ) 17 . Madison Keys ( Second round ) 18 . Anastasija Sevastova ( Second round ) 19 . Timea Bacsinszky ( Third round ) 20 . Daria Gavrilova ( First round ) 21 . Caroline Garcia ( Fourth round ) 22 . Barbora Strýcová ( Second round ) 23 . Kiki Bertens ( First round ) 24 . Coco Vandeweghe ( Quarterfinals ) 25 . Carla Suárez Navarro ( Second round ) 26 . Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( First round ) 27 . Ana Konjuh ( Fourth round ) 28 . Lauren Davis ( First round ) 29 . Daria Kasatkina ( Second round ) 30 . Zhang Shuai ( First round ) 31 . Roberta Vinci ( First round ) 32 . Lucie Šafářová ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 7 Svetlana Kuznetsova 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 PR Magdaléna Rybáriková PR Magdaléna Rybáriková 6 6 24 Coco Vandeweghe 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 7 6 10 Venus Williams 5 0 10 Venus Williams 6 7 13 Jeļena Ostapenko 5 10 Venus Williams 6 6 6 Johanna Konta 6 Johanna Konta 6 7 6 Simona Halep 7 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round A Kerber 6 6 Q I Falconi A Kerber 7 7 K Flipkens 6 6 K Flipkens 5 5 M Doi A Kerber 7 6 S Rogers 6 6 S Rogers 6 6 J Boserup 6 S Rogers 6 6 6 O Dodin 32 L Šafářová 7 32 L Šafářová 6 6 A Kerber 6 23 K Bertens 6 5 14 G Muguruza 6 6 S Cîrstea 7 7 S Cîrstea 7 0 M Linette 6 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 0 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 S Cîrstea Y Wickmayer 6 7 14 G Muguruza 6 6 K Bondarenko 5 Y Wickmayer E Alexandrova 14 G Muguruza 6 6 14 G Muguruza 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 A Radwańska 7 6 J Janković 6 0 9 A Radwańska 5 7 6 WC K Boulter 6 5 C McHale 7 6 C McHale 7 6 9 A Radwańska 6 6 K Kučová 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 Q B Andreescu K Kučová 0 M Puig 6 0 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 9 A Radwańska 28 L Davis 5 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 V Lepchenko 6 7 V Lepchenko 7 Q P Hercog 6 6 Q P Hercog 6 6 6 A Beck Q P Hercog 0 E Makarova 6 6 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Q A Van Uytvanck E Makarova 0 5 Q O Jabeur 7 S Kuznetsova 6 7 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Ka Plíšková 6 6 E Rodina Ka Plíšková 6 5 M Niculescu PR M Rybáriková 7 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 L Tsurenko 6 7 6 L Tsurenko J Görges 7 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 V Golubic 6 6 6 V Golubic 6 30 S Zhang 7 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 20 D Gavrilova 6 8 Q P Martić 6 Q P Martić 6 10 Q P Martić 6 6 D Allertová 7 6 D Allertová R Ozaki 6 6 Q P Martić 7 6 X Han WC Z Diyas 6 WC Z Diyas 6 6 WC Z Diyas 6 7 Q Ar Rodionova 7 9 Q Ar Rodionova 6 16 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 6 7 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 K Mladenovic 6 6 P Parmentier 12 K Mladenovic 6 A Riske 6 7 A Riske 6 6 PR S Stephens 5 A Riske T Maria 6 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 Q A Potapova T Maria M Barthel 5 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 29 D Kasatkina 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 S Zheng 29 D Kasatkina L Arruabarrena A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 T Pironkova 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 7 6 S Errani T Pironkova T Babos 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 D Cibulková 6 9 A Petkovic 6 7 8 D Cibulková 6 6 J Brady 6 6 J Brady D Kovinić 8 D Cibulková 6 6 WC N Broady 27 A Konjuh 7 6 I-C Begu 6 6 I-C Begu 6 6 PR S Lisicki 27 A Konjuh 7 6 27 A Konjuh 6 6 27 A Konjuh 22 B Strýcová 6 6 10 V Williams 6 6 V Cepede Royg 22 B Strýcová 6 S Sorribes Tormo 6 N Osaka 6 0 6 N Osaka 6 7 N Osaka 6 K-c Chang 10 V Williams 7 6 Q Wang 6 6 Q Wang 6 E Mertens 6 10 V Williams 6 6 10 V Williams 7 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 J Ostapenko 6 6 A Sasnovich 0 6 13 J Ostapenko 7 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 K Nara 13 J Ostapenko 7 7 C Giorgi 5 6 6 C Giorgi 5 5 A Cornet 7 C Giorgi 6 6 6 N Hibino 17 M Keys 7 17 M Keys 6 6 13 J Ostapenko 6 7 26 M Lučić - Baroni 7 6 E Svitolina 6 C Witthöft 6 5 8 C Witthöft 7 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 I Khromacheva C Witthöft 5 F Schiavone 6 6 E Svitolina 6 7 M Minella F Schiavone 0 A Barty 5 6 E Svitolina 6 6 E Svitolina 7 7 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 J Konta 6 6 S-w Hsieh 6 J Konta 7 10 D Vekić 6 6 6 D Vekić 6 6 8 N Vikhlyantseva 7 6 J Konta 6 6 K Siniaková M Sakkari M Sakkari 6 6 M Sakkari 6 6 6 Kr Plíšková 7 6 Kr Plíšková 7 31 R Vinci 6 6 J Konta 7 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 J Čepelová 21 C Garcia 6 6 Y Duan A Bogdan A Bogdan 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 M Brengle 6 6 M Brengle R Hogenkamp M Brengle 6 6 J Larsson 11 P Kvitová 6 11 P Kvitová 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 E Vesnina 6 5 6 Q A Blinkova 7 15 E Vesnina PR V Azarenka 6 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 C Bellis 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 M Zanevska 6 WC H Watson 6 WC H Watson 6 7 WC H Watson 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 18 A Sevastova 0 18 A Sevastova 6 7 PR V Azarenka 6 25 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 S Halep 7 6 E Bouchard 6 25 C Suárez Navarro M Vondroušová 7 0 S Peng 6 6 S Peng 6 6 6 S Peng 6 B Haddad Maia 6 6 S Halep 6 7 WC L Robson B Haddad Maia 5 Q M Erakovic S Halep 7 6 S Halep 6 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams is pregnant , will return to tennis in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Garbiñe Muguruza crowned Wimbledon champion after beating Venus Williams '' . Guardian . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Garbiñe Muguruza Wins Wimbledon , Defeating Venus Williams '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Garbine Muguruza hammers Venus Williams to win first Wimbledon title '' . The Telegraph . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/tennis/article160489904.html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40573123 Jump up ^ Piers Newbery ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Wimbledon 2017 : Johanna Konta beats Simona Halep to reach semi-final '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20601638/slovak-tennis-player-reaches-wimbledon-semi-finals.html Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Karolina Pliskova can become World No. 1 '' . Women 's Tennis Association . 3 July 2017 . Women 's Singles Draw External links ( edit ) 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles at the International Tennis Federation Wimbledon Women 's Singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2017 2017 WTA Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Dubai ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Stanford ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taiwan ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Biel ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Mallorca ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 802637301 '' Categories : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Ladies ' Singles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who won the women's championship at wimbledon this year

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List of Miss Universe runners-up and finalists

List of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists - wikipedia List of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists Jump to : navigation , search This article provides the names of the runners - up in the Miss Universe pageant since the pageant 's first edition in 1952 . Miss Universe 2006 top - five finalists : Switzerland , Paraguay , Japan , USA and Puerto Rico . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists 2 Countries / Territories by number of finalists 2.1 1st runner - up 2.2 2nd runner - up 3 References Table of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists ( edit ) The pageant has awarded a top - five finalists from 1952 to 1989 and from 2001 up to 2014 , with the first , second , third and fourth runner - up being awarded . From 1990 to 1997 , the number of finalists was increased to six . From 1998 to 2000 and since 2015 , it was reverted to five but only up to the second runner - up was awarded ( regardless if the pageant post-announces the placements of the other 2 delegates who made it to the Top 5 ) . This table shows the top - five finalists of each competition , from its inception in 1952 . Edition Miss Universe ( 1st place ) 1st runner - up ( 2nd place ) 2nd runner - up ( 3rd place ) 3rd runner - up ( 4th place ) 4th runner - up ( 5th place ) 1952 Armi Kuusela Finland Elza Kananionapua Edsman Hawaii Ntaizy `` Daisy '' Mavraki Greece Judy Dan Hong Kong Renate Hoy Germany 1953 Christiane Martel France Myrna Rae Hansen USA Kinuko Ito Japan Ana Bertha Lepe Mexico Maxine Morgan Australia 1954 Miriam Stevenson USA Martha Rocha Brazil Virginia Lee Wai - Chun Hong Kong Regina Ernst Germany Ragnhild Olausson Sweden 1955 Hillevi Rombin Sweden Maribel Arrieta Galvez El Salvador Maureen Hingert Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) Margit Nünke Germany Keiko Takahashi Japan 1956 Carol Morris USA Marina Orschel Germany Ingrid Goude Sweden Kathleen Waller England Rosanna Galli Italy 1957 Gladys Zender Peru Teresinha Morango Brazil Sonia Hamilton England Maria Fernandez Cuba Gerti Daub Germany 1958 Luz Marina Zuluaga Colombia Adalgisa Colombo Brazil Geri Hoo Hawaii Eurlyne Howell USA Alicja Bobrowska Poland 1959 Akiko Kojima Japan Jorunn Kristjansen Norway Terry Huntingdon USA Pamela Anne Searle England Vera Regina Ribeiro Brazil 1960 Linda Bement USA Daniela Bianchi Italy Elizabeth Hodacs Austria Nicolette Caras South Africa Teresa del Rio Spain 1961 Marlene Schmidt Germany Rosemarie Frankland Wales Adriana Gardiazabal Argentina Arlette Dobson England Sharon Brown USA 1962 Norma Nolan Argentina Anna Geirsdóttir Iceland Anja Aulikki Järvinen Finland Helen Liu Shiu - Man Taiwan Maria Olívia Rebouças Brazil 1963 Iêda Maria Vargas Brazil Aino Korwa Denmark Marlene McKeown Ireland Lalaine Bennett Philippines Kim Myoung - ja Korea 1964 Corinna Tsopei Greece Brenda Blackler England Ronit Renat Rechtman Israel Siv Märta Åberg Sweden Lana Yu Yi Taiwan 1965 Apasra Hongsakula Thailand Virpi Liisa Miettinen Finland Sue Downey USA Ingrid Norman Sweden Anja Schuit Netherlands 1966 Margareta Arvidsson Sweden Satu Charlotta Östring Finland Cheranand Savetanand Thailand Yasmin Daji India Aviva Israeli Israel 1967 Sylvia Hitchcock USA Mariela Pérez Venezuela Jennifer Lynn Lewis England Ritva Lehto Finland Batya Kabiri Israel 1968 Martha Vasconcellos Brazil Anne Braafheid Curacao Leena Brusin Finland Peggy Kopp Venezuela Dorothy Anstett USA 1969 Gloria Diaz Philippines Harriet Eriksson Finland Joanne Barret Australia Chava Levy Israel Kikuyo Osuka Japan 1970 Marisol Malaret Puerto Rico Deborah Shelton USA Joan Zealand Australia Jun Shimada Japan Beatriz Gross Argentina 1971 Georgina Rizk Lebanon Toni Rayward Australia Pirjo Laitila Finland Beba Franco Puerto Rico Eliane Guimaraes Brazil 1972 Kerry Anne Wells Australia Rejane Costa Brazil María Antonieta Cámpoli Venezuela Ilana Goren Israel Jennifer `` Jenny '' McAdam England 1973 Margarita Moran Philippines Amanda Jones USA Aina Walle Norway Maria Madrigal Spain Limor Schreibman Israel Amparo Muñoz Spain Helen Morgan Wales Ritta Johanna Raunio Finland Ella Cecilia Escandon Palacios Colombia Maureen Vieira Aruba Anne Marie Pohtamo Finland Gerthie David Haiti Summer Bartholomew USA Catharina Sjödahl Sweden Rose Marie Brosas Philippines 1976 Rina Messinger Israel Judith Castillo Venezuela Sian Adey - Jones Wales Carol Grant Scotland Julie Ismay Australia 1977 Janelle Commissiong Trinidad & Tobago Eva Düringer Austria Sandra Bell Scotland Aura Maria Mojica Salcedo Colombia Marie - Luise Gassen Germany 1978 Margaret Gardiner South Africa Judi Andersen USA Guillermina Ruiz Spain Mary Shirley Saenz Colombia Cecilia Catharina Rhode Sweden 1979 Maritza Sayalero Venezuela Gina Swainson Bermuda Carolyn Seaward England Martha Jussara da Costa Brazil Annette Marie Ekström Sweden 1980 Shawn Weatherly USA Linda Gallagher Scotland Diana Nottle New Zealand Chat Silayan Philippines Eva Birgitta Anderson Sweden 1981 Irene Sáez Venezuela Dominique Dufour Canada Eva Lena Lundgren Sweden Adriana Oliveira Brazil Dominique Eeckhoudt Belgium 1982 Karen Baldwin Canada Patty Chong Kerkos Guam Cinzia Fiordeponti Italy Tina Roussou Greece Terri Utley USA Lorraine Downes New Zealand Julie Hayek USA Roberta Brown Ireland Lolita Morena Switzerland Karen Moore England 1984 Yvonne Ryding Sweden Leticia Snyman South Africa Carmen Maria Montiel Venezuela Desiree Verdadero Philippines Susana Caldas Lemaitre Colombia 1985 Deborah Carthy - Deu Puerto Rico Teresa Sánchez López Spain Kayonga Mureka Zaire Silvia Martínez Venezuela Andrea López Uruguay 1986 Bárbara Palacios Venezuela Christy Fichtner USA María Mónica Urbina Colombia Brygida Bziukiewicz Poland Tuula Polvi Finland Cecilia Bolocco Chile Roberta Capua Italy Michelle Royer USA Inés María Calero Venezuela Laurie Tamara Simpson Puerto Rico 1988 Porntip Nakhirunkanok Thailand Chang Yoonjung Korea Amanda Olivares Mexico Mizuho Sakaguchi Japan Pauline Yeung Hong Kong 1989 Angela Visser Netherlands Louise Drevenstam Sweden Gretchen Polhemus USA Joanna Gapińska Poland Adriana Abascal Mexico 1990 Mona Grudt Norway Carole Gist USA Lizeth Mahecha Colombia not awarded 1991 Lupita Jones Mexico Pauline Huizinga Netherlands Yulia Lemigova USSR 1992 Michelle McLean Namibia Paola Turbay Colombia Madhu Sapre India 1993 Dayanara Torres Puerto Rico Paula Andrea Betancourt Colombia Milka Chulina Venezuela 1994 Sushmita Sen India Carolina Gomez Colombia Minorka Mercado Venezuela 1995 Chelsi Smith USA Manpreet Brar India Lana Buchberger Canada Alicia Machado Venezuela Taryn Mansell Aruba Lola Odusoga Finland 1997 Brook Lee USA Marena Bencomo Venezuela Margot Bourgeois Trinidad & Tobago 1998 Wendy Fitzwilliam Trinidad & Tobago Veruska Ramirez Venezuela Joyce Giraud Puerto Rico 1999 Mpule Kwelagobe Botswana Miriam Quiambao Philippines Diana Nogueira Spain 2000 Lara Dutta India Claudia Moreno Venezuela Helen Lindes Spain 2001 Denise Quiñones Puerto Rico Evelina Papantoniou Greece Kandace Krueger USA Eva Ekvall Venezuela Celina Jaitley India 2002 Oxana Fedorova ( Dethroned ) Russia Justine Pasek ( Replaced ) Panama Zhuo Ling China Vanessa Carreira South Africa Cynthia Lander Venezuela 2003 Amelia Vega Dominican Republic Mariángel Ruiz Venezuela Cindy Nell South Africa Sanja Papić Serbia & Montenegro Miyako Miyazaki Japan Jennifer Hawkins Australia Shandi Finnessey USA Alba Reyes Puerto Rico Yanina Gonzalez Paraguay Danielle Jones Trinidad & Tobago 2005 Natalie Glebova Canada Cynthia Olavarría Puerto Rico Renata Soñé Dominican Republic Laura Elizondo Mexico Monica Spear Venezuela 2006 Zuleyka Rivera Puerto Rico Kurara Chibana Japan Lauriane Gilliéron Switzerland Lourdes Arevalos Paraguay Tara Conner USA 2007 Riyo Mori Japan Natália Guimarães Brazil Ly Jonaitis Venezuela Honey Lee Korea Rachel Smith USA 2008 Dayana Mendoza Venezuela Taliana Vargas Colombia Marianne Cruz Dominican Republic Vera Krasova Russia Elisa Nájera Mexico 2009 Stefanía Fernández Venezuela Ada de la Cruz Dominican Republic Marigona Dragusha Kosovo Rachael Finch Australia Mayra Matos Puerto Rico Ximena Navarrete Mexico Yendi Phillips Jamaica Jesinta Campbell Australia Anna Poslavska Ukraine Venus Raj Philippines 2011 Leila Lopes Angola Olesya Stefanko Ukraine Priscila Machado Brazil Shamcey Supsup Philippines Luo Zilin China 2012 Olivia Culpo USA Janine Tugonon Philippines Irene Esser Venezuela Renae Ayris Australia Gabriela Markus Brazil 2013 Gabriela Isler Venezuela Patricia Rodríguez Spain Constanza Báez Ecuador Ariella Arida Philippines Jakelyne Oliveira Brazil 2014 Paulina Vega Colombia Nia Sanchez USA Diana Harkusha Ukraine Yasmin Verheijen Netherlands Kaci Fennell Jamaica 2015 Pia Wurtzbach Philippines Ariadna Gutiérrez Colombia Olivia Jordan USA Flora Coquerel France Monika Radulovic Australia 2016 Iris Mittenaere France Raquel Pélissier Haiti Andrea Tovar Colombia 2017 Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters South Africa Laura González Colombia Davina Bennett Jamaica Countries / territories by number of finalists ( edit ) 1st runner - up ( edit ) The first runner - up of each edition of Miss Universe is the second placer behind the candidate who is crowned as Miss Universe . In some cases , she shall take over the title of Miss Universe , if : The outgoing titleholder can not fulfill her duties . This could happen and may result to resignation , giving up the title , or dethronement The titleholder is dethroned due to deeds that violate the organization 's policies . This has only happened in 2002 . There were instances that the winner is not replaced by the first runner - up , when she decides to voluntarily resign from her position , given the formal permission from the organization ( 1952 and 1974 ) . This table lists the number of 1st runner - up titles by country . There are some special considerations : Hawaii competed as an independent territory from 1952 to 1959 , before it joined the United States , holding one 1st runner - up title on its own . The United Kingdom ( currently competing under the name of Great Britain ) competed separatedly as England ( from 1955 to 1962 and then again from 1964 to 1990 ) , Scotland ( from 1961 to 1986 and then again from 1988 to 1990 ) and Wales ( from 1961 to 1990 ) , holding a total of four 1st runner - up titles which are counted together . As Panama took over the Miss Universe title in 2002 , it is unknown if the 1st runner - up position was taken by another candidate after the succession took place . Countries that have placed 1st runner - up in Miss Universe and number of times . Country / Territory Titles Year ( s ) United States 9 1953 , 1970 , 1973 , 1978 , 1983 , 1986 , 1990 , 2004 , 2014 Colombia 6 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2008 , 2015 , 2017 Venezuela 1967 , 1976 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 Brazil 5 1954 , 1957 , 1958 , 1972 , 2007 Great Britain 1961 , 1964 , 1974 , 1980 Finland 1965 , 1966 , 1969 Haiti 1975 , 2016 Spain 1985 , 2013 Philippines 1999 , 2012 Italy 1960 , 1987 Ukraine 2011 Jamaica Dominican Republic 2009 Japan 2006 Puerto Rico 2005 Greece 2001 Aruba India 1995 Netherlands 1991 Sweden 1989 South Korea 1988 South Africa 1984 Guam 1982 Canada 1981 Bermuda 1979 Austria 1977 Australia 1971 Curacao 1968 Denmark 1963 Iceland 1962 Norway 1959 Germany 1956 El Salvador 1955 Hawaii 1952 2nd runner - up ( edit ) The second runner - up of each edition of Miss Universe is the third placer behind the candidate who is crowned as Miss Universe and the first runner - up ( second placer ) . Although it has never happened , the second runner - up is supposed to take over the Miss Universe title if both the original winner and the first runner - up are unable to fulfill their duties / resign their titles . For example , if a Miss Universe winner is required to give up her title and the first runner - up is unable / does not want to assume the winner 's position , the title then passes to the second runner - up . This table lists the number of 2nd runner - up titles by country . There are some special considerations as well : Hawaii competed as an independent territory from 1952 to 1959 , before it joined the United States , holding one 2nd runner - up title on its own . The United Kingdom ( currently competing under the name of Great Britain ) competed separatedly as England ( from 1955 to 1962 and then again from 1964 to 1990 ) , Scotland ( from 1961 to 1986 and then again from 1988 to 1990 ) and Wales ( from 1961 to 1990 ) , holding a total of five 2nd runner - up titles which are counted together . It is unknown if Zhuo Ling , Miss Universe 2002 second runner - up , took over the first runner - up position after Justine Pasek took over the winner 's place , as no official statements regarding this matter were made by the organization . Countries that have placed 2nd runner - up in Miss Universe and number of times . Country / Territory Titles Year ( s ) United States 7 1959 , 1965 , 1975 , 1987 , 1989 , 2001 , 2015 Venezuela 6 1972 , 1984 , 1993 , 1994 , 2007 , 2012 Finland 5 1962 , 1968 , 1971 , 1974 , 1996 Great Britain 1957 , 1967 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 Colombia 1986 , 1990 , 2016 Australia 1969 , 1970 , 2010 Spain 1978 , 1999 , 2000 Dominican Republic 2005 , 2008 Puerto Rico 1998 , 2004 Ireland 1963 , 1983 Sweden 1956 , 1981 Jamaica 2017 Ukraine 2014 Ecuador 2013 Brazil 2011 Kosovo 2009 Switzerland 2006 South Africa 2003 China 2002 Trinidad and Tobago 1997 Canada 1995 India 1992 Soviet Union 1991 Mexico 1988 Zaire 1985 Italy 1982 New Zealand 1980 Norway 1973 Thailand 1966 Israel 1964 Argentina 1961 Austria 1960 Hawaii 1958 Ceylon 1955 Hong Kong 1954 Japan 1953 Greece 1952 2 Notes Now known as Sri Lanka Now known as DR Congo Now known as Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A misty - eyed look at Armi Kuusela , the 1st Miss Universe '' . philstar.com . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Olivia Culpo reacted to last night 's Miss Universe gaffe from the judge 's chair '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LOOK : Pia Wurtzbach meets Miss Universe 2013 Gabriela Isler '' . Rappler . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outraged Colombians look for blame in Miss Universe mix - up '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Miss France Iris Mittenaere is crowned Miss Universe 2017 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Lists portal ( hide ) Miss Universe 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Titleholders Runners - up and finalists Editions Countries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miss_Universe_runners-up_and_finalists&oldid=832901268 '' Categories : Miss Universe Lists of women in beauty pageants Miss Universe contestants Nations at competitions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 16 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who won second place in miss universe 2017

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Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)

Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 October 2018 . For the unrelated 1952 American game show of the same name , see Wheel of Fortune ( 1952 game show ) . Wheel of Fortune Genre Game show Created by Merv Griffin Directed by Jeff Goldstein ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dick Carson ( 1978 -- 1999 ) Mark Corwin ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Bob Cisneros ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Robert Ennis ( 2015 -- present ) Presented by Network Host Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 1981 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Hostess Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 1991 ) Syndication Host Pat Sajak Hostess Vanna White Narrated by Charlie O'Donnell ( 1975 -- 1980 , 1989 -- 2010 ) Jack Clark ( 1980 -- 1988 ) M.G. Kelly ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Jim Thornton ( 2011 -- present ) Theme music composer Alan Thicke ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Merv Griffin ( 1983 -- 1997 ) Steve Kaplan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Frankie Blue ( 2006 -- 2016 ) John Hoke ( 2007 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Syndicated version : 6,000 ( as of April 11 , 2014 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Merv Griffin ( 1975 -- 2000 ) Harry Friedman ( 1999 -- present ) Producer ( s ) John Rhinehart ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Nancy Jones ( 1976 -- 1995 ) Harry Friedman ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Karen Griffith ( 1997 -- present ) Steve Schwartz ( 1997 -- present ) Production location ( s ) NBC Studios ( Burbank ) ( 1975 -- 1989 ) CBS Television City ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Sony Pictures Studios , Culver City , California ( 1995 -- present ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Merv Griffin Productions ( 1975 -- 1984 ) Merv Griffin Enterprises ( 1984 -- 1994 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1994 -- 2001 ) Columbia TriStar Domestic Television ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Califon Productions , Inc . Distributor King World Productions ( 1983 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network Daytime : NBC ( 1975 -- 1989 , 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Evening : Syndicated ( 1983 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2006 ) 1080i ( HDTV ; downgraded to 720p locally in some markets ) ( 2006 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release Network January 6 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 06 ) -- June 30 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 30 ) ( NBC ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) -- January 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 11 ) ( CBS ) January 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 14 ) -- September 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 20 ) ( NBC ) Syndication September 19 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wheel 2000 External links Website Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 . It then returned to NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed , which premiered on September 19 , 1983 , and has aired continuously since . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Pat Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late - night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke . Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS , then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by Vanna White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6,000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 36th season premiered on September 10 , 2018 . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round one since the syndicated version 's 33rd season ( 2015 -- 16 ) The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category , and contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette - style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two - contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants ' positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control , allowing the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or solve the puzzle , with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag , while two 1⁄2 Car tags are present in rounds two and three only ( except on episodes with two - player teams ) . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of the sponsoring company . The 1⁄2 Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both . Unlike the other tags , the 1⁄2 Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000 . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card , individual 1⁄2 Car tags , and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features three toss - up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first determines who is interviewed first by the host , the second determines who starts round 1 , and the third determines who starts round 4 . Respectively , the toss - ups are valued at $1,000 , $2,000 , and $3,000 . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss - up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter of the puzzle is revealed . In this case , the contestant in the position closest to the host is interviewed first or starts the round . In addition to these , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two `` mystery wedges '' . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and can not be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an `` Express '' wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either `` pass '' and continue the round normally , or `` play '' and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a `` speed - up '' format , in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant , with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed - up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three - second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn . After the speed - up round , the total winnings of the three contestants are compared . The contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed - up round , an additional toss - up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss - up puzzle wins $1,000 and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round ( edit ) Before the bonus round begins , the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle ( prior to season 35 , the puzzle and category were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category , and every instance of R , S , T , L , N , and E is revealed . The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel , then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed . The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary , so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two - contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( October 14 , 2008 ) , to Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and to Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value . At the end of the Bonus Round , Sajak will reveal where the $1,000,000 envelope was on the prize wheel if the contestant failed to land on it . Previous rules ( edit ) Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate , or he or she could put the winnings `` on account '' for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss - up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed - up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three - day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the week 's first four shows returned to compete in the `` Friday Finals '' . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a bonus round . Under the bonus round 's original rules , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in - place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 on September 3 , 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and Development ( edit ) Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook '' . He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a `` Your Own Clue '' wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest - scoring contestant played a bonus round called the `` Shopper 's Special '' where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a `` Vegas '' feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting `` A-E-I-O-U '' to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts and hostesses ( edit ) Chuck Woolery was the show 's host from 1975 to 1981 . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his `` odd '' sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC - TV , was `` too local '' for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late - night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Pat Sajak ( right ) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983 . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as `` Vannamania '' . White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek , who presided over a special two - contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively ; Lesly Sajak , Pat 's wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a `` Vanna for a Day '' contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . Announcers ( edit ) Jim Thornton has been the show 's announcer since 2011 . Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season . O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After O'Donnell's death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain and Jim Thornton . For the show 's twenty - ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel , and has been with the show ever since . Production staff ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in - house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . They were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith 's and Schwartz 's former position . The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full - time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full - time director . Production ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set ( edit ) The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set , as seen on a Season 30 episode The show 's current puzzle board , as seen on a Season 30 episode Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983 . In 1996 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high - definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long - standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss - Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on - screen . Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy ! , designed the wheel mechanism . Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard , the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments , and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double - arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop - down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch - activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop - downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Music ( edit ) Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme , which was titled `` Big Wheels '' . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition , `` Changing Keys '' , to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of `` Changing Keys '' , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled `` Happy Wheels '' . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of `` Happy Wheels '' and an original rock - based composition . In addition to `` Changing Keys '' , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years . Among them were `` Frisco Disco '' ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , `` A Time for Tony '' ( whose basic melody evolved into `` Think ! '' , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy ! ) , `` Buzzword '' ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ) , `` Nightwalk '' , `` Struttin ' on Sunset '' , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process ( edit ) Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino , Resort & Spa , Cabazon , California The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson , California Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy ! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom - designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Wheelmobile '' to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed - up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one - hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the `` most promising candidates '' are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self - shot video through the show 's website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second - level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16 - puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that version 's run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Let 's Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 , preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS - TV in Columbus , Ohio . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984 -- 85 season , Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy ! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest - running and most popular game shows , Tic - Tac - Dough , The Joker 's Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the show 's popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy ! , remained the most - watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become America 's longest - running syndicated game show and its second - longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , , United Kingdom and Vietnam ( Chiec Non Ky Dieu ) . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as `` Wheel Around the World '' , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named `` Cyber Lucy '' . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin - off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . Reception ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest - rated programs on U.S. syndicated television . It was the highest - rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host -- in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , `` I 'd like to buy a vowel '' , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to `` Come on down ! '' , the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , `` Changing Keys '' was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , `` Think ! '' from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise ( edit ) Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the `` shopping '' prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco / Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real - world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on - air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show . Jump up ^ If a contestant can not spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability , he / she is accompanied by a `` designated spinner , '' a friend or family member who spins for him / her but is otherwise not involved in the game . Jump up ^ Sajak : `` I 'll give the wheel a final spin , and ask you to give me a letter . If it 's in the puzzle , you have three seconds to solve it . Vowels are worth nothing , consonants are worth ... ( wedge amount ) , we 'll add $1,000 to that , ( dollar amount ) apiece . '' Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3 , was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College Week , Episode 5 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 6000 . April 11 , 2014 . Syndicated . Sajak : `` By the way , I 'm not looking for any cheap applause , but I do wan na say that this is the 6,000 th nighttime Wheel of Fortune show . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Friedman Named Producer of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . June 14 , 1995 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1 M '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Season Premiere Tomorrow ! Wheel of Fortune on YouTube Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Ali , Rasha ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Watch ' Wheel of Fortune ' Unveil a New Puzzle Format '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , pp. 250 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : `` History & Fun Facts '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 31 May 2016 . Syndication . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 2004 , p. 2527 Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' : About the Show '' . CBS Press Express . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 25 May 2016 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : Wheel 's 1st Million Dollar Winner '' . Philadelphia : WPVI - TV . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California woman becomes 2nd million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune '' . Tuscaloosa , AL : WCFT - TV . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Spring math teacher , Sarah Manchester , wins $1 million on ' Wheel Of Fortune ' '' . Washington , DC : WJLA - TV . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 30 , Episode 4 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 30 . Episode 5834 . May 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Closing credits : `` Contestants are advised prior to taping that they may elect to receive the million dollar prize paid over 20 years or as a present value lump sum payment . '' Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kubasik , Ben ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` TV Spots '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Daytime 1st Finale '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 30 , 1989 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 18 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 18 . September 4 , 2000 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Kills Free Spin : Is Nothing Sacred ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2546 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 14 , Episode 11 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . September 16 , 1996 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 27 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 7 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 7 . September 4 , 1989 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 16 , Episode 15 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 16 . September 21 , 1998 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Episode 996 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 6 . October 3 , 1988 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Desert Southwest Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . September 3 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Big Money Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Griffin & Bender 2007 , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Meet the ' Wheel ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , 1988 & p - 183 Jump up ^ Stafford 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini 1990 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Clifford ( May 23 , 1986 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' long ago spun its way to the top '' . St. Petersburg Evening - Independent . p. 5B . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Weekly Variety : 80 . September 7 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` 2 to substitute for Susan Stafford '' . Youngstown Vindicator . May 22 , 1979 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanna White biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Observer - Reporter . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanna White Celebrates 30 Years on `` Wheel of Fortune '' `` . Katie . April 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( January 8 , 1986 ) . `` Here comes Vanna White '' . The Free - Lance Star . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stargazing '' . The Kansas City Star . March 11 , 1991 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( March 6 , 1991 ) . `` Dog Bites Queen , And That 's News '' . The Inquirer . Philadelphia . Associated Press , Reuters . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sajak Reveals Reason for 1 - Day Job Switch With Vanna White '' . Good Morning America . ABC . April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2594 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . Episode 2594 . November 21 , 1996 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2662 '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 4 , 1997 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Observances , Holidays , and Celebrations . MobileReference. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60 - 501177 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` April Fool 's Day Special '' . Wheel of Fortune . April 1 , 1997 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Want to be Vanna for a day ? '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gehring , Lydia ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : West , Randy . `` Charlie O'Donnell Tribute '' . Randy West official website . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Clark , announcer on TV 's ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Miami Herald . July 27 , 1988 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( September 20 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel ' takes a turn to new twists for fall '' . USA Today . p. 3D . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lycan , Gary ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78 '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists from appropriate Wheel of Fortune episodes . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Director Mark Corwin Dies at 65 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5851 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5851 . September 16 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5866 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5866 . October 7 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5891 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5891 . November 11 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Cisneros Named Director of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6066 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6066 . October 13 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6091 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6091 . November 17 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE NAMES ROBERT ENNIS DIRECTOR '' . Wheel of Fortune . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , ' Jeopardy ! ' : Merv Griffin 's True TV Legacy '' . TVWeek . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holl , John ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` To Califon , Merv was just a regular farm guy '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Viewers who pay careful attention to the closing credits on ' Wheel of Fortune ' will see the game show is produced by Califon Productions , a subtle nod from Merv Griffin , the program 's creator , to the Hunterdon County community where he once owned a farm . Jump up ^ `` Pat , Vanna and Alex Play On ! '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Wheel of Fortune ' : Why Pat and Vanna Have a ' W - NN - R ' '' . TV Guide . 1987 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , America 's Favorite Game Show , Spins Into Its 20th Season '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 17 , 1995 . p . G5 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( July 26 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune 's ' other blonde '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production credits '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Slotnik , Daniel E. ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ed Flesh , Designed the Wheel of Fortune , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel ' gets modern board '' . The Vindicator . February 25 , 1997 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Dana C . '' Wheel of Fortune . March 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Seth N . '' Wheel of Fortune . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Teti , John ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the most amazing solve in ' Wheel of Fortune ' history '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` Merv Griffin biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune . ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Famous people who died in aviation accidents '' . www.planecrashinfo.com . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Merv Griffin soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bickelhaupt , Susan ( September 5 , 1989 ) . `` Placing himself in ' Jeopardy ! ' tonight '' . The Boston Globe . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile Audition Tips '' . Portland , OR : KATU - TV . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Show FAQs '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 26 , 1990 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' spins back to NBC '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Variety : 54 . August 10 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . TV Guide . 32 : 64 . 1984 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season '' . Broadcasting & Cable . September 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ( Australia ) '' . Australian Game Show Homepage . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liebst , Asger ( 2009 ) . `` Opfindelsen af Lykkehjulet '' . Reklamens århundrede : 1901 -- 2001 , billeder fra danskernes hverdrag . Nordisk Forlag A / S. p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 02 - 08311 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` La Roue de la Fortune '' ( in French ) . Émission TV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glücksrad '' ( in German ) . fernsehserien.de . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La WEB Ruota della Fortuna '' . GiocaItalia.it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoh Seng Guan ( 2011 ) . Media , Culture and Society in Malaysia . Routledge . pp. 29 , 31 , 35 . ISBN 0203861655 . Jump up ^ `` What Goes Around : The Wheel of Fortune Returns '' . Stuff.co.nz. April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimaculangan , Jocelyn ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Philippine version of ' Wheel of Fortune ' premieres on January 14 '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koło Fortuny : Rules of Polish ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Casino Observer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pole Chudes , or The Russian ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel-Roulette.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La ruleta de la suerte '' ( in Spanish ) . Laguia TV . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . UKGameShows.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel Around the World Inaugural Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 23 . September 12 , 2005 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular game show takes kids for a spin '' . Austin American - Statesman . p. 11 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , p. 252 Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 : Statistic '' . Statista.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding '' . The Wrap TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' TV Guide ' Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Hall of Game Show Fame . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . GSN . Retrieved on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . `` On Tonight : First Game Show Awards '' . TV Eye . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Fair Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . May 10 , 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Glaus , Heidi ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tour the ' Wheel of Fortune ' Hall of Fame '' . St. Louis , MO : KSDK - TV . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel Of Fortune Honored By Gray Line New York 's Ride Of Fame Getty Images . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune board games '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GameTek Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Licensees '' . MobyGames . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune at IGT Games '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Graham , Jefferson ( 1988 ) . Come on Down ! ! ! : The Game Show Book . New York : Abbeville Press . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 794 - 6 . Griffin , Merv & Bender , David ( 2007 ) . Merv : Making the Good Life Last . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5696 - 3 . Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X -- via Google Books . Sams , David R. & Shook , Robert L. ( 1987 ) . Wheel of Fortune . New York : St. Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 90833 - 4 . Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . Stafford , Susan ( 2011 ) . Stop the Wheel , I Want to Get Off ! ( eBook ) . Xlibris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 7438 - 4 -- via Google Books . Trebek , Alex & Barsocchini , Peter ( 1990 ) . The ' Jeopardy ! ' Book : The Answers , the Questions , the Facts , and the Stories of the Greatest Game Show in History . Introduction by Merv Griffin . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096511 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) . Official website Wheel of Fortune on IMDb Wheel of Fortune at TV.com Wheel of Fortune at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Hosts ( U.S. version ) Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 1981 ) Pat Sajak ( since 1981 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Cohosts ( U.S. version ) Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Vanna White ( since 1982 ) Book Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) The Price Is Right ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=866175959 '' Categories : 1970s American game shows 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American game shows 1983 American television series debuts 1990s American game shows 1991 American television series endings 2000s American game shows 2010s American game shows CBC Television shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Roulette and wheel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television series by King World Productions Hidden categories : Articles with incomplete citations from November 2014 All articles with incomplete citations CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata The Interviews title ID not in Wikidata Good articles Television articles with disputed naming style Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 19 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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President of the United Nations General Assembly

President of the United Nations General Assembly - wikipedia President of the United Nations General Assembly President of the United Nations General Assembly Emblem of the United Nations Flag of the United Nations Incumbent Miroslav Lajčák since 12 September 2017 United Nations General Assembly Style His Excellency Status Presiding officer Member of General Assembly Residence United Nations Headquarters Seat New York City , New York , United States Appointer General Assembly Term length one year Inaugural holder Paul - Henri Spaak Formation 1946 Website un.org/en/ga/ The President of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA ) on a yearly basis . The President presides over the sessions of the General Assembly . Miroslav Lajčák of Slovakia has been elected as the UNGA President of its 72nd session beginning in September 2017 . Contents 1 Election 2 List of presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Election ( edit ) A map of the world showing the home countries of Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly up until the 72th session of the General Assembly in 2017 - 18 , with historical member states in inset . The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September -- any special , or emergency special , assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of UNGA . The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups : African , Asia - Pacific , Eastern European , Latin American and Caribbean , and Western European and other States . Because of their powerful stature globally , some of the largest , most powerful countries have never held the presidency , such as the People 's Republic of China , France , Japan , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In particular , it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as UNGA president . The only country that had a national elected as President of UNGA twice is Argentina ; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office . This does not include special and emergency special sessions of UNGA . List of Presidents ( edit ) Year elected Name of President UN member state Region Sessions 1946 Paul - Henri Spaak Belgium WES First 1947 Oswaldo Aranha Brazil LAS First special Second 1948 José Arce Argentina LAS Second special 1948 Herbert Vere Evatt Australia COS Third 1949 Carlos P. Romulo Philippines EAS Fourth 1950 Nasrollah Entezam Iran EAS Fifth 1951 Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico LAS Sixth 1952 Lester B. Pearson Canada COS Seventh 1953 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit India COS Eighth , First woman president 1954 Eelco van Kleffens Netherlands WES Ninth 1955 José Maza Fernández Chile LAS Tenth 1956 Rudecindo Ortega ( de ) Chile LAS First emergency special Second emergency special 1956 Wan Waithayakon Thailand EAS Eleventh 1957 Leslie Munro New Zealand COS Twelfth Third emergency special 1958 Charles Malik Lebanon MES Thirteenth 1959 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Peru LAS Fourteenth Fourth emergency special 1960 Frederick Boland Ireland WES Fifteenth Third special 1961 Mongi Slim Tunisia MES Sixteenth 1962 Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan COS Seventeenth Fourth special 1963 Carlos Sosa Rodríguez ( es ) Venezuela LAS Eighteenth 1964 Alex Quaison - Sackey Ghana COS Nineteenth 1965 Amintore Fanfani Italy WES Twentieth 1966 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia Twenty - first Fifth special Fifth emergency special 1967 Corneliu Mănescu Romania EEG Twenty - second 1968 Emilio Arenales Catalán Guatemala GRULAC Twenty - third 1969 Angie Brooks Liberia Africa Twenty - fourth 1970 Edvard Hambro Norway WEOG Twenty - fifth 1971 Adam Malik Indonesia Asia Twenty - sixth 1972 Stanisław Trepczyński Poland EEG Twenty - seventh 1973 Leopoldo Benites Ecuador GRULAC Twenty - eighth Sixth special Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria Africa Twenty - ninth Seventh special Gaston Thorn Luxembourg WEOG Thirtieth 1976 Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe Sri Lanka Asia Thirty - first 1977 Lazar Mojsov Yugoslavia EEG Thirty - second Eighth special Ninth special Tenth special 1978 Indalecio Liévano Colombia GRULAC Thirty - third 1979 Salim Ahmed Salim United Republic of Tanzania Africa Thirty - fourth Sixth emergency special Seventh emergency special Eleventh special 1980 Rüdiger von Wechmar Federal Republic of Germany WEOG Thirty - fifth Eighth emergency special 1981 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia Thirty - sixth Seventh emergency special -- Continuation Ninth emergency special Twelfth special 1982 Imre Hollai Hungary EEG Thirty - seventh Jorge Illueca Panama GRULAC Thirty - eighth 1984 Paul J.F. Lusaka Zambia Africa Thirty - ninth 1985 Jaime de Piniés Spain WEOG Fortieth Thirteenth special 1986 Humayun Rashid Choudhury Bangladesh Asia Forty - first Fourteenth special Peter Florin German Democratic Republic EEG Forty - second Fifteenth special Dante Caputo Argentina GRULAC Forty - third Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa Forty - fourth Sixteenth special Seventeenth special Eighteenth special Guido de Marco Malta WEOG Forty - fifth 1991 Samir Shihabi Saudi Arabia Asia Forty - sixth Stoyan Ganev Bulgaria EEG Forty - seventh Rudy Insanally Guyana GRULAC Forty - eighth Amara Essy Ivory Coast Africa Forty - ninth 1995 Diogo de Freitas do Amaral Portugal WEOG Fiftieth Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia Fifty - first Tenth emergency special Nineteenth special Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG Fifty - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twentieth special 1998 Didier Opertti Uruguay GRULAC Fifty - third Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - first special 1999 Theo - Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa Fifty - fourth Twenty - second special Twenty - third special Twenty - fourth special 2000 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG Fifty - fifth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - fifth special Twenty - sixth special Han Seung - soo South Korea Asia Fifty - sixth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2002 Jan Kavan Czech Republic EEG Fifty - seventh Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2003 Julian Hunte Saint Lucia GRULAC Fifty - eighth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Jean Ping Gabon Africa Fifty - ninth 2005 Jan Eliasson Sweden WEOG Sixtieth 2006 Haya Rashed Al - Khalifa Bahrain Asia Sixty - first Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2007 Srgjan Kerim Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EEG Sixty - second 2008 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann Nicaragua GRULAC Sixty - third 2009 Ali Treki Libya Africa Sixty - fourth Joseph Deiss Switzerland WEOG Sixty - fifth 2011 Nassir Al - Nasser Qatar Asia - Pacific Sixty - sixth 2012 Vuk Jeremić Serbia EEG Sixty - seventh ( election ) 2013 John William Ashe Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Sixty - eighth 2014 Sam Kutesa Uganda Africa Sixty - ninth 2015 Mogens Lykketoft Denmark WEOG Seventieth 2016 Peter Thomson Fiji Asia - Pacific Seventy - first ( election ) 2017 Miroslav Lajčák Slovakia EEG Seventy - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2018 María Fernanda Espinosa Ecuador GRULAC Seventy - third Abbreviations : Pre-1966 COS : Commonwealth Seat EAS : Eastern European and Asian Seat LAS : Latin American Seat MES : Middle Eastern Seat WES : Western European Seat Since 1966 Africa : African Group Asia - Pacific : Asian Group , since 2011 the Asia - Pacific Group EEG : Eastern European Group GRULAC : Latin American and Caribbean Group WEOG : Western European and Others Group See also ( edit ) President of the United Nations Security Council References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UN : About the General Assembly '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Presidents of the General Assembly of the United Nations . Un.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ United Nations document GA / 11105 Jump up ^ `` Asian Group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia - Pacific Group '' , Radio New Zealand International , 31 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has news related to : United Nations UN : List of UN General Assembly presidents UN General Assembly President Election Reform . UNelections.org . More news on UN elections and appointments . 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Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

Myers -- Briggs type Indicator - wikipedia Myers -- Briggs type Indicator Jump to : navigation , search A chart with descriptions of each Myers -- Briggs personality type and the four dichotomies central to the theory The Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) is an introspective self - report questionnaire with the purpose of indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world around them and make decisions . The MBTI was constructed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers . It is based on the conceptual theory proposed by Carl Jung , who had speculated that humans experience the world using four principal psychological functions -- sensation , intuition , feeling , and thinking -- and that one of these four functions is dominant for a person most of the time . The MBTI was constructed for normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences . `` The underlying assumption of the MBTI is that we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences , and these preferences underlie our interests , needs , values , and motivation . '' Although popular in the business sector , the MBTI exhibits significant psychometric deficiencies , notably including poor validity ( i.e. not measuring what it purports to measure ) and poor reliability ( giving different results for the same person on different occasions ) . The four scales used in the MBTI have some correlation with four of the Big Five personality traits , which are a more commonly accepted framework . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins of the theory 1.2 Differences from Jung 1.2. 1 Structured vs. projective personality assessment 1.2. 2 Judging vs. perception 1.2. 2.1 Orientation of the tertiary function 2 Concepts 2.1 Type 2.2 Four dichotomies 2.3 Attitudes : extroversion / introversion 2.4 Functions : sensing / intuition and thinking / feeling 2.4. 1 Dominant function 2.5 Lifestyle preferences : judging / perception 3 Format and administration 3.1 Additional formats 3.2 Translations into other languages 4 Precepts and ethics 5 Type dynamics and development 6 Cognitive learning styles 6.1 Extraversion / Introversion 6.2 Sensing / Intuition 6.3 Thinking / Feeling 6.4 Judging / Perceiving 7 Correlations with other instruments 7.1 Keirsey temperaments 7.2 Big Five 7.3 Personality disorders 8 Criticism 8.1 No evidence for dichotomies 8.2 Validity and utility 8.3 Lack of objectivity 8.4 Terminology 8.5 Factor analysis 8.6 Correlates 8.7 Reliability 9 Utility 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References and further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers extrapolated their MBTI theory from Carl Jung 's writings in his book Psychological Types . Katharine Cook Briggs began her research into personality in 1917 . Upon meeting her future son - in - law , she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members . Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies , and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments : meditative ( or thoughtful ) , spontaneous , executive , and social . After the English translation of Jung 's book Psychological Types was published in 1923 ( first published in German in 1921 ) , she recognized that Jung 's theory was similar to , but went far beyond , her own . Briggs 's four types were later identified as corresponding to the IXXXs , EXXPs , EXTJs and EXFJs . Her first publications were two articles describing Jung 's theory , in the journal New Republic in 1926 ( `` Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box '' ) and 1928 ( `` Up From Barbarism '' ) . After extensively studying the work of Jung , they turned their interest in human behavior into efforts to turn the theory of psychological types to practical use . Briggs 's daughter , Isabel Briggs Myers , added to her mother 's typological research , which she would progressively take over entirely . Myers graduated first in her class from Swarthmore College in 1919 and wrote a mystery novel , Murder Yet to Come , in 1929 using typological ideas ( which won the National Detective Murder Mystery Contest that year ) . However , neither Myers nor Briggs was formally educated in the discipline of psychology , and both were self - taught in the field of psychometric testing . Myers therefore apprenticed herself to Edward N. Hay , who was then personnel manager for a large Philadelphia bank and who went on to start one of the first successful personnel consulting firms in the United States . From Hay , Myers learned rudimentary test construction , scoring , validation , and statistical methods . Briggs and Myers began creating the indicator during World War II in the belief that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women who were entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sort of war - time jobs that would be `` most comfortable and effective '' for them . The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook was published in 1944 . The indicator changed its name to `` Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator '' in 1956 . Myers ' work attracted the attention of Henry Chauncey , head of the Educational Testing Service . Under these auspices , the first MBTI Manual was published in 1962 . The MBTI received further support from Donald W. MacKinnon , head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California , Berkeley ; W. Harold Grant , a professor at Michigan State University and Auburn University ; and Mary H. McCaulley of the University of Florida . The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press in 1975 , and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type was founded as a research laboratory . After Myers ' death in May 1980 , Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI Manual and the second edition was published in 1985 . The third edition appeared in 1998 . Origins. of the theory ( edit ) Jung 's theory of psychological types was not based on controlled scientific studies , but instead on clinical observation , introspection , and anecdote -- methods regarded as inconclusive in the modern field of scientific psychology . Jung 's typology theories postulated a sequence of four cognitive functions ( thinking , feeling , sensation , and intuition ) , each having one of two polar orientations ( extraversion or introversion ) , giving a total of eight dominant functions . The MBTI is based on these eight hypothetical functions , although with some differences in expression from Jung 's model ( see Differences from Jung below ) . While the Jungian model offers empirical evidence for the first three dichotomies , whether the Briggs had evidence for the J-P preference is unclear . Differences from Jung ( edit ) Structured vs. projective personality assessment ( edit ) The MBTI takes what is called a `` structured '' approach to personality assessment . The responses to items are considered `` closed '' and interpreted according to the theory of the test constructers in scoring . This is contrary to the `` projective '' approach to personality assessment advocated by psychodynamic theorists such as Carl Jung . Indeed , Jung was a proponent of the `` word association '' test as a measure of the unconscious dispositions influencing behavior . This approach uses `` open - ended '' responses that need to be interpreted in the context of the `` whole '' person , and not according to the preconceived theory of the test constructers . Supporters of the projective approach to personality assessment are critical of the structured approach because defense mechanisms may distort responses to the closed items on structured tests . Judging vs. perception ( edit ) The most notable addition of Myers and Briggs ideas to Jung 's original thought is their concept that a given type 's fourth letter ( J or P ) indicates a person 's preferred extraverted function , which is the dominant function for extraverted types and the auxiliary function for introverted types . Orientation of the tertiary function ( edit ) Jung theorized that the dominant function acts alone in its preferred world : exterior for extraverts and interior for introverts . The remaining three functions , he suggested , operate together in the opposite orientation . If the dominant cognitive function is introverted the other functions are extraverted and vice versa . The MBTI Manual summarizes references in Jung 's work to the balance in psychological type as follows : `` There are several references in Jung 's writing to the three remaining functions having an opposite attitudinal character . For example , in writing about introverts with thinking dominant ... Jung commented that the counterbalancing functions have an extraverted character . '' However , many MBTI practitioners hold that the tertiary function is oriented in the same direction as the dominant function . Using the INTP type as an example , the orientation would be as follows : Dominant introverted thinking Auxiliary extraverted intuition Tertiary introverted sensing Inferior extraverted feeling Concepts ( edit ) The MBTI Manual states that the indicator `` is designed to implement a theory ; therefore , the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI '' . Fundamental to the MBTI is the theory of psychological type as originally developed by Carl Jung . Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions : The `` rational '' ( judging ) functions : thinking and feeling The `` irrational '' ( perceiving ) functions : sensation and intuition Jung believed that for every person , each of the functions is expressed primarily in either an introverted or extraverted form . Based on Jung 's original concepts , Briggs and Myers developed their own theory of psychological type , described below , on which the MBTI is based . However , although psychologist Hans Eysenck called the MBTI a moderately successful quantification of Jung 's original principles as outlined in Psychological Types , he also said , `` ( The MBTI ) creates 16 personality types which are said to be similar to Jung 's theoretical concepts . I have always found difficulties with this identification , which omits one half of Jung 's theory ( he had 32 types , by asserting that for every conscious combination of traits there was an opposite unconscious one ) . Obviously , the latter half of his theory does not admit of questionnaire measurement , but to leave it out and pretend that the scales measure Jungian concepts is hardly fair to Jung . '' In any event , both models remain hypothetical , with no controlled scientific studies supporting either Jung 's original concept of type or the Myers -- Briggs variation . Type ( edit ) Jung 's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right handedness : people are either born with , or develop , certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding . The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs , or `` dichotomies '' , with a resulting 16 possible psychological types . None of these types is `` better '' or `` worse '' ; however , Briggs and Myers theorized that people innately `` prefer '' one overall combination of type differences . In the same way that writing with the left hand is difficult for a right - hander , so people tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult , though they can become more proficient ( and therefore behaviorally flexible ) with practice and development . The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters -- the initial letters of each of their four type preferences ( except in the case of intuition , which uses the abbreviation `` N '' to distinguish it from introversion ) . For instance : ESTJ : extraversion ( E ) , sensing ( S ) , thinking ( T ) , judgment ( J ) INFP : introversion ( I ) , intuition ( N ) , feeling ( F ) , perception ( P ) These abbreviations are applied to all 16 types . Four dichotomies ( edit ) Carl Jung Subjective Objective Perception Intuition / Sensing Introversion / Extraversion 1 Judging Feeling / Thinking Introversion / Extraversion 2 Myers -- Briggs Subjective Objective Deductive Intuition / Sensing Introversion / Extraversion Inductive Feeling / Thinking Perception / Judging The four pairs of preferences or `` dichotomies '' are shown in the adjacent table . The terms used for each dichotomy have specific technical meanings relating to the MBTI , which differ from their everyday usage . For example , people who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more `` judgmental '' or less `` perceptive '' , nor does the MBTI instrument measure aptitude ; it simply indicates for one preference over another . Someone reporting a high score for extraversion over introversion can not be correctly described as more extraverted : they simply have a clear preference . Point scores on each of the dichotomies can vary considerably from person to person , even among those with the same type . However , Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference ( for example , E vs. I ) to be more important than the degree of the preference ( for example , very clear vs. slight ) . The expression of a person 's psychological type is more than the sum of the four individual preferences . The preferences interact through type dynamics and type development . Attitudes : extroversion / introversion ( edit ) Myers -- Briggs literature uses the terms extraversion and introversion as Jung first used them . Extraversion means literally outward - turning and introversion , inward - turning . These specific definitions differ somewhat from the popular usage of the words . Extraversion is the spelling used in MBTI publications . The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called `` attitudes '' . Briggs and Myers recognized that each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior , action , people , and things ( `` extraverted attitude '' ) or the internal world of ideas and reflection ( `` introverted attitude '' ) . The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other . People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action : they tend to act , then reflect , then act further . If they are inactive , their motivation tends to decline . To rebuild their energy , extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection . Conversely , those who prefer introversion `` expend '' energy through action : they prefer to reflect , then act , then reflect again . To rebuild their energy , introverts need quiet time alone , away from activity . An extravert 's flow is directed outward toward people and objects , whereas the introvert 's is directed inward toward concepts and ideas . Contrasting characteristics between extraverted and introverted people include : Extraverted are action - oriented , while introverted are thought - oriented . Extraverted seek breadth of knowledge and influence , while introverted seek depth of knowledge and influence . Extraverted often prefer more frequent interaction , while introverted prefer more substantial interaction . Extraverted recharge and get their energy from spending time with people , while introverted recharge and get their energy from spending time alone ; they consume their energy through the opposite process . Functions : sensing / intuition and thinking / feeling ( edit ) Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions : Two perceiving functions : sensation ( usually called sensing in MBTI writings ) and intuition Two judging functions : thinking and feeling According to Jung 's typology model , each person uses one of these four functions more dominantly and proficiently than the other three ; however , all four functions are used at different times depending on the circumstances . Sensing and intuition are the information - gathering ( perceiving ) functions . They describe how new information is understood and interpreted . People who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present , tangible , and concrete : that is , information that can be understood by the five senses . They tend to distrust hunches , which seem to come `` out of nowhere '' . They prefer to look for details and facts . For them , the meaning is in the data . On the other hand , those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is less dependent upon the senses , that can be associated with other information ( either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern ) . They may be more interested in future possibilities . For them , the meaning is in the underlying theory and principles which are manifested in the data . Thinking and feeling are the decision - making ( judging ) functions . The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions , based on the data received from their information - gathering functions ( sensing or intuition ) . Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint , measuring the decision by what seems reasonable , logical , causal , consistent , and matching a given set of rules . Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation , looking at it ' from the inside ' and weighing the situation to achieve , on balance , the greatest harmony , consensus and fit , considering the needs of the people involved . Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical , and tend to give very direct feedback to others . They are concerned with the truth and view it as more important . As noted already , people who prefer thinking do not necessarily , in the everyday sense , `` think better '' than their feeling counterparts , in the common sense ; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions ( and , in any case , the MBTI assessment is a measure of preference , not ability ) . Similarly , those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have `` better '' emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts . In many cases , however , people who use thinking functions as either dominant or auxiliary tend to have more underdeveloped feeling functions , and often have more trouble with regulating and making healthy and productive decisions based on their feelings . Dominant function ( edit ) A diagram depicting the cognitive functions of each type : A type 's background color represents its dominant function and its text color represents its auxiliary function . According to Jung , people use all four cognitive functions . However , one function is generally used in a more conscious and confident way . This dominant function is supported by the secondary ( auxiliary ) function , and to a lesser degree the tertiary function . The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function . Myers called this inferior function the `` shadow '' . The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes ( extraversion and introversion ) . Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way . A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition , for example , uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition . Lifestyle preferences : judging / perception ( edit ) Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung 's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using either the judging function ( thinking or feeling ) or their perceiving function ( sensing or intuition ) when relating to the outside world ( extraversion ) . Myers and Briggs held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging function ( thinking or feeling ) . So , TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical and FJ types as empathetic . According to Myers , judging types like to `` have matters settled '' . Those types who prefer perception show the world their preferred perceiving function ( sensing or intuition ) . So , SP types tend to appear to the world as concrete and NP types as abstract . According to Myers , perceptive types prefer to `` keep decisions open '' . For extraverts , the J or P indicates their dominant function ; for introverts , the J or P indicates their auxiliary function . Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters `` important to their inner worlds '' . For example : Because the ENTJ type is extraverted , the J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred judging function ( extraverted thinking ) . The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function ( introverted intuition ) . The tertiary function is sensing and the inferior function is introverted feeling . Because the INTJ type is introverted , however , the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is the preferred judging function ( extraverted thinking ) . The INTJ type introverts the dominant perceiving function ( introverted intuition ) . The tertiary function is feeling and the inferior function is extraverted sensing . Format and administration ( edit ) The current North American English version of the MBTI Step I includes 93 forced - choice questions ( 88 are in the European English version ) . `` Forced - choice '' means that a person has to choose only one of two possible answers to each question . The choices are a mixture of word pairs and short statements . Choices are not literal opposites , but chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy . Participants may skip questions if they feel they are unable to choose . Using psychometric techniques , such as item response theory , the MBTI will then be scored and will attempt to identify the preference , and clarity of preference , in each dichotomy . After taking the MBTI , participants are usually asked to complete a `` Best Fit '' exercise ( see below ) and then given a readout of their Reported Type , which will usually include a bar graph and number ( Preference Clarity Index ) to show how clear they were about each preference when they completed the questionnaire . During the early development of the MBTI , thousands of items were used . Most were eventually discarded because they did not have high `` midpoint discrimination '' , meaning the results of that one item did not , on average , move an individual score away from the midpoint . Using only items with high midpoint discrimination allows the MBTI to have fewer items on it , but still provide as much statistical information as other instruments with many more items with lower midpoint discrimination . Additional formats ( edit ) Isabel Myers had noted that people of any given type shared differences , as well as similarities . At the time of her death , she was developing a more in - depth method of measuring how people express and experience their individual type pattern . In 1987 , an advanced scoring system was developed for the MBTI . From this was developed the Type Differentiation Indicator ( Saunders , 1989 ) which is a scoring system for the longer MBTI , Form J , which includes the 290 items written by Myers that had survived her previous item analyses . It yields 20 subscales ( five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales ) , plus seven additional subscales for a new `` Comfort - Discomfort '' factor ( which purportedly corresponds to the missing factor of neuroticism ) . This factor 's scales indicate a sense of overall comfort and confidence versus discomfort and anxiety . They also load onto one of the four type dimensions : guarded - optimistic ( also T / F ) , defiant - compliant ( also T / F ) , carefree - worried ( also T / F ) , decisive - ambivalent ( also J / P ) , intrepid - inhibited ( Also E / I ) , leader - follower ( Also E / I ) , and proactive - distractible ( also J / P ) Also included is a composite of these called `` strain '' . There are also scales for type - scale consistency and comfort - scale consistency . Reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50 , `` an acceptable result given the brevity of the subscales '' ( Saunders , 1989 ) . In 1989 , a scoring system was developed for only the 20 subscales for the original four dichotomies . This was initially known as `` Form K '' or the `` Expanded Analysis Report '' . This tool is now called the `` MBTI Step II '' . Form J or the TDI included the items ( derived from Myers ' and McCaulley 's earlier work ) necessary to score what became known as `` Step III '' . ( The 1998 MBTI Manual reported that the two instruments were one and the same ) It was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations : CPP , the publisher of the whole family of MBTI works ; CAPT ( Center for Applications of Psychological Type ) , which holds all of Myers ' and McCaulley 's original work ; and the MBTI Trust , headed by Katharine and Peter Myers . Step III was advertised as addressing type development and the use of perception and judgment by respondents . Translations into other languages ( edit ) The MBTI has been successfully translated and adapted into over 20 languages , including reviews by subject - matter experts fluent in the native language , and statistical analysis to check that the questions still measure the same psychological concepts as the original US English questionnaire . Precepts and ethics ( edit ) These precepts are generally used in the ethical administration of the MBTI : Type not trait The MBTI sorts for type ; it does not indicate the strength of ability . It allows the clarity of a preference to be ascertained ( Bill clearly prefers introversion ) , but not the strength of preference ( Jane strongly prefers extraversion ) or degree of aptitude ( Harry is good at thinking ) . In this sense , it differs from trait - based tools such as 16PF . Type preferences are polar opposites : a precept of MBTI is that people fundamentally prefer one thing over the other , not a bit of both . Own best judge People are considered the best judge of their own type . While the MBTI provides a Reported Type , this is considered only an indication of their probable overall Type . A Best Fit Process is usually used to allow respondents to develop their understanding of the four dichotomies , to form their own hypothesis as to their overall Type , and to compare this against the Reported Type . In more than 20 % of cases , the hypothesis and the Reported Type differ in one or more dichotomies . Using the clarity of each preference , any potential for bias in the report , and often , a comparison of two or more whole Types may then help respondents determine their own Best Fit . No right or wrong No preference or total type is considered better or worse than another . They are all ' Gifts Differing ' , as emphasized by the title of Isabel Briggs Myers ' book on this subject . Voluntary Compelling anyone to take the MBTI is considered unethical . It should always be taken voluntarily . Confidentiality The result of the MBTI Reported and Best Fit type are confidential between the individual and administrator , and ethically , not for disclosure without permission . Not for selection The results of the assessment should not be used to `` label , evaluate , or limit the respondent in any way '' ( emphasis original ) . Since all types are valuable , and the MBTI measures preferences rather than aptitude , the MBTI is not considered a proper instrument for purposes of employment selection . Many professions contain highly competent individuals of different types with complementary preferences . Importance of proper feedback People should always be given detailed feedback from a trained administrator and an opportunity to undertake a Best Fit exercise to check against their Reported Type . This feedback can be given in person , by telephone or electronically . Type dynamics and development ( edit ) The Sixteen Types US Population Breakdown The table organizing the sixteen types was created by Isabel Myers ( an INFP person ) . ISTJ 11 -- 14 % ISFJ 9 -- 14 % INFJ 1 -- 3 % INTJ 2 -- 4 % ISTP 4 -- 6 % ISFP 5 -- 9 % INFP 4 -- 5 % INTP 3 -- 5 % ESTP 4 -- 5 % ESFP 4 -- 9 % ENFP 6 -- 8 % ENTP 2 -- 5 % ESTJ 8 -- 12 % ESFJ 9 -- 13 % ENFJ 2 -- 5 % ENTJ 2 -- 5 % Estimated percentages of the 16 types in the United States population . The interaction of two , three , or four preferences is known as `` type dynamics '' . Although type dynamics has received little or no empirical support to substantiate its viability as a scientific theory , Myers and Briggs asserted that for each of the 16 four - preference types , one function is the most dominant and is likely to be evident earliest in life . A secondary or auxiliary function typically becomes more evident ( differentiated ) during teenaged years and provides balance to the dominant . In normal development , individuals tend to become more fluent with a third , tertiary function during mid-life , while the fourth , inferior function remains least consciously developed . The inferior function is often considered to be more associated with the unconscious , being most evident in situations such as high stress ( sometimes referred to as being `` in the grip '' of the inferior function ) . However , the use of type dynamics is disputed : in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics , James H. Reynierse writes , `` Type dynamics has persistent logical problems and is fundamentally based on a series of category mistakes ; it provides , at best , a limited and incomplete account of type related phenomena '' ; and `` type dynamics relies on anecdotal evidence , fails most efficacy tests , and does not fit the empirical facts '' . His studies gave the clear result that the descriptions and workings of type dynamics do not fit the real behavior of people . He suggests getting completely rid of type dynamics , because it does not help , but hinders understanding of personality . The presumed order of functions 1 to 4 did only occur in one out of 540 test results . The sequence of differentiation of dominant , auxiliary , and tertiary functions through life is termed type development . This is an idealized sequence that may be disrupted by major life events . The dynamic sequence of functions and their attitudes can be determined in the following way : The overall lifestyle preference ( J-P ) determines whether the judging ( T-F ) or perceiving ( S-N ) preference is most evident in the outside world ; i.e. , which function has an extraverted attitude The attitude preference ( E-I ) determines whether the extraverted function is dominant or auxiliary For those with an overall preference for extraversion , the function with the extraverted attitude will be the dominant function . For example , for an ESTJ type the dominant function is the judging function , thinking , and this is experienced with an extraverted attitude . This is notated as a dominant Te . For an ESTP , the dominant function is the perceiving function , sensing , notated as a dominant Se . The auxiliary function for extraverts is the secondary preference of the judging or perceiving functions , and it is experienced with an introverted attitude : for example , the auxiliary function for ESTJ is introverted sensing ( Si ) and the auxiliary for ESTP is introverted thinking ( Ti ) . For those with an overall preference for introversion , the function with the extraverted attitude is the auxiliary ; the dominant is the other function in the main four letter preference . So the dominant function for ISTJ is introverted sensing ( Si ) with the auxiliary ( supporting ) function being extraverted thinking ( Te ) . The tertiary function is the opposite preference from the auxiliary . For example , if the Auxiliary is thinking then the Tertiary would be feeling . The attitude of the tertiary is the subject of some debate and therefore is not normally indicated ; i.e. if the auxiliary was Te then the tertiary would be F ( not Fe or Fi ) The inferior function is the opposite preference and attitude from the Dominant , so for an ESTJ with dominant Te the inferior would be Fi . Note that for extraverts , the dominant function is the one most evident in the external world . For introverts , however , it is the auxiliary function that is most evident externally , as their dominant function relates to the interior world . Some examples of whole types may clarify this further . Taking the ESTJ example above : Extraverted function is a judging function ( T-F ) because of the overall J preference Extraverted function is dominant because of overall E preference Dominant function is therefore extraverted thinking ( Te ) Auxiliary function is the preferred perceiving function : introverted sensing ( Si ) Tertiary function is the opposite of the Auxiliary : intuition ( N ) Inferior function is the opposite of the Dominant : introverted feeling ( Fi ) The dynamics of the ESTJ are found in the primary combination of extraverted thinking as their dominant function and introverted sensing as their auxiliary function : the dominant tendency of ESTJs to order their environment , to set clear boundaries , to clarify roles and timetables , and to direct the activities around them is supported by their facility for using past experience in an ordered and systematic way to help organize themselves and others . For instance , ESTJs may enjoy planning trips for groups of people to achieve some goal or to perform some culturally uplifting function . Because of their ease in directing others and their facility in managing their own time , they engage all the resources at their disposal to achieve their goals . However , under prolonged stress or sudden trauma , ESTJs may overuse their extraverted thinking function and fall into the grip of their inferior function , introverted feeling . Although the ESTJ can seem insensitive to the feelings of others in their normal activities , under tremendous stress , they can suddenly express feelings of being unappreciated or wounded by insensitivity . Looking at the diametrically opposite four - letter type , INFP : Extraverted function is a perceiving function ( S-N ) because of the P preference Introverted function is dominant because of the I preference Dominant function is therefore introverted feeling ( Fi ) Auxiliary function is extraverted intuition ( Ne ) Tertiary function is the opposite of the Auxiliary : sensing ( S ) Inferior function is the opposite of the Dominant : extraverted thinking ( Te ) The dynamics of the INFP rest on the fundamental correspondence of introverted feeling and extraverted intuition . The dominant tendency of the INFP is toward building a rich internal framework of values and toward championing human rights . They often devote themselves behind the scenes to causes such as civil rights or saving the environment . Since they tend to avoid the limelight , postpone decisions , and maintain a reserved posture , they are rarely found in executive - director - type positions of the organizations that serve those causes . Normally , the INFP dislikes being `` in charge '' of things . When not under stress , the INFP radiates a pleasant and sympathetic demeanor , but under extreme stress , they can suddenly become rigid and directive , exerting their extraverted thinking erratically . Every type , and its opposite , is the expression of these interactions , which give each type its unique , recognizable signature . Cognitive learning styles ( edit ) The test is scored by evaluating each answer in terms of what it reveals about the taker . Each question is relevant to one of the following cognitive learning styles . Each is not a polar opposite , but a gradual continuum . Extraversion / introversion ( edit ) The extraverted types learn best by talking and interacting with others . By interacting with the physical world , extraverts can process and make sense of new information . The introverted types prefer quiet reflection and privacy . Information processing occurs for introverts as they explore ideas and concepts internally . Sensing / intuition ( edit ) The second continuum reflects what people focus their attentions on . Sensing types enjoy a learning environment in which the material is presented in a detailed and sequential manner . Sensing types often attend to what is occurring in the present , and can move to the abstract after they have established a concrete experience . Intuitive types prefer a learning atmosphere in which an emphasis is placed on meaning and associations . Insight is valued higher than careful observation , and pattern recognition occurs naturally for intuitive types . Thinking / feeling ( edit ) The third continuum reflects a person 's decision preferences . Thinking types desire objective truth and logical principles and are natural at deductive reasoning . Feeling types place an emphasis on issues and causes that can be personalized while they consider other people 's motives . Judging / perceiving ( edit ) The fourth continuum reflects how a person regards complexity . Judging types will thrive when information is organized and structured , and they will be motivated to complete assignments in order to gain closure . Perceiving types will flourish in a flexible learning environment in which they are stimulated by new and exciting ideas . Judging types like to be on time , while perceiving types may be late and / or procrastinate . Correlations with other instruments ( edit ) Keirsey temperaments ( edit ) David W. Keirsey mapped four `` temperaments '' to the existing Myers -- Briggs system groupings : SP , SJ , NF and NT ; this often results in confusion of the two theories . However , the Keirsey Temperament Sorter is not directly associated with the official Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator . IS T J IS F J IN F J IN T J Inspector Protector Counselor Mastermind IS T P IS F P IN F P IN T P Crafter Composer Healer Architect ES T P ES F P EN F P EN T P Promoter Performer Champion Inventor ES T J ES F J EN F J EN T J Supervisor Provider Teacher Fieldmarshal Big Five ( edit ) McCrae and Costa based their Five Factor Model ( FFM ) on Goldberg 's Big Five theory . McCrae and Costa present correlations between the MBTI scales and the currently popular Big Five personality constructs measured , for example , by the NEO-PI - R . The five purported personality constructs have been labeled : extraversion , openness , agreeableness , conscientiousness , and neuroticism ( emotional instability ) , although there is not universal agreement on the Big Five theory and the related Five - Factor Model ( FFM ) . The following study is based on the results from 267 men followed as part of a longitudinal study of aging . ( Similar results were obtained with 201 women . ) Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism E-I − 0.74 0.03 − 0.03 0.08 0.16 S-N 0.10 0.72 0.04 − 0.15 − 0.06 T-F 0.19 0.02 0.44 − 0.15 0.06 J-P 0.15 0.30 − 0.06 − 0.49 0.11 The closer the number is to 1.0 or − 1.0 , the higher the degree of correlation . These results suggest that the four MBTI scales can be incorporated within the Big Five personality trait constructs , but that the MBTI lacks a measure for emotional stability dimension of the Big Five ( though the TDI , discussed above , has addressed that dimension ) . Emotional stability ( or neuroticism ) is a predictor of depression and anxiety disorders . These correlations refer to the second letter shown , i.e. , the table shows that I and P have negative correlations with extraversion and conscientiousness , respectively , while F and N have positive correlations with agreeableness and openness , respectively . These findings led McCrae and Costa to conclude that , `` correlational analyses showed that the four MBTI indices did measure aspects of four of the five major dimensions of normal personality . The five - factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings within a broader , more commonly shared conceptual framework . '' However , `` there was no support for the view that the MBTI measures truly dichotomous preferences or qualitatively distinct types , instead , the instrument measures four relatively independent dimensions . '' Personality disorders ( edit ) One study found personality disorders as described by the DSM overall to correlate modestly with I , N , T , and P , although the associations varied significantly by disorder . The only two disorders with significant correlations of all four MBTI dimensions were schizotypal ( INTP ) and obsessive - compulsive personality disorder ( ISTJ ) . Criticism ( edit ) The validity ( statistical validity and test validity ) of the MBTI as a psychometric instrument has been the subject of much criticism . It has been estimated that between a third and a half of the published material on the MBTI has been produced for the special conferences of the Center for the Application of Psychological Type ( which provide the training in the MBTI , and are funded by sales of the MBTI ) or as papers in the Journal of Psychological Type ( which is edited and supported by Myers -- Briggs advocates and by sales of the indicator ) . It has been argued that this reflects a lack of critical scrutiny . Many of the studies that endorse MBTI are methodologically weak or unscientific . A 1996 review by Gardner and Martinko concluded : `` It is clear that efforts to detect simplistic linkages between type preferences and managerial effectiveness have been disappointing . Indeed , given the mixed quality of research and the inconsistent findings , no definitive conclusion regarding these relationships can be drawn . '' Psychometric specialist Robert Hogan wrote : `` Most personality psychologists regard the MBTI as little more than an elaborate Chinese fortune cookie ... '' No evidence for dichotomies ( edit ) As described in the § Four dichotomies section , Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference ( for example , E vs. I ) to be more important than the degree of the preference . Statistically , this would mean that scores on each MBTI scale would show a bimodal distribution with most people scoring near the ends of the scales , thus dividing people into either , e.g. , an extroverted or an introverted psychological type . However , most studies have found that scores on the individual scales were actually distributed in a centrally peaked manner , similar to a normal distribution , indicating that the majority of people were actually in the middle of the scale and were thus neither clearly introverted nor extroverted . Most personality traits do show a normal distribution of scores from low to high , with about 15 % of people at the low end , about 15 % at the high end and the majority of people in the middle ranges . But in order for the MBTI to be scored , a cut - off line is used at the middle of each scale and all those scoring below the line are classified as a low type and those scoring above the line are given the opposite type . Thus , psychometric assessment research fails to support the concept of type , but rather shows that most people lie near the middle of a continuous curve . `` Although we do not conclude that the absence of bimodality necessarily proves that the MBTI developers ' theory - based assumption of categorical `` types '' of personality is invalid , the absence of empirical bimodality in IRT - based research of MBTI scores does indeed remove a potentially powerful line of evidence that was previously available to `` type '' advocates to cite in defense of their position . '' Validity and utility ( edit ) The content of the MBTI scales is problematic . In 1991 , a National Academy of Sciences committee reviewed data from MBTI research studies and concluded that only the I-E scale has high correlations with comparable scales of other instruments and low correlations with instruments designed to assess different concepts , showing strong validity . In contrast , the S-N and T-F scales show relatively weak validity . The 1991 review committee concluded at the time there was `` not sufficient , well - designed research to justify the use of the MBTI in career counseling programs '' . This study based its measurement of validity on `` criterion - related validity ( i.e. , does the MBTI predict specific outcomes related to interpersonal relations or career success / job performance ? ) . '' There is insufficient evidence to make claims about utility , particularly of the four letter type derived from a person 's responses to the MBTI items . Lack of objectivity ( edit ) The accuracy of the MBTI depends on honest self - reporting . Unlike some personality questionnaires , such as the 16PF Questionnaire , the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory , or the Personality Assessment Inventory , the MBTI does not use validity scales to assess exaggerated or socially desirable responses . As a result , individuals motivated to do so can fake their responses , and one study found that the MBTI judgment / perception dimension correlates weakly with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire lie scale . If respondents `` fear they have something to lose , they may answer as they assume they should . '' However , the MBTI ethical guidelines state , `` It is unethical and in many cases illegal to require job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen out applicants . '' The intent of the MBTI is to provide `` a framework for understanding individual differences , and ... a dynamic model of individual development '' . Terminology ( edit ) The terminology of the MBTI has been criticized as being very `` vague and general '' , so as to allow any kind of behavior to fit any personality type , which may result in the Forer effect , where people give a high rating to a positive description that supposedly applies specifically to them . Others argue that while the MBTI type descriptions are brief , they are also distinctive and precise . Some theorists , such as David Keirsey , have expanded on the MBTI descriptions , providing even greater detail . For instance , Keirsey 's descriptions of his four temperaments , which he correlated with the sixteen MBTI personality types , show how the temperaments differ in terms of language use , intellectual orientation , educational and vocational interests , social orientation , self - image , personal values , social roles , and characteristic hand gestures . Factor Analysis ( edit ) Researchers have reported that the JP and the SN scales correlate with one another . One factor - analytic study based on ( N = 1291 ) college - aged students found six different factors instead of the four purported dimensions , thereby raising doubts as to the construct validity of the MBTI . Correlates ( edit ) According to Hans Eysenck : `` The main dimension in the MBTI is called E-I , or extraversion - introversion ; this is mostly a sociability scale , correlating quite well with the MMPI social introversion scale ( negatively ) and the Eysenck Extraversion scale ( positively ) . Unfortunately , the scale also has a loading on neuroticism , which correlates with the introverted end . Thus introversion correlates roughly ( i.e. averaging values for males and females ) -. 44 with dominance , -. 24 with aggression , +. 37 with abasement , +. 46 with counselling readiness , -. 52 with self - confidence , -. 36 with personal adjustment , and -. 45 with empathy . The failure of the scale to disentangle Introversion and Neuroticism ( there is no scale for neurotic and other psychopathological attributes in the MBTI ) is its worst feature , only equalled by the failure to use factor analysis in order to test the arrangement of items in the scale . '' Reliability ( edit ) The test - retest reliability of the MBTI tends to be low . Large numbers of people ( between 39 % and 76 % of respondents ) obtain different type classifications when retaking the indicator after only five weeks . In Fortune Magazine ( May 15 , 2013 ) , an article titled `` Have we all been duped by the Myers - Briggs Test '' stated : `` The interesting -- and somewhat alarming -- fact about the MBTI is that , despite its popularity , it has been subject to sustained criticism by professional psychologists for over three decades . One problem is that it displays what statisticians call low `` test - retest reliability . '' So if you retake the test after only a five - week gap , there 's around a 50 % chance that you will fall into a different personality category compared to the first time you took the test . A second criticism is that the MBTI mistakenly assumes that personality falls into mutually exclusive categories ... The consequence is that the scores of two people labelled `` introverted '' and `` extroverted '' may be almost exactly the same , but they could be placed into different categories since they fall on either side of an imaginary dividing line . '' Within each dichotomy scale , as measured on Form G , about 83 % of categorizations remain the same when people are retested within nine months and around 75 % when retested after nine months . About 50 % of people re-administered the MBTI within nine months remain the same overall type and 36 % the same type after more than nine months . For Form M ( the most current form of the MBTI instrument ) , the MBTI Manual reports that these scores are higher ( p. 163 , Table 8.6 ) . In one study , when people were asked to compare their preferred type to that assigned by the MBTI assessment , only half of people chose the same profile . It has been argued that criticisms regarding the MBTI mostly come down to questions regarding the validity of its origins , not questions regarding the validity of the MBTI 's usefulness . Others argue that the MBTI can be a reliable measurement of personality ; it just so happens that `` like all measures , the MBTI yields scores that are dependent on sample characteristics and testing conditions '' . Utility ( edit ) Isabel Myers claimed that the proportion of different personality types varied by choice of career or course of study . However , researchers examining the proportions of each type within varying professions report that the proportion of MBTI types within each occupation is close to that within a random sample of the population . Some researchers have expressed reservations about the relevance of type to job satisfaction , as well as concerns about the potential misuse of the instrument in labeling people . CPP became the exclusive publisher of the MBTI in 1975 . They call it `` the world 's most widely used personality assessment '' , with as many as two million assessments administered annually . CPP and other proponents state that the indicator meets or exceeds the reliability of other psychological instruments and cite reports of individual behavior . Although meta - analysis claim support for validity and reliability , studies suggest that the MBTI `` lacks convincing validity data '' and that it is pseudoscience . The MBTI is not a useful predictor of job performance . As noted above under Precepts and ethics , the MBTI measures preferences , not ability . The use of the MBTI as a predictor of job success is expressly discouraged in the Manual . However , the MBTI continues to be popular because many people lack psychometric sophistication , it is not difficult to understand , and there are many supporting books , websites and other sources which are readily available to the general public . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Criticism Labeling theory Cold reading Barnum effect Aura ( paranormal ) Others Adjective Check List ( ACL ) Brain types DISC assessment Enneagram of Personality Riso -- Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator FIRO - B Forte Communication Style Profile The Highlands Ability Battery Holland Codes Humorism Interaction Styles Interpersonal compatibility Jungian Type Index List of tests § Personality tests Organizational culture § Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn Pearson - Marr Archetype Indicator ( PMAI ) Personality Assessment System Personality clash Personality psychology Revised NEO Personality Inventory Roger Birkman § The Birkman Method Socionics , a sister theory Strong Interest Inventory Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument Two - factor models of personality § Factors integrated into modern instruments ( CPI 260 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Myers , Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers ( 1995 ) ( 1980 ) . Gifts Differing : Understanding Personality Type . Mountain View , CA : Davies - Black Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 074 - X . ^ Jump up to : MBTI basics , The Myers - Briggs Foundation , 2014 , Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) , CPP.com , Menlo Park , CA , 2014 , Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl Gustav ( August 1 , 1971 ) . `` Psychological Types '' . Collected Works of C.G. Jung , Volume 6 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09770 - 4 . Jump up ^ page 34 in Huber , Daniel ; Kaufmann , Heiner ; Steinmann , Martin ( 2017 ) . `` The Missing Link : The Innovation Gap '' . Bridging the Innovation Gap . Management for Professionals . pp. 21 -- 41 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 55498 - 3_3 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 55497 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pearman , Roger R. ; Albritton , Sarah C. ( 1997 ) . I 'm Not Crazy , I 'm Just Not You ( 1st ed . ) . Davies - Black . xiii . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 096 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , R.M. ; Saccuzzo , D.P. ( 2009 ) . Psychological Testing : Principles , Applications , and Issues ( 7 ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50636 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Pittenger , David J. ( November 1993 ) . `` Measuring the MBTI ... And Coming Up Short '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Career Planning and Employment . 54 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , William L ; Martinko , Mark J ( 2016 ) . `` Using the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator to Study Managers : A Literature Review and Research Agenda '' . Journal of Management . 22 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 83 . doi : 10.1177 / 014920639602200103 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , Gregory J ( 1995 ) . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) : Some Psychometric Limitations '' . Australian Psychologist. 30 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 4 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1742 - 9544.1995. tb01750. x . Jump up ^ McCrae , R. ; Costa , P. ( 1989 ) . `` Reinterpreting the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five - factor model of personality '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of Isabel Briggs Myers '' . Center for Applications of Psychological Type . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The TYPE Writer : `` It Happened In 1943 : The Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Turns 60 Years Old '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Isabel Briggs Myers Papers 1885 -- 1992 '' . University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries , Department of Special and Area Studies Collections , Gainesville , FL. 2003 . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Isabel Briggs ; McCaulley Mary H. ; Quenk , Naomi L. ; Hammer , Allen L. ( 1998 ) . MBTI Manual ( A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Consulting Psychologists Press . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Robert Todd ( January 9 , 2004 ) . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator - The Skeptic 's Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2004 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` TypeLogic '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Isabel Briggs ; Mary H. McCaulley ( 1985 ) . Manual : A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( 2nd ed . ) . Palo Alto , California : Consulting Psychologists Press . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 027 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Eysenck , H.J. Genius : The Natural History of Creativity ( 1995 ed . ) . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. Genius : The Natural History of Creativity ( 1995 ed . ) . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Zeisset , Carolyn ( 2006 ) . The Art of Dialogue : Exploring Personality Differences for More Effective Communication . Gainesville , FL : Center for Applications of Psychological Type , Inc. p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 935652 - 77 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nettle , Dr. Daniel . `` Personality : A user guide '' . The Open University . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tieger , Paul D. ; Barbara Barron - Tieger ( 1999 ) . The Art of SpeedReading People . New York , NY : Little , Brown and Company . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 84518 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2003 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rebecca L. Oxford . Language learning motivation : pathways to the new century ( Google Book ) . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Briggs Myers , Isabel ; McCaulley , Mary H. ; Quenk , Naomi L. ; Hammer , Allen L. ; Mitchell , Wayne D. MBTI Step III Manual : Exploring Personality Development Using the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Instrument p. 119 . Consulting Psychologists Press ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Myers , Isabel Briggs ; McCaulley Mary H. ; Quenk , Naomi L. ; Hammer , Allen L. ( 1998 ) . MBTI Manual ( A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator ) p. 131 . Consulting Psychologists Press ; 3rd ed edition . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` CAPT Step III '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Be Better with SkillsOne ® Jump up ^ International Test Commission ( 2010 ) . International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` MBTI ® Step I instrument European Data Supplement '' . OPP Ltd , Elsfield Hall , Oxford . 8 March 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethics for Administering the MBTI Instrument '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CAPT -- Center for Applications of Psychological Type '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Personality Junkie : The Functional Stack ( Typology 301 ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Reynierse , James H. ( 2009 ) . `` The Case Against Type Dynamics '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Psychological Type. 69 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` University of Oregon : `` Measuring the Big Five Personality Factors '' `` . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : McCrae , Robert R ; Costa , Paul T ( 1989 ) . `` Reinterpreting the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator from the Perspective of the Five - Factor Model of Personality '' . Journal of Personality . 57 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1989. tb00759. x . PMID 2709300 . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. , Jr . & McCrae , R.R. ( 1992 ) . Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO-PI - R ) and NEO Five - Factor Inventory ( NEO-FFI ) Manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources . Jump up ^ Boyle , Gregory J ; Stankov , Lazar ; Cattell , Raymond B ( 1995 ) . `` Measurement and Statistical Models in the Study of Personality and Intelligence '' . In Saklofske , Donald H. ; Zeidner , Moshe . International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence . pp. 417 -- 46 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 5571 - 8_20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 3239 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. ( 2008 ) . Critique of Five - Factor Model ( FFM ) . In G.J. Boyle , G. Matthews , & D.H. Saklofske . ( Eds . ) , The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment : Vol. 1 - Personality Theories and Models . Los Angeles , CA : Sage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 4651 - 3 Jump up ^ `` An Empirical Investigation of Jung 's Personality Types and Psychological Disorder Features '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Psychological Type. 58 : 33 -- 6 . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Coffield F , Moseley D , Hall E , Ecclestone K ( 2004 ) . `` Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning : A systematic and critical review '' ( PDF ) . Learning and Skills Research Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pittenger , David J ( 2005 ) . `` Cautionary comments regarding the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' . Consulting Psychology Journal : Practice and Research . 57 ( 3 ) : 210 -- 21 . doi : 10.1037 / 1065 - 9293.57. 3.210 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Robert ( 2007 ) . Personality and the fate of organizations . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 4142 - 3 . OCLC 65400436 . ^ Jump up to : Stricker , Lawrence J ; Ross , John ( 1964 ) . `` An assessment of some structural properties of the Jungian personality typology '' . The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 68 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 71 . doi : 10.1037 / h0043580 . PMID 14105180 . ^ Jump up to : Schuwirth , L ( 2004 ) . `` What the educators are saying '' . BMJ. 328 ( 7450 ) : 1244 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 328.7450. 1244 . ^ Jump up to : Bess , T.L. & Harvey , R.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI : Fact or artifact ? '' . The Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology , San Diego 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Nowack , K. ( 1996 ) . Is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator the Right Tool to Use ? Performance in Practice , American Society of Training and Development , Fall 1996 , 6 Jump up ^ Furnham , A ( 1990 ) . `` Faking personality questionnaires : Fabricating different profiles for different purposes '' . Current Psychology . 9 : 46 -- 55 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02686767 . Jump up ^ Francis , Leslie J ; Jones , Susan H ( 2000 ) . `` The Relationship Between the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Among Adult Churchgoers '' . Pastoral Psychology . 48 ( 5 ) : 377 -- 83 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022036504232 . Jump up ^ `` MBTI Type at Work '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Forer effect from the Skeptic 's Dictionary '' . ^ Jump up to : Keirsey , David ( 1998 ) . Please Understand Me II : Temperament , Character , Intelligence . Del Mar , CA : Prometheus Nemesis Book Company . ISBN 1 - 885705 - 02 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sipps , Gary J ; Alexander , Ralph A ; Friedt , Larry ( 2016 ) . `` Item Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement. 45 ( 4 ) : 789 -- 96 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013164485454009 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. , & Eysenck , M.W. ( 1985 ) . Personality and Individual Differences . New York : Plenum . Jump up ^ Grant , Adam ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Say Goodbye to MBTI , the Fad That Wo n't Die '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Krznaric , Roman ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Have we all been duped by the Myers - Briggs test ? '' . Fortune Magazine . Jump up ^ Harvey , RJ ( 1996 ) . `` Reliability and Validity '' . In Hammer , A.L. MBTI Applications : A Decade of Research on the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator . Palo Alto , California : Consulting Psychologists Press . pp. 5 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89106 - 094 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carskadon , TG & Cook , DD ( 1982 ) . `` Validity of MBTI descriptions as perceived by recipients unfamiliar with type '' . Research in Psychological Type. 5 : 89 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Dawes , Robyn ( 2004 ) . `` Time for a critical empirical investigation of the MBTI : Case and Phillipson are right to highlight the pre-scientific roots of the MBTI , but they fail to separate the issue of the validity or usefulness of the MBTI from the issue of the validity of its origins. ( Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ) '' . European Business Forum ( 18 ) . Jump up ^ Capraro , Robert ; Margaret Capraro ( 2002 ) . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability across Studies : A meta - analytic reliability generalization study '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement ( 62 ) : 590 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Druckman , D. ; R.A. Bjork , eds. ( 1992 ) . In the Mind 's Eye : Enhancing Human Performance . Washington , DC : National Academy Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 04747 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` CPP Products '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schaubhut , Nancy A. ; Nicole A. Herk ; Richard C. Thompson ( 2009 ) . `` MBTI Form M Manual Supplement '' ( PDF ) . CPP . p. 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Barron - Tieger , Barbara ; Tieger , Paul D. ( 1995 ) . Do what you are : discover the perfect career for you through the secrets of personality type . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 84522 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bruce ; Borrello , Gloria M ( 2016 ) . `` Construct Validity of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement. 46 ( 3 ) : 745 -- 52 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013164486463032 . Jump up ^ Capraro , Robert M ; Capraro , Mary Margaret ( 2016 ) . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability Across : Studies a Meta - Analytic Reliability Generalization Study '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement. 62 ( 4 ) : 590 -- 602 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013164402062004004 . Jump up ^ Hunsley J , Lee CM , Wood JM ( 2004 ) . `` Controversial and questionable assessment techniques '' . In Lilienfeld SO , Lohr JM , Lynn SJ . Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology . Guilford . pp. 39 -- 76 . ISBN 1 - 59385 - 070 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kline , Paul , The Handbook of Psychological Testing , Psychology Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 21158 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21158 - 1 Jump up ^ Letters to the Editor : It 's Not You , It 's Your Personality . '' ( 1992 , February 3 ) . Wall Street Journal ( Eastern Edition ) , p . PAGE A13 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 , from Wall Street Journal database . ( Document ID : 27836749 ) . Jump up ^ Lok , Corie ( 2012 ) . `` Career development : What 's your type ? '' . Nature . 488 ( 7412 ) : 545 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nj7412 - 545a . PMID 22919707 . Jump up ^ Moshenkov , Sergei ; Wing , Tung Tang ( 2010 ) . MBTI and Socionics : Legacy of Dr. Carl Jung . CreateSpace . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4528 - 3564 - 8 . References and further reading ( edit ) Hunsley , J. ; Lee , C.M. ; and Wood , J.M. ( 2004 ) . Controversial and questionable assessment techniques . Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology , Lilienfeld SO , Lohr JM , Lynn SJ ( eds . ) . Guilford , ISBN 1 - 59385 - 070 - 0 Bess , T.L. ; and Harvey , R.J. ( 2001 , April ) . Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI : Fact or artifact ? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology , San Diego . Bess , T.L. ; Harvey , R.J. ; and Swartz , D. ( 2003 ) . Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology , Orlando . Bourne , Dana ( 2005 ) . Personality Types and the Transgender Community . Retrieved November 14 , 2005 Falt , Jack . Bibliography of MBTI / Temperament Books by Author . Retrieved December 20 , 2004 Georgia State University . GSU Master Teacher Program : On Learning Styles . Retrieved December 20 , 2004 . Jung , Carl Gustav ( 1965 ) . Memories , Dreams , Reflections . Vintage Books : New York , 1965 . p. 207 Jung , C.G. ( 1971 ) . Psychological types ( Collected works of C.G. Jung , volume 6 ) . ( 3rd ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . First appeared in German in 1921 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09770 - 4 Krauskopf , Charles J. and Saunders , David R. ( 1994 ) Personality and Ability : The Personality Assessment System . Maryland : University Press of America . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 9282 - 1 Schuwirth , L ( 2004 ) . `` What the educators are saying '' . BMJ. 328 ( 7450 ) : 1244 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 328.7450. 1244 . Myers , Isabel Briggs ( 1980 ) . Gifts Differing : Understanding Personality Type . Davies - Black Publishing ; Reprint edition ( May 1 , 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 074 - X Myers , Isabel Briggs , Mary H. McCaulley , Naomi Quenk , and Allan Hammer. ( 1998 ) MBTI Handbook : A Guide to the development and use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Consulting Psychologists Press , 3rd edition . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4 Pearman , R. ; Lombardo , M. ; and Eichinger , R. ( 2005 ) . YOU : Being More Effective In Your MBTI Type . Minn. : Lominger International , Inc . Pearman , R. ; and Albritton , S. ( 1996 ) . I 'm Not Crazy , I 'm Just Not You : The Real Meaning of the Sixteen Personality Types . Mountain View , Ca : Davies - Black Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85788 - 470 - 8 Saunders , D. ( 1989 ) . Type Differentiation Indicator Manual : A scoring system for Form J of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator . Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologists Press , Inc . Skeptics Dictionary . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' ( 2 ) Wicklein , Robert C ; Rojewski , Jay W ( 1995 ) . `` The Relationship Between Psychological Type and Professional Orientation Among Technology Education Teachers '' . Journal of Technology Education . 7 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.21061 / jte. v7i1. a. 5 . Long , Thomas G ( 2016 ) . `` Myers - Briggs and Other Modern Astrologies '' . Theology Today . 49 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 5 . doi : 10.1177 / 004057369204900301 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Psychological Type Myers & Briggs Foundation Why the Myers - Briggs test is totally meaningless Why the Myers - Briggs test is totally meaningless on YouTube ( hide ) Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator INFP INFJ INTJ ISFJ INTP ISTJ ISTP ISFP ENFP ENFJ ENTJ ESFP ENTP ESTJ ESFJ ESTP Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myers -- Briggs_Type_Indicator&oldid = 827027534 '' Categories : Jungian tradition Personality typologies MBTI types Personality tests Carl Jung Pseudoscience Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from February 2018 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 10 : 11 . 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when was the myers briggs type indicator developed

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Rugby World Cup

Rugby World Cup - wikipedia Rugby World Cup Jump to : navigation , search `` RWC '' redirects here . For other uses , see RWC ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the rugby union tournament . For the rugby league tournament , see Rugby League World Cup . Rugby World Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is awarded to the winner of the Rugby World Cup Sport Rugby union Instituted Number of teams 20 Regions Worldwide ( World Rugby ) Holders New Zealand ( 2015 ) Most titles New Zealand ( 3 titles ) Website www.rugbyworldcup.com The opening ceremony of the 2007 tournament Tournaments 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 The Rugby World Cup is a men 's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams . The tournament was first held in 1987 , when the tournament was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia . New Zealand are the current champions , having defeated Australia in the final of the 2015 tournament in England . The winners are awarded the William Webb Ellis Cup , named after William Webb Ellis , the Rugby School pupil who -- according to a popular legend -- invented rugby by picking up the ball during a football game . Four countries have won the trophy ; New Zealand have won it three times , two teams have won twice , Australia and South Africa , while England have won it once . The tournament is administered by World Rugby , the sport 's international governing body . Sixteen teams were invited to participate in the inaugural tournament in 1987 , however since 1999 twenty teams have taken part . Japan will host the next event in 2019 and France will host in 2023 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Qualification 1.2 Tournament 2 History 3 Trophy 4 Selection of hosts 5 Tournament growth 5.1 Media coverage 5.2 Attendance 5.3 Revenue 6 Results 6.1 Tournaments 6.2 Performance of nations 6.3 Team records 7 Records and statistics 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Printed sources 9.2 Notes 9.3 Citations 10 External links Format Qualification Main article : Rugby World Cup qualification Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second tournament , where eight of the sixteen places were contested in a twenty - four - nation tournament . The inaugural World Cup in 1987 , did not involve any qualifying process ; instead , the 16 places were automatically filled by seven eligible International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB , now World Rugby ) member nations , and the rest by invitation . In 2003 and 2007 , the qualifying format allowed for eight of the twenty available positions to be filled by automatic qualification , as the eight quarter finalists of the previous tournament enter its successor . The remaining twelve positions were filled by continental qualifying tournaments . Positions were filled by three teams from the Americas , one from Asia , one from Africa , three from Europe and two from Oceania . Another two places were allocated for repechage . The first repechage place was determined by a match between the runners - up from the Africa and Europe qualifying tournaments , with that winner then playing the Americas runner - up to determine the place . The second repechage position was determined between the runners - up from the Asia and Oceania qualifiers . The current format allows for 12 of the 20 available positions to be filled by automatic qualification , as the teams who finish third or better in the group ( pool ) stages of the previous tournament enter its successor ( where they will be seeded ) . The qualification system for the remaining eight places is region - based , with a total eight teams allocated for Europe , five for Oceania , three for the Americas , two for Africa , and one for Asia . The last place is determined by an intercontinental play - off . Tournament The 2015 tournament involved twenty nations competing over six weeks . There were two stages , a pool and a knockout . Nations were divided into four pools , A through to D , of five nations each . The teams were seeded before the start of the tournament , with the seedings taken from the World Rankings in December 2012 . The four highest - ranked teams were drawn into pools A to D . The next four highest - ranked teams were then drawn into pools A to D , followed by the next four . The remaining positions in each pool were filled by the qualifiers . Nations play four pool games , playing their respective pool members once each . A bonus points system is used during pool play . If two or more teams are level on points , a system of criteria is used to determine the higher ranked ; the sixth and final criterion decides the higher rank through the official World Rankings . The winner and runner - up of each pool enter the knockout stage . The knockout stage consists of quarter - and semi-finals , and then the final . The winner of each pool is placed against a runner - up of a different pool in a quarter - final . The winner of each quarter - final goes on to the semi-finals , and the respective winners proceed to the final . Losers of the semi-finals contest for third place , called the ' Bronze Final ' . If a match in the knockout stages ends in a draw , the winner is determined through extra time . If that fails , the match goes into sudden death and the next team to score any points is the winner . As a last resort , a kicking competition is used . History Main article : History of the Rugby World Cup A scrum between Samoa ( in blue ) and Wales ( in red ) during the 2011 World Cup Prior to the Rugby World Cup , there was no truly global rugby union competition , but there were a number of other tournaments . One of the oldest is the annual Six Nations Championship , which started in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship , a tournament between England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . It expanded to the Five Nations in 1910 , when France joined the tournament . France did not participate from 1931 to 1939 , during which period it reverted to a Home Nations championship . In 2000 , Italy joined the competition , which became the Six Nations . Rugby union was also played at the Summer Olympic Games , first appearing at the 1900 Paris games and subsequently at London in 1908 , Antwerp in 1920 , and Paris again in 1924 . France won the first gold medal , then Australasia , with the last two being won by the United States . However rugby union ceased to be on Olympic program after 1924 . The idea of a Rugby World Cup had been suggested on numerous occasions going back to the 1950s , but met with opposition from most unions in the IRFB . The idea resurfaced several times in the early 1980s , with the Australian Rugby Union ( ARU ) in 1983 , and the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) in 1984 independently proposing the establishment of a world cup . A proposal was again put to the IRFB in 1985 and this time successfully passed 10 -- 6 . The delegates from Australia , France , New Zealand and South Africa all voted for the proposal , and the delegates from Ireland and Scotland against ; the English and Welsh delegates were split , with one from each country for and one against . The inaugural tournament , jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand , was held in May and June 1987 , with sixteen nations taking part . New Zealand became the first ever champions , defeating France 29 -- 9 in the final . The subsequent 1991 tournament was hosted by England , with matches played throughout Britain , Ireland and France . This tournament saw the introduction of a qualifying tournament ; eight places were allocated to the quarter - finalists from 1987 , and the remaining eight decided by a thirty - five nation qualifying tournament . Australia won the second tournament , defeating England 12 -- 6 in the final . In 1992 , eight years after their last official series , South Africa hosted New Zealand in a one - off test match . The resumption of international rugby in South Africa came after the dismantling of the apartheid system , and was only done with permission of the African National Congress . With their return to test rugby , South Africa were selected to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup . After upsetting Australia in the opening match , South Africa continued to advance through the tournament until they met New Zealand in the final . After a tense final that went into extra time , South Africa emerged 15 -- 12 winners , with then President Nelson Mandela , wearing a Springbok jersey , presenting the trophy to South Africa 's captain , Francois Pienaar . The tournament in 1999 was hosted by Wales with matches also being held throughout the rest of the United Kingdom , Ireland and France . The tournament included a repechage system , alongside specific regional qualifying places , and an increase from sixteen to twenty participating nations . Australia claimed their second title , defeating France in the final . The 2003 event was hosted by Australia , although it was originally intended to be held jointly with New Zealand . England emerged as champions defeating Australia in extra time . England 's win was unique in that it broke the southern hemisphere 's dominance in the event . Such was the celebration of England 's victory , that an estimated 750,000 people gathered in central London to greet the team , making the day the largest sporting celebration of its kind ever in the United Kingdom . The 2007 competition was hosted by France , with matches also being held in Wales and Scotland . South Africa claimed their second title by defeating defending champions England 15 -- 6 . The 2011 tournament was awarded to New Zealand in November 2005 , ahead of bids from Japan and South Africa . The All Blacks reclaimed their place atop the rugby world with a narrow 8 -- 7 win over France in the 2011 final . In the 2015 edition of tournament , hosted by England , New Zealand once again won the final , this time against established rivals , Australia . In doing so , they became the first team in World Cup history to win three titles , as well as the first to successfully defend a title . It was also New Zealand 's first title victory on foreign soil . Trophy Main article : Webb Ellis Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is the prize presented to winners of the Rugby World Cup , named after William Webb Ellis . The trophy is also referred to simply as the Rugby World Cup . The trophy was chosen in 1987 as an appropriate cup for use in the competition , and was created in 1906 by Garrard 's Crown Jewellers . The trophy is restored after each game by fellow Royal Warrant holder Thomas Lyte . The words ' The International Rugby Football Board ' and ' The Webb Ellis Cup ' are engraved on the face of the cup . It stands thirty - eight centimetres high and is silver gilded in gold , and supported by two cast scroll handles , one with the head of a satyr , and the other a head of a nymph . In Australia the trophy is colloquially known as `` Bill '' -- a reference to William Webb Ellis . Selection of hosts Main article : Rugby World Cup hosts Tournaments are organised by Rugby World Cup Ltd ( RWCL ) , which is itself owned by World Rugby . The selection of host is decided by a vote of World Rugby Council members . The voting procedure is managed by a team of independent auditors , and the voting kept secret . The allocation of a tournament to a host nation is now made five or six years prior to the commencement of the event , for example New Zealand were awarded the 2011 event in late 2005 . The tournament has been hosted by multiple nations . For example , the 1987 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand . World Rugby requires that the hosts must have a venue with a capacity of at least 60,000 spectators for the final . Host nations sometimes construct or upgrade stadia in preparation for the World Cup , such as Millennium Stadium -- purpose built for the 1999 tournament -- and Eden Park , upgraded for 2011 . The first country outside of the traditional rugby nations of SANZAAR or the Six Nations to be awarded the hosting rights was Japan , who will host the 2019 tournament . France will host the 2023 tournament . Tournament growth Media coverage Organizers of the Rugby World Cup , as well as the Global Sports Impact , state that the Rugby World Cup is the third largest sporting event in the World , behind only the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics , although other sources question whether this is accurate . Reports emanating from World Rugby and its business partners have frequently touted the tournament 's media growth , with cumulative worldwide television audiences of 300 million for the inaugural 1987 tournament , 1.75 billion in 1991 , 2.67 billion in 1995 , 3 billion in 1999 , 3.5 billion in 2003 , and 4 billion in 2007 . The 4 billion figure was widely dismissed as the global audience for television is estimated to be about 4.2 billion . However , independent reviews have called into question the methodology of those growth estimates , pointing to factual inconsistencies . The event 's supposed drawing power outside of a handful of rugby strongholds was also downplayed significantly , with an estimated 97 percent of the 33 million average audience produced by the 2007 final coming from Australasia , South Africa , the British Isles and France . Other sports have been accused of exaggerating their television reach over the years ; such claims are not exclusive to the Rugby World Cup . While the event 's global popularity remains a matter of dispute , high interest in traditional rugby nations is well documented . The 2003 final , between Australia and England , became the most watched rugby union match in the history of Australian television . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Attendance figures Year Host ( s ) Total attendance Matches Avg attendance % change in avg att . Stadium capacity Attendance as % of capacity Australia New Zealand 604,500 32 20,156 -- 1,006,350 60 % 1991 England Wales France Ireland Scotland 1,007,760 32 31,493 + 56 % 1,212,800 79 % 1995 South Africa 1,100,000 32 34,375 + 9 % 1,423,850 77 % 1999 Wales 1,750,000 41 42,683 + 24 % 2,104,500 83 % 2003 Australia 1,837,547 48 38,282 -- 10 % 2,208,529 83 % 2007 France 2,263,223 48 47,150 + 23 % 2,470,660 92 % 2011 New Zealand 1,477,294 48 30,777 -- 35 % 1,732,000 85 % 2015 England 2,477,805 48 51,621 + 68 % 2,600,741 95 % 2019 Japan To be determined 48 To be determined Revenue Revenue for Rugby World Cup tournaments Source 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Gate receipts ( M £ ) -- -- 15 55 81 147 131 - Broadcasting ( M £ ) -- -- 19 44 60 82 93 - Sponsorship ( M £ ) -- -- 8 18 16 28 29 - Notes : The host union keeps revenue from gate receipts . World Rugby , through RWCL , receive revenue from sources including broadcasting rights , sponsorship and tournament fees . Results Tournaments Year Host ( s ) Final Bronze Final Number of teams Winner Score Runner - up 3rd place Score 4th place Australia & New Zealand New Zealand 29 -- 9 France Wales 22 -- 21 Australia 16 1991 Europe Australia 12 -- 6 England New Zealand 13 -- 6 Scotland 16 1995 South Africa South Africa 15 -- 12 ( aet ) New Zealand France 19 -- 9 England 16 1999 Wales Australia 35 -- 12 France South Africa 22 -- 18 New Zealand 20 2003 Australia England 20 -- 17 ( aet ) Australia New Zealand 40 -- 13 France 20 2007 France South Africa 15 -- 6 England Argentina 34 -- 10 France 20 2011 New Zealand New Zealand 8 -- 7 France Australia 21 -- 18 Wales 20 2015 England New Zealand 34 -- 17 Australia South Africa 24 -- 13 Argentina 20 2019 Japan To be determined To be determined 20 2023 France Performance of nations Map of nations ' best results ( excluding qualifying tournaments ) . See also : National team appearances in the Rugby World Cup Twenty - five nations have participated at the Rugby World Cup ( excluding qualifying tournaments ) . Of the eight tournaments that have been held , all but one have been won by a national team from the southern hemisphere . The southern hemisphere 's dominance has been broken only in 2003 , when England beat Australia in the final . Thus far the only nations to host and win a tournament are New Zealand ( 1987 and 2011 ) and South Africa ( 1995 ) . The performance of other host nations includes England ( 1991 final hosts ) and Australia ( 2003 hosts ) finishing runners - up . France ( 2007 hosts ) finished fourth , while Wales ( 1999 hosts ) failed to reach the semi-finals . Wales became the first host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 1991 , while , England became the first solo host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 2015 . Of the twenty - five nations that have ever participated in at least one tournament , twelve of them have never missed a tournament . Team records Team Champions Runners - up Third Fourth Quarter - finals Top 8 Apps New Zealand 3 ( 1987 , 2011 , 2015 ) 1 ( 1995 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2003 ) 1 ( 1999 ) 1 ( 2007 ) 8 Australia 2 ( 1991 , 1999 ) 2 ( 2003 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 1 ( 1987 ) 2 ( 1995 , 2007 ) 8 South Africa 2 ( 1995 , 2007 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2015 ) -- 2 ( 2003 , 2011 ) 6 England 1 ( 2003 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2007 ) -- 1 ( 1995 ) 3 ( 1987 , 1999 , 2011 ) 7 France -- 3 ( 1987 , 1999 , 2011 ) 1 ( 1995 ) 2 ( 2003 , 2007 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2015 ) 8 Wales -- -- 1 ( 1987 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 3 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2015 ) 5 Argentina -- -- 1 ( 2007 ) 1 ( 2015 ) 2 ( 1999 , 2011 ) Scotland -- -- -- 1 ( 1991 ) 6 ( details ) 7 Ireland -- -- -- -- 6 ( details ) 6 Fiji -- -- -- -- 2 ( 1987 , 2007 ) Samoa -- -- -- -- 2 ( 1991 , 1995 ) Canada -- -- -- -- 1 ( 1991 ) Records and Statistics Gavin Hastings is one of four players to have kicked a record eight penalties in a single World Cup match . Main articles : Records and statistics of the Rugby World Cup , Rugby World Cup try scorers , and List of Rugby World Cup hat - tricks The record for most points overall is held by English player Jonny Wilkinson , who scored 277 over his World Cup career . Grant Fox of New Zealand holds the record for most points in one competition , with 126 in 1987 ; Jason Leonard of England holds the record for most World Cup matches : 22 between 1991 and 2003 . Simon Culhane holds the record for most points in a match by one player , 45 , as well as the record for most conversions in a match , 20 . Marc Ellis holds the record for most tries in a match , six , which he scored against Japan in 1995 . All Black Jonah Lomu is the youngest player to appear in a final -- aged 20 years and 43 days at the 1995 Final . Lomu shares 2 records with South African Bryan Habana . Most tries in a tournament ( 8 ) : Lomu in 1999 and Habana in 2007 and total world cup tournament tries , both scored 15 . The record for most penalties in a match is 8 , held by Matt Burke , Gonzalo Quesada , Gavin Hastings and Thierry Lacroix , and the record for most penalties in a tournament , 31 , is held by Gonzalo Quesada . South Africa 's Jannie de Beer kicked five drop - goals against England in 1999 -- an individual record for a single World Cup match . The most points scored in a game is 145 -- by the All Blacks against Japan in 1995 , while the widest winning margin is 142 , held by Australia in a match against Namibia in 2003 . A total of 16 players have been sent off ( red carded ) in the tournament . Welsh lock Huw Richards was the first , while playing against New Zealand in 1987 . No player has been red carded more than once . See also Rugby union portal Women 's Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup Sevens References Printed sources Collins , Tony ( 2008 ) . `` ' The First Principle of Our Game ' : The rise and fall of amateurism : 1886 -- 1995 '' . In Ryan , Greg . The Changing Face of Rugby : The Union Game and Professionalism since 1995 . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84718 - 530 - 4 . Davies , Gerald ( 2004 ) . The History of the Rugby World Cup Sanctuary Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 602 - 0 . Farr - Jones , Nick , ( 2003 ) . Story of the Rugby World Cup , Australian Post Corporation . ISBN 0 - 642 - 36811 - 2 . Harding , Grant ; Williams , David ( 2000 ) . The Toughest of Them All : New Zealand and South Africa : The Struggle for Rugby Supremacy . Auckland , New Zealand : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 029577 - 1 . Martin , Gerard John ( 2005 ) . The Game is not the Same -- a History of Professional Rugby in New Zealand ( Thesis ) . Auckland University of Technology . Peatey , Lance ( 2011 ) . In Pursuit of Bill : A Complete History of the Rugby World Cup . New Holland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74257 - 191 - 1 . Phillpots , Kyle ( 2000 ) . The Professionalisation of Rugby Union ( Thesis ) . University of Warwick . Williams , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Battle Lines on Three Fronts : The RFU and the Lost War Against Professionalism '' . The International Journal of the History of Sport . Routledge. 19 ( 4 ) : 114 -- 136 . doi : 10.1080 / 714001793 . Notes Jump up ^ However an exhibition tournament did take place at the 1936 Games . Rugby will be reintroduced to the Olympics in 2016 , but as men 's and women 's seven - a-side rugby ( Rugby Sevens ) . Jump up ^ Against England in 1984 . Jump up ^ Argentina , Australia , Canada , England , France , Ireland , Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Romania , Scotland and Wales are the nations that have never missed a tournament , playing in all seven thus far . South Africa has played in all five in the post-apartheid era . Citations ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 59 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doin ' it the Hard Way '' . Rugby News . 38 ( 9 ) . 2007 . p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doin ' it the Hard Way '' . Rugby News . 38 ( 9 ) . 2007 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings to determine RWC pools '' . BBC News . 22 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AB boost as World Cup seedings confirmed '' . stuff.co.nz . NZPA. 22 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean kick off for RWC 2011 qualifying '' . irb.com. 3 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fixtures '' . World Rugby . Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament Rules '' . World Rugby . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Rugby World Cup seedings take shape '' . tvnz.co.nz . AAP. 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of the Six Nations rugby tournament '' . 6 Nations Rugby . Archived from the original on 8 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Rugby in the Olympics '' . World Rugby. 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Huw ( 26 July 2012 ) . `` Rugby and the Olympics '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of RWC '' . worldcupweb.com . Archived from the original on 14 April 2006 . Retrieved 25 April 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Collins ( 2008 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 31 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 42 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Harding ( 2000 ) , p. 137 Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 78 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 82 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Harding ( 2000 ) , pp. 159 -- 160 Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 99 . Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ `` England honours World Cup stars '' . bbc.co.uk. 2003 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Second World Cup exists , Snedden confirms '' . New Zealand Herald . 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Keith ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` Keith Quinn : Back - history of RWC -- part three '' . TVNZ . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Boss : Kevin Baker of silversmiths Thomas Lyte '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Lyte '' . royalwarrant.org . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Webb Ellis Cup '' . Sky Sport New Zealand . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the Rugby World Cup '' . rugbyworldcup.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` England awarded 2015 Rugby World Cup '' . ABC News Australia . AFP . 29 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand came close to losing Rugby World Cup 2011 '' . Rugby Week . 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Stadium , Cardiff '' . Virtual Tourist . Retrieved 23 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2015 Official Hospitality '' . RWC Ltd . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/sport/30326825 Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup : Logic debunks outrageous numbers game '' . New Zealand Herald . 2011 - 10 - 23 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2003 '' . sevencorporate.com.au . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Visa International Renews Rugby World Cup Partnership '' . corporate.visa.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Potential Impact of the Rugby World Cup on a Host Nation '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte & Touche . 2008 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Divide : Global Household Penetration Rates for Technology '' . VRWorld . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nippert , Matt ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Filling the Cup -- cost $500 m and climbing '' . New Zealand Herald . APN New Zealand . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Michael ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Logic debunks outrageous numbers game '' . New Zealand Herald . APN New Zealand . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Derriman , Phillip ( 2006 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Rivals must assess impact of Cup fever '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : International Rugby Board Year in Review 2012 . International Rugby Board . p. 62 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Only the Strong Survive '' . Rugby News . 38 ( 9 ) . 2007 . pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time RWC Statistics '' . International Rugby Board . Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 245 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 242 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rugby World Cup . Wikinews has related news : Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup -- official site World Rugby Rugby World Cup Tournaments Australia / New Zealand 1987 England / France / Ireland / Scotland / Wales 1991 South Africa 1995 Wales 1999 Australia 2003 France 2007 New Zealand 2011 England 2015 Japan 2019 France 2023 2027 2031 Qualifying 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2019 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2019 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Overview History Hosts Qualification Final Trophy Theme song Statistics Records and statistics Hat - tricks Try scorers Red cards Team appearances Overall record Rugby World Cup winners 1987 : New Zealand 1991 : Australia 1995 : South Africa 1999 : Australia 2003 : England 2007 : South Africa 2011 : New Zealand 2015 : New Zealand International rugby union competitions World Rugby Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania Worldwide Men World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series U20 World Championship U20 Trophy Women World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series Multi-sport events Olympic Games ( 7s ) Asian Games Commonwealth Games ( 7s ) Pacific Games Pan American Games Intercontinental Nations Cup Women 's Nations Cup Pacific Nations Cup Pacific Rugby Challenge The Rugby Championship Continental Africa Africa Cup African Development Trophy North African Tri Nations Rugby Africa Sevens African Rugby Under - 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It's Complicated (film)

It 's Complicated ( film ) - wikipedia It 's Complicated ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search It 's Complicated Theatrical release poster Directed by Nancy Meyers Produced by Nancy Meyers Scott Rudin Written by Nancy Meyers Starring Meryl Streep Steve Martin Alec Baldwin John Krasinski Music by Hans Zimmer Heitor Pereira Cinematography John Toll Edited by Joe Hutshing David Moritz Production company Relativity Media Waverly Films Scott Rudin Productions Dentsu Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $219.1 million It 's Complicated is a 2009 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Nancy Meyers . It stars Meryl Streep as a successful bakery owner and single mother of three who starts a secret affair with her former husband , played by Alec Baldwin , ten years after their divorce -- only to find herself drawn to another man : her architect Adam ( portrayed by Steve Martin ) . The film also features supporting performances by Lake Bell , Hunter Parrish , Zoe Kazan , John Krasinski , Mary Kay Place , Robert Curtis Brown and Rita Wilson , among others . The film was met with average reviews from critics , who praised the acting of its ensemble cast but declared its story rather predictable . It became another commercial hit for Meyers , however , upon its Christmas Day 2009 opening release in the United States and Canada . It played well through the holidays and in to January 2010 , ultimately closing on April 1 with $112.7 million . Worldwide , It 's Complicated eventually grossed $219.1 million , and surpassed The Holiday ( 2006 ) to become Meyer 's third highest - grossing project to date . For their performances , the cast was awarded a National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Award for Best Ensemble Cast the same year . In addition , the film was nominated at both the Critics ' Choice Awards and the Satellite Awards and garnered Meyers two Golden Globe nominations , including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Screenplay . Streep and Baldwin each were individually recognized with Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor nominations at the Golden Globe and BAFTA award ceremonies , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Jane ( Meryl Streep ) , who owns a successful bakery in Santa Barbara , California , and Jake Adler ( Alec Baldwin ) , a successful attorney , divorced ten years earlier . They had three children together , two girls and a boy , who are grown . Jake , who was cheating on Jane , married the much younger Agness ( Lake Bell ) . Jane and Jake attend their son Luke 's graduation from college in New York City . After a dinner together , the two begin an affair , which continues in Santa Barbara . Jane is torn about the affair ; Jake is not . While Agness has Jake scheduled for regular sessions at a fertility clinic , Jake is secretly taking medication to increase sperm count for fertility , a side effect of which can cause dizziness . After one of his sessions he has a lunchtime rendezvous with Jane at a hotel . Jake collapses in the hotel room and a doctor is called . The doctor speculates that the reason for Jake 's distress may be the medication and says he should stop taking it . Jake and Jane 's children know nothing of the affair , but Harley ( John Krasinski ) , who is engaged to their daughter Lauren , spots the pair and the doctor in the hotel , but keeps silent . Adam ( Steve Martin ) is an architect hired to remodel Jane 's home . Still healing from a divorce of his own , he begins to fall in love with Jane . On the night of Luke 's graduation party in Santa Barbara , Jane invites Adam to the party . She is stoned when he picks her up because she has smoked a marijuana joint that Jake had given her earlier . Before going into the party , Adam smokes some of the joint with Jane . Once inside , they are laughing and happily high , Jake becomes jealous observing them , and after pressing Jane , smokes some with her also . Agness then observes Jake and Jane dancing together and realizes they are having an affair . When they leave the party , Adam asks Jane if they could have something to eat . Jane takes him to her bakery and they make chocolate croissants together . Jake and Agness separate , although it is not clear who leaves whom . Eventually by a webcam in Jane 's bedroom , Adam sees Jake naked and realizes that the two have been having an affair . Adam tells Jane he can not continue seeing her because it will only lead to heartbreak . Jane 's kids also find out , and they are not happy about Mom and Dad getting together again because they are still recovering from the divorce . Jane tells them she is not getting back with Jake . Jane and Jake talk and end their affair on amicable terms . The film ends with Adam at Jane 's house ready to commence the remodeling . Before the credits roll , Jane and Adam are seen laughing about the chocolate croissants while walking into her house . Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as Jane Adler , a successful bakery owner . Steve Martin as Adam Schaffer , Jane 's architect . Alec Baldwin as Jacob `` Jake '' Adler , Jane 's ex-husband . Lake Bell as Agness Adler , Jake 's wife . Hunter Parrish as Luke David Adler , Jane and Jake 's son . Zoe Kazan as Gabby Adler , Jane and Jake 's younger daughter . Caitlin Fitzgerald as Lauren Adler , Jane and Jake 's older daughter . John Krasinski as Harley , Lauren 's fiancé . Mary Kay Place as Joanne Rita Wilson as Trisha Alexandra Wentworth as Diane James Patrick Stuart as Dr. Moss , the plastic surgeon Blanchard Ryan as Annalise Michael Rivera as Eddie Robert Curtis Brown as Peter Peter Mackenzie as Dr. Alan , Jane 's therapist . Rosalie Ward as Alex Jimmy Clabots as Chase Emjay Anthony as Pedro Adler Emily Kinney as Waitress . Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) It 's Complicated marked Steve Martin 's third collaboration with director Nancy Meyers . In May 2008 , Nancy Meyers agreed to a project for Universal Studios that she would write and direct , to be co-produced with Scott Rudin . The project was referred to as The Untitled Nancy Meyers Project during its inception and early production . Establishing commitments from the principals began in 2008 , with Meryl Streep and Alec Baldwin entering discussions in August , and Steve Martin joining the cast in October . Casting continued through 2009 , with Zoe Kazan , Lake Bell , and Hunter Parrish joining in January , John Krasinski in February , Rita Wilson in March , and Caitlin Fitzgerald in June . Filming ( edit ) While the majority of the film is set in Santa Barbara , California , most of the filming -- including nearly all of the interiors -- took place in New York City . Principal photography began on February 18 , 2009 at the Broadway Stages in the Brooklyn borough , where the interior scenes of Jane 's house were shot . Several other key locations were used during the first portion of filming in New York , including Picnic House , a large , studio - sized structure in Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , where Jane 's bakery was built inside ; the facilities at Sarabeth 's Bakery in the Chelsea Market ; and a commercial loft building in New York 's Chelsea district , where scenes at Adam 's architecture office were filmed in . As Martin was soon to embark on a concert tour to promote The Crow : New Songs for the Five - String Banjo ( 2009 ) , his schedule required the team to complete shooting his scenes during the first two months of filming . Though set in Santa Barbara , the film was primarily shot in New York City . In April 2009 , the company relocated to Los Angeles , where cast and crew started filming scenes taking place outside Jane 's house , for which a ranch house located in Thousand Oaks in the north of Los Angeles was used . In mid-April , the crew spent a few days filming exteriors in Montecito and Santa Barbara -- just days before wildfires took a heavy toll on the area . Additional scenes were taken in front of numerous downtown landmarks , including the Santa Barbara County Courthouse and the El Paseo section . Afterwards , the team returned to Los Angeles for completion of the scenes at Jane 's house and for the filming at the Bel - Air Bay Club in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood . In early May , principal photography returned to Brooklyn for completion . For Luke 's graduation scenes , shooting took place at St. John 's University in Queens and on Park Avenue in Manhattan . Several different locations stood in for the fictional Park Regent hotel : While a Donald Trump - owned residence building on Park Avenue and 59th Street was used for exterior shots , the lobby and Jane 's hotel room were in the JW Marriott Essex House . The hotel bar was the interior of a restaurant on Tenth Avenue . Filming eventually completed in August 2009 . The sets were easy to design . Most scenes take place in the protagonist 's home and interior courtyard , and as such the architectural details had to be fastidiously worked out , but the rooms were kept bare to reflect the character 's functional tastes and limited budget . There are relatively few decorations , just `` a bunch of thrift - store things haphazardly thrown together '' , in the words of production designer Jon Hutman . The building itself is a traditional 1920s Spanish - ranch - style adobe - mud house which `` epitomised the Santa Barbara area . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) It 's Complicated received mixed reviews from film critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 57 % based on 172 reviews , with an average score of 5.8 / 10 . According to the website , the critical consensus is : `` Despite fine work by an appealing cast , It 's Complicated is predictable romantic comedy fare , going for broad laughs instead of subtlety and nuance . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average , gave the film a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Baldwin and Streep received generally positive reviews from critics for their performances in It 's Complicated . Wesley Morris of the Boston Globe called the film `` the most emotionally sophisticated of all Meyers 's fantasies '' and praised the acting performances in it . He noted that the film felt like `` a made - for - Meryl film ( in which ) Streep deploys all her best moves ( ... ) in movie star mode , and she 's irresistible , '' and declared Baldwin a worthy match to her , writing : `` It 's Complicated unleashes an unabashedly , desperately romantic side of Baldwin that we have n't seen before . He does n't steal this movie so much as grant all Streep 's fluttering and twirling and hand - fanning an exuberant counterweight . '' In his review for the Washington Post , Michael O'Sullivan called the film a `` very grown - up -- and very funny -- love story ( which ) manages to be both light on its feet and heavy enough to deliver something of a message . '' He concluded : `` Food Network porn , hot , middle - age sex and a happy , if slightly bittersweet , ending . For a particular audience -- but not just for that audience -- what 's not to love ? '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film an `` unapologetic chick flick '' and wrote that `` you do n't have to feel guilty for lapping up this froth . Just do n't expect nourishment . '' He rated the film two and a half stars out of four . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times also gave it the same rating and called the film a prime example of Meyer 's established `` cottage industry of movies about romantically inclined middle - aged people . '' He found praise for the cast of both Baldwin and Streep , the latter of which he felt `` inspires as so often our belief that she 's good at everything she does , '' but noted that while the film contained `` funny stuff '' and likeable characters , It 's Complicated was more of `` a rearrangement of the goods in Nancy Meyers ' bakery , and some of them belong on the day - old shelf . '' Writing for Time magazine , Mary Pols complimented Streep 's `` radiant , funny and endearingly vulnerable '' performance and Meyers ' `` clever and fresh ( ... ) intent in showing the reality of the fantasy coming true . '' She , however , felt that It 's Complicated `` is positioned more as a which - guy - will - she - choose story '' which misses `` dramatic tension to feed that plot line . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - rating and declared the film a `` middle - aged porn , the specialty of Meyers , who also set ladies and interior decorators drooling over homes and gardens in 2006 's The Holiday . '' Lou Lumenick from New York Post stated that it `` coulda had more laughs , but in the spirit of seasonal good cheer , let me predict that the best - chocolate - croissant - making montage in Hollywood history is going to help this one clean up at the box office . '' He found that Martin seemed `` uncomfortable in his thankless role , '' while `` Streep and Baldwin , though , seem to be thoroughly enjoying themselves '' and compared the film to Noël Coward 's classic farce Private Lives . Salon.com writer Stephanie Zacharek dismissed the film as `` another missive from romantic - comedy hell , '' and felt that `` Alec Baldwin -- in his undershorts , no less -- saves Nancy Meyers ' latest midlife whingefest . '' Box office ( edit ) Released on December 25 , 2009 in the United States , the film opened in 2,887 locations and placed fourth on the US box office after its first weekend . It charted behind Avatar , Sherlock Holmes , and Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel with $22,100,820 , scoring a $7,655 average income per theatre . It played well through the holidays and into January 2010 , ultimately closing on April 1 with $112.7 million in North America and a total of $214,727,200 worldwide . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards Award Recipient ( s ) Outcome Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Comedy Film Film Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Meryl Streep Nominated Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Nancy Meyers Nominated Best Screenplay Nancy Meyers Nominated National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards Best Ensemble Cast Film Won Satellite Awards Best Film -- Musical or Comedy Film Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Home Media ( edit ) It 's Complicated became available on DVD and Blu - ray Tuesday , April 27 , 2010. . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( September 12 , 2009 ) . `` Meryl Streep 's got legs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . With the exception of `` It 's Complicated '' , with a budget of $75 million ( ... ) Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` Holiday box - office take is highest in recent history '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . ( ... ) `` It 's Complicated '' , which stars Meryl Streep , was n't particularly impressive given its budget of about $85 million . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` Meryl Streep on the prowl in ' Its Complicated '' trailer `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Meyers Filmography '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Universal woos next Meyers movie '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` Streep in deep with Meyers '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Baldwin flirts with romantic comedy '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Steve Martin joins Nancy Meyers film '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Meyers casts Kazan , Bell , Parrish '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` John Krasinski Boards Untitled Nancy Meyers Project '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Wilson in demand '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Players '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated - Production Notes '' . Universal Studios . Writingstudio.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Reuters , Thomas ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Still the love interest '' . Screen . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Penny ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Home movies '' . Herald Sun . p . Home magazine , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Complicated Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Wesley ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) . `` It 's Complicated '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` bg '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Movie review : ' It 's Complicated , ' with Meryl Streep , is funny food for thought '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 - 12 - 23 ) . `` It 's Complicated ( Review ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ) . `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) '' . Time . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 2009 - 12 - 30 ) . `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Status update : It 's cheesy '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Another missive from romantic - comedy hell '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Universal takes a public spanking for its movie flops '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures ' Fall / Holiday 2009 Sneak Preview ! '' . Movieweb . August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations and Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Universal Store '' . 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where was the movie it's complicated filmed

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The Shape of Water

The Shape of Water - wikipedia The Shape of Water Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American film . For the unrelated Italian novel , see The Shape of Water ( novel ) . The Shape of Water Theatrical release poster Directed by Guillermo del Toro Produced by Guillermo del Toro J. Miles Dale Screenplay by Guillermo del Toro Vanessa Taylor Story by Guillermo del Toro Starring Sally Hawkins Michael Shannon Richard Jenkins Doug Jones Michael Stuhlbarg Octavia Spencer Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Dan Laustsen Edited by Sidney Wolinsky Production companies TSG Entertainment Double Dare You Productions Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) ( Venice ) December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 123 minutes Country United States Language American Sign Language English Budget $19.5 million Box office $194 million The Shape of Water is a 2017 American romantic dark fantasy drama film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Vanessa Taylor . It stars Sally Hawkins , Michael Shannon , Richard Jenkins , Doug Jones , Michael Stuhlbarg , and Octavia Spencer . Set in Baltimore in 1962 , the story follows a mute custodian at a high - security government laboratory who falls in love with a captured humanoid amphibian creature . The Shape of Water was screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival , where it premiered on August 31 , 2017 , and was awarded the Golden Lion for best film in the competition . It also screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival . It began a limited release in two theaters in New York City on December 1 , 2017 , before expanding following December 8 , 2017 , and has grossed $194 million worldwide . A novelization by del Toro and Daniel Kraus was published on March 6 , 2018 . The Shape of Water received critical acclaim for its performances , screenplay , direction , visuals , production design , and musical score , with many critics calling it del Toro 's best work since Pan 's Labyrinth ; the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 films of the year . The film received a number of awards and nominations , including thirteen nominations at the 90th Academy Awards , where it won for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Production Design and Best Original Score . It was nominated for seven awards at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , winning for Best Director and Best Original Score . At the 71st British Academy Film Awards , it received twelve nominations and won three awards , including Best Director . The film also earned fourteen nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and won four awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Top - ten lists 6.4 Accolades 6.5 Lawsuit alleging plagiarism 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Elisa Esposito , who was found in a river as an orphaned child with wounds on her neck , is mute , and communicates through sign language . She lives alone in an apartment above a cinema , and works as a cleaning woman at a secret government laboratory in Baltimore at the height of the Cold War . Her friends are her closeted next - door neighbor Giles , a struggling advertising illustrator who shares a strong bond with her , and her African - American co-worker Zelda , a woman who also serves as her interpreter at work . The facility receives a mysterious creature captured from a South American river by Colonel Richard Strickland , who is in charge of the project to study it . Curious about the creature , Elisa discovers it is a humanoid amphibian . She begins visiting him in secret , and the two form a close bond . Seeking to exploit the creature to American advantage in the Space Race , General Frank Hoyt orders Strickland to vivisect it . One scientist , Robert Hoffstetler -- who is in truth a Soviet spy named Dimitri Mosenkov -- pleads unsuccessfully to keep the creature alive for further study and , at the same time , is ordered by his Soviet handlers to euthanize the creature . When Elisa learns of the Americans ' plans for the creature , she persuades Giles to help her free him . Mosenkov discovers Elisa 's plot and chooses to help her . Though initially reluctant , Zelda becomes involved in the escape , and it is successful . Elisa keeps the creature in her bathtub , adding salt to the water to keep him alive . She plans to release the creature into a nearby canal when it will be opened to the ocean in several days ' time . As part of his efforts to recover the creature , Strickland interrogates Elisa and Zelda , but the failure of his advances toward Elisa hampers his judgment , and he dismisses them . Back at the apartment , Giles discovers the creature devouring one of his cats , Pandora . Startled , the creature slashes Giles 's arm and rushes out of the apartment . The creature gets as far as the cinema downstairs before Elisa finds him and returns him to her apartment . The creature touches Giles on his balding head and his wounded arm ; the next morning , Giles discovers his hair has begun growing back and the wounds on his arm have healed . Elisa and the creature soon become romantically involved , having sex in her bathroom , which she at one point fills completely with water . Hoyt gives Strickland an ultimatum , asking him to recover the creature within 36 hours . Meanwhile , Mosenkov is told by his handlers that he will be extracted in two days . As the planned release date approaches , the creature 's health starts deteriorating . Mosenkov leaves to rendezvous with his handlers , with Strickland tailing him . At the rendezvous , Mosenkov is shot by one of his handlers , but Strickland shoots the handlers dead and then tortures Mosenkov for information . Mosenkov implicates Elisa and Zelda before dying from his wounds . Strickland then threatens Zelda in her home , causing her terrified husband to reveal that Elisa had been keeping the creature . Strickland searches Elisa 's apartment and finds a calendar note revealing when and where she plans to release him . At the canal , Elisa and Giles bid farewell to the creature , but Strickland arrives and attacks them all . Strickland knocks Giles down and shoots the creature and Elisa , who both appear to die . However , the creature heals himself and slashes Strickland 's throat , killing him . As police arrive on the scene with Zelda , the creature takes Elisa and jumps into the canal , where , deep under water , he heals her . When he applies his healing touch to the scars on her neck , they open to reveal gills like his . In a closing voice - over narration , Giles conveys his belief that Elisa lived `` happily ever after '' with the creature . Cast ( edit ) Sally Hawkins as Elisa Esposito , a mute cleaner who works at a secret government laboratory . Michael Shannon as Richard Strickland , a United States Colonel in charge of the project to study the `` asset '' . Richard Jenkins as Giles , Elisa 's neighbor and close friend who is a struggling advertising illustrator . Octavia Spencer as Zelda Delilah Fuller , Elisa 's African - American co-worker and friend who serves as her interpreter . Michael Stuhlbarg as Robert Hoffstetler / Dimitri Mosenkov , a Soviet spy working as a scientist studying the creature under an alias . Doug Jones as `` Amphibian Man '' , an amphibious creature referred to as the `` asset '' , with whom Elisa forms a close bond . David Hewlett as Fleming , the laboratory 's head of security . Nick Searcy as Frank Hoyt , a United States General who is Strickland 's superior . Stewart Arnott as Bernard , Giles ' employer and former lover . Nigel Bennett as Mihalkov , Mosenkov 's handler . Lauren Lee Smith as Elaine Strickland , Strickland 's wife . Martin Roach as Brewster Fuller , Zelda 's husband . Allegra Fulton as Yolanda , a cleaning woman at the laboratory . John Kapelos as Mr. Arzoumanian , the owner of the cinema who resided below Elisa and Giles ' apartments . Morgan Kelly as Pie Guy , a diner employee to whom Giles is attracted . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The Gill - man in Creature from the Black Lagoon was an inspiration to del Toro 's concept . The idea for The Shape of Water formed during del Toro 's breakfast with Daniel Kraus in 2011 , with whom he later co-wrote the novel Trollhunters . It shows similarities to the 2015 short film The Space Between Us . It was also primarily inspired by del Toro 's childhood memories of seeing Creature from the Black Lagoon and wanting to see the Gill - man and Kay Lawrence ( played by Julie Adams ) succeed in their romance . When del Toro was in talks with Universal to direct a remake of Creature from the Black Lagoon , he tried pitching a version focused more on the creature 's perspective , where the Creature ended up together with the female lead , but the studio executives rejected the concept . Del Toro set the film during the 1960s Cold War era to counteract today 's heightened tensions , specifying , `` if I say once upon a time in 1962 , it becomes a fairy tale for troubled times . People can lower their guard a little bit more and listen to the story and listen to the characters and talk about the issues , rather than the circumstances of the issues . '' Filming began on August 15 , 2016 , in Toronto and Hamilton , Ontario , and wrapped on November 6 , 2016 . In an interview with IndieWire about the film , del Toro said , `` This movie is a healing movie for me ... For nine movies I rephrased the fears of my childhood , the dreams of my childhood , and this is the first time I speak as an adult , about something that worries me as an adult . I speak about trust , otherness , sex , love , where we 're going . These are not concerns that I had when I was nine or seven . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The Shape of Water ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat Released December 1 , 2017 Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 16 : 23 Label Decca Producer Dominique Lemonnier Alexandre Desplat is the composer of the film 's score . The score won the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 90th Academy Awards . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Alexandre Desplat , except where noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` The Shape of Water '' 3 : 42 2 . `` You 'll Never Know '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ) 4 : 38 3 . `` The Creature '' 1 : 46 4 . `` Elisa 's Theme '' 2 : 36 5 . `` Fingers '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Spy Meeting '' 1 : 42 7 . `` Elisa and Zelda '' 1 : 10 8 . `` Five Stars General '' 1 : 31 9 . `` The Silence of Love '' 1 : 35 10 . `` Egg '' 2 : 13 11 . `` That Is n't Good '' 1 : 43 12 . `` Underwater Kiss '' 2 : 12 13 . `` The Escape '' 10 : 57 14 . `` Watching Ruth '' 2 : 18 15 . `` Decency '' 2 : 23 16 . `` He 's Coming For You '' 1 : 39 17 . `` Overflow of Love '' 2 : 56 18 . `` Without You '' 2 : 30 19 . `` Rainy Day '' 3 : 12 20 . `` A Princess Without a Voice '' 1 : 50 21 . `` La Javanaise '' ( Madeleine Peyroux ) 4 : 10 22 . `` I Know Why ( And So Do You ) '' ( Glenn Miller and His Orchestra ) 2 : 58 23 . `` Chica Chica Boom Chic '' ( Carmen Miranda ) 2 : 19 24 . `` Babalú '' ( Caterina Valente & Silvio Francesco ) 2 : 51 25 . `` A Summer Place '' ( Andy Williams ) 2 : 34 26 . `` You 'll Never Know '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ( Alternative Version ) ) 6 : 49 27 . `` Mermaid '' ( Skøtt ) 3 : 32 28 . `` Oceanful '' ( I. AM. WILLOW ) 3 : 37 Total length : 1 : 16 : 23 Release ( edit ) The Shape of Water premiered on August 31 , 2017 at the 74th Venice International Film Festival . It also screened at Telluride Film Festival , the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and BFI London Film Festival , among others . The film was released in two theaters in New York City on December 1 , 2017 and then expended to several other cities the following week . It had its official wide release in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) On March 13 , 2018 , the film was released on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 17 , 2018 , The Shape of Water has grossed $63.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $130.1 million in other countries , for a total of $193.9 million . After grossing $4.6 million over three weeks of limited release , the film began its wide release on December 22 , 2017 , alongside the openings of Downsizing , Pitch Perfect 3 and Father Figures , and the wide expansion of Darkest Hour , and grossed $3 million from 726 theaters over the weekend , and $4.4 million over the four - day Christmas frame . The following weekend , the film made $3.5 million . The weekend of January 27 , 2018 , following the announcement of the film 's 13 Oscar nominations , the film was added to over 1,000 theaters ( for a total of 1,854 ) and made $5.9 million ( an increase of 171 % over the previous week 's $2.2 million ) , finishing 8th . The weekend of March 9 -- 11 , following its four Oscar wins , the film made $2.4 million . It marked a 64 % increase from the previous week 's $1.5 million and was similar to the $2.5 million made by the previous year 's Best Picture winner , Moonlight . Critical response ( edit ) Sally Hawkins ' performance garnered widespread critical acclaim and earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 92 % based on 348 reviews , with an average rating of 8.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` The Shape of Water finds Guillermo del Toro at his visually distinctive best -- and matched by an emotionally absorbing story brought to life by a stellar Sally Hawkins performance . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . According to CinemaScore , audience members under the age of 40 gave the film an average grade of either `` A + '' or `` A '' , while those over 40 gave it an `` A '' or `` A − '' , on an A+ to F scale ; PostTrak reported filmgoers gave the film an overall positive score of 80 % . Ben Croll of IndieWire gave the film an ' A ' rating and called it `` one of del Toro 's most stunningly successful works ... also a powerful vision of a creative master feeling totally , joyously free . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , praising Hawkins 's performance , the cinematography and del Toro 's direction , and saying : `` Even as the film plunges into torment and tragedy , the core relationship between these two unlikely lovers holds us in thrall . Del Toro is a world - class film artist . There 's no sense trying to analyze how he does it . '' For the Minnesota Daily , Haley Bennett reacted positively , writing , `` The Shape of Water has tenderness uncommon to del Toro films ... While The Shape of Water is n't groundbreaking , it is elegant and mesmerizing . '' Conversely , Rex Reed of the New York Observer gave the film 1 out of 4 stars and calling it `` a loopy , lunkheaded load of drivel '' and , referring to Hawkins 's role in Maudie , described people with disabilities as `` defective creatures . '' Reed 's review was criticized for referring to Sally Hawkins ' mute character as `` mentally handicapped '' and for erroneously crediting actor Benicio del Toro as the film 's director . Top - ten lists ( edit ) The Shape of Water appeared on many critics ' year - end top - ten lists , among them : 1st -- Anne Thompson , IndieWire 1st -- Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times 1st -- Sasha Stone , Awards Daily 1st -- Drew McWeeny , The Tracking Board 1st -- Nicholas Barber , BBC 1st -- Mike Scott , The Times - Picayune 1st -- James Verniere , Boston Herald 1st -- Borys Kit , The Hollywood Reporter 1st -- Marjorie Baumgarten & Steve Davis , The Austin Chronicle 1st -- Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal 2nd -- David Rooney , The Hollywood Reporter 2nd -- Mark Olsen , Los Angeles Times 3rd -- Sheri Linden , The Hollywood Reporter 3rd -- Matthew Jacobs , HuffPost 3rd -- E. Oliver Whitney , ScreenCrush 3rd -- Alonso Duralde , TheWrap 4th -- Pete Hammond , Deadline Hollywood 4th -- Brian Tallerico , RogerEbert.com 4th -- Chris Bumbray , JoBlo.com 5th -- Marc Savlov , The Austin Chronicle 5th -- James Berardinelli , Reelviews 5th -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 5th -- Gregory Ellwood , IndieWire 5th -- Peter Hartlaub , San Francisco Chronicle 6th -- Kimber Myers , IndieWire 6th -- People 7th -- The Guardian 7th -- Peter Debruge , Variety 7th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 8th -- Peter Howell , Toronto Star 9th -- Steve Erickson , RogerEbert.com 9th -- Stephen Whitty , The Star - Ledger 9th -- Ryan Oliver , IndieWire 10th -- Danny Bowes , RogerEbert.com 10th -- Paste Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- IGN Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Ty Burr , The Boston Globe Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Moira Macdonald , The Seattle Times Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Walter Addiego , San Francisco Chronicle Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Calvin Wilson , St. Louis Post-Dispatch Best of 2017 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Newsweek Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Shape of Water The Shape of Water received 13 nominations at the 90th Academy Awards , the most of any film in the 2018 race . It won in four categories : Best Production Design , Best Original Score , Best Director , and Best Picture . The film also spawned some debate about whether the fact that it was filmed in Canada , with a predominantly Canadian crew and many Canadian actors in the supporting roles , should have made it eligible to be nominated for the Canadian Screen Awards . Under Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television rules , to qualify for CSA nominations under the rules for international coproductions at least 15 per cent of a film 's funding must come from a Canadian film studio . Even the film 's Canadian co-producer , J. Miles Dale , stated that he supports the rules and does not believe the film should have been eligible . Lawsuit alleging Plagiarism ( edit ) In February 2018 , the estate of Paul Zindel initiated a lawsuit in United States District Court for the Central District of California against director Guillermo del Toro and associate producer Daniel Kraus , alleging that The Shape of Water `` brazenly copies the story , elements , characters , and themes '' of Zindel 's 1969 work Let Me Hear You Whisper , which depicts a cleaning lady bonding with a dolphin and attempting to rescue it from a secret research laboratory 's nefarious uses . The complaint spends more than a dozen pages detailing alleged `` overwhelming similarities '' between the works . Del Toro denied the claim of the Zindel estate , saying that `` I have never read nor seen the play . I 'd never heard of this play before making The Shape of Water , and none of my collaborators ever mentioned the play . '' Distributor Fox Searchlight also denied the claim and said that it would `` vigorously defend '' itself in court . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Shape of Water '' . tiff . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Spirit Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name , ' ' Get Out ' Soar , ' Shape of Water ' Shunned Again '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Ariston ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Venice Competition Includes Films From George Clooney , Guillermo del Toro , Darren Aronofsky '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff and agencies ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water wins Venice Golden Lion '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Shape of Water Novel Does Much , Much More Than Adapt the Movie '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kiang , Jessica ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro 's ' The Shape of Water ' Is Sweet & Scary Movie Magic ( Venice Review ) '' . The Playlist . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Michael ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars can still surprise us '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water leads Bafta nominations '' . BBC News . BBC . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ del Toro , Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shape of Water - first birthed over a looong breakfast with @ DanielDKraus in 2011 . It shows next week at the Venice Film Festival '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Is ' The Shape of Water ' Cribbed Directly From the Short Film ' The Space Between Us ' ? '' . AwardsWatch . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Iconic Horror Movie Scene That Inspired ' The Shape of Water ' -- Bloody Disgusting '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro Talks Black Lagoon Influence On `` Shape '' `` . darkhorizons.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Haley ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Review : The Shape of Water ' Mermaid film noir sounds like a fishy genre , but director Guillermo del Toro navigates it with skill '' . Minnesota Daily . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ del Toro , Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` We start shooting The Shape of Water on Monday . I will tweet some images now and then -- '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Shape of Water : Guillermo del Toro Begins Production '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ del Toro , Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` 4 PM in Toronto . Started '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Del Toro 's staff plan Hamilton visit to talk film studio locations : mayor '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All the Toronto locations that show up in Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water '' . Toronto Life Magazine . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ del Toro , Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wrapped shooting on The Shape of Water last night ! ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro : ' The Shape of Water ' Saved My Life '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water Finds A Composer '' . Wegotthiscovered.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` Guillermo del Toro 's ' Shape of Water ' Gets Awards Season Release Date '' . Variety . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water Blu - Ray & DVD '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` Last Jedi ' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100 M+ As ' Jumanji ' Roars $65 M+ & ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Sings $27 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Topping Another Sleepy Weekend Of Holdovers & Awards Season Breakouts Before ' Last Jedi ' Takes Over B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` How Much Of A Box Office Boost Will The Nominees Get By Oscar Night ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Croll , Ben ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Shape of Water Review : Guillermo del Toro 's Lush Fairy Tale Is a Powerful Vision of Love '' . Indiewire . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' Review : Guillermo del Toro 's Girl - Meets - Monster Romance Is a Gem '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Rex ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` One Star : The Shape of Water Is a Loopy , Lunkheaded Load of Drivel '' . New York Observer . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Rex Reed 's Negative ' The Shape of Water ' Review Goes Viral After Crediting Benicio del Toro as Director '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Best of 2017 : Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Are the Canadian Screen Awards too Canadian ? '' . Toronto Star , March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shape Of Water ' Creators Sued Over Plagiarism Claims As Oscars Approach '' . Jump up ^ Eliza Berman , Everything to Know About the Shape of Water Plagiarism Controversy , Time ( March 1 , 2018 ) . Jump up ^ Colin Dwyer ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shape of Water ' Creators Sued Over Plagiarism Claims As Oscars Approach '' . NPR . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Shape of Waterat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Shape of Water on IMDb The Shape of Water at Rotten Tomatoes The Shape of Water at Metacritic Guillermo del Toro Filmography Unrealized projects Awards and nominations Films Directed Doña Lupe ( short ; 1985 ) Geometria ( short ; 1987 ) Cronos ( 1993 ) Mimic ( 1997 ) The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) Blade II ( 2002 ) Hellboy ( 2004 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Written only Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Produced only Crónicas ( 2004 ) Insignificant Things ( 2008 ) Rudo y Cursi ( 2008 ) Julia 's Eyes ( 2010 ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) Novels The Strain ( 2009 ) The Fall ( 2010 ) The Night Eternal ( 2011 ) Trollhunters ( 2015 ) Television `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV '' ( 2013 ; opening sequence ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) `` Night Zero '' Tales of Arcadia Trollhunters ( 2016 -- present ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Video games Hellboy : The Science of Evil ( 2008 ) P.T. 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Fifty Shades Freed (film)

Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Fifty Shades Freed Theatrical release poster Directed by James Foley Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Screenplay by Niall Leonard Based on Fifty Shades Freed by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Eric Johnson Rita Ora Luke Grimes Victor Rasuk Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher David Clark Production company Perfect World Pictures Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( Paris ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $141.8 million Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard , based on the novel of the same name by E.L. James . It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series after Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) and Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) . The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey , respectively , and follows the newlywed couple as they must deal with the sins of their past when Ana 's former boss ( Eric Johnson ) begins to stalk her . Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016 in Paris and Vancouver . The film was released in the United States on February 9 , 2018 ; it had a limited IMAX release . It has grossed $141 million worldwide and , like its previous two predecessors , received negative reviews , with criticism aimed at its screenplay and performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Music 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Newlyweds Christian Grey and Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele cut short their exotic honeymoon and return to Seattle after receiving news of a break - in at Christian 's corporate headquarters . Some computer files were stolen , and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde , Ana 's former boss who was fired for sexual assault . Meanwhile , Ana is introduced to her new personal security team . Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired architect Gia Matteo to rebuild it . Ana is dismayed when Gia , an attractive young woman , openly flirts with Christian in Ana 's presence . Ana privately threatens to dismiss Gia if she continues her flirtatious behavior , forcing her to stop . When Christian is away on a business trip , Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home , and goes out for a drink with her friend , Kate Kavanagh . Kate , who is dating Christian 's younger brother , Elliot , confides to Ana that their relationship may be fizzling ; Elliot is working closely with Gia , the architect , and Kate is suspicious about their relationship . When Ana returns home , she encounters Jack Hyde , who holds her hostage and attempts to kidnap her . Ana 's security team subdue him and he is arrested . After an argument with Christian about her having sneaked out to see Kate , Ana berates Christian for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom . Soon after , Christian surprises Ana with a trip to Aspen , bringing along Kate , Elliot , Mia , and José . Christian and Ana continue with their erotic sexual experimentation , but matters become complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant . Christian is deeply disturbed , saying he had other plans for their early years together . He leaves , going on a night - long drunken bender . The next day , Ana discovers that Christian had recently contacted his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant , Elena Lincoln . Meanwhile , Jack Hyde is released on a $500,000 bail . After some days , mayhem erupts when Jack Hyde phones Ana demanding a ransom for Mia , Christian 's abducted sister . Hyde demands $5,000,000 in cash in two hours or Mia will be killed . He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone . Ana takes some cash and a revolver from the house safe , then goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount . The suspicious bank manager calls Christian . He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notes the coincidence of Hyde 's recent release and Ana 's sudden large cash withdrawal . Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard . Ana tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager 's phone . She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack 's accomplice is her co-worker , Liz . She is the woman who drove the car that chased them down . Ana arrives at the drop - off site with the money . Hyde , psychotic and vengeful , attacks Ana , kicking her in the abdomen . Liz tries to stop Jack as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots Hyde in the leg . Christian and his security team , who electronically tracked Ana 's cell phone , arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz . Ana blacks out as she hears Christian calling her . Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side . Though angry at Ana 's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood , Christian realizes how important their baby is to her , and they reconcile . Christian 's adoptive mother , Grace , convinces Christian that Ana will not leave him . Ana returns home the next day . Christian 's private investigator , Welch , reports that Christian and Hyde shared the same foster family . It is also learned that Hyde blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice . Christian and Ana later locate where Christian 's birth mother is buried ; they visit and Christian lays flowers on her grave . Two years later , Christian and Ana have had their child who they have named Teddy . Ana is now pregnant with their second child . They play with their son in the yard of their mansion . Cast ( edit ) Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele - Grey Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde , Ana 's former boss and stalker Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh , Ana 's best friend and Elliot Grey 's fiancée Rita Ora as Mia Grey , adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey , younger brother of Christian and Mia Grey and Katherine 's fiancée Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez , one of Anastasia 's friends Max Martini as Jason Taylor , Christian 's bodyguard Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks , Anastasia 's mother . Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey , Christian 's adoptive mother Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo , the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian 's future home Callum Keith Rennie as Ray , Anastasia 's former stepfather Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey , Christian 's second in command Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer , Ana 's bodyguard Fay Masterson as Gail Jones , Christian 's housekeeper Amy Price - Francis as Liz Morgan , Jack 's accomplice Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah , Ana 's co-worker and friend Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox , popular author whose books are published by SIP . Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark Production ( edit ) A film adaptation of the first book was produced by Michael De Luca Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . At a fan screening in New York City on February 6 , director Sam Taylor - Johnson announced that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted , with the first to be released in 2016 . Right after the announcement , Taylor - Johnson told Digital Spy that , `` It 's not my decision ( to return ) , and I have n't been privy to any of the discussions . '' On November 12 , 2015 , TheWrap confirmed that James Foley would direct both sequels which would be shot back - to - back in 2016 , with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce along with E.L. James and Marcus Viscidi . Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan would also return for lead roles . On February 8 , 2016 , Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo , a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home . On February 12 , 2016 , Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde , Ana 's boss at SIP and stalker . On February 20 , 2016 , Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer , the personal body guard for Anastasia Steele . Filming ( edit ) In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and this film would be shot back - to - back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016 . Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9 , 2016 , to July 12 , 2016 , under the working title , `` Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 . '' Release ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed is scheduled to be released on February 9 , 2018 , by Universal Pictures . A teaser trailer was released on September 10 , 2017 , with a theatrical trailer being released later on November 6 . Music ( edit ) The lead single from the film 's soundtrack , `` For You '' performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne , was released on January 5 , 2018 . The soundtrack 's track list was released on January 8 , 2018 , including artists Julia Michaels , Sia , Jessie J , Black Atlass , Ellie Goulding , Hailee Steinfeld , Dua Lipa , and Miike Snow on the 22 - song album . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of February 13 , 2018 , Fifty Shades Freed has grossed $45.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $96.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $141.8 million , against a production budget of $55 million . In the United States and Canada , Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15 : 17 to Paris , and was projected to gross $37 -- 40 million from 3,700 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $5.6 million from Thursday night previews , down 2 % from the $5.7 million made by Darker the previous year . It ended up making $38.8 million over the weekend , the lowest of the trilogy but still enough to take first place at the box office . Worldwide , the film was expected to make $80 -- 90 million from 57 countries , including France , Germany , the UK , Australia , Brazil , Mexico and Japan , in its first three days for a worldwide debut of $113 -- 130 million . It ended up grossing $98.1 million from overseas for global debut of $136.9 million ; it marked a 7 % decrease from the previous film but still finished first in 54 of the 57 markets . Its leading countries were Germany ( $10.7 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $8.8 million ) and France ( $8.7 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 12 % based on 122 reviews , and an average rating of 3.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion , making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100 based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by Darker , while comScore reported that 56 % of females ( who made up 81 % of the opening weekend ) gave the film a `` definite recommend '' . Writing for Variety , Guy Lodge was critical of the film , saying `` Indeed , a sex - free , PG - 13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence , such as it is ; one could ask what the point of that would be , though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four , stating `` With this last entry , we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel . Whips , chains , butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie . '' Robbie Collins from The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars , and wrote `` This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product - placement Audi . '' Jeannette Catsoulis writing for The New York Times found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger 's 91⁄2 Weeks stating : `` Layering a damp - squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one - percent lifestyle , the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase . There 's an out - of - left - field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses ; but these narrative fragments , lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast , are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions . '' Conversely , IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Finally , the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES FREED ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React To ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson on 50 Shades of Grey sequel : ' It 's not my decision ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back to Back , James Foley to Direct Both ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Adds ' Ballers ' Actress Arielle Kebbel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds ' The Knick 's ' Eric Johnson as Christian Grey 's Rival ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Signs On For ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Sawyer Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richford , Rhonda ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' to Shoot in Paris as Filming Rebounds After Attacks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Starts Filming After Delay Getting ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel To Screens ? '' . Fashion & Style . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Fifty Shades ' Sequels , ' Furious 8 ′ ; ' Pacific Rim 2 ′ , ' Mummy ' Moved Back -- CinemaCon Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Fifty Shades Freed ' Trailer : Things Get Darker , Sexier & Soapier In Third Installment Of Franchise '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kyriazis , Stefan . `` Fifty Shades Freed new and final TRAILER is coming : Watch it here first '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Track List : Sia , Ellie Goulding , Hailee Steinfeld & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Looks To Lead Pre-Valentine's Day Weekend With Around $40 M -- B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Collars $98 M Overseas ; ' Jumanji ' Now Sony 's # 3 WW Release Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Fifty Shades Freed ' '' . Variety . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Review : Welcome to the Most Painful ' Shades ' of All '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/fifty-shades-freed-review-painful-prissy-even-ropier-last-one/ Jump up ^ Review : Finally , the Audience Is ' Fifty Shades Freed ' , By JEANNETTE CATSOULIS , FEB. 8 , 2018 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/fifty-shades-freed-review-sex-comedy-bdsm-1201925918/ External links ( edit ) Official website Official website Fifty Shades Freed on IMDb Fifty Shades franchise by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` Haunted ( Michael Diamond Remix ) '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` I 'm on Fire '' `` Witchcraft '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' `` The Scientist '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Films directed by James Foley Reckless ( 1984 ) At Close Range ( 1986 ) Who 's That Girl ( 1987 ) After Dark , My Sweet ( 1990 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) Two Bits ( 1995 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Corruptor ( 1999 ) Confidence ( 2003 ) Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Films produced by Michael De Luca Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) 21 ( 2008 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Drive Angry ( 2011 ) Priest ( 2011 ) Fright Night ( 2011 ) Butter ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) The Sitter ( 2011 ) Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2012 ) Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) The Creed of Violence ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Under the Silver Lake ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_Freed_(film)&oldid=825764553 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Fifty Shades 2010s erotic films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s sequel films American erotic films American films American romantic drama films American sequel films BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Adultery in films Films about sexuality Films based on British novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by James Foley Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot in Paris Films shot in Vancouver Focus Features films Pregnancy films Universal Pictures films Works based on Twilight series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 07 : 48 . 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Lighthouse Point, Florida

Lighthouse Point , Florida - wikipedia Lighthouse Point , Florida Jump to : navigation , search Lighthouse Point , Florida City City of Lighthouse Point Seal Nickname ( s ) : LHP Location of Lighthouse Point in Broward County in State of Florida Coordinates : 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.27472 ° N 80.08944 ° W  / 26.27472 ; - 80.08944 Coordinates : 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.27472 ° N 80.08944 ° W  / 26.27472 ; - 80.08944 Country United States of America State Florida County Broward Settled ( Hillsboro Isles Settlement ) Circa 1947 - 1951 Incorporated ( Town of Lighthouse Point ) June 13 , 1956 Incorporated ( City of Lighthouse Point ) June 11 , 1957 Government Type Mayor - Commission Mayor Glenn Troast ( R ) Commission President Michael S. Long Commissioners Kyle Van Buskirk , Jason Joffe , Sandy Johnson and Earl Maucker City Administrator John D. Lavisky City Clerk Jennifer M. Oh Area City 2.39 sq mi ( 6.19 km ) Land 2.31 sq mi ( 5.98 km ) Water 0.08 sq mi ( 0.22 km ) 4.58 % Elevation 3 ft ( 1 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 10,344 Estimate ( 2016 ) 11,143 Density 4,825.90 / sq mi ( 1,863.63 / km ) Metro 5,564,635 Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 33064 , 33074 Area code ( s ) 754 , 954 FIPS code 12 - 40450 GNIS feature ID 0285506 Website http://www.lighthousepoint.com Lighthouse Point is a city in Broward County , Florida , United States . The city was named for the Hillsboro Inlet Lighthouse , which is located in nearby Hillsboro Beach . As of the 2010 census , the population of Lighthouse Point was 10,344 . The city is part of the Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was home to 5,564,635 people at the 2010 census . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Media 4 Education 5 Notable people 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Lighthouse Point is located at 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 05 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.274691 ° N 80.089414 ° W  / 26.274691 ; - 80.089414 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.4 square miles ( 6 km ) , of which 2.29 square miles ( 6 km ) is land and . 11 square miles ( 0 km ) ( 4.58 % ) is water . Lighthouse Point is located in northeastern Broward County . It is adjacent to the following municipalities : To its north : Deerfield Beach To its east : Hillsboro Beach ( across the Intracoastal Waterway ) To its west and south : Pompano Beach Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1960 2,453 -- 1970 9,071 269.8 % 1980 11,488 26.6 % 10,378 − 9.7 % 2000 10,767 3.7 % 10,344 − 3.9 % Est. 2016 11,143 7.7 % U.S. Decennial Census Lighthouse Point Demographics 2010 Census Lighthouse Point Broward County Florida Total population 10,344 1,748,066 18,801,310 Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 - 3.9 % + 7.7 % + 17.6 % Population density 4,484.0 / sq mi 1,444.9 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 94.0 % 63.1 % 75.0 % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 87.7 % 43.5 % 57.9 % Black or African - American 1.7 % 26.7 % 16.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 7.5 % 25.1 % 22.5 % Asian 1.6 % 3.2 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.0 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 1.6 % 2.9 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 0.8 % 3.7 % 3.6 % As of 2010 , there were 5,774 households out of which 15.1 % were vacant . In 2000 , 19.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.7 % were married couples living together , 6.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 40.4 % were non-families. 33.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.65 . In 2000 , the city the population was spread out with 16.2 % under the age of 18 , 3.4 % from 18 to 24 , 27.1 % from 25 to 44 , 30.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 23.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 47 years . For every 100 females there were 91.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 89.4 males . As of 2000 , the median income for a household in the city was $53,038 , and the median income for a family was $72,418 . Males had a median income of $51,897 versus $32,929 for females . The per capita income for the city was $40,839 . About 2.6 % of families and 5.0 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 3.8 % of those under age 18 and 6.5 % of those age 65 or over . As of 2000 , speakers of English as their first language were 89.18 % , while 4.64 % spoke Spanish as theirs . Other languages spoken as a first language are Italian 1.93 % , French 1.22 % , German at 1.06 % , while Portuguese being the mother tongue of 0.71 % of all residents . Media ( edit ) Lighthouse Point is part of the Miami - Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood media market , which is the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States . Its primary daily newspapers are the South Florida Sun - Sentinel and The Miami Herald , and their Spanish - language counterparts El Sentinel and El Nuevo Herald . Each house , apartment and business in Lighthouse Point receives the monthly , glossy , lifestyle magazine `` Lighthouse Point '' created and mailed by publishers Susan and Richard Rosser . Education ( edit ) Broward County Public Schools serves the community . Elementary Schools Cresthaven Elementary School ( located in Pompano Beach , Florida ) Norcrest Elementary School ( located in Pompano Beach , Florida ) Middle Schools Crystal Lake Middle School ( located in Pompano Beach , Florida ) Deerfield Beach Middle School ( located in Deerfield Beach , Florida ) Pompano Beach Middle School ( located in Pompano Beach , Florida ) High Schools Deerfield Beach High School ( located in Deerfield Beach , Florida ) Originally North Broward Preparatory School was located in the city . It was established there in 1957 , but is no longer located in Lighthouse Point . Notable people ( edit ) Paul Castronovo , radio personality Bruce Nickells , harness racing driver . Mike Phipps , College Football Hall of Fame member Nevin Shapiro , University of Miami football booster who is currently imprisoned for orchestrating a $930 million Ponzi scheme John Spadavecchia , poker player Ben Klassen , founder of religion of Creativity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` City of Lighthouse Point : History '' . http://city.lighthousepoint.com/ . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Broward - by - the - Numbers ( pages 3 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . www.broward.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Broward - by - the - Numbers ( pages 3 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . www.broward.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gibson , William ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Prominent Broward Republicans jump on Jeb Bush campaign '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLA Data Center results for Lighthouse Point , FL '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Radio Markets Ranked By Metro 12 + Population , Spring 2005 '' . Northwestern University Media Management Center . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 TV markets ranked by households '' . Northwestern University Media Management Center . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Our History . '' North Broward Preparatory School . Retrieved on 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ ` Star ` Leads Nickells Down The Filly Way External links ( edit ) Miami portal City of Lighthouse Point official website Municipalities and communities of Broward County , Florida , United States County seat : Fort Lauderdale Cities Coconut Creek Cooper City Coral Springs Dania Beach Deerfield Beach Fort Lauderdale Hallandale Beach Hollywood Lauderdale Lakes Lauderhill Lighthouse Point Margate Miramar North Lauderdale Oakland Park Parkland Pembroke Pines Plantation Pompano Beach Sunrise Tamarac West Park Weston Wilton Manors Towns Davie Hillsboro Beach Lauderdale - by - the - Sea Pembroke Park Southwest Ranches Villages Lazy Lake Sea Ranch Lakes CDPs Boulevard Gardens Broadview Park Franklin Park Hillsboro Pines Roosevelt Gardens Washington Park Unincorporated community Fern Crest Village Indian reservations Big Cypress Indian Reservation Miccosukee Indian Reservation Ghost towns Andytown Hacienda Village Miami metropolitan area Population - 6,012,331 Counties Miami - Dade Broward Palm Beach Major city 441 thousand Miami Cities and towns 100k - 250k Coral Springs Fort Lauderdale Hialeah Hollywood Miami Gardens Miramar Pembroke Pines Pompano Beach West Palm Beach Cities and towns 25k - 99k Aventura Boca Raton Boynton Beach Coconut Creek Cooper City Coral Gables Cutler Bay Dania Beach Davie Deerfield Beach Delray Beach Doral Greenacres Hallandale Beach Homestead Jupiter Lake Worth Lauderdale Lakes Lauderhill Margate Miami Beach North Lauderdale North Miami North Miami Beach Oakland Park Palm Beach Gardens Plantation Riviera Beach Sunrise Tamarac West Park Weston Wilton Manors Cities and towns 10k - 25k Belle Glade Hialeah Gardens Lighthouse Point Miami Lakes Miami Springs Opa - locka Palm Beach Parkland South Miami Sunny Isles Beach Sweetwater Palm Springs A list of cities under 10,000 is available here . Greater Miami Area Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Miami metropolitan area Central business district Downtown Miami Brickell Central Business District Historic District Government Center Park West Omni Major urban areas Aventura Coconut Grove Coral Gables Dadeland Health District Hialeah Midtown Edgewater Wynwood South Beach Colleges and universities Barry University Carlos Albizu University Florida International University Florida Memorial University Johnson & Wales University University of Miami Miami Dade College Miami International University of Art & Design Nova Southeastern University St. Thomas University Parks and recreation Alice Wainwright Park Amelia Earhart Park Arch Creek The Barnacle Historic State Park Bayfront Park Big Cypress National Preserve Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park Biscayne National Park Chapman Field Park Crandon Park Dinner Key Everglades National Park Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Fort Dallas Fruit and Spice Park Greynolds Park Haulover Park Jungle Island The Kampong Margaret Pace Park Matheson Hammock Park Miami Seaquarium Monkey Jungle Museum Park Oleta River State Park Peacock Park Shark Valley Simpson Park Hammock South Pointe Park Tamiami Park Tropical Park Virginia Key Zoo Miami Attractions Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts American Airlines Arena Bass Museum Biltmore Hotel Bonita Chita Key Coral Castle Downtown Miami FIU Arena FIU Stadium Florida Grand Opera Fontainebleau Miami Beach Frost Art Museum Frost School of Music Hard Rock Stadium HistoryMiami Holocaust Memorial Homestead Jewish Museum of Florida Lowe Art Museum Lincoln Road Lummus Park MacFarlane Homestead Marlins Park Miami Beach Architectural District Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Children 's Museum Miami City Ballet Miami Conservatory Museum of Contemporary Art New World Symphony Orchestra Normandy Isles North Shore Ocean Drive Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science Pérez Art Museum Miami South Beach The Miami Line Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Watsco Center Wolfsonian - FIU Wynwood Art District Major shopping centers Aventura Mall Bal Harbour Shops Bayside Marketplace CocoWalk Collins Avenue Dadeland Mall Dolphin Mall The Falls Flagler Street Lincoln Road The Mall at 163rd Street Mall of the Americas Mary Brickell Village Miami International Mall Midtown Miami Miracle Marketplace The Shops at Sunset Place Southland Mall Shops at Merrick Park Westland Mall Transportation Broward County Transit Government Center Miami Airport Station Miami - Dade Transit Metrorail Metrobus Metromover MIA Mover Miami International Airport Palm Tran Port of Miami Tri-Rail Amtrak Major thoroughfares East 6th Avenue North 36th Street North 54th Street North 79th Street North 103rd Street North 125th Street North 135th Street West 7th Avenue West 12th Avenue West 27th Avenue West 107th Avenue Allapattah Road Alton Road Bird Road Biscayne Boulevard Brickell Avenue Broad Causeway Collins Avenue Coral Reef Drive Coral Way County Line Road Douglas Road Flagler Street Galloway Road Gratigny Ives Dairy Road Julia Tuttle Causeway Kendall Drive John F. Kennedy Causeway Killian Krome Avenue William Lehman Causeway Le Jeune Road Ludlam Road MacArthur Causeway Miami Avenue Miami Gardens Drive Milam Dairy Road Miracle Mile Okeechobee Road Old Cutler Road Port Boulevard Quail Roost Drive Red Road Rickenbacker Causeway South Dixie Highway Sunset Drive Tamiami Trail Venetian Causeway West Dixie Highway Portal WikiProject State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Delegations Environment Geography Geology Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV State parks Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Former Counties Mosquito Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse_Point,_Florida&oldid=802986478 '' Categories : Cities in Broward County , Florida Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida Cities in Florida 1947 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 19 : 10 . 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where is the lighthouse in lighthouse point fl

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Fatima al-Fihri

Fatima Al - Fihri - wikipedia Fatima Al - Fihri Fatima al - Fihre ( El - Fihriya ) Native name فاطمة الفهرية c. 800 Kairouan , Abbasid Caliphate 880 Fes , Idrisid dynasty Known for Founding oldest - surviving madrasa and university , University of Al Quaraouiyine Fatima bint Muhammad Al - Fihriya Al - Qurashiya ( Arabic : فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية ‎ ) was an Arab Muslim woman who is credited for founding the oldest existing , continually operating and first degree - awarding educational institution in the world , The University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fes , Morocco in 859 CE . Biography. ( edit ) Karaouine Mosque and University . Al - Fihri was the daughter of a wealthy merchant , and had been educated . The family was part of a large migration to Fes from the town of Kairouan ( Qayrawan ) , in modern Tunisia , which lent its name to the mosque and madrassa she would found . The madrasa Al - Fihri founded is still in operation today as the University of Al Quaraouiyine . It is the oldest continually operating educational institution in the world and is sometimes referred to as the world 's oldest university , by being the first institution to award degrees indicative of different levels of study . The mosque is also still in operation , and is one of the largest in North Africa . The library Al - Fihri founded at the university is one of the world 's oldest libraries . The library underwent restoration and reopened to the public in May 2016 . The library 's collection of over 4000 manuscripts includes a 9th - century Qur'an and the earliest collection of hadiths . Mariam , Fatima 's sister , was the sponsor of the Al - Andalus mosque , also in Fes . Both were part of a larger tradition of women founding mosques . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kenney , Jeffrey T. ; Moosa , Ebrahim ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) . Islam in the Modern World . Routledge . p. 128 . ISBN 9781135007959 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Jeffrey T. ; Moosa , Ebrahim ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) . Islam in the Modern World . Routledge . p. 128 . ISBN 9781135007959 . Jump up ^ Gates Jr. , Henry Louis ( ed . ) . Dictionary of African Biography. 6 . pp. 357 -- 359 . ISBN 9780195382075 . Jump up ^ Lulat , Y.G. - M. : A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present : A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32061 - 3 , p. 70 : As for the nature of its curriculum , it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al - Azhar and al - Qarawiyyin , though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain ... Al - Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a wealthy woman of much piety , Fatima bint Muhammed al - Fahri . Jump up ^ Joseph , Suad ; Najmabadi , Afsaneh ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures : Economics , education , mobility and space . Brill . p. 314 . ISBN 9789004128200 . Jump up ^ Swartley , Keith E. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . Encountering the World of Islam . Biblica . p. 74 . ISBN 9781932805246 . Jump up ^ Shaheen , Kareem ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) . `` World 's oldest library reopens in Fez : ' You can hurt us , but you ca n't hurt the books ' '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ CNN , Daisy Carrington . `` This 1,157 - year - old library gets a facelift '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kahera , Akel ; Abdulmalik , Latif ; Anz , Craig ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) . Design Criteria for Mosques and Islamic Centres . Routledge . p. 81 . ISBN 9781136441271 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Kairaouine Mosque , Fes '' . Sacred Destinations . `` The Al - Qarawiyyin Mosque '' . Morocco.com . LCCN : no2017090874 VIAF : 207150033020011180006 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatima_al-Fihri&oldid=844438091 '' Categories : 9th - century Moroccan people People from Fez , Morocco People from Kairouan Moroccan Muslims 880 deaths University of al - Qarawiyyin 9th - century women Moroccan people of Tunisian descent Tunisian emigrants to Morocco Fihrids Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands Português Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 22 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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Tiger Woods

Tiger Woods - wikipedia Tiger Woods Tiger Woods Woods in June 2018 Full name Eldrick Tont Woods Nickname Tiger ( 1975 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Cypress , California Height 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) Weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Nationality United States Residence Jupiter Island , Florida Spouse Elin Nordegren ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Children Career College Stanford University ( did not graduate ) Turned professional Current tour ( s ) PGA Tour ( joined 1996 ) Professional wins 107 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 80 ( 2nd all time ) European Tour 40 ( 3rd all time ) Japan Golf Tour Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Other 16 Best results in major championships ( wins : 14 ) Masters Tournament Won : 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 U.S. Open Won : 2000 , 2002 , 2008 The Open Championship Won : 2000 , 2005 , 2006 PGA Championship Won : 1999 , 2000 , 2006 , 2007 Achievements and awards PGA Tour Rookie of the Year PGA Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour leading money winner 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Vardon Trophy 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Byron Nelson Award 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 FedEx Cup Champion 2007 , 2009 ( For a full list of awards , see here ) Eldrick Tont `` Tiger '' Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time , and one of the most popular athletes of the 21st century . He has been one of the highest - paid athletes in the world for several years . Woods is generally considered one of the greatest golfers of all time . Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur career , Woods was 20 years old when he turned professional at the end of summer in 1996 . By the end of April 1997 , he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major , the 1997 Masters . Woods won this tournament by 12 strokes in a record - breaking performance and earned $486,000 . He first reached the number one position in the world rankings in June 1997 , less than a year after turning pro . Throughout the 2000s , Woods was the dominant force in golf -- he won the 2000 U.S. Open by a record 15 - shot margin . He was the top - ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) . Woods took a self - imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 to resolve marital issues . Woods and his estranged wife Elin eventually divorced . His many alleged extramarital indiscretions were revealed by several women , through many worldwide media sources . This coincided with a series of injuries , treatments by the controversial doctor Anthony Galea , who had been linked to HGH , and a loss of golf form . His placement in the Official World Golf Rankings gradually fell to a low of No. 58 in November 2011 . He ended a career - high winless streak of 107 weeks when he triumphed in the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011 . After winning the Arnold Palmer Invitational on March 25 , 2013 , he ascended to the No. 1 ranking once again , holding the top spot until May 2014 , by which time he had been ranked number one for a record total of 683 weeks . From 2014 -- 2017 , Woods had been unable to recapture his dominant form , undergoing four back surgeries in 2014 , 2015 and 2017 . In May 2016 , Woods dropped out of the world top 500 for the first time in his professional career . After falling to # 1199 in the World Golf Ranking in December 2017 , Woods rose over 1000 places by mid-2018 . In September 2018 , he won his first tournament in five years with a victory at the Tour Championship and moved to # 13 in the Official World Golf Rankings . Woods has broken numerous golf records . He has been World Number One for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer . He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times , the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times , and has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons . He has won 14 professional major golf championships , where he trails only Jack Nicklaus who leads with 18 , and 80 PGA Tour events , second all - time behind Sam Snead ( 82 ) . Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins . He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam , and the youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour . Additionally , Woods is only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times . Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships , and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999 . Woods and Rory McIlroy are the only golfers to win both The Silver Medal and The Gold Medal at The Open Championship . Contents 1 Background and family 2 Early life and amateur golf career 3 College golf career 4 Professional career 4.1 Honors 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Accumulated wealth 4.4 Tiger - proofing 5 Career achievements 5.1 Major championships 5.1. 1 Wins ( 14 ) 5.1. 2 Results timeline 5.1. 3 Summary 5.2 World Golf Championships 5.2. 1 Wins ( 18 ) 5.2. 2 Results timeline 5.3 PGA Tour career summary 5.4 Guinness Book of Records 6 Playing style 7 Equipment 8 Other ventures 8.1 Tiger Woods Foundation 8.2 Tiger Woods Design 8.3 Writings 9 Personal life 9.1 Marriage and children 9.2 Infidelity scandal and fallout 9.3 2017 arrest 9.4 Other pursuits 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and family Woods and his father Earl at Fort Bragg , North Carolina in 2004 Woods was born in 1975 in Cypress , California , to Earl and Kultida `` Tida '' Woods . He is the only child of their marriage , and has two half - brothers , Earl Jr. and Kevin , as well as a half - sister named Royce from his father 's first marriage . Kultida ( née Punsawad ) is originally from Thailand , where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968 . She is of mixed Thai , Chinese , and Dutch ancestry . Earl was a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran who was mostly African American with traces of European descent . Earl 's mother Maude Carter was light skinned . Some people suggested that she had Native American and Chinese ancestry . Tiger refers to his ethnic make - up as `` Cablinasian '' ( a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian , Black , American Indian , and Asian ) . Woods ' first name -- Eldrick -- was coined by his mother because it began with `` E '' ( for Earl ) and ended with `` K '' ( for Kultida ) . His middle name Tont is a traditional Thai name . He was nicknamed Tiger in honor of his father 's friend Col. Vuong Dang Phong , who had also been known as Tiger . Woods ' niece , Cheyenne Woods , played for the Wake Forest University golf team and turned professional in 2012 , when she made her pro debut in the LPGA Championship . Early Life and Amateur golf career Woods grew up in Orange County , California . He was a child prodigy who was introduced to golf before the age of two by his athletic father , Earl Woods . Earl was a single - digit handicap amateur golfer who also was one of the earliest African - American college baseball players at Kansas State University . Tiger 's father was a member of the military and had playing privileges at the Navy golf course beside the Joint Forces Training Base in Los Alamitos , which allowed Tiger to play there . Tiger also played at the par 3 Heartwell golf course in Long Beach , as well as some of the municipals in Long Beach . In 1978 , Tiger putted against comedian Bob Hope in a television appearance on The Mike Douglas Show . At age three , he shot a 48 over nine holes at the Navy course . At age five , he appeared in Golf Digest and on ABC 's That 's Incredible ! Before turning seven , Tiger won the Under Age 10 section of the Drive , Pitch , and Putt competition , held at the Navy Golf Course in Cypress , California . In 1984 at the age of eight , he won the 9 -- 10 boys ' event , the youngest age group available , at the Junior World Golf Championships . He first broke 80 at age eight . He went on to win the Junior World Championships six times , including four consecutive wins from 1988 to 1991 . Woods ' father Earl wrote that Tiger first defeated him at the age of 11 years , with Earl trying his best . Earl lost to Tiger every time from then on . Woods first broke 70 on a regulation golf course at age 12 . When Woods was 13 years old , he played in the 1989 Big I , which was his first major national junior tournament . In the final round , he was paired with pro John Daly , who was then relatively unknown . The event 's format placed a professional with each group of juniors who had qualified . Daly birdied three of the last four holes to beat Woods by only one stroke . As a young teenager , Woods first met Jack Nicklaus in Los Angeles at the Bel - Air Country Club , when Nicklaus was performing a clinic for the club 's members . Woods was part of the show , and he impressed Nicklaus and the crowd with his skills and potential . Earl Woods had researched in detail the career accomplishments of Nicklaus and had set his young son the goals of breaking those records . Woods was 15 - years - old and a student at Western High School in Anaheim when he became the youngest U.S. Junior Amateur champion ; this was a record that stood until it was broken by Jim Liu in 2010 . He was named 1991 's Southern California Amateur Player of the Year ( for the second consecutive year ) and Golf Digest Junior Amateur Player of the Year . In 1992 , he defended his title at the U.S. Junior Amateur Championship , becoming the tournament 's first two - time winner . He also competed in his first PGA Tour event , the Nissan Los Angeles Open ( he missed the 36 - hole cut ) , and was named Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year , Golf World Player of the Year , and Golfweek National Amateur of the Year . The following year , Woods won his third consecutive U.S. Junior Amateur Championship ; he remains the event 's only three - time winner . In 1994 , at the TPC at Sawgrass in Florida , he became the youngest winner of the U.S. Amateur Championship , a record he held until 2008 when it was broken by Danny Lee . He was a member of the American team at the 1994 Eisenhower Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships ( winning ) , and the 1995 Walker Cup ( losing ) . Woods graduated from Western High School at age 18 in 1994 and was voted `` Most Likely to Succeed '' among the graduating class . He had starred for the high school 's golf team under coach Don Crosby . Woods overcame difficulties with stuttering as a boy . This was not known until he wrote a letter to a boy who contemplated suicide . Woods wrote , `` I know what it 's like to be different and to sometimes not fit in . I also stuttered as a child and I would talk to my dog and he would sit there and listen until he fell asleep . I also took a class for two years to help me , and I finally learned to stop . '' College golf career Woods was heavily recruited by college golf powers . He chose Stanford University , the 1994 NCAA champions . He enrolled at Stanford in the fall of 1994 under a golf scholarship and won his first collegiate event , the 40th Annual William H. Tucker Invitational , that September . He selected a major in economics and was nicknamed `` Urkel '' by college teammate Notah Begay III . In 1995 , he successfully defended his U.S. Amateur title at the Newport Country Club in Rhode Island and was voted Pac - 10 Player of the Year , NCAA First Team All - American , and Stanford 's Male Freshman of the Year ( an award that encompasses all sports ) . At age 19 ( two years before he won the tournament ) , Woods participated in his first PGA Tour major , the 1995 Masters , and tied for 41st as the only amateur to make the cut . At age 20 in 1996 , he became the first golfer to win three consecutive U.S. Amateur titles and won the NCAA individual golf championship . In winning the silver medal as leading amateur at The Open Championship , he tied the record for an amateur aggregate score of 281 . He left college after two years in order to turn professional in the golf industry . In 1996 , Woods moved out of California , stating in 2013 that it was due to the state 's high tax rate . Professional career Main article : Professional golf career of Tiger Woods Woods in 2001 Woods turned pro at age 20 in August 1996 and immediately signed advertising deals with Nike , Inc. and Titleist that ranked as the most lucrative endorsement contracts in golf history at that time . Woods was named Sports Illustrated 's 1996 Sportsman of the Year and PGA Tour Rookie of the Year . On April 13 , 1997 , he won his first major , the Masters , in record - breaking fashion and became the tournament 's youngest winner at age 21 . Two months later , he set the record for the fastest ascent to No. 1 in the Official World Golf Rankings . After a lackluster 1998 , Woods finished the 1999 season with eight wins , including the PGA Championship , a feat not achieved since 1974 . In 2000 , Woods won six consecutive events on the PGA Tour , which was the longest winning streak since Ben Hogan did it in 1948 . One of these was the 2000 U.S. Open , where he broke or tied nine tournament records in what Sports Illustrated called `` the greatest performance in golf history '' , in which Woods won the tournament by a record 15 - stroke margin and earned a check for $800,000 . At age 24 , he became the youngest golfer to achieve the Career Grand Slam . At the end of 2000 , Woods had won nine of the twenty PGA Tour events he entered and had broken the record for lowest scoring average in tour history . He was named the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year , the only athlete to be honored twice , and was ranked by Golf Digest magazine as the twelfth - best golfer of all time . Woods at the 2004 Ryder Cup When Woods won the 2001 Masters , he became the only player to win four consecutive major professional golf titles , although not in the same calendar year . Following a stellar 2001 and 2002 in which Woods continued to dominate the tour , Woods ' career hit a slump . He did not win a major in 2003 or 2004 . In September 2004 , Vijay Singh overtook Woods in the Official World Golf Rankings , ending Woods ' record streak of 264 weeks at # 1 . Woods rebounded in 2005 , winning six official PGA Tour money events and reclaiming the top spot in July after swapping it back and forth with Singh over the first half of the year . Woods began dominantly in 2006 , winning his first two PGA tournaments but failing to capture his fifth Masters championship in April . Following the death of his father in May , Woods took a nine - week hiatus from the tour and appeared rusty upon his return at the U.S. Open at Winged Foot , where he missed the cut . However , he quickly returned to form and ended the year by winning six consecutive tour events . At the season 's close , Woods had 54 total wins that included 12 majors ; he had broken the tour records for both total wins and total majors wins over eleven seasons . Woods at the 2006 Masters Woods continued to excel in 2007 and the first part of 2008 . In April 2008 , he underwent knee surgery and missed the next two months on the tour . Woods returned for the 2008 U.S. Open , where he struggled the first day but ultimately claimed a dramatic sudden death victory over Rocco Mediate that followed an 18 - hole playoff , after which Mediate said , `` This guy does things that are just not normal by any stretch of the imagination , '' and Kenny Perry added , `` He beat everybody on one leg . '' Two days later , Woods announced that he would miss the remainder of the season due to additional knee surgery , and that his knee was more severely damaged than previously revealed , prompting even greater praise for his U.S. Open performance . Woods called it `` my greatest ever championship . '' In Woods ' absence , TV ratings for the remainder of the season suffered a huge decline from 2007 . Woods competing at the third annual Earl Woods Memorial Pro-Am ( July 1 , 2009 ) Woods had a much anticipated return to golf in 2009 , when he performed well . His comeback included a spectacular performance at the 2009 Presidents Cup , but he failed to win a major , the first year since 2004 that he had not done so . After his marital infidelities came to light and received massive media coverage at the end of 2009 ( see further details below ) , Woods announced in December that he would be taking an indefinite break from competitive golf . In February 2010 , he delivered a televised apology for his behavior , saying `` I was wrong and I was foolish . '' During this period , several companies ended their endorsement deals with Woods . Woods returned to competition in April at the 2010 Masters , where he finished tied for fourth place . He followed the Masters with poor showings at the Quail Hollow Championship and the Players Championship , where he withdrew in the fourth round , citing injury . Shortly afterward , Hank Haney , Woods ' coach since 2003 , resigned the position . In August , Woods hired Sean Foley as Haney 's replacement . The rest of the season went badly for Woods , who failed to win a single event for the first time since turning professional , while nevertheless finishing the season ranked No. 2 in the world . Woods at a Chevron World Challenge charity event ( 2011 ) In 2011 , Woods ' performance continued to suffer ; this took its toll on his ranking . After falling to No. 7 in March , he rebounded to No. 5 with a strong showing at the 2011 Masters Tournament , where he tied for fourth place . Due to leg injuries incurred at the Masters , he missed several summer stops on the PGA Tour . In July , he fired his longtime caddy Steve Williams ( who was shocked by the dismissal ) , and replaced him on an interim basis with friend Bryon Bell . After returning to tournament play in August , Woods continued to falter , and his ranking gradually fell to a low of # 58 . He rose to No. 50 in mid-November after a third - place finish at the Emirates Australian Open , and broke his winless streak with a victory at December 's Chevron World Challenge . Woods began his 2012 season with two tournaments ( the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship and the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ) where he started off well , but struggled on the final rounds . Following the WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship , where he was knocked out in the second round by missing a 5 - foot putt , Woods revised his putting technique and tied for second at the Honda Classic , with the lowest final round score in his PGA Tour career . After a short time off due to another leg injury , Woods won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , his first win on the PGA Tour since the BMW Championship in September 2009 . Following several dismal performances , Woods notched his 73rd PGA Tour win at the Memorial Tournament in June , tying Jack Nicklaus in second place for most PGA Tour victories ; a month later , Woods surpassed Nicklaus with a win at the AT&T National , to trail only Sam Snead , who accumulated 82 PGA tour wins . The year 2013 would bring a return of Woods ' dominating play . In January , he won the Farmers Insurance Open by four shots for his 75th PGA Tour win . It was the seventh time he had won the event . In March , he won the WGC - Cadillac Championship , also for the seventh time , giving him his 17th WGC title and first since 2009 . Two weeks later , he won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , winning the event for a record - tying 8th time . The win moved him back to the top of the world rankings . To commemorate that achievement , Nike was quick to launch an ad with the tagline `` winning takes care of everything '' . During the 2013 Masters , Woods faced disqualification after unwittingly admitting in a post-round interview with ESPN that he had taken an illegal drop on the par - 5 15th hole when his third shot had bounced off the pin and into the water . After further review of television footage , Woods was assessed a two - stroke penalty for the drop but was not disqualified . He finished tied for fourth in the event . Woods won The Players Championship in May 2013 , his second career win at the event , notching his fourth win of the 2013 season . It was the quickest he had gotten to four wins in any season in his professional career . Woods practicing before the 2014 Quicken Loans National Woods had a poor showing at the 2013 U.S Open as a result of an elbow injury sustained at The Players Championship . In finishing at 13 - over-par , he recorded his worst score as a professional and finished 12 strokes behind winner Justin Rose . After a prolonged break because of the injury , during which he missed the Greenbrier Classic and his own AT&T National , he returned at the Open Championship at Muirfield . Despite being in contention all week and beginning the final round only two strokes behind Lee Westwood , he struggled with the speed of the greens and could only manage a 3 - over-par 74 that left him tied for 6th place , five strokes behind eventual winner Phil Mickelson . Two weeks later , Woods returned to form at the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational , recording his 5th win of the season and 8th win at the event in its 15 - year history . His second round 61 matched his record score on the PGA Tour and could easily have been a 59 were it not for some short missed birdie putts on the closing holes . This gave him a seven stroke lead that he held onto for the rest of the tournament . Woods would never contend at the PGA Championship at Oak Hill Country Club and would come short of winning a major for the 5th full season , only contending in two of the four majors in 2013 . After a slow start to 2014 , Woods injured himself during the final round of the Honda Classic and was unable to finish the tournament . He withdrew after the 13th hole , citing back pain . He subsequently competed in the WGC - Cadillac Championship but was visibly in pain during much of the last round . He was forced to skip the Arnold Palmer Invitational at the end of March 2014 , and after undergoing back surgery , he announced on April 1 that he would miss the Masters for the first time since 1994 . Woods returned at the Quicken Loans National in June , however he stated that his expectations for the week were low . He would struggle with nearly every aspect of his game and miss the cut . He next played at The Open Championship , contested at Hoylake , where Woods had won eight years prior . Woods fired a brilliant 69 in the first round to put himself in contention , but shot 77 on Friday and would eventually finish 69th . Despite his back pain , he played at the 2014 PGA Championship where he failed to make the cut . On August 25 , 2014 , Woods and his swing coach Sean Foley parted ways . In the four years under Foley , he won eight times but no majors . He had previously won eight majors with Harmon and six with Haney . Woods said there is currently no timetable to find a replacement swing coach . On February 5 , 2015 , Woods withdrew from the Farmers Insurance Open after another back injury . Woods stated on his website that it was unrelated to his previous surgery and he would take a break from golf until his back healed . He returned for the Masters , finishing in a tie for 17th . In the final round , Woods injured his wrist after his club hit a tree root . He later stated that a bone popped out of his wrist , but he adjusted it back into place and finished the round . Woods then missed the cut at the 2015 U.S. Open and Open Championship , the first time Woods missed the cut at consecutive majors , finishing near the bottom of the leaderboard both times . He finished tied for 18th at the Quicken Loans National on August 2 . In late August 2015 , Woods played quite well at the Wyndham Championship finishing the tournament at 13 - under , only four strokes behind the winner , and tied for 10th place . Woods offered only a brief comment on the speculation that he was still recovering from back surgery , saying it was `` just my hip '' but offering no specifics . Woods at the 2018 U.S. Open Woods had back surgery on September 16 , 2015 . In late March 2016 , he announced that he would miss the Masters while he recovered from the surgery ; he had also missed the 2014 Masters due to a back problem . `` I 'm absolutely making progress , and I 'm really happy with how far I 've come , '' he explained in a statement . `` But I still have no timetable to return to competitive golf . '' However , he did attend the Masters Champions Dinner on April 5 , 2016 . For the first time in his career , he missed all four majors in one year due to problems with his back . In October 2016 , he told Charlie Rose on PBS that he still wanted to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles . Woods underwent back surgery in December 2016 and spent the next 15 months off the Tour . He made his return to competitive golf in the Hero World Challenge . Woods ' back problems continued to hinder him in 2017 , as he missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open in January , and pulled out of a European Tour event in Dubai on February 3 . On March 31 , Woods announced on his website that he would not be playing in the 2017 Masters Tournament despite being cleared to play by his doctors . Woods said that although he was happy with his rehabilitation , he did not feel `` tournament ready . '' On April 20 , Woods announced that he had undergone his fourth back surgery since 2014 to alleviate back and leg pain . Recovery time required up to six months , meaning that Woods would spend the rest of the year without playing any professional golf . Woods returned to competitive golf at the Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas . He shot rounds of 69 - 68 - 75 - 68 and finished tied for 9th place . His world ranking went from 1,199 th to 668th , which was the biggest jump in the world rankings in his career . On Sunday , March 11 , 2018 , he finished one - shot back and tied for second at the Valspar Championship in Florida , his first top - five finish on the PGA Tour since 2013 . He then tied for sixth with a score of five under par at the 2018 Open Championship . At the last major of the year Woods finished second at the 2018 PGA Championship , two shots behind the winner Brooks Koepka . It was his best result in a major since 2009 ( second at the 2009 PGA Championship ) and moved up to 26th in the world rankings . His final round of 64 was his best ever final round in a major . Woods got back in the winner 's circle for the 80th time in his PGA Tour career on September 23 , 2018 , when he won the season - ending Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club for the second time , and that tournament for the third time . He shot rounds of 65 - 68 - 65 - 71 to win by two strokes over Billy Horschel . He nearly also won the FedEx Cup , but Justin Rose made a birdie on the 18th hole to win by 41 points over Woods . Honors Woods checking his drive in 2007 On August 20 , 2007 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver announced that Woods would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame . He was inducted December 5 , 2007 at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts in Sacramento . In December 2009 , Woods was named `` Athlete of the Decade '' by the Associated Press . He was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year a record - tying four times , and is one of only two people to be named Sports Illustrated 's Sportsman of the Year more than once . Since his record - breaking win at the 1997 Masters , Woods became the biggest name in golf , and his presence in tournaments drew a huge fan following . Some sources have credited him for dramatically increasing prize money in golf , generating interest in new PGA tournament audiences , and for drawing the largest TV ratings in golf history . Endorsements During the first decade of his professional career , Woods was the world 's most marketable athlete . Shortly after his 21st birthday in 1996 , he signed endorsement deals with numerous companies , including General Motors , Titleist , General Mills , American Express , Accenture , and Nike , Inc . In 2000 , he signed a 5 - year , $105 million contract extension with Nike , which was the largest endorsement package signed by a professional athlete at that time . Woods ' endorsement has been credited with playing a significant role in taking the Nike Golf brand from a `` start - up '' golf company earlier in the previous decade to becoming the leading golf apparel company in the world and a major player in the equipment and golf ball market . Nike Golf is one of the fastest growing brands in the sport , with an estimated $600 million in sales . Woods has been described as the `` ultimate endorser '' for Nike Golf , frequently seen wearing Nike gear during tournaments , and even in advertisements for other products . Woods receives a percentage from the sales of Nike Golf apparel , footwear , golf equipment , golf balls , and has a building named after him at Nike 's headquarters campus in Beaverton , Oregon . Woods visiting aircraft carrier USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) in the Persian Gulf before participating in the 2004 Dubai Desert Classic In 2002 , Woods was involved in every aspect of the launch of Buick 's Rendezvous SUV . A company spokesman stated that Buick was happy with the value of Woods ' endorsement , pointing out that more than 130,000 Rendezvous vehicles were sold in 2002 and 2003 . `` That exceeded our forecasts , '' he was quoted as saying , `` It has to be in recognition of Tiger . '' In February 2004 , Buick renewed Woods ' endorsement contract for another five years , in a deal reportedly worth $40 million . Woods collaborated closely with TAG Heuer to develop the world 's first professional golf watch , which was released in April 2005 . The lightweight , titanium - construction watch , designed to be worn while playing the game , incorporates numerous innovative design features to accommodate golf play . It is capable of absorbing up to 5,000 Gs of shock , far in excess of the forces generated by a normal golf swing . In 2006 , the TAG Heuer Professional Golf Watch won the prestigious iF product design award in the Leisure / Lifestyle category . Woods preparing for a photo shoot in 2006 Woods also endorsed the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series of video games ; he has done so since 1999 . In 2006 , he signed a six - year contract with Electronic Arts , the series ' publisher . In February 2007 , Woods , Roger Federer and Thierry Henry became ambassadors for the `` Gillette Champions '' marketing campaign . Gillette did not disclose financial terms , though an expert estimated the deal could total between $10 million and $20 million . In October 2007 , Gatorade announced that Woods would have his own brand of sports drink starting in March 2008 . `` Gatorade Tiger '' was his first U.S. deal with a beverage company and his first licensing agreement . Although no figures were officially disclosed , Golfweek magazine reported that it was for five years and could pay him as much as $100 million . The company decided in early fall 2009 to discontinue the drink due to weak sales . In October 2012 , it was announced that Woods had signed an exclusive endorsement deal with Fuse Science , Inc , a sports nutrition firm . In 1997 , Woods and golfer Arnold Palmer initiated a case against Bruce Matthews ( the owner of Gotta Have It Golf , Inc . ) and others in the effort to stop the unauthorized sale of their images and alleged signatures in the memorabilia market . Matthews and associated parties counterclaimed that Woods and his company , ETW Corporation , committed several acts including breach of contract , breach of implied duty of good faith , and violations of Florida 's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act . Palmer also was named in the counter-suit , accused of violating the same licensing agreement in conjunction with his company Arnold Palmer Enterprises . On March 12 , 2014 , a Florida jury ruled in favor of Gotta Have It on its breach of contract and other related claims , rejected ETW 's counterclaims , and awarded Gotta Have It $668,346 in damages . The award may end up exceeding $1 million once interest has been factored in , though the ruling may be appealed . In August 2016 , Woods announced that he would be seeking a new golf equipment partner after the news of Nike 's exit from the equipment industry . It was announced on January 25 , 2017 , that he would be signing a new club deal with TaylorMade . He added the 2016 M2 driver along with the 2017 M1 fairway woods , with irons to be custom made at a later date . He also added his Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS , a club he used to win 13 of his 14 majors . Also , in late 2016 , he would add Monster Energy as his primary bag sponsor , replacing MusclePharm . Accumulated wealth According to Golf Digest , Woods made $769,440,709 from 1996 to 2007 , and the magazine predicted that Woods would pass one billion dollars in earnings by 2010 . In 2009 , Forbes confirmed that Woods was indeed the world 's first athlete to earn over a billion dollars in his career , after accounting for the $10 million bonus Woods received for the FedEx Cup title . The same year , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $600 million , making him the second richest person of color in the United States , behind only Oprah Winfrey . In 2015 , Woods ranked ninth in Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , being the top among Asian Americans or the fourth among African Americans . Woods is currently considered to be the highest - paid golfer . Tiger - Proofing Early in Woods ' career , a small number of golf experts expressed concern about his impact on the competitiveness of the game and the public appeal of professional golf . Sportswriter Bill Lyon of Knight Ridder asked in a column , `` Is n't Tiger Woods actually bad for golf ? '' ( though Lyon ultimately concluded that he was not ) . At first , some pundits feared that Woods would drive the spirit of competition out of the game of golf by making existing courses obsolete and relegating opponents to simply competing for second place each week . A related effect was measured by University of California economist Jennifer Brown , who found that other golfers scored higher when competing against Woods than when he was not in the tournament . The scores of highly skilled ( exempt ) golfers are nearly one stroke higher when playing against Woods . This effect was larger when he was on winning streaks and disappeared during his well - publicized slump in 2003 -- 04 . Brown explains the results by noting that competitors of similar skill can hope to win by increasing their level of effort , but that , when facing a `` superstar '' competitor , extra exertion does not significantly raise one 's level of winning while increasing risk of injury or exhaustion , leading to reduced effort . Many courses in the PGA Tour rotation ( including major championship sites like Augusta National ) have added yardage to their tees in an effort to reduce the advantage of long hitters like Woods , a strategy that became known as `` Tiger - Proofing '' . Woods said he welcomed the change , in that adding yardage to courses did not affect his ability to win . Career achievements Main article : List of career achievements by Tiger Woods Woods has won 80 official PGA Tour events , including 14 majors . He is 14 -- 1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead . Multiple golf experts have heralded Woods as `` the greatest closer in history '' . He owns the lowest career scoring average and the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history . Woods ' victory at the 2013 Players Championship also marked a win in his 300th PGA Tour start . He also won golf tournaments in his 100th ( in 2000 ) and 200th ( in 2006 ) tour starts . Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings . He is one of five players ( along with Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four professional major championships in his career , known as the Career Grand Slam , and was the youngest to do so . Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row , accomplishing the feat in the 2000 -- 2001 seasons . PGA Tour wins ( 80 ) European Tour wins ( 40 ) Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) Other professional wins ( 16 ) Amateur wins ( 21 ) Major Championships Wins ( 14 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1997 Masters Tournament 9 shot lead − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 strokes Tom Kite 1999 PGA Championship Tied for lead − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 2000 U.S. Open 10 shot lead − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 The Open Championship 6 shot lead − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff Bob May 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 2 strokes David Duval 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) Tied for lead − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) 4 shot lead − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) 3 shot lead − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) 2 shot lead − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) 1 shot lead − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) Tied for lead − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) 3 shot lead − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) 1 shot lead − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) Playoff Rocco Mediate Defeated May in three - hole playoff by 1 stroke : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) Defeated DiMarco in a sudden - death playoff : Woods ( 3 ) and DiMarco ( 4 ) . Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18 - hole playoff was tied at even par . This was the final time an 18 - hole playoff was used in competition . Results timeline Tournament 1995 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament T41 LA CUT T8 T18 U.S. Open WD T82 T19 T18 T3 The Open Championship T68 T22 LA T24 T7 PGA Championship T29 T10 Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Masters Tournament 5 T15 T22 T3 T2 T6 U.S. Open T12 T20 T17 CUT T2 T6 The Open Championship T25 T28 T4 T9 T12 CUT PGA Championship T29 T39 T24 T4 Tournament 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament T4 T4 T40 T4 T17 T32 U.S. Open T4 T21 T32 CUT CUT The Open Championship T23 T3 T6 69 CUT T6 PGA Championship T28 CUT T11 T40 CUT CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut WD = withdrew `` T '' indicates a tie for a place Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 11 13 17 21 20 U.S. Open 7 8 14 20 16 The Open Championship 0 6 10 15 20 18 PGA Championship 0 8 9 11 19 16 Totals 14 7 32 40 57 80 70 Most consecutive cuts made -- 39 ( 1996 U.S. Open -- 2006 Masters ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 8 ( 1999 U.S. Open -- 2001 Masters ) World golf Championships Wins ( 18 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1999 WGC - NEC Invitational 5 shot lead − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1999 WGC - American Express Championship 1 shot deficit -- 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 2 ) 9 shot lead − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 2001 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 3 ) 2 shot deficit − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) Playoff Jim Furyk 2002 WGC - American Express Championship ( 2 ) 5 shot lead − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 1 stroke Retief Goosen 2003 WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship n / a 2 & 1 n / a David Toms 2003 WGC - American Express Championship ( 3 ) 2 shot lead − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) n / a 3 & 2 n / a Davis Love III 2005 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 4 ) Tied for lead − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 2005 WGC - American Express Championship ( 4 ) 2 shot deficit − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff John Daly 2006 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) 1 shot deficit − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) Playoff Stewart Cink 2006 WGC - American Express Championship ( 5 ) 6 shot lead − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 2007 WGC - CA Championship ( 6 ) 4 shot lead − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 2007 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) 1 shot deficit − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 2008 WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) n / a 8 & 7 n / a Stewart Cink 2009 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) 3 shot deficit − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 2013 WGC - Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) 4 shot lead − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 2013 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) 7 shot lead − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson Won on the first hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the seventh hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the second hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the fourth hole of a sudden - death playoff Results Timeline Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Match Play QF R64 R32 R16 R16 R32 R64 R32 R64 Championship T5 NT 9 5 T9 T10 WD T25 Invitational T4 T2 T78 T37 T8 WD T31 Champions T6 T6 Canceled following the September 11 attacks . Win Top 10 Did not play QF , R16 , R32 , R64 = Round in which player lost in match play WD = withdrew NT = No tournament `` T '' = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009 . PGA Tour career summary Season Starts Cuts made Wins ( majors ) 2nd 3rd Top 10 Top 25 Earnings ( $ ) Money list rank 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1993 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1995 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 11 10 0 5 8 790,594 24 1997 21 20 4 ( 1 ) 9 14 2,066,833 1998 20 19 13 17 1,841,117 1999 21 21 8 ( 1 ) 16 18 6,616,585 2000 20 20 9 ( 3 ) 17 20 9,188,321 2001 19 19 5 ( 1 ) 0 9 18 5,687,777 2002 18 18 5 ( 2 ) 13 16 6,912,625 2003 18 18 5 0 12 16 6,673,413 19 19 14 18 5,365,472 2005 21 19 6 ( 2 ) 13 17 10,628,024 2006 15 14 8 ( 2 ) 11 13 9,941,563 2007 16 16 7 ( 1 ) 0 12 15 10,867,052 2008 6 6 4 ( 1 ) 0 6 6 5,775,000 2009 17 16 6 0 14 16 10,508,163 12 11 0 0 0 7 1,294,765 68 2011 9 7 0 0 0 660,238 128 2012 19 17 9 13 6,133,158 2013 16 16 5 0 8 10 8,553,439 2014 7 5 0 0 0 0 108,275 201 2015 11 6 0 0 0 448,598 162 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 2018 18 16 0 7 12 5,443,841 7 Career * 346 316 80 ( 14 ) 31 19 193 261 115,504,853 * As of the 2018 season . Guinness book of records Woods claimed 17 Guinness World Records , within golf and 3 other records related to his appearance in the video game . After Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps , he holds the third highest number of Guinness World Records claimed by a sportsman within one discipline . Most consecutive US Amateur golf titles Most US PGA Tour tournament wins in the modern era Lowest score under par in the Open golf championships Most awards for Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Player of the Year Youngest winner of the golf US Masters Highest career earnings on the US Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Largest margin of victory in the golf US Masters Largest margin of victory in a golf major championships Most wins of the PGA Player of the Year award Most consecutive golf Major tournaments won Highest annual earnings for a golfer Longest golf drive on the PGA Tour Lowest total score ( 72 holes ) at the golf US Masters Longest drive in Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Golf , World Cup - Lowest individual score Lowest total score ( first 54 holes ) in the golf US Masters Highest annual earnings for an athlete ( ever ) Playing style Woods practicing before 2004 Ryder Cup at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township , Michigan When Woods first joined the PGA Tour in 1996 , his long drives had a large impact on the world of golf . However , when he did not upgrade his equipment in the following years ( insisting upon the use of True Temper Dynamic Gold steel - shafted clubs and smaller steel clubheads that promoted accuracy over distance ) , many opponents caught up to him . Phil Mickelson even made a joke in 2003 about Woods using `` inferior equipment '' , which did not sit well with Nike , Titleist or Woods . During 2004 , Woods finally upgraded his driver technology to a larger clubhead and graphite shaft , which , coupled with his clubhead speed , made him one of the Tour 's lengthiest players off the tee once again . Despite his power advantage , Woods has always focused on developing an excellent all - around game . Although in recent years he has typically been near the bottom of the Tour rankings in driving accuracy , his iron play is generally accurate , his recovery and bunker play is very strong , and his putting ( especially under pressure ) is possibly his greatest asset . He is largely responsible for a shift to higher standards of athleticism amongst professional golfers , and is known for utilizing more hours of practice than most . From mid-1993 ( while he was still an amateur ) until 2004 , Woods worked almost exclusively with leading swing coach Butch Harmon . From mid-1997 , Harmon and Woods fashioned a major redevelopment of Woods ' full swing , achieving greater consistency , better distance control , and better kinesiology . The changes began to pay off in 1999 . From March 2004 to 2010 , Woods was coached by Hank Haney , who worked on flattening his swing plane . Woods continued to win tournaments with Haney , but his driving accuracy dropped significantly . Haney resigned in May 2010 and was replaced by Sean Foley . Fluff Cowan served as Woods ' caddie from the start of his professional career until Woods dismissed him in March 1999 . He was replaced by Steve Williams , who became a close friend of Woods and is often credited with helping him with key shots and putts . In June 2011 , Woods dismissed Williams and replaced him with friend Bryon Bell on an interim basis . Joe LaCava , a former caddie of both Fred Couples and Dustin Johnson , was hired by Woods shortly after and has remained Woods ' caddie since then , but he has seen limited work . Equipment As of 2018 Tour Championship : Driver : TaylorMade M3 460 ( Mitsubishi Chemical Diamana D+ White Board 73TX shaft ) , 9.5 degrees Fairway woods : TaylorMade M3 13 & 19 Degree ( Mitsubishi Chemical Diamana D+ White Board 83TX shaft ) Irons : TaylorMade TW Phase1 Prototype ( 3 - PW ; True Temper Dynamic Gold Tour Issue X100 shafts ) Wedges : TaylorMade Milled Grind ( 56 and 60 degrees ; True Temper Dynamic Gold Tour Issue S400 shafts ) Putter : Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS with Ping Blackout PP58 Grip Ball : Bridgestone Tour B XS ( with `` Tiger '' imprint ) Golf glove : Nike Dri - FIT Tour glove Golf shoes : Nike TW ' 17 Driver club cover : Frank , a plush tiger head club cover created by his mother . Frank has appeared in several commercials ( voiced by actor Paul Giamatti ) Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo . Putter cover : Nike Putter Cover . Other ventures Tiger Woods Foundation The Tiger Woods Foundation was established in 1996 by Woods and his father Earl , with the primary goal of promoting golf among inner - city children . The foundation has conducted junior golf clinics across the country , and sponsors the Tiger Woods Foundation National Junior Golf Team in the Junior World Golf Championships . As of December 2010 , TWF employed approximately 55 people . The foundation operates the Tiger Woods Learning Center , a $50 million , 35,000 - square - foot ( 3,250 m2 ) facility in Anaheim , California , providing college - access programs for underserved youth . The TWLC opened in 2006 and features seven classrooms , extensive multi-media facilities and an outdoor golf teaching area . The center has since expanded to four additional campuses : two in Washington , D.C. ; one in Philadelphia ; and one in Stuart , Florida . Woods giving a speech at We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial ( January 2009 ) The foundation benefits from the annual Chevron World Challenge and AT&T National golf tournaments hosted by Woods . In October 2011 , the foundation hosted the first Tiger Woods Invitational at Pebble Beach . Other annual fundraisers have included the concert events Block Party , last held in 2009 in Anaheim , and Tiger Jam , last held in 2011 in Las Vegas after a one - year hiatus . Tiger Woods Design In November 2006 , Woods announced his intention to begin designing golf courses around the world through a new company , Tiger Woods Design . A month later , he announced that the company 's first course would be in Dubai as part of a 25.3 million - square - foot development , The Tiger Woods Dubai . The Al Ruwaya Golf Course was initially expected to finish construction in 2009 . As of February 2010 , only seven holes had been completed ; in April 2011 , The New York Times reported that the project had been shelved permanently . In 2013 , the partnership between Tiger Woods Design and Dubai Holding was dissolved . Tiger Woods Design has taken on two other courses , neither of which has materialized . In August 2007 , Woods announced The Cliffs at High Carolina , a private course in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Asheville , North Carolina . After a groundbreaking in November 2008 , the project suffered cash flow problems and suspended construction . A third course , in Punta Brava , Mexico , was announced in October 2008 , but incurred delays due to issues with permits and an environmental impact study . Construction on the Punta Brava course has not yet begun . These projects have encountered problems that have been attributed to factors that include overly optimistic estimates of their value , declines throughout the global economy ( particularly the U.S. crash in home prices ) , and the decreased appeal and marketability of Woods following his 2009 infidelity scandal . Writings Woods wrote a golf instruction column for Golf Digest magazine from 1997 to February 2011 . In 2001 he wrote a best - selling golf instruction book , How I Play Golf , which had the largest print run of any golf book for its first edition , 1.5 million copies . In March 2017 , he published a memoir , The 1997 Masters : My Story , co-authored by Lorne Rubenstein , which focuses on his first Masters win . Personal Life Marriage and children In November 2003 , Woods became engaged to Elin Nordegren , a Swedish former model and daughter of former minister of migration Barbro Holmberg and radio journalist Thomas Nordegren . They were introduced during The Open Championship in 2001 by Swedish golfer Jesper Parnevik , who had employed her as an au pair . They married on October 5 , 2004 , at the Sandy Lane resort in Barbados , and lived at Isleworth , a community in Windermere , a suburb of Orlando , Florida . In 2006 , they purchased a $39 - million estate in Jupiter Island , Florida , and began constructing a 10,000 - square - foot home ; Woods moved there in 2010 following the couple 's divorce . Woods and Nordegren 's first child was a girl born in 2007 , whom they named Sam Alexis Woods . Woods chose the name because his own father had always called him Sam . Their son , Charlie Axel Woods , was born in 2009 . Infidelity scandal and fallout In November 2009 , the National Enquirer published a story claiming that Woods had had an extramarital affair with New York City nightclub manager Rachel Uchitel , who denied the claim . Two days later , around 2 : 30 a.m. on November 27 , Woods was driving from his Florida mansion in his Cadillac Escalade SUV when he collided with a fire hydrant , a tree , and several hedges near his home . He was treated for minor facial lacerations and received a ticket for careless driving . Following intense media speculation about the cause of the accident , Woods released a statement on his website and took sole responsibility for the accident , calling it a `` private matter '' and crediting his wife for helping him from the car . On November 30 , Woods announced that he would not be appearing at his own charity golf tournament , the Chevron World Challenge , nor any other tournaments in 2009 , due to his injuries . On December 2 , following Us Weekly 's previous day reporting of a purported mistress and subsequent release of a voicemail message allegedly left by Woods for the woman , Woods released a further statement . He admitted `` transgressions '' and apologized to `` all of those who have supported ( him ) over the years '' , while reiterating his and his family 's right to privacy . Over the next few days , more than a dozen women claimed in various media outlets to have had affairs with Woods . On December 11 , he released a third statement admitting to infidelity and apologizing again , as well as announcing that he would be taking `` an indefinite break from professional golf . '' In the days and months following Woods 's admission of multiple infidelities , several companies re-evaluated their relationships with him . Accenture , AT&T , Gatorade and General Motors completely ended their sponsorship deals , while Gillette suspended advertising featuring Woods . TAG Heuer dropped Woods from advertising in December 2009 and officially ended their deal when his contract expired in August 2011 . Golf Digest suspended Woods 's monthly column beginning with the February 2010 issue . In contrast , Nike continued to support Woods , as did Electronic Arts , which was working with Woods on the game Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online . A December 2009 study estimated the shareholder loss caused by Woods 's affairs to be between $5 billion and $12 billion . On February 19 , 2010 , Woods gave a televised statement in which he said he had undertaken a 45 - day therapy program beginning at the end of December . He again apologized for his actions . `` I thought I could get away with whatever I wanted to , '' he said . `` I felt that I had worked hard my entire life and deserved to enjoy all the temptations around me . I felt I was entitled . Thanks to money and fame , I did n't have to go far to find them . I was wrong . I was foolish . '' He said he did not know yet when he would be returning to golf . He announced a few weeks later on March 16 that he would play in the 2010 Masters Tournament on April 8 . After seven years of marriage , Woods and his wife Elin divorced on August 23 , 2010 . 2017 arrest On May 29 , 2017 , Woods was arrested near his Jupiter Island , Florida , home by the Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office at about 3 : 00 a.m. EDT for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs . He was asleep in his car , which was stationary in a traffic lane with its engine running . He later stated that he was taking prescription drugs and did not realize how they might interact together . On July 3 , 2017 , Woods tweeted that he had completed an out - of - state intensive program to tackle an unspecified issue . On August 9 , 2017 , Woods , who skipped his arraignment , entered a not guilty plea through his attorney Douglas Duncan and agreed to take part in a first - time DUI offender program and attend another arraignment on October 25 . At a hearing on October 27 , 2017 , Woods pleaded guilty to reckless driving . He received a year of probation , was fined $250 , and ordered to undergo 50 hours of community service along with regular drug tests . He was not allowed to drink alcohol during the probation , and if he violates the probation he will be sentenced to 90 days in jail with an additional $500 fine . Other pursuits United States President Barack Obama and Woods meet in the Oval Office , April 2009 Woods shoots a handgun at a shooting range outside San Diego . Woods was raised as a Buddhist , and he actively practiced his faith from childhood until well into his adult , professional golf career . In a 2000 article , Woods was quoted as saying that he `` believes in Buddhism ... not every aspect , but most of it . '' He has attributed his deviations and infidelity to his losing track of Buddhism . He said , `` Buddhism teaches me to stop following every impulse and to learn restraint . Obviously I lost track of what I was taught . '' Woods is registered as an independent voter . In January 2009 , Woods delivered a speech commemorating the military at the We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial . In April 2009 , Woods visited the White House while promoting the golf tournament he hosts , the AT&T National . In December 2016 and again in November 2017 , Woods played golf with President Donald Trump at the Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach . Woods underwent laser eye surgery in 1999 . Before this surgery , he was severely myopic , his eyesight having a rating of 11 diopters . The surgery was successful ( it has meant that he does not need to wear glasses or use contact lenses ) , as he immediately started winning tour events . He received money from TLC Laser Eye Centers to endorse them . In 2007 , he had further laser eye surgery when his vision began to deteriorate again . On March 18 , 2013 , Woods announced that he and Olympic gold medal skier Lindsey Vonn were dating . They split up in May 2015 . See also Career Grand Slam Champions List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event List of longest PGA Tour win streaks List of men 's major championships winning golfers List of World Number One male golfers Most PGA Tour wins in a year Biography portal Golf portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods -- Profile '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This is calculated by adding Woods ' 80 PGA Tour victories , 8 regular European Tour titles , 2 Japan Tour wins , 1 Asian Tour crown , and the 16 other wins in his career . Jump up ^ These are the 14 majors , 18 WGC events , and his eight tour wins . Jump up ^ 2009 European Tour Official Guide Section 4 Page 577 PDF 21 . European Tour . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Archived January 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Divorce decree '' ( PDF ) . August 23 , 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sounes , Howard ( 2004 ) . The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf . Harper Collins . pp. 120 -- 121 , 293 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Biography : Golfer ( 1975 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the greatest golfer ever : Tiger or Jack ? '' . For The Win. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Jaime . `` What made Tiger Woods great -- and can again - Golf Digest '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phil : Tiger in prime played best golf ever '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dahlberg , Tim ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` Two weeks that shattered the legend of Tiger Woods '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sam . `` New book says Tiger Woods paid controversial doctor Anthony Galea $76 K for 14 visits '' . Golf Digest . Jump up ^ `` Westwood becomes world number one '' . BBC News . October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods moves to 50th in rankings '' . ESPN . November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Tiger Woods ' injuries '' . PGA Tour . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods falls out of world top 500 '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ `` With game on point , Tiger Woods is in perfect place to win again at Firestone '' . USA Today . August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Philip ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` For the new Tiger Woods , second place is far from first loser '' . The Irish Times . Dublin . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Woods Clinches PGA Player of the Year Award '' . About.com : Golf . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Tiger '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Biography - childhood , children , parents , name , history , mother , young , son , old , information , born '' . Notablebiographies.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods ' father , Earl , succumbs to cancer '' . Espn.com . May 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Tiger Woods ' Parents : Meet Mom and Dad '' . Thoughtco.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ His Father 's Son : Earl and Tiger Woods , by Tom Callahan , 2010 ; The Wicked Game , by Howard Sounes , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Earning His Stripes '' . AsianWeek . October 11 , 1996 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 1998 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Woods '' ( obituary ) . Telegraph ( June 5 , 2006 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woods stars on Oprah , says he 's ' Cablinasian ' '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Associated Press . April 23 , 1997 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Tom ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger 's dad gave us all some lessons to remember '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Rick ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' niece makes her major pro golf tourney debut today '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Training a Tiger : Raising a Winner in Golf and in Life , by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Play Golf Where Tiger Became Tiger '' . Golf.com . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Timeline '' . Infoplease . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Training A Tiger , by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel , 1997 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes , 2004 , William Morrow , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 , p. 187 ; originally appeared in The Wall Street Journal , Nike 's Tiger Woods professional career launch advertisement , August 1996 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Training A Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life , by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel , 1997 , Harper Collins , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 270178 - 9 , p. 23 ; Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes . ^ Jump up to : His Father 's Son : Earl and Tiger Woods , by Tom Callahan , 2010 Jump up ^ Training A Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life , by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel , 1997 , Harper Collins , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 270178 - 9 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Jack Nicklaus : Memories and Mementos from Golf 's Golden Bear , by Jack Nicklaus with David Shedloski , 2007 , Stewart , Tabori & Chang , New York , ISBN 1 - 58479 - 564 - 6 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods '' . IMG Speakers . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes , p. 277 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Past Players '' . International Golf Federation . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( September 9 , 1995 ) . `` Ailing Woods Unsure for Walker Cup '' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes , 2004 , William Morrow , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 , information listed on inset photos between pages 168 and 169 . Jump up ^ `` Famous People -- Speech Differences and Stutter '' . Disabled World . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods writes letter of support to fellow stutterer '' . The Guardian . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Former stutterer Tiger Woods writes letter to young boy being bullied '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Writes Letter to Boy With Stuttering Problem '' . ABC News . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Men 's Golf Team -- Tiger Woods '' . Stanford Men 's Golf Team . April 8 , 2003 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosaforte , Tim ( 1997 ) . Tiger Woods : The Makings of a Champion . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 84 , 101 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 96437 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` PAC - 10 Men 's Golf '' ( PDF ) . PAC - 10 Conference . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods through the Ages ... '' Geocities . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sounes , p. 277 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Captures 1996 NCAA Individual Title '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosaforte 1997 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Wood , Robert W. ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Moved Too , Says Mickelson Was Right About Taxes '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martosko , David ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods : I left California over tax rates too '' . Daily Caller . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 1 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` Golf 's first Billion - Dollar Man '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Rick ( December 23 , 1996 ) . `` 1996 : Tiger Woods '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 2 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods scoops world rankings award '' . London : BBC Sport . March 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Jaime . `` The Truth about Tiger '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods is PGA Tour player of year '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garrity , John ( June 26 , 2000 ) . `` Open and Shut '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 3 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Price , S.L. ( April 3 , 2000 ) . `` Tunnel Vision '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yocom , Guy ( July 2000 ) . `` 50 Greatest Golfers of All Time : And What They Taught Us '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The remarkable drive of Tiger Woods '' . CNN . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shedloski , Dave ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` Woods is starting to own his swing '' . PGA Tour . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hard labor pays off for Singh '' . Sports Illustrated . Reuters . September 7 , 2004 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Verdi , Bob . `` A Rivalry is Reborn '' . Golf World . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morfit , Cameron ( March 6 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's Rivals Will Be Back . Eventually '' . Golf Magazine . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` Golf : Notebook ; Trouble on Greens Keeps Woods From His Fifth Green Jacket '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Earl Woods , 74 , Father of Tiger Woods , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Year '' . PGA . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes knee surgery '' . Agence France - Presse. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger puts away Mediate on 91st hole to win U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Savage , Brendan ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Rocco Mediate still riding U.S. Open high into Buick Open '' . The Flint Journal . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Mediate makes the most of his brush with Tiger '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Mark ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Tiger Woods to Undergo Reconstructive Knee Surgery and Miss Remainder of 2008 Season '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dorman , Larry ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` Woods to Have Knee Surgery , Ending His Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Woods savours ' greatest triumph ' after epic duel with brave Mediate '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Return Expected To Make PGA Ratings Roar '' . The Nielsen Company 2009 . February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dahlberg , Tim ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Anything can happen : It did in Tiger 's return '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Americans win the Presidents Cup '' . Cumberland Times - News . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barber , Phil ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` Americans win the Presidents Cup '' . The Press Democrat . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods apologises to wife Elin for affairs '' . BBC Sport . London . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T cuts connection with Woods '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson wins Masters ; Tiger 5 back '' . ESPN . April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` Woods misses sixth PGA Tour cut '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pgatour.com , Official World Golf Ranking for March 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ pgatour.com , Official World Golf Ranking for April 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ pgatour.com , 2011 Masters tournament data Jump up ^ http://www.tigerwoods.com , June 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Howard Sounes : The Wicked Game Jump up ^ pgatour.com , December 4 , 2011 , Tiger ends two - year winless streak Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Nick Watney eliminates Tiger Woods '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger wins Memorial to match Nicklaus on 73 wins '' . The Times of India . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods wins AT&T to pass Jack Nicklaus record '' . BBC Sport . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger takes Torrey for 75th tour win '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods prevails at Doral '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger returns to No. 1 , wins Bay Hill '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Nike ad causes a stir with `` winning takes care of everything '' message `` . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Is Tiger Woods facing disqualification at Masters ? '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods walks off at Honda Classic '' . bunkered . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods a doubt for the Masters '' . bunkered . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods out of the Masters '' . bunkered. April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods splits with swing coach Sean Foley '' . USA Today . August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Sickle , Gary ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Withdraws From the Farmers Insurance Open With Bad Back '' . Golf.com . Jump up ^ `` His back feeling better , Tiger plans to work on his game and play again soon '' . tigerwoods.com . February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods hurts his wrist after hitting a root at the Masters '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods improves with 76 , but misses cut badly at 2015 US Open '' . CBS Sports . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 British Open : Tiger Woods cut at consecutive majors for first time '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger confident after results at Quicken Loans National '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velin , Bob ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods falls short , ends season at Wyndham '' . USA Today . Tyson 's Corners , Virginia . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalland , Bobby ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods sputters in final round , shoots 70 at Wyndham Championship '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Undergoes Successful Back Surgery , Is Hopeful To Return In Early 2016 '' . TigerWoods.com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grez , Matias ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods : Golfer to miss the Masters '' . CNN International . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods chooses health over Masters '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Christine ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Brennan : Tiger Woods is n't playing in Masters but still very much present '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Wood 's bold vision to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles '' . Golf Channel . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods looks to the positives after fading following flying start '' . Irish Independent . Press Association . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods to miss Masters for third time in four years '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger not ' tournament ready , ' will miss Masters '' . www.tigerwoods.com . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zak , Sean ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking : Tiger Woods undergoes back surgery to alleviate ongoing pain '' . Golf Magazine . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods has a 4th back surgery '' . MSN News . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` He Stuck to Golf : Tiger Woods , Roaring Back , Ties for 2nd '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Open 2018 : Francesco Molinari wins title on day of drama -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` US PGA Championship : Brooks Koepka holds off Tiger Woods to win at Bellerive '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ McGowan , Tom ; Sinnott , John ( September 24 , 2018 ) . `` Tiger Woods wins a PGA Tour event for the first time since 2013 '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Apple CEO among latest inductees to California Hall of Fame '' . U-T San Diego . August 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` California Hall of Fame : 2007 Inductees '' Archived January 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , californiamuseum.org . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods named top athlete of decade '' . ESPN . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger named AP 's Athlete of the Decade '' . NY Daily News . Associated Press . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Carol ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger 's Tour , 10 years after his Masters breakthrough '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ; Garrity , John ; Diaz , Jaime ( April 1 , 1997 ) . `` Tiger 1997 : The buzz that rocked the cradle '' . Golf Magazine . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` With Tiger not a factor , preliminary ratings down for PGA '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . August 20 , 2001 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ziemer , Tom ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` PGA jungle needs its Tiger on prowl '' . The Badger Herald . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitmer , Michael ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Woods shows mettle again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Brian. , `` Nike Golf Extends Contract with Tiger Woods '' , Sports Business Radio , December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : DiCarlo , Lisa ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Six Degrees Of Tiger Woods '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Branding and Celebrity Endorsements '' Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , VentureRepublic.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Alice. , `` Member of the Club '' , Time , April 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ AP , `` Nike sees dollar signs in Woods ' magical shot '' , MSNBC , April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Krakow , Gary. , `` Tiger Woods watch is a technological stroke '' , MSNBC.com , November 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tag Heuer 's Innovative Creation Wins Prestigious Award '' Archived September 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , best-watch.net Watch News , January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ; Rothman , Wilson ( September 26 , 2004 ) . `` Q&A with Tiger Woods '' . Time . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods to play another six with EA '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Jenn ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gillette lands a trio of star endorsers '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gatorade Unveils a Taste of Tiger '' . The Washington Post . October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gatorade confirms it is dropping Tiger Woods drink , but decided to before fateful car wreck '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . December 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sports nutrition firm Fuse Science signs on as sponsor of Woods ' bag '' . PGA of America . Associated Press . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palmer v. Gotta Have It Golf Collectibles , Inc '' . 106 F. Supp. 2d 1289 ( 2000 ) United States District Court , S.D. Florida . June 22 , 2000 . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Batterman , L. Robert ; Cardozo , Michael ; Freeman , Robert E. ; Ganz , Howard L. ; Katz , Wayne D. ; Leccese , Joseph M. ( May 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tiger Woods Misses the Cut in Golf Memorabilia Dispute '' . National Law Review . Proskauer Rose LLP . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotta Have It Golf , Inc. v. Arnold Palmer Enterprises , Inc. , No. 03 - 19490 ( Fla . Cir . Ct . Jury Verdict ) '' . March 12 , 2014 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McEwan , Michael ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods to seek new equipment partner '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Dennett , Craig ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Nike to exit golf equipment industry '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' move to TaylorMade '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Sobel , Jason ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger adds Cameron back into bag '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods picks up Monster Energy '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Freedman , Jonah ( 2007 ) . `` The Fortunate 50 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron ( February 2008 ) . `` The Golf Digest 50 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tiger richest athlete in history '' . ESPN . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Woods is sports ' first billion - dollar man '' . Forbes . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Wealthiest Black Americans '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , Forbes . Jump up ^ `` How Much Do The World 's Top 10 Golfers Earn Per Shot ? '' . November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Bill ( August 16 , 2000 ) . `` Woods bad for golf ? There 's an unplayable lie '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Jump up ^ Brown , Jennifer ; Quitters Never Win : The ( Adverse ) Incentive Effects of Competing with Superstars Archived April 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Job Market Paper , November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Press Conference : The Open Championship '' . TigerWoods.com . ASAP Sports . July 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Celizic , Mike ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger is greatest closer ever '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maginnes , John ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Goliath will surely fall one day . Or will he ? '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cabrera wins devilish battle at U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods shows off his command '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romine , Brentley ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` 5 Things : Woods captures fourth Tour title in ' 13 '' . Golfweek . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights : How Dufner won the 95th PGA Champ '' . Golf Channel . August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Andy ( July 24 , 2000 ) . `` Woods moves majestically to grand slam '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Career Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records online registry , the result of the linked search will display higher number of records , however many of those displayed contain the name of Usain Bolt in the description of the record but do n't belong to him '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Woods threatens all records at the Masters '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Associated Press . April 12 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger had more than just length in annihilating Augusta '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . April 14 , 1997 . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Polinski , Cara ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` True Temper Wins Again ! '' . The Wire . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods , Mickelson clear the air , put spat behind them '' . ESPN . February 13 , 2003 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson clarifies Tiger comments '' . Golf Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Tiger Woods '' . Linkage Incorporated . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` When Par is n't good enough '' . APMP.org . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Ed ( September 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods Up Close And Personal '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Butch ( 2006 ) . The Pro : Lessons About Golf and Life from My Father , Claude Harmon , Sr. Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 307 - 33804 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Swing Coach Foley Helping Tiger At PGA Championship '' . Canadian Press . August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Woods Dismisses His Caddie Cowan '' . The New York Times . March 9 , 1999 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Caddie Reflects on `` Defining '' Moment at Medinah `` . Golf Channel . Associated Press . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods hires caddie Joe LaCava '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.pgatour.com/winners-bag/2018/09/23/golf-clubs-equipment-tiger-woods-tour-championship.html Jump up ^ Wall , Jonathan ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger to debut TW ' 17 shoe at Hero World Challenge '' . PGA Tour . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger Pitch Ad - Nauseam '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger WITB 2017 '' . GolfWRX . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo '' . Archived from the original Check url = value ( help ) on July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mattingly Expected to Retire After Sitting Out 1996 Season '' . The Los Angeles Times . January 22 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Patricia ( April 13 , 1997 ) . `` The Changing Face of Golf ; A CBS Profile of the Hottest Guy on the Links '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` With Clinton at his side , Woods opens his learning center '' . GolfWeb Wire Services . February 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Programs : TWLC : Junior Golf Team '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harig , Bob ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' foundation suffered greatly '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lamport - Stokes , Mark ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger eyes legacy away from sport '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger visits new TWLC Florida campus in Stuart '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . December 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Events : Tiger Woods Invitational '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The fifth annual Block Party raises more than $500,000 '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . October 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Speaks About Injury , PGA Tour Athlets During Jam '' . GolfLasVegasNow.com. April 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Eric ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger Woods takes hiatus from OC foundation '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Soltau , Mark ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' next step : Design golf courses '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfensberger , Marc ( December 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods Will Design First Golf Course in Dubai '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's Dubai Golf Resort Will Be Completed , Builder Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Paul ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` For Tiger Woods , a Golf Course Design Business Is in the Rough '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGinley , Shane ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Dubai Holding ' dissolves ' Tiger Woods partnership '' . arabianbusiness.com . ITP Publishing Group . Jump up ^ `` Tiger to design his first U.S. course '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Louis , Brian ; Taub , Daniel ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Tiger Woods and Flagship to Build Mexico Golf Resort '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New deal includes instruction , Web pieces '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 8 , 2002 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` Tiger Woods joins the club of golf book authors '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stachura , Mike ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' new book is a vivid but cautious reflection on his landmark win '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five things you did n't know about Elin Nordegren '' . CNN . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Woods ties the knot '' . BBC Sport . October 6 , 2004 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods buys $40 million estate '' . The New York Times . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` Woods played U.S. Open while wife was in hospital '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger becomes dad for second time '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Exclusive : Woman at Center of Tiger Woods Cheating Scandal Exposed ! ! '' . National Enquirer . November 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods admits `` transgressions , '' apologizes `` . Reuters . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DiMeglio , Steve ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` Woods crash did $3,200 damage to hydrant , tree '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger injured in late - night car accident '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods issues statement on crash '' . USA Today . Associated Press . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Statement from Tiger Woods '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Cancels Tourney Appearance '' . CBS News . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Tiger Panic to Mistress : `` My Wife May Be Calling You '' `` . Us Weekly . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger comments on current events '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GM ends car loans for Tiger Woods '' . BBC News . London . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods loses Gatorade sponsorship '' . BBC News . February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golf Digest , February 2010 . Jump up ^ Klayman , Ben ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` EA Sports moves forward with Tiger game rollout '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldiner , Dave ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' mistress scandal costs shareholders of sponsors like Nike , Gatorade $12 billion '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Tiger 's public statement '' . Web.tigerwoods.com . ASAP Sports . February 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rude , Jeff ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Woods ' return shows he 's ready to win '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helling , Steve ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren 's Divorce Is Final '' . People . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Booking Blotter '' . Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office . May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ; Curtis , Ben ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods blames driving arrest on ' prescribed medications ' , not alcohol '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods found asleep in car at time of arrest ; no alcohol found in breath test '' . ESPN . May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods announces that he 's completed a ' private intensive program ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Winsor , Morgan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods pleads not guilty to DUI charges '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Greenlee , Will ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods to take part in DUI first - offender program -- Videos '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Anderson , Curt ; Spencer , Terry ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods found guilty of reckless driving '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods makes emotional apology for infidelity '' . BBC News . London . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( July 24 , 2000 ) . `` Gandhi and Tiger Woods '' . Slate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Returns to Buddhism '' . ISKCON News . February 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abcarian , Robin ( December 13 , 2009 ) . `` How did Tiger keep his secrets ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger to speak at Lincoln Memorial '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods gives speech at Obama inauguration '' . Golf Today . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montopoli , Brian ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger Woods in the White House '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` President Trump plays post-Thanksgiving golf with Tiger Woods and Dustin Johnson '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes second laser eye surgery '' . Golf Today . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bestrom , Craig ; Strege , John . `` Eyes of the Tiger : Tiger Woods -- LASIK laser eye surgery '' . Eyesurgeryusa.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woods has second laser eye surgery '' . Golf Magazine . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods announces his relationship with Lindsey Vonn '' . USA Today . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woods , Vonn end relationship '' . PGA Tour . Associated Press . May 3 , 2015 . Further reading Andrisani , John ( 1997 ) . The Tiger Woods Way : An Analysis of Tiger Woods ' Power - Swing Technique . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80139 - 2 . OCLC 55124056 . Clary , Jack ( 1997 ) . Tiger Woods . Twickenham , England : Tiger Books International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85501 - 954 - 6 . OCLC 40859379 . Feinstein , John ( 1999 ) . The Majors : In Pursuit of Golf 's Holy Grail . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 27971 - 0 . OCLC 40602886 . Londino , Lawrence J. ( 2006 ) . Tiger Woods : A Biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33121 - 3 . OCLC 61109403 . Rosaforte , Tim ( 2000 ) . Raising the Bar : The Championship Years of Tiger Woods . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27212 - 8 . OCLC 45248211 . Woods , Tiger ( 2001 ) . How I Play Golf . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 52931 - 0 . OCLC 46992172 . Woods , Earl ; McDaniel , Pete ( 1997 ) . Training a Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270178 - 7 . OCLC 35925055 . External links Find more aboutTiger Woodsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Tiger Woods at the PGA Tour official site Tiger Woods at the European Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Japan Golf Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Official World Golf Ranking official site Tiger Woods Foundation Tiger Woods Learning Center Tiger Woods on IMDb Works by or about Tiger Woods in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Tiger Woods ' Videos on mReplay Tiger Woods Video on ESPN Video Archive Tiger Woods Video on FoxSports Video Archive Tiger Woods Family Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) Earl Woods ( father ) Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) Golf achievements Professional career Career achievements Tournament performances Foundation Quicken Loans National Learning Center Hero World Challenge Tiger Woods Design The Cliffs at High Carolina Al Ruwaya Golf Course Punta Brava Other ventures PGA Tour Monday Night Golf Films and television The Tiger Woods Story Related Steve Williams ( caddie ) Tiger Woods in the major championships Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire U.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson † 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson † 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod † 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith † 1911 John McDermott † 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet # † 1914 ‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers # 1916 Chick Evans # 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Walter Hagen † 1920 Ted Ray 1921 ‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones # † 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane † 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 Tommy Armour † 1928 Johnny Farrell † 1929 Bobby Jones # † 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Billy Burke † 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman # 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks Jr . 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson † 1940 Lawson Little † 1941 Craig Wood 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Lloyd Mangrum † 1947 Lew Worsham † 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan † 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 ‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck † 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer † 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus † 1963 Julius Boros † 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player † 1966 Billy Casper † 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 ‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino † 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham † 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange † 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin † 1991 Payne Stewart † 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els † 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen † 2002 ‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods † 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014 ‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka 2018 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur The Open Championship champions 1860 Willie Park Sr . 1861 Tom Morris Sr . 1862 Tom Morris Sr . 1863 Willie Park Sr . 1864 Tom Morris Sr . 1865 Andrew Strath 1866 Willie Park Sr . 1867 Tom Morris Sr . 1868 Tom Morris Jr . 1869 Tom Morris Jr . 1870 Tom Morris Jr . 1871 No championship 1872 Tom Morris Jr . 1873 Tom Kidd 1874 Mungo Park 1875 Willie Park Sr . 1876 Bob Martin † 1877 Jamie Anderson 1878 Jamie Anderson 1879 Jamie Anderson 1880 Bob Ferguson 1881 Bob Ferguson 1882 Bob Ferguson 1883 Willie Fernie † 1884 Jack Simpson 1885 Bob Martin 1886 David Brown 1887 Willie Park Jr . 1888 Jack Burns 1889 Willie Park Jr. † 1890 John Ball # 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 1892 Harold Hilton # 1893 William Auchterlonie 1894 John Henry Taylor 1895 John Henry Taylor 1896 Harry Vardon † 1897 Harold Hilton # 1898 Harry Vardon 1899 Harry Vardon 1900 John Henry Taylor 1901 James Braid 1902 Sandy Herd 1903 Harry Vardon 1904 Jack White 1905 James Braid 1906 James Braid 1907 Arnaud Massy 1908 James Braid 1909 John Henry Taylor 1910 James Braid 1911 Harry Vardon † 1912 ‡ Edward Ray 1913 John Henry Taylor 1914 Harry Vardon 1915 -- 19 No Championships due to World War I 1920 George Duncan 1921 Jock Hutchison † 1922 Walter Hagen 1923 Arthur Havers 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Jim Barnes 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 ‡ Bobby Jones # 1928 Walter Hagen 1929 Walter Hagen 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 ‡ Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute † 1934 ‡ Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 Henry Cotton 1938 Reg Whitcombe 1939 Dick Burton 1940 -- 45 No Championships due to World War II 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke † 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson † 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles † 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto De Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus † 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 ‡ Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson † 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia † 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Ian Baker - Finch 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Greg Norman 1994 Nick Price 1995 John Daly † 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Justin Leonard 1998 Mark O'Meara † 1999 Paul Lawrie † 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 David Duval 2002 Ernie Els † 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton † 2005 ‡ Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Pádraig Harrington † 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Stewart Cink † 2010 Louis Oosthuizen 2011 Darren Clarke 2012 Ernie Els 2013 Phil Mickelson 2014 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2015 Zach Johnson † 2016 Henrik Stenson 2017 Jordan Spieth 2018 Francesco Molinari † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire in 72 - holes ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur PGA Championship champions Match play era 1916 Jim Barnes 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Jim Barnes 1920 Jock Hutchison 1921 Walter Hagen 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Gene Sarazen 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Walter Hagen 1926 Walter Hagen 1927 Walter Hagen 1928 Leo Diegel 1929 Leo Diegel 1930 Tommy Armour 1931 Tom Creavy 1932 Olin Dutra 1933 Gene Sarazen 1934 Paul Runyan 1935 Johnny Revolta 1936 Denny Shute 1937 Denny Shute 1938 Paul Runyan 1939 Henry Picard 1940 Byron Nelson 1941 Vic Ghezzi 1942 Sam Snead 1943 Cancelled due to World War II 1944 Bob Hamilton 1945 Byron Nelson 1946 Ben Hogan 1947 Jim Ferrier 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Chandler Harper 1951 Sam Snead 1952 Jim Turnesa 1953 Walter Burkemo 1954 Chick Harbert 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Lionel Hebert Stroke play era 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Bob Rosburg 1960 Jay Hebert 1961 Jerry Barber † 1962 Gary Player 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 ‡ Bobby Nichols 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Al Geiberger 1967 Don January † 1968 Julius Boros 1969 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1970 Dave Stockton 1971 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Gary Player 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Lee Trevino 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Dave Stockton 1977 Lanny Wadkins † 1978 John Mahaffey † 1979 David Graham † 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 Larry Nelson 1982 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1983 ‡ Hal Sutton 1984 Lee Trevino 1985 Hubert Green 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Larry Nelson † 1988 Jeff Sluman 1989 Payne Stewart 1990 Wayne Grady 1991 John Daly 1992 Nick Price 1993 Paul Azinger † 1994 Nick Price 1995 Steve Elkington † 1996 Mark Brooks † 1997 Davis Love III 1998 Vijay Singh 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods † 2001 David Toms 2002 Rich Beem 2003 Shaun Micheel 2004 Vijay Singh † 2005 Phil Mickelson 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Y.E. Yang 2010 Martin Kaymer † 2011 Keegan Bradley † 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Jason Dufner 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jason Day 2016 Jimmy Walker 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Men 's Career Grand Slam Champion Golfers 1930 Bobby Jones ( 1 ) 1935 Gene Sarazen ( 1 ) 1953 Ben Hogan ( 1 ) 1965 Gary Player ( 1 ) 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 1 ) 1971 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) 1978 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) 2000 Tiger Woods ( 1 ) 2005 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) 2008 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) World Golf Championships champions WGC - Championship 1999 Tiger Woods † 2000 Mike Weir 2001 Cancelled 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Ernie Els 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Geoff Ogilvy 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Ernie Els 2011 Nick Watney 2012 Justin Rose 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Patrick Reed 2015 Dustin Johnson 2016 Adam Scott 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Phil Mickelson WGC - Match Play 1999 Jeff Maggert 2000 Darren Clarke 2001 Steve Stricker 2002 Kevin Sutherland 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Tiger Woods 2005 David Toms 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Henrik Stenson 2008 Tiger Woods 2009 Geoff Ogilvy 2010 Ian Poulter 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Hunter Mahan 2013 Matt Kuchar 2014 Jason Day 2015 Rory McIlroy 2016 Jason Day 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Bubba Watson WGC - Invitational 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods † 2002 Craig Parry 2003 Darren Clarke 2004 Stewart Cink 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods † 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Vijay Singh 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Hunter Mahan 2011 Adam Scott 2012 Keegan Bradley 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Shane Lowry 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Hideki Matsuyama 2018 Justin Thomas WGC - Champions 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Francesco Molinari 2011 Martin Kaymer 2012 Ian Poulter 2013 Dustin Johnson 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 Russell Knox 2016 Hideki Matsuyama 2017 Justin Rose 2018 Xander Schauffele WGC - World Cup 2000 David Duval / Tiger Woods 2001 Ernie Els / Retief Goosen 2002 Toshimitsu Izawa / Shigeki Maruyama 2003 Trevor Immelman / Rory Sabbatini 2004 Paul Casey / Luke Donald 2005 Stephen Dodd / Bradley Dredge 2006 Bernhard Langer / Marcel Siem No longer WGC event † indicates the event was won in a playoff Players Championship champions 1974 Jack Nicklaus 1975 Al Geiberger 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Mark Hayes 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Lanny Wadkins 1980 Lee Trevino 1981 Raymond Floyd † 1982 Jerry Pate 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Fred Couples 1985 Calvin Peete 1986 John Mahaffey 1987 Sandy Lyle † 1988 Mark McCumber 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Jodie Mudd 1991 Steve Elkington 1992 Davis Love III 1993 Nick Price 1994 Greg Norman 1995 Lee Janzen 1996 Fred Couples 1997 Steve Elkington 1998 Justin Leonard 1999 David Duval 2000 Hal Sutton 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Craig Perks 2003 Davis Love III 2004 Adam Scott 2005 Fred Funk 2006 Stephen Ames 2007 Phil Mickelson 2008 Sergio García † 2009 Henrik Stenson 2010 Tim Clark 2011 K.J. Choi † 2012 Matt Kuchar 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Martin Kaymer 2015 Rickie Fowler † 2016 Jason Day 2017 Kim Si - woo 2018 Webb Simpson † indicates the event was won in a playoff Tiger Woods in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 1997 Fred Couples Brad Faxon Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Lee Janzen Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Tom Kite ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1999 David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Payne Stewart Hal Sutton Tiger Woods Ben Crenshaw ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2002 Paul Azinger Mark Calcavecchia Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Hal Sutton David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Curtis Strange ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 12.5 -- 15.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2004 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry Chris Riley David Toms Tiger Woods Hal Sutton ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2006 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Jim Furyk J.J. Henry Zach Johnson Phil Mickelson Vaughn Taylor David Toms Scott Verplank Brett Wetterich Tiger Woods Tom Lehman ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2010 Stewart Cink Rickie Fowler Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Jeff Overton Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Corey Pavin ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2012 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Davis Love III ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2018 Bryson DeChambeau Tony Finau Rickie Fowler Dustin Johnson Brooks Koepka Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Webb Simpson Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Jim Furyk ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 101⁄2 -- 171⁄2 Tiger Woods in the Presidents Cup United States Presidents Cup team -- 1998 Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch John Huston Lee Janzen Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 20.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2000 Paul Azinger Notah Begay III Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Loren Roberts Hal Sutton Kirk Triplett Tiger Woods Ken Venturi ( non-playing captain ) Won : 21.5 -- 10.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2003 Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Charles Howell III Jerry Kelly Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Tied : 17 -- 17 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2005 Stewart Cink Fred Couples Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2007 Woody Austin Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Charles Howell III Zach Johnson Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Steve Stricker David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2009 Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Zach Johnson Anthony Kim Justin Leonard Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Sean O'Hair Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2011 Jim Furyk Bill Haas Dustin Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Steve Stricker David Toms Nick Watney Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19 -- 15 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2013 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Bill Haas Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 U.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H.J. Whigham 1897 H.J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert A. Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr . 1911 Harold Hilton † 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert A. Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 S. Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse P. Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max R. Marston † 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Harrison R. Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 John Fischer † 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop † 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta † 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr . 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan † 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods † 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney † 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan † 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong - hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox † 2013 Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman 2018 Viktor Hovland † indicates the event was won in extra holes . Tiger Woods awards and achievements World Number One golfers since 1986 Seve Ballesteros Fred Couples Jason Day Luke Donald David Duval Ernie Els Nick Faldo Dustin Johnson Martin Kaymer Brooks Koepka Bernhard Langer Tom Lehman Rory McIlroy Greg Norman Nick Price Justin Rose Adam Scott Vijay Singh Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Lee Westwood Tiger Woods Ian Woosnam Player in bold denotes current number one Official World Golf Ranking PGA Tour Rookies of the Year 1990 Robert Gamez 1991 John Daly 1992 Mark Carnevale 1993 Vijay Singh 1994 Ernie Els 1995 Woody Austin 1996 Tiger Woods 1997 Stewart Cink 1998 Steve Flesch 1999 Carlos Franco 2000 Michael Clark II 2001 Charles Howell III 2002 Jonathan Byrd 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton 2005 Sean O'Hair 2006 Trevor Immelman 2007 Brandt Snedeker 2008 Andrés Romero 2009 Marc Leishman 2010 Rickie Fowler 2011 Keegan Bradley 2012 John Huh 2013 Jordan Spieth 2014 Chesson Hadley 2015 Daniel Berger 2016 Emiliano Grillo 2017 Xander Schauffele 2018 Aaron Wise PGA and PGA Tour Players of the Year PGA Players of the Year 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Jerry Barber 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 No award 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Billy Casper 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Johnny Miller 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Tom Watson 1979 Tom Watson 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Tom Watson 1985 Lanny Wadkins 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Paul Azinger 1988 Curtis Strange 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Corey Pavin 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka PGA Tour Players of the Year 1990 Wayne Levi 1991 Fred Couples 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Ovechkin Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000 -- 01 : Tiger Woods 2002 : Michael Schumacher 2003 : Lance Armstrong * 2004 : Michael Schumacher 2005 -- 08 : Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 : Usain Bolt 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Usain Bolt 2014 : Sebastian Vettel 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Usain Bolt 2018 : Roger Federer PGA Tour FedEx Cup Playoff events The Northern Trust BMW Championship Tour Championship Dell Technologies Championship ( 2007 -- 2018 ) Seasons and winners 2007 : Tiger Woods 2008 : Vijay Singh 2009 : Tiger Woods 2010 : Jim Furyk 2011 : Bill Haas 2012 : Brandt Snedeker 2013 : Henrik Stenson 2014 : Billy Horschel 2015 : Jordan Spieth 2016 : Rory McIlroy 2017 : Justin Thomas 2018 : Justin Rose Point distributions Current Former Awards and achievements Preceded by Maurice Greene BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2000 Succeeded by Goran Ivanišević Preceded by Andre Agassi L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2000 Succeeded by Michael Schumacher WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1083888 BNF : cb13323178f ( data ) GND : 119501562 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 6380 LCCN : n95039225 NDL : 00649830 NKC : xx0010570 NLA : 49785943 SUDOC : 035588519 VIAF : 85369508 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Woods&oldid=866312306 '' Categories : Tiger Woods 1975 births Living people African - American Buddhists African - American golfers American male golfers American people of Dutch descent American people of Dutch - Indonesian descent American people of Native American descent American philanthropists American sportspeople of Chinese descent American sportspeople of Thai descent Golf writers and broadcasters Golfers from California Laureus World Sports Awards winners Men 's Career Grand Slam champion golfers Native American sportspeople People from Cypress , California People from Jupiter Island , Florida People from Windermere , Florida PGA Tour golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sportspeople from Anaheim , California Stanford Cardinal men 's golfers Winners of men 's major golf championships People named in the Panama Papers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages with URL errors Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from August 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 16 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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when did tiger win his last pga tournament

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I Don't Want to Miss a Thing

I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing - wikipedia I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Jump to : navigation , search For the 1999 Mark Chesnutt album , see I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( album ) . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Aerosmith from the album Armageddon : The Album B - side `` Animal Crackers '' / `` Taste of India '' Released August 18 , 1998 ( U.S. ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK ) Format Cassette single , CD single Recorded Genre Hard rock , Power Ballad Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia , Hollywood , Epic Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic Aerosmith singles chronology `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample file help `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Reception 3 Track listing 4 Music video 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Decade - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Mark Chesnutt version 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Other appearances 9 References 10 External links Inspiration ( edit ) In 1997 , Diane Warren was watching Barbara Walters interview James Brolin and Barbra Streisand . Brolin said he missed Streisand when they were asleep , and Warren wrote down the words `` I do n't want to miss a thing '' , before there was even a song . Reception ( edit ) `` When I first heard it , '' recalled drummer Joey Kramer , `` it was just a demo with piano and singing . It was difficult to imagine what kind of touch Aerosmith could put on it and make it our own ... As soon as we began playing it as a band , then it instantly became an Aerosmith song . '' This song was Aerosmith 's biggest hit , debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed for four weeks in September , and reaching number 1 around the world , including Australia , the Philippines , Germany , Ireland , Austria , Norway , Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . The chorus is reminiscent of an earlier song Diane Warren that cowrote : `` Just Like Jesse James '' , on Cher 's 1989 album Heart of Stone . The song helped introduce Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple . It was one of many songs written by Warren in that period . The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club , and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega . Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track , but ultimately Kosch was uncredited . The song was nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives . It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play . CD single 2 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' and the original `` Pink '' appeared as tracks 9 and 11 , respectively , on all versions of Nine Lives . CD single 3 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence . It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon . It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv , who plays Grace Stamper in the film . Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot , so they used a lot of close - ups because his movement was limited . The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing . The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors . As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom . Along with Aerosmith , a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody . Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad . Finally , the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father ( real life father Steven Tyler in the video ; on - screen father Harry Stamper , played by Bruce Willis , in the film ) . The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song 's success , receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998 , only behind Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy is Mine '' . It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film , and Best Video at Boston Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Preceded by `` The Boy Is Mine '' by Brandy and Monica Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1998 -- September 26 , 1998 Succeeded by `` The First Night '' by Monica Preceded by `` High '' by Lighthouse Family Australia ARIA Singles Chart number - one single September 13 , 1998 -- November 22 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Rollercoaster '' by B * Witched Preceded by `` Millennium '' by Robbie Williams Irish Singles Chart number - one single October 10 , 1998 -- October 17 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Sweetest Thing '' by U2 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Mark Chesnutt version ( edit ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Mark Chesnutt from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing B - side `` Wherever You Are '' Released February 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Mark Wright Mark Chesnutt singles chronology `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) In late 1998 , country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song . His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name . Chesnutt 's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999 , and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart . It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Preceded by `` Stand Beside Me '' by Jo Dee Messina Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single February 20 -- 27 , 1999 Succeeded by `` No Place That Far '' by Sara Evans Preceded by `` For a Little While '' by Tim McGraw RPM Country Tracks number - one single March 8 -- 15 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Were Mine '' by Dixie Chicks Other appearances ( edit ) The song features in the 2007 comedy film Blades of Glory as the backing track to one of the skating routines performed by Will Ferrell and Jon Heder 's characters . In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012 . The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011 . The song is featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . In 2013 another country version of the song was released , this time by Derek Ryan . In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered the song on her debut album , Veronica Rotin . In 2014 , as part of their album , Just The Tip ... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song . AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performing the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Armageddon ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valiente , Alexa ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Surprising story of the song from ' Dirty Dancing ' and some of the other iconic love songs from movies '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Rich ( May 2017 ) . `` The stories behind the songs : Aerosmith -- I do n't want to miss a thing '' . Classic Rock . No. 235 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' - The Vault on EN '' . EntertainmentNutz.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : Rock List : The 25 Greatest Slow Dance Songs Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing on IMDb : Filming location Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM. 68 ( 1 ) . September 28 , 1998 . ISSN 0033 - 7064 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 110 ( 43 ) : 60 , 61 . October 24 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith : I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Portal '' . GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard. 110 ( 52 ) : YE - 42 . December 26 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' . Billboard. 111 ( 52 ) : YE - 20 . December 25 , 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platin '' . IFPI Austria ( in German ) . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Type `` Aerosmith '' under Interpret to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1998 '' . SNEP ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' ( Gold - / Platinum - Database ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( in German ) . Type `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' under Titel to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk Platebransje '' . IFPI Norway ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' was certified platinum in 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & Platinum 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden ( in Swedish ) . p. 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' ( PHP ) . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( CD5 / Cassette Single ) by Mark Chesnutt '' . CMT . February 9 , 1999 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monkman , Martin . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Michael . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck '' . MSPaint Adventures . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayliss , Marc Calleja . `` Malta : Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs '' . escflashmalta . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baar , Aaron . `` AT&T Customers Wo n't ' Miss A Thing ' For Tournament '' . MarketingDaily . MediaPost . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Official music video on YouTube Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' ( promo ) `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' ( promo ) `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' ( promo ) `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' ( UK ) `` Deuces Are Wild '' ( promo ) `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Aero - Vederci Baby ! Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Mark Chesnutt Studio albums Too Cold at Home Longnecks & Short Stories Almost Goodbye What a Way to Live Wings Thank God for Believers I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Lost in the Feeling Mark Chesnutt Savin ' the Honky Tonk Heard It in a Love Song Rollin ' with the Flow Outlaw Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Too Cold at Home '' `` Brother Jukebox '' `` Blame It on Texas '' `` Your Love Is a Miracle '' `` Broken Promise Land '' `` Old Flames Have New Names '' `` I 'll Think of Something '' `` Bubba Shot the Jukebox '' `` Ol ' Country '' `` It Sure Is Monday '' `` Almost Goodbye '' `` I Just Wanted You to Know '' `` Woman , Sensuous Woman '' `` She Dreams '' `` Goin ' Through the Big D '' `` Gonna Get a Life '' `` Down in Tennessee '' `` Trouble '' `` It Would n't Hurt to Have Wings '' `` Wrong Place , Wrong Time '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Thank God for Believers '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` I Might Even Quit Lovin ' You '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' `` Fallin ' Never Felt So Good '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` She Was '' `` The Lord Loves the Drinkin ' Man '' `` I 'm a Saint '' `` Heard It in a Love Song '' `` Rollin ' with the Flow '' `` Lovin ' Her Was Easier ( Than Anything I 'll Ever Do Again ) '' Guest singles `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' ( with Tracy Byrd ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing&oldid=835715938 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 1998 songs Aerosmith songs Mark Chesnutt songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diane Warren 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Columbia Records singles Hollywood Records singles Epic Records singles Decca Records singles Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Song recordings produced by Mark Wright ( record producer ) Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 10 : 19 . 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who wrote aerosmith i don't want to miss a thing

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Capitals of Brazil

Capitals of Brazil - Wikipedia Capitals of Brazil Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current Capital of Brazil ( Brasil ) is Brasília . The city of Salvador is usually called the `` first capital of Brazil '' for being more than two centuries the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil ( general government and viceroyalty ) . History ( edit ) Salvador was established in 1549 by the first Governor - General of Portuguese South America shortly after colonisation began . The city became the seat of the first Catholic bishopric of Brazil in 1552 , and is still the center of Brazilian Catholicism . In the 17th century Rio de Janeiro became a far more practical export port than Salvador , and the colonial administration was moved in 1763 . In 1808 the Portuguese royal family and most of the aristocracy in the Portuguese capital Lisbon fled Portugal ahead of Napoleon 's invasion . The Portuguese capital was temporarily transferred from Europe to Rio de Janeiro . The city remained the capital after the independence of Brazil in 1822 and after the abolition of the monarchy in 1889 . In the 1950s plans were considered for moving the federal capital from the east coast to the interior ; the interior was sparsely populated and it was hoped that moving the capital to the region would help populate the area . The new capital , Brasília , was inaugurated as the federal capital on 21 April 1960 after being purpose built at great cost of 2 trillion U.S. dollars . National capitals of Brazil ( edit ) São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Salvador ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão Salvador ( 1621 -- 1640 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão under the Iberian Union São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1763 -- 1815 ) -- capital city of the Viceroyalty of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1815 -- 1822 ) -- capital city of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves Rio de Janeiro ( 1822 -- 1889 ) -- capital city of the Empire of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1889 -- 1960 ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil Brasília ( 1960 -- present ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil , and since 1967 the Federative Republic of Brazil This article about politics in Brazil is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitals_of_Brazil&oldid=803972289 '' Categories : Government of Brazil Political history of Brazil Capitals by country Brazil politics stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2013 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 21 : 12 . About Wikipedia

what was the capital of brazil before brasilia

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Kath & Kimderella

Kath & Kimderella - wikipedia Kath & Kimderella Jump to : navigation , search Kath and Kimderella Theatrical poster Directed by Ted Emery Produced by Gina Riley Jane Turner Rick McKenna Greg Sitch Written by Gina Riley Jane Turner Magda Szubanski Starring Jane Turner Gina Riley Magda Szubanski Peter Rowsthorn Glenn Robbins Rob Sitch Richard E. Grant Barry Humphries Music by Kim Green Andrew Kotatko Cinematography David Parker Edited by Steven Robinson ASE Production company Turner Productions Screen Australia Distributed by Roadshow Films Release date 6 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) Running time 86 minutes Country Australia Language English Box office $6,150,771 Kath & Kimderella is a 2012 Australian film . It is a spin - off of the hit television series , Kath & Kim created by Gina Riley and Jane Turner , and is written by and starring Riley , Turner , and Magda Szubanski . The film was released in Australia in September 2012 , and arrived on Blu - ray and DVD on 23 May 2013 . It premiered on Australian television just five days after , on the Seven Network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Kath Day - Knight ( Jane Turner ) is still living in Fountain Lakes , Melbourne , however Kel ( Glenn Robbins ) has become a bore after their honeymoon period , and Kim ( Gina Riley ) has moved back in after a divorce with Brett ( Peter Rowsthorn ) , despite receiving marriage counselling from Marion ( Marg Downey ) . While visiting the local pharmacy for wart remover , Kath fills out a form for a chance to win a holiday to ( the fictional ) `` Kingdom of Papilloma '' , on the heel of Italy ( with the real scenes being filmed in Positano ) . Initially asking Kel , who refuses to travel because of his fear of flying and his dedication to watching the finals of MasterChef , Kath reluctantly decides to take Kim and Sharon ( Magda Szubanski ) along on the trip . Coincidentally , Prue ( Jane Turner ) and Trude ( Gina Riley ) are clandestinely embarking on a holiday to Italy at the same time . After a 50 - plus hour flight , the three arrive in Italy exhausted . Becoming energised again following a stop at a cheap knock - off fashion shop , they arrive in Papilloma to find that their accommodation has closed down . Deciding to take their complimentary trip to the castle which sits atop the hill , they meet page Alain ( Richard E. Grant ) , who Sharon takes a liking to , and King Javier ( Rob Sitch ) , who takes a liking to Kath , and allows all three to stay in the castle , under the impression the three are rich from their imitation - brand clothing and can save him from bankruptcy . Meanwhile , a strange noise can be heard echoing throughout the castle , eyes watch from holes in pictures , and a masked figure , revealed to be the son of Javier , Prince Julio ( Erin Mullally ) , becomes attracted to Kim ( thinking that she is royalty from her top bearing the title `` Princess '' ) . Javier shows Kath through the town , where it becomes apparent that he is not liked by the poor townspeople , being spat at and having a tomato thrown at him . He later invites the three to a ' 80s-esque club , where they dance to `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' before Javier arrests a gay couple who were dancing , informing Kath that homosexuality is illegal in Papilloma . At a later date , the three are invited to a royal ball , to which Kim wears a large gypsy - inspired pink dress . The masked figure approaches and proposes to Kim , who initially refuses because she thinks his mask is hiding a disfigurement . Disregarding Javier 's protests , Julio unmasks himself , revealing a handsome face , blond hair hidden by a wig and his crooked teeth to be fake . The invited townspeople gasp as it becomes apparent from his appearance he is not the queen 's son . Kim then accepts ( stating that she 's `` done worse '' ) , and the imminent royal wedding makes worldwide news . The same night , a fire is noticed on one of the castle 's turrets . Rushing inside , the royals , along with Kath , Kim and Sharon , discover that the queen has appeared and set the castle on fire from Kim and Sharon 's bedroom using Kim 's hair straightener . However , the queen is suddenly killed by a falling chandelier and the fire is put out ; Javier puts the girls ' minds at ease when he explains that the queen was locked up because she was `` crazy '' , jealous of his attraction to Kath and the source of the noises made around the castle . Back in Australia , Kel is watching MasterChef with Brett when a news update from Papilloma about the royal wedding interrupts the show , and Brett realises it is Kim getting hitched . Javier is then shown grabbing Kath 's backside , and Kel thinks she is having an affair . The pair decide to fly to Papilloma , but not before Kel receives hypnosis therapy from Marion to combat his fear of flying , which turns strangely sexual and programs him with the phrase `` Tray tables up '' . While on the flight with Brett and Epponnee - Rae ( Morghyne de Vries ) , now a spoiled brat who participates in child beauty pageants , Kel hears the phrase during the announcement that the flight will soon be touching down . In a trance , he makes his way to the toilet , where he undresses before later collecting his luggage , opens the sealed door ( with the plane having just pulled into the airport ) , triggering the evacuation slide and leaves . In Papilloma , Kath confronts Javier about being a despot , who rules Papilloma as an absolute monarch . Kel interrupts Javier attempting to put the moves on Kim , and the two engage in a sword duel for her affections ; Kel wins and Javier flees . Kim and Sharon become lost before the wedding after exploring their shared bedroom 's closet , with Kim having been sabotaged and attempted to be killed by maid Isabella ( Jessica De Gouw ) , who loves Julio and earlier had been teased by Kim . After Kim and Sharon come across a disco - like chamber , it is revealed that Alain has kept all of the imprisoned townspeople and homosexuals there , and they are soon freed , as Kath and Kel , making their way to the wedding , discover the lost Kim and Sharon . Kim laments her messy hair , however Kath , in a fantasy moment , practices her amateur TAFE - learnt `` wicca '' on Kim , giving her a makeover ( but not before turning her into Dame Edna ) . With the four finally arriving at the wedding , Epponnee - Rae and Brett ( who made their way to Papilloma with Prue and Trude , who are also in attendance ) interrupt Kim and Julio 's vows , and set off a heated argument in which it is revealed that Kim is not actually royalty , and that Julio ( who had earlier revealed that his mother is Elle Macpherson ) is not Javier 's son , as he fathered no children . Gary Poole ( Mick Molloy , who earlier appeared in a flashback ) , Kath 's ex-husband and Kim 's father , is revealed to be an extradited royal descendant , therefore making Kath a queen and Kim a princess . Alain also confesses he was `` forced '' to make love to the queen , and fathered a daughter , the maid Isabella , who professes her love for Prince Julio . Following the unsuccessful wedding , the royals ( including Kath and Kim ) along with Kel and Brett appear on a balcony above the town square , where the townspeople chant for food . Javier decides to relinquish some of his power ( allowing Papilloma to become a democracy ) , and a party with plentiful food is later thrown , which the townspeople attend . At the party , Sharon passionately kisses Alain , who tells her he ca n't return her affections because she 's gay ( which had been hinted at throughout the film , referencing Szubanski 's real - life coming out ) , leaving her confused and disheartened before she meets Stephanie ( Tasneem Roc ) , who shares her interest in golf and netball . Kath and Kim later discuss returning to Australia after their eventful , fairy tale - like holiday . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Kath & Kim characters Jane Turner as Kath Day - Knight and Prue Gina Riley as Kim Craig and Trude Magda Szubanski as Sharon Strzelecki Glenn Robbins as Kel Knight Peter Rowsthorn as Brett Craig Rob Sitch as King Javier of Papilloma Richard E. Grant as Alain Barry Humphries as Dame Edna Everage Alex Perry as himself Marg Downey as Marion Nicholas Bell as Priest Glenn Butcher as Sergio George Calombaris as himself Jessica De Gouw as Isabella Julie Forsyth as Queen Christina Bryce Hardy as Bryce Waterhouse ( flight attendant ) Mick Molloy as Gary Poole Erin Mullally as Prince Julio Robert Ratti as Tony Tasneem Roc as Stephanie Murdoch Lisa Spurrell as Cloaked Person Mark Trevorrow as Marko Frank Woodley as Castle Translator Production ( edit ) The film was originally titled Kath & Kim -- The Filum . The title was later changed with Riley stating that the new title reflects the elements of the storyline of Kath and Kim in a fractured fairytale . The holiday scenes were shot in Positano , Italy and filming took a total of two weeks . Reception ( edit ) The film opened at number one at the Australian box office , taking in $2.1 million . It was the second highest opening for an Australian film in 2012 , behind The Sapphires . The film received primarily negative reviews from critics , with a 26 % `` rotten '' approval rating at review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes and a 5.2 / 10 rating on IMDb . ABC Television 's film review series At the Movies rated the film two stars out of five ; critic David Stratton , who reviewed the film , admitted he was not a fan of the television show that inspired it . Box office ( edit ) As of 16 October 2012 the film had grossed $6,150,771 at the Australian box office . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Kath and Kimderella ' movie trailer released - watch '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Kath and Kim wrap up shoot '' ( video ) . Seven News . Jump up ^ `` Kath and Kim beat The Expendables 2 at the Australian box office '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kath_and_kimderella/ Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 ) '' . IMDb. 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella '' . At the Movies - ABC TV . Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 ) '' . boxofficemojo.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kath & Kimderella . Official website Kath & Kimderella on IMDb ( hide ) Kath & Kim Characters Kath Day - Knight Kim Craig Sharon Strzelecki Brett Craig Kel Knight Episodes and films Episodes Da Kath and Kim Code ( 2005 telemovie ) Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 feature film ) American version Kath & Kim ( U.S. ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kath_%26_Kimderella&oldid=798317310 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2010s comedy films Australian films Australian comedy films Films shot in Melbourne Films shot in Italy Films based on television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 06 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where was the kath and kim movie filmed

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Red Forman

Red Forman - Wikipedia Red Forman Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains unsourced predictions , speculative material , or accounts of events that might not occur . Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources . Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Red Forman '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Red Forman That ' 70s Show character First appearance That ' 70s Pilot Last appearance That ' 70s Finale Created by Mark Brazill Portrayed by Kurtwood Smith Corey Landis ( Young Red ) Information Nickname ( s ) Red , Mr. Forman Occupation Retired : World War II veteran Korean War veteran Former : Auto parts factory supervisor Department store supervisor Muffler shop owner Family Albert Forman ( father , deceased ) Bernice Forman ( mother , deceased ) Marty Forman ( brother ) Jerry Forman ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Kitty Forman Children Laurie Forman ( daughter , with Kitty ) Eric Forman ( son , with Kitty ) Steven Hyde ( foster son , with Kitty ) Relatives Burt Sigurdson ( father - in - law , deceased ) Bea Sigurdson ( mother - in - law ) Paula Sigurdson ( sister - in - law ) Fez ( ex son - in - law ) Nationality American Reginald Albert `` Red '' Forman is a fictional character on the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show , portrayed by Kurtwood Smith . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography and personality 2 Health problems 3 Political leanings 4 Relationship with the teenagers 5 References Biography and personality ( edit ) Red is the perpetually disgruntled , ill - tempered father of Eric and Laurie Forman and Kitty Forman 's husband as well as the foster father to Steven Hyde . He is seemingly insensitive to other people , but admits frequently in the series that this is to maintain his self - identity of being a `` man '' . In some episodes , his tough exterior crumbles when he encounters other people 's needs and he eventually makes decisions that show an ethical regard for doing what is right . His relationship with his children is complex . Although he dotes on his lying , manipulative , promiscuous daughter , Laurie ( with whom , tellingly , Kitty has a strained and contentious relationship ) , he points out Eric 's perceived flaws and faults mercilessly . The two clash in most episodes with Eric teasing his father , or `` poking the bear '' . Red frequently threatens to `` stick my foot up your ass '' to Eric but is never seen physically disciplining his son , usually punishing him with chores , fines , and , once , by imposing a strict curfew , which leads to windows being nailed shut , bed checks , etc. until Kitty calls an end to it . Eric usually views these paternal idiosyncracies in a humorous light , even lampooning them , but sometimes seems to be holding in his own anger and doing a slow burn . On other occasions , father and son unite to collude in a scheme or plot , share a joke , or even face the displeasure of Kitty together . Many episodes show the respect between the two characters , with Red even admitting on one occasion that his love for Eric does not need to be articulated , it is `` just a given '' . Despite Red 's firm stance with his son , he protects Eric when the situation calls for it ; for example , in one episode when Bob accuses Eric of being a poor influence on his daughter , Red gives him a cold send - off . Red finds his neighbors , Bob and Midge Pinciotti , perplexing and vexatious . Bob is genial but insensitive , and Midge is rather dim - witted . Their daughter , Donna , is Eric 's girlfriend . Red dislikes spending time in their company , although frequently compelled to do so by his wife , Kitty . In particular , his views of Bob range from annoyance to contempt . Despite this antagonistic attitude , several episodes portray Red as a good neighbor who will come to the assistance of Bob when absolutely needed . Red shows very strict discipline to those with lesser authority than himself ( especially the teenagers ) , from which he seems to take joy . In his youth , Red served in the U.S. Navy ( in the season 3 episode , `` Jackie Bags Hyde '' , he is shown wearing the dress - blue uniform of a Chief Petty Officer for Veterans Day ) and often brings up memories of his service in Korea . Red was a Boatswain Mate in the Navy during World War II and Korea . Since he served on a destroyer but saw land combat in Guadalcanal ( August 1942 -- February 1943 ) and Korea ( 1950 -- 1953 ) it would appear that he served as a Seabee , an assault boat pilot , or in EOD ( Explosive Ordnance Disposal ) . He might have also served on board a submarine , as evidenced in Season 8 , Episode 6 `` Long Away '' . He is wearing Submarine Warfare ( Dolphins ) on his garrison cap during the Veterans reunion . On one occasion , when Red and Kitty are making out in their car , a policeman knocks on the window , not realizing it is a married couple inside . Red sharply dispatches him and Kitty says , `` How sweet , you let him off with a warning '' . In one episode , he and Eric have both completely forgotten about Kitty 's birthday , which deeply upsets her . After purchasing her some very low quality `` gifts '' from the only open nearby establishment , a garage , items Kitty immediately recognizes as junk , Red cheers her up by taking her square - dancing , an activity she enjoys . Red loves to drink beer and consume food which is bad for his health , having suffered from a heart attack on one occasion . Red is also shown as a die - hard fan of the Green Bay Packers , even , in one episode , threatening to kick out visiting new neighbors , Josh and Jeff who are a gay male couple , solely because they were Minnesota Vikings fans . He is also a fan of the Milwaukee Bucks and the Milwaukee Brewers . Health problems ( edit ) Red 's health has been the subject of humor on occasion . In the third and sixth seasons , he is briefly put on a diet that requires him to cut out red meat among other foods that he generally likes and , in stereotypical sitcom fashion , he is forced to eat `` healthy '' food that is good for him but that he finds unappealing . On both occasions , he defies the diet by eating `` real food '' behind Kitty 's back . When faced with mush , he comments `` This is n't food , this is what food eats ! '' When faced with his diet in the sixth season , after his heart attack upon learning Laurie has married Fez ( he has a problem with foreigners , he throws the list of what he can not have away , explaining to Kitty that if he had known what he would be asked to give up , `` I would have walked straight into that bright light and never looked back ! '' At one point , shortly after finding out that Eric and Donna were moving to Madison , Red went fishing to calm down , and comes back with the surprising news that he is proud of Eric for his initiative in moving away and becoming engaged , and even more so for his standing up to Red by insisting on marrying Donna despite Red 's disapproval . A surprised Kitty and an overjoyed Eric listen while Red agrees to pay for both the wedding and Eric 's college fund . He also shakes Eric 's hand , proudly telling his son that he is now a man and he has his blessing . After his heart attack , which prompts Eric to stay home , Red 's attitude towards Eric does a complete reversal , and Red goes back to calling his son `` dumbass '' , presumably due to his disappointment in Eric 's failure to live up to his expectations yet again , although he told Eric that he was proud of him for deciding to stay and help the family instead of leaving for college . This reversal could be due to Eric leaving Donna at the altar and subsequently spending a year doing nothing , or the producers ' use of a `` Reset Button '' to get the status quo back . Political leanings ( edit ) For the first few seasons of the series ' run , Red is established as a blue collar conservative . He made a joke at Nixon 's expense in the first season after Eric streaked through the crowd while wearing a Nixon mask and , in a pivotal moment , expressed disdain for Gerald Ford ( when allowed to ask President Ford a question he said `` Hey ' Gerry ' , here 's my question : ' How the hell could you pardon Nixon ? ' '' ) in front of the entire town . However , without precedent , later seasons portrayed him to be a staunch Republican , who became angry when Eric made an anti-Nixon joke in the fifth season , which Eric tries to cover by replying , `` Nixon was framed and Kennedy was a commie . '' It is likely that , like many Republican voters in the 1970s , Red is disappointed in Nixon and Ford , but afterwards leans back to supporting the Republican Party . In addition , many Nixon supporters felt that pardoning Nixon was akin to admitting he was guilty . Red feels strongly about the founding principles of the American government , owing to his service in the Navy as a Boatswain 's Mate . He also tries to live up to what are generally considered American `` family values '' : hard work , devotion to his family and being faithful to his wife . He is disgusted by swinger sex clubs ( which he considers immoral ) and political corruption ( on hearing that Jackie 's wealthy father may be able to bribe his way out of jail , an appalled Red mutters , `` I 'm so glad I took a piece of shrapnel to make that possible '' ) . Red also dislikes foreigners , which is the main reason he does n't see eye - to - eye with Fez . One episode , `` Hunting '' saw him taking offense at Fez 's remark of , `` Not everything in the Constitution makes sense . '' He dislikes anyone and anything not from America -- despite driving a Toyota . In fact out of everyone in his family he was the most comfortable and casual when Hyde 's biological father William Barnett ( an African - American ) came to his house . He once described Canada and France as `` lesser countries '' , and was upset to find that his daughter Laurie 's room had posters of foreign cars on her bedroom walls after Hyde moved into it , and generally refers to the rest of the world as `` not America '' . Along with Canada and France , Red also dislikes Germany , Japan and Great Britain , though not explicitly stated , Italy ( for their role in World War II ) and , especially , North Korea as he fought there . He also seems bitter about America not winning the Vietnam War , claiming , `` We did n't lose the war , it was a tie '' . In one episode , while Hyde was stating a conspiracy theory about the government putting tracking devices in their brains , Red patriotically replied , `` Without our government , you 'd be stuck in Siberia now , sucking the juice from a rotten commie potato . Let me tell you something . If the U.S. government decides to stick a tracking device up your ass , you say , ' Thank You ! and God Bless America ! ' '' Insulting communists is a favorite pastime with Red such as when he calls Eric `` the laziest non-communist I ever met '' . However , when he sells his muffler shop so he can retire he says he does not care if the store is converted to a `` communist recreation center '' . Relationship with the teenagers ( edit ) Though deep down , Red genuinely does care about Eric 's friends , he does n't like them frequently hanging out in his home . One of his favorite phrases to describe Eric and his friends is `` dumbass '' . He also threatens the teens that he will put his `` foot in your ass '' . In the finale , he claims that he once put his foot in someone 's ass in Iwo Jima , but his refusal to further elaborate on the experience implies that it was not something he 's proud of . His antagonism towards the teenagers is mainly because Red prefers peace and quiet , believing that since he has worked hard and raised his children , he deserves time to himself and with Kitty . With regards to his neighbors Bob and Midge Pinciotti , it is indicated that Red used to enjoy their friendship before they started to get involved `` into every fad there is '' . Even though he feels that Bob is a `` good neighbor and a good friend '' , he gets easily annoyed in Bob 's presence . He is a tough , no - nonsense father and tends to favor his daughter Laurie ( Lisa Robin Kelly & Christina Moore ) and foster son Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) over his son Eric ( Topher Grace ) , whom he considers soft , skinny , twitchy and wimpy . He always sees Laurie as `` a giant apple '' instead of the mean - spirited , promiscuous person she truly is , but becomes wiser to her in the second season after finding out she lied to him about moving in with a friend when she was really living with a young man . In one episode , Kitty asks Red why he is so tough on Eric , only to have Red respond , `` The same reason my old man was so tough on me '' , indicating that he went through a similar childhood to Eric 's . Though Red often puts his own son down because he wants him to `` be a man like himself '' , it can not be denied that Eric is merely a younger version of his father in the sense that both have a very dry sense of humor and tend to be the sanest persons in their respective circles of friends . On a few occasions in season one , Red shows Eric affection . When the two return from a wrestling match , they wrestle for a bit before Red gave Eric a hug . Later on , when Red 's mother dies , Red calls Eric over for a hug with him and Kitty in a family moment . In the final episode of season seven , as Eric is leaving for Africa , Red has a real heart - to - heart talk with Eric , in which he admitted he loved him and that he would miss him , culminating in a hug between father and son . In the season 8 premiere , Kitty tries to get Red to say something nice for Eric on the tape recorder . Red consistently refuses and appears to revel in Eric being gone . However , when Kitty questions his feelings on the matter , Red admitted that he honestly missed Eric . ( Unbeknownst to Red , though , Kitty secretly recorded him saying this ) . Red also seems to respect his son 's resistance as shown when he told Eric he respected him for staying with Donna despite Red 's efforts . Most of the time , Red treats Eric 's friend Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) , who moved in with the Formans ' at the end of the first season , better than he treats his own son ; perhaps this is because Red thinks Hyde needs a father figure as his own left him . Red also shows appreciation to Hyde for his mechanical skills , evident from when he opened his own muffler store . Hyde quickly assembles muffler displays , while Eric is putting up decorations . Also , Red often more readily has heart - to - hearts with Hyde than with Eric . When Hyde is arrested for possession of marijuana ( which had actually belonged to Jackie ) , he wanted to throw Hyde out , but soon had a change of heart and let him stay after learning the truth . However , this does n't stop Red from giving Hyde an extremely long scolding . Hyde assumed the Forman 's would want him to move out on his eighteenth birthday because all of Hyde 's relatives had to move out of their places when they were eighteen . Red told Hyde that he needed to stay at the Forman 's house so he would not end up like his relatives ( who were either dead , in jail , or `` pumping gas '' ) . Much of this comes from Hyde 's troubled background and Red 's view that Hyde just needs some direction in life . On the other hand , a few instances have shown that Red still cares about Eric , and it is clear that Red 's being hard on him is Red 's way of trying to toughen Eric up to prepare him for the real world ( he once stated that , as Eric 's father , it was his job to make Eric a man , `` which he 's not '' ) . Red once told Eric , `` I love you '' , but he was drugged after a visit to the dentist . After Eric later said it back and some awkwardness ensued , Red said that you should only say that when you 're drunk , dying or in trouble -- `` Otherwise , it 's just a given '' . Like Kitty , Red is often forced to act as a parental figure for Eric 's friends Kelso ( Ashton Kutcher ) , Fez ( Wilmer Valderrama ) , Jackie ( Mila Kunis ) , Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) and Donna ( Laura Prepon ) -- albeit reluctantly . He usually only helps out at Kitty 's insistence or simply to get the teens out of his house . Red actually likes Donna , mostly because he thinks that if Eric has a son with her he will be good at sports and both freely and cheerily admits she is too good for his own son , and also that if Eric and Donna get married Eric will leave the house . Red has a low opinion of Kelso and Fez , calling Kelso a `` Kettlehead '' and referring to Fez as the `` foreign kid '' , and sometimes by the generic names of `` Haji '' , `` Sabu '' , `` Ali Baba '' , `` Tutankhamun '' or `` Anwar '' . However , he has bonded with them both a few times throughout the series , such as when he cooperated with Kelso to change the Pong electronic game so they can make the paddles smaller , thus making the game more fun . Red also bonded with Fez when he gave Fez advice that it is not a good idea to mix women and alcohol together . Early on , Red stated that Jackie is his favorite out of all of Eric 's friends . He says unlike the others , she is `` not useless '' because she perfectly held a flashlight for him while he worked on his car , while Eric was incapable of this simple task . Jackie has hugged Red on a few occasions , at least half of which he returned . In the final season , Red takes a liking to Hyde 's new friend and co-worker , Randy Pearson ( Josh Meyers ) . Red respects Randy simply because he 's the polar opposite of Eric : masculine , crafty and not at all obsessed with Star Wars ( though in one episode , it is shown that Randy is indeed a fan ) . Unlike Kitty , Red had no problem with him starting a relationship with Donna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Twiz Tv '' . ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Forman&oldid=831263804 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Maryland Fictional characters from Wisconsin Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional Korean War veterans Fictional Republicans ( United States ) Fictional World War II veterans Male characters in television That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles containing predictions or speculation Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with topics of unclear notability from November 2014 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is red's real name on that 70's show

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Overtime (ice hockey)

Overtime ( ice hockey ) - wikipedia Overtime ( ice hockey ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Overtime is a method of determining a winner in an ice hockey game when the score is tied after regulation . The main methods of determining a winner in a tied game are the overtime period ( commonly referred to as overtime ) , the shootout , or a combination of both . If league rules dictate a finite time in which overtime may be played , with no penalty shoot - out to follow , the game 's winning team may or may not be necessarily determined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overtime periods 1.1 North American overtime 1.2 International overtime 2 Shootout 2.1 International shootouts 2.2 North American shootouts 2.3 Tactics 3 List of notable overtime games 3.1 NHL 3.1. 1 Notable NHL playoff overtime games 3.2 Swedish hockey 3.3 KHL 3.4 Olympics -- Men 's Gold Medal Game 3.5 Olympics -- Women 's Gold Medal Game 3.6 Czech hockey 3.7 DEL 3.8 Norwegian hockey 3.9 Notable minor league , college and junior overtimes 3.9. 1 AHL 3.9. 2 Canadian Interuniversity Sport -- men 3.9. 3 Canadian Interuniversity Sport -- women 3.9. 4 ECHL 3.9. 5 International Hockey League 3.9. 6 VHL 3.9. 7 NCAA 3.9. 8 NCAA Women 3.9. 9 Canadian Hockey League 3.9. 10 2007 RBC Cup -- Canadian Jr A Championship 3.9. 11 OPJHL 3.9. 12 GHJHL 3.9. 13 High school 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overtime periods ( edit ) Overtime periods are extra periods beyond the third regulation period during a game , where normal hockey rules apply . Although in the past , full - length overtime periods were played , overtimes today are golden goal ( a form of sudden death ) , meaning that the game ends immediately when a player scores a goal . North American overtime ( edit ) From November 21 , 1942 , when overtime was eliminated due to war time restrictions and continuing until the 1983 -- 84 season , all NHL regular - season games tied after 60 minutes of play ended as ties . On June 23 , 1983 , the NHL introduced a regular - season overtime period of five minutes . If the five - minute overtime period ended with no scoring , the game ended as a tie ( the World Hockey Association had used a 10 - minute regular season overtime period , as had the NHL prior to World War II ) . In the first games to go to overtime , on October 5 , 1983 , the Minnesota North Stars and Los Angeles Kings skated to a 3 -- 3 tie , and the Detroit Red Wings and Winnipeg Jets tied 6 -- 6 . The first regular - season game decided by overtime was on October 8 , 1983 , as the New York Islanders beat the Washington Capitals 8 -- 7 . In 1987 -- 88 and since 1995 , the American Hockey League has awarded teams one point in the standings for an overtime loss ( OTL ) . In 1998 , the AHL introduced a rule where teams will play the five - minute overtime period with four skaters and a goaltender , rather than at full strength ( five skaters ) , except in two - man advantage situations . In a two - man advantage situation , the team with the advantage will play with five skaters against three skaters . The rule was popular and adopted by the NHL and ECHL the next season . Alex Ovechkin has the record for most NHL overtime goals with 20 . In the Stanley Cup playoffs and in all one - game playoffs , overtime periods are played like regulation periods except for the golden goal rule -- in an overtime period , the game ends when one team scores a goal ; the teams are at full strength ( five skaters , barring penalties ) , there is no shootout , and each overtime period is 20 minutes with full intermissions between overtime periods . Three of the game 's legendary players , Mark Messier ( 109 playoff goals ) , Mario Lemieux ( 77 goals ) , and Gordie Howe ( 68 goals ) never scored a playoff overtime goal . In many leagues ( including the NHL for regular - season games since the 2005 -- 06 season ) and in international competitions , a failure to reach a decision in a single overtime may lead to a shootout . Some leagues may eschew overtime periods altogether and end games in shootout should teams be tied at the end of regulation . In the ECHL , regular season overtime periods are played four on four for one five - minute period . In the Southern Professional Hockey League , regular season overtime periods are played three on three for one five - minute period , with penalties resulting in the opponents skating one additional player on ice ( up to two additional players ) for the penalty for the first three minutes , and a penalty shot in the final two minutes . The AHL , since the 2014 -- 15 season , extended the overtime to seven minutes , with the last three minutes reduced further to three men aside and teams getting an additional skater for each opponent 's penalty . The idea of using 3 - on - 3 skaters for the entirety of a five - minute overtime period for a regular season game was adopted by the NHL on June 24 , 2015 , for use in the 2015 -- 16 NHL season . International overtime ( edit ) In IIHF play , rules for overtime depend on the stage of the competition . For a round robin or preliminary round game that goes to overtime , the teams will play a maximum of five minutes of 3 - on - 3 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format . If no one scores in the five minute overtime , a three - round shootout will decide the winner . In the case of a playoff game or a bronze medal game , the teams will play a maximum of ten minutes of 4 - on - 4 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format . If there is no score in the overtime , a five - round shootout will decide the winner . If the gold medal game of a top category IIHF championship goes to overtime , the teams will play a maximum of twenty minutes of 5 - on - 5 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format . If there is no winner after the overtime , a five - round shootout will decide the winner . In all cases , the teams must change ends , and defend the same side that they did in the second period . Shootout ( edit ) International shootouts ( edit ) In international competition , shootouts ( or more formally , game - winning shots ( GWS ) , and , in some European countries , bullets , or bullits ) , are often used . Each coach selects three skaters from their team to take penalty shots one at a time against the opposing goaltender , with teams alternating shots . Each team gets one shot per round . The winner is the team with more goals after three rounds or the team that amasses an unreachable advantage before then ( ex. a team gains a two - goal lead with only one round left ) . If the shootout is tied after three rounds , tie - breaker rounds are played one at a time ( with each team taking one additional shot ) until there is a winner . The IIHF first adopted the game - winning - shot procedure in 1992 when a new playoff procedure in the Winter Olympics and World Championships required a winner for each game . At that time , the shootout was five rounds and only used for knock - out games . In 2006 , it was reduced to three rounds and used for all games , eliminating the possibility of tied games at IIHF events . Tie - breaker rounds are still used as needed , and the same or new players can take the tie - break shots , which is also done in reverse order . As of May 2016 , all IIHF preliminary round games that are not decided by overtime , are decided by a three - round shootout . However , all playoff , bronze medal games and gold medal games of IIHF top level championships ( especially the Olympics ) are decided by five round shootouts . North American shootouts ( edit ) Most lower minor leagues ( ECHL , Central , UHL ) have featured a shootout where , at the end of regulation , a shootout similar to the international tournament format is used . However , in 2000 , the ECHL adopted the AHL 's four - on - four overtime before the shootout . For the 2004 -- 05 AHL season , the AHL adopted a five - man shootout , which was first used in that league in 1986 -- 87 . The standard five - man shootout is used after four - on - four overtime for all minor leagues in North America . The AHL switched to the NHL formatted three - man shootout for the 2014 -- 15 season . The Central Collegiate Hockey Association added the shootout as of the 2008 -- 09 season . Following the lead of minor leagues , as of the 2005 -- 06 season , the NHL ends exhibition and regular season games still tied after a five - minute - length , three - skaters - per - side overtime period ( as of the 2015 -- 16 NHL season onwards ) with a shootout . The NHL format is a three - round shootout with tiebreaker rounds as needed . All skaters ( except goalies ) on a team 's roster must shoot before any player can shoot a second time . On December 16 , 2014 the longest shootout in NHL history went to 20 rounds before Nick Bjugstad of the Florida Panthers scored to defeat the Washington Capitals ; the previous record was 15 rounds . The shootout is not used in the playoffs for any North American league . Instead , full 20 - minute overtime periods are played until one team scores a goal . In the National Hockey League and American Hockey League All - Star Skills Competitions , the competition ends in a penalty shootout known as the Breakaway Relay . Tactics ( edit ) Tactics are very important during penalty shots and overtime shootouts for both the shooter and the goalie . Both shooters and goalies commonly consult their teammates and coaches for advice on the opposing player 's style of play . Shooters often consider the goalie 's strengths and weaknesses ( such as a fast glove or stick save ) , preferred goaltending style ( such as butterfly or stand - up ) and method of challenging the shooter . Goaltenders often consider the shooter 's shot preference , expected angle of attack , a patented move a shooter commonly uses and even handedness of the shooter . Most shooters attempt to out - deke the goalie in order to create a better scoring chance . Former Detroit Red Wings forward Pavel Datsyuk and New York Rangers forward Martin St. Louis are examples of players who commonly use this tactic . However , it is not uncommon for a shooter to simply shoot for an opening without deking . This is commonly referred to as sniping . This is most commonly performed when a goalie challenges a shooter by giving them an open hole ( by keeping a glove , pad or stick out of position or being out of sound goaltending position altogether to tempt the shooter to aim for the given opening ) . Former NHL forwards Markus Näslund and Brett Hull are two players commonly referred to as snipers . Very rarely a shooter may take a slapshot or wrist shot from the point or top of the slot . This is almost exclusively performed when a shooter either has a high level of confidence in their shot or they attempt to catch the goalie by surprise . Retired player Brian Rolston , Detroit Red Wings winger Todd Bertuzzi , Philadelphia Flyers defenseman Chris Pronger , and Vancouver Canucks winger Daniel Sedin have all used this tactic with success . List of notable overtime games ( edit ) The longest overtime game in history was an in Norwegian GET - ligaen . The game ended after 157 : 14 of overtime , in the 8th overtime period . NHL ( edit ) This is a list of all National Hockey League ( NHL ) overtime games that went into at least three overtimes ( winning team is bold ) . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date Scorer Arena 1 . 6th 116 : 30 Detroit Red Wings 1 -- 0 Montreal Maroons March 24 , 1936 Mud Bruneteau Montreal Forum 2 . 6th 104 : 46 Boston Bruins 0 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs April 3 , 1933 † Ken Doraty Maple Leaf Gardens 3 . 5th 92 : 01 Philadelphia Flyers 2 -- 1 Pittsburgh Penguins May 4 , 2000 Keith Primeau Mellon Arena 4 . 5th 80 : 48 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 4 -- 3 Dallas Stars April 24 , 2003 Petr Sykora American Airlines Center 5 . 4th 79 : 15 Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 2 Washington Capitals April 24 , 1996 Petr Nedved USAir Arena 6 . 4th 78 : 06 Dallas Stars 4 -- 5 Vancouver Canucks April 11 , 2007 Henrik Sedin General Motors Place 7 . 4th 70 : 18 Toronto Maple Leafs 3 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 23 , 1943 Jack McLean Detroit Olympia 8 . 4th 69 : 03 San Jose Sharks 1 -- 2 Dallas Stars May 4 , 2008 † Brenden Morrow American Airlines Center 9 . 5th 68 : 52 New York Rangers 1 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens March 28 , 1930 Gus Rivers Montreal Forum 10 . 4th 68 : 47 New York Islanders 3 -- 2 Washington Capitals April 18 , 1987 † † ( See page ) Pat LaFontaine Capital Centre 11 . 4th 65 : 43 New Jersey Devils 0 -- 1 Buffalo Sabres April 27 , 1994 Dave Hannan Buffalo Memorial Auditorium 12 . 4th 61 : 09 Montreal Canadiens 3 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 27 , 1951 Maurice Richard Detroit Olympia 13 . 4th 60 : 40 New York Americans 3 -- 2 New York Rangers March 27 , 1938 Lorne Carr Madison Square Garden 14 . 3rd 59 : 32 New York Rangers 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens March 26 , 1932 Fred Cook Montreal Forum 15 . 3rd 59 : 25 Boston Bruins 2 -- 1 New York Rangers March 21 , 1939 Mel Hill Madison Square Garden 16 . 3rd 57 : 34 Dallas Stars 3 -- 2 Edmonton Oilers April 27 , 1999 † Joe Nieuwendyk Skyreach Centre 17 . 3rd 56 : 12 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 2 Anaheim Ducks May 19 , 2015 Marcus Krüger Honda Center 18 . 3rd 55 : 13 Edmonton Oilers 3 -- 2 Boston Bruins May 15 , 1990 * Petr Klima Boston Garden 19 . 3rd 54 : 51 Dallas Stars 2 -- 1 Buffalo Sabres June 19 , 1999 * * † Brett Hull Marine Midland Arena 20 . 3rd 54 : 47 Detroit Red Wings 3 -- 2 Carolina Hurricanes June 8 , 2002 * Igor Larionov Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena 21 . 3rd 54 : 41 New York Rangers 2 -- 1 Washington Capitals May 2 , 2012 Marian Gaborik Verizon Center 22 . 3rd 53 : 54 Philadelphia Flyers 3 -- 2 Toronto Maple Leafs April 16 , 2003 Mark Recchi Air Canada Centre 23 . 3rd 53 : 50 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens April 9 , 1931 * Cy Wentworth Montreal Forum 24 . 3rd 52 : 12 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 2 Chicago Blackhawks March 26 , 1961 Murray Balfour Chicago Stadium 25 . 3rd 52 : 08 Boston Bruins 3 -- 4 Chicago Blackhawks June 12 , 2013 * Andrew Shaw United Center 26 . 3rd 51 : 49 Detroit Red Wings 2 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens April 1 , 1937 Hec Kilrea Montreal Forum 27 . 3rd 51 : 43 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens March 26 , 1930 Howie Morenz Montreal Forum T28 . 3rd 51 : 12 Tampa Bay Lightning 1 -- 2 New Jersey Devils May 2 , 2003 † Grant Marshall Continental Airlines Arena T28 . 3rd 51 : 12 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 4 Nashville Predators May 5 , 2016 Mike Fisher Bridgestone Arena 30 . 3rd 50 : 02 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 1 Calgary Flames April 23 , 1996 † Joe Murphy Canadian Airlines Saddledome 31 . 3rd 49 : 57 Pittsburgh Penguins 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings June 2 , 2008 * Petr Sykora Joe Louis Arena 32 . 3rd 48 : 00 New York Rangers 1 -- 2 Boston Bruins April 2 , 1939 Mel Hill Boston Garden 33 . 3rd 47 : 37 New Jersey Devils 3 -- 4 Montreal Canadiens April 24 , 1997 Patrice Brisebois Molson Centre 34 . 3rd 47 : 06 Ottawa Senators 4 -- 3 Pittsburgh Penguins April 22 , 2010 Matt Carkner Mellon Arena 35 . 3rd 46 : 21 Dallas Stars 1 -- 0 New Jersey Devils June 8 , 2000 * Mike Modano Continental Airlines Arena 36 . 2nd 45 : 35 Boston Bruins 2 -- 1 Montreal Maroons March 20 , 1930 Harry Oliver Montreal Forum 37 . 3rd 44 : 52 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 22 , 1949 Max McNab Detroit Olympia 38 . 3rd 44 : 33 Colorado Avalanche 3 -- 2 Chicago Blackhawks May 8 , 1996 Joe Sakic United Center 39 . 3rd 44 : 31 Colorado Avalanche 1 -- 0 Florida Panthers June 10 , 1996 * * † Uwe Krupp Miami Arena 40 . 3rd 44 : 30 Ottawa Senators 2 -- 3 Toronto Maple Leafs May 4 , 2002 Gary Roberts Air Canada Centre 41 . 3rd 44 : 03 Tampa Bay Lightning 2 -- 1 Washington Capitals April 20 , 2003 † Martin St. Louis MCI Center 42 . 3rd 43 : 18 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 2 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings April 10 , 2003 Paul Kariya Joe Louis Arena 43 . 3rd 43 : 00 Toronto Maple Leafs 5 -- 4 Detroit Red Wings March 27 , 1960 Frank Mahovlich Detroit Olympia 44 . 3rd 42 : 28 Vancouver Canucks 5 -- 4 Calgary Flames April 17 , 2004 Brendan Morrison Pengrowth Saddledome 45 . 3rd 42 : 24 San Jose Sharks 2 -- 3 Edmonton Oilers May 10 , 2006 Shawn Horcoff Rexall Place 46 . 3rd 42 : 20 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings March 29 , 1951 Maurice Richard Detroit Olympia 47 . 3rd 41 : 31 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 2 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings May 4 , 1997 Vyacheslav Kozlov Joe Louis Arena 48 . 3rd 41 : 19 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 3 New York Rangers April 29 , 1971 Pete Stemkowski Madison Square Garden 49 . 3rd 41 : 15 Anaheim Ducks 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings May 3 , 2009 Todd Marchant Joe Louis Arena 50 . 3rd 41 : 00 Nashville Predators 2 -- 3 Chicago Blackhawks April 21 , 2015 Brent Seabrook United Center 51 . 3rd 40 : 26 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 4 St. Louis Blues April 17 , 2014 Alexander Steen Scottrade Center * Stanley Cup Finals game * * Stanley Cup winning goal † Series - Clinching Goal † † Game 7 Notable NHL playoff overtime games ( edit ) March 24 , 1936 : The Detroit Red Wings ' Mud Bruneteau ends the longest Stanley Cup playoff game to date , scoring the game 's only goal in a 1 -- 0 victory over the Montreal Maroons . The goal comes at 16 : 30 of sextuple overtime for a total of 176 : 30 of game play . It is also the longest NHL ice hockey game ever played . The game is a mere 3 : 30 short of the equivalent of playing three games back - to - back - to - back . February 4 , 1939 : The Boston Bruins ' Mel Hill scores his third overtime goal of the Bruins ' Stanley Cup semi-final series against the New York Rangers , setting an unsurpassed ( as of now ) NHL record for most overtime goals in a single playoff series , earning him the nickname thereafter of `` Sudden Death '' Hill . The series itself involves four overtime games , two of which go to triple overtime . April 23 , 1950 : Pete Babando scores at 8 : 31 of double overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 4 -- 3 win in the seventh game of the 1950 Stanley Cup Finals over the New York Rangers . It is the first time that a seventh game of a Final series goes to overtime . April 21 , 1951 : Bill Barilko scores at 2 : 53 of overtime to give the Toronto Maple Leafs a 3 -- 2 win in the fifth game of the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals over the Montreal Canadiens . All five games in the series need to have overtime to be decided . April 16 , 1954 : Tony Leswick 's shot hit Montreal Canadiens ' defenceman Doug Harvey 's glove and went into the net at 4 : 20 of overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 2 -- 1 win in the seventh game of the 1954 Stanley Cup Finals over the Canadiens . No seventh game of a Final series has gone to overtime since . April 23 , 1964 : Bobby Baun of the Toronto Maple Leafs nets a game winner against Detroit 1 : 43 into overtime in game six of the Finals to tie the series 3 -- all . The goal is notable because Baun broke his ankle earlier in the game . It was frozen and taped , and Baun returned to the ice to score the winning goal . May 10 , 1970 : One of the most indelible moments in sports history is the sight of Bobby Orr 's `` in flight '' goal that gave the Boston Bruins a 4 -- 3 win and a four - game sweep of the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup Finals . May 24 , 1980 : Bob Nystrom of the New York Islanders scores the Stanley Cup clinching goal at 7 : 11 of overtime , beating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games for the title . April 14 , 1981 : After sitting on the bench for the entire game , Mike Crombeen scored the winning goal at 5 : 16 of double overtime to give the St. Louis Blues a 4 - 3 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins . April 10 , 1982 : `` Miracle on Manchester '' -- Rookie Daryl Evans gives the Los Angeles Kings a 6 -- 5 win over the Edmonton Oilers at 2 : 35 of overtime . The Kings had trailed the Oilers 5 -- 0 after the second period of game three of the Smythe Division Semi-final . This still remains the largest single game playoff comeback in NHL history . May 5 , 1986 : Doug Wickenheiser 's overtime goal gives the St. Louis Blues a 6 -- 5 win over the Calgary Flames in game six of the Campbell Conference Final . The goal , known as the `` Monday Night Miracle '' , caps a 5 -- 2 comeback and makes it more impressive that the three goals needed to tie the game were scored in the last ten minutes of the third period . May 18 , 1986 : A Brian Skrudland goal ends the shortest overtime in NHL history at just nine seconds . The winning goal gives the Montreal Canadiens a 3 -- 2 victory over the Calgary Flames in game two of the 1986 Stanley Cup Finals . April 18 , 1987 : `` Easter Epic '' -- Pat LaFontaine of New York Islanders scores a goal against Washington Capitals at 8 : 47 of quadruple overtime which ends the longest game seven in NHL playoff history . Islanders goaltender Kelly Hrudey makes a record 73 saves . May 15 , 1990 : After hardly playing in overtime , Petr Klima came off the bench late in triple overtime and scored almost immediately to end the longest overtime in NHL Finals history , with 4 : 47 left . The goal gave the Edmonton Oilers a 3 -- 2 victory over the Boston Bruins to open the 1990 Stanley Cup Finals , setting the stage for the Oilers ' fifth cup in seven years . April 24 , 1993 : In game four of the Adams division semi-final between the Buffalo Sabres and the Boston Bruins , Sabres forward Brad May scores in overtime to give Buffalo a 6 -- 5 win and sweep the Bruins in the series , four games to none . Due to Buffalo commentator Rick Jeanneret 's colorful play call when May scored , this game has been referred to in Buffalo as `` May Day '' . April to June 1993 : After losing in overtime of game one of the Adams division semi-final to the Quebec Nordiques , the Montreal Canadiens go on to win ten consecutive overtime games en route to winning the Stanley Cup . The Habs score another overtime winner the following year against the Boston Bruins , making it eleven consecutive playoff overtime wins . May 14 , 1993 : In game seven of the Patrick Division Finals , David Volek who spent most of the season as a healthy scratch , scored the series winning goal to give the New York Islanders a 4 - 3 victory ending the Pittsburgh Penguins chances at a threepeat . April 27 , 1994 : Dominik Hašek of the Buffalo Sabres stops all 70 shots produced by the New Jersey Devils as Dave Hannan scores the lone goal over a sprawling Martin Brodeur at 5 : 43 of quadruple overtime in game six of the Eastern Conference quarterfinal matchup . April 30 , 1994 : Pavel Bure scores 2 : 20 into double overtime of the seventh game of the opening round of Vancouver 's playoff series with Calgary . The win gives the Vancouver Canucks three consecutive overtime wins over the favored Calgary Flames , who squander a 3 -- 1 series lead . May 27 , 1994 : Stéphane Matteau scores the game - winning goal at 4 : 24 of double overtime with a wrap - around , beating Martin Brodeur and the New Jersey Devils in game seven , advancing the New York Rangers to the Stanley Cup Finals ( where they would ultimately win it for the first time since 1940 ) . It is Matteau 's second goal in double overtime periods of the series . April 24 , 1996 : Petr Nedved scores with 44.6 seconds remaining in quadruple overtime to give the Pittsburgh Penguins a 3 -- 2 win over the Washington Capitals to tie their Eastern Conference quarter - final series at two games apiece . June 6 , 1996 : Uwe Krupp became the 12th player in NHL history to end the Stanley Cup Finals in overtime , scoring a goal at 4 : 31 of triple overtime , giving the Colorado Avalanche a 1 -- 0 win and a sweep of the Florida Panthers . June 19 , 1999 : Brett Hull scores with 5 : 09 left in triple overtime of game six to win the Stanley Cup for the Dallas Stars over the Buffalo Sabres . The goal is considered controversial by some fans due to disagreement on if the goal by Hull was legal or not . ( see 1999 Stanley Cup Finals ) . May 5 , 2000 : Keith Primeau of the Philadelphia Flyers put a shot over the left shoulder of Pittsburgh Penguins goaltender Ron Tugnutt with 7 : 59 left in quintuple overtime , ending the longest game since 1936 . June 6 , 2000 : Jason Arnott scores on Dallas Stars ' goalie Ed Belfour in double overtime of game six to give the New Jersey Devils their second Stanley Cup . April 12 , 2007 : Roberto Luongo , goaltender for the Vancouver Canucks , wins his first career playoff game while making 72 saves , one shy of Kelly Hrudey 's record . The game is the sixth longest ever , going into quadruple overtime . Henrik Sedin scores the winning goal in the Western Quarterfinals , beating the Dallas Stars 5 -- 4 in game 1 . The game is Vancouver 's longest in history , and the Star 's second longest , behind their five - overtime loss to Anaheim in 2003 . May 5 , 2008 : Brenden Morrow scores on San Jose Sharks goalie Evgeni Nabokov at 9 : 03 of quadruple overtime in game six of the Western Conference Semi-final between the Sharks and Stars . The game sees an incredible goaltending duel as Nabokov makes 53 saves in the loss while Marty Turco of Dallas makes 61 saves for the win . June 6 , 2008 : In game five of the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals , the Pittsburgh Penguins ' Petr Sykora told Pierre Maguire of NBC that he would score the winning goal in overtime . At 9 : 57 of triple overtime , Sykora scored on Detroit Red Wings ' goaltender Chris Osgood and sent the series back to Pittsburgh for game six . June 6 , 2010 : Patrick Kane of the Chicago Blackhawks shoots a goal past Philadelphia Flyers goalie Michael Leighton 4 : 10 into overtime of game six of the Stanley Cup Finals to give the Blackhawks a 4 -- 3 win over the Flyers for their first Stanley Cup Championship since 1961 . April 26 , 2011 : Alexandre Burrows of the Vancouver Canucks scored at 5 : 22 of overtime past Corey Crawford of the Chicago Blackhawks to win the series 4 -- 3 and the game 2 -- 1 , sending the Canucks to the Western Conference Semifinals , avoiding squandering a 3 -- 0 series lead and a 1 -- 0 lead in game seven in the third period . June 6 , 2011 : Another Burrows goal ends the second - shortest overtime in NHL history at just eleven seconds . The winning goal gives the Vancouver Canucks a 3 -- 2 victory over the Boston Bruins in game two of the Stanley Cup Finals . May 25 , 2012 : Adam Henrique of the New Jersey Devils scored at 1 : 03 into overtime past Henrik Lundqvist of the New York Rangers in game six of the Eastern Conference Final to send the Devils to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 2003 . May 13 , 2013 : Patrice Bergeron of the Boston Bruins scored at 6 : 05 of overtime past James Reimer of the Toronto Maple Leafs to win the series 4 -- 3 and the game 5 -- 4 , to send the Bruins to the Conference Semifinals to face the Rangers . It also capped a historic comeback in a game seven , coming back from a three - goal deficit in the third period . With fifty -- one seconds to go , they tied the game . The tying goal was also scored by Bergeron . The 2012 -- 13 Boston Bruins became the first team in NHL history to do so in the Stanley Cup playoffs . June 6 , 2013 : Andrew Shaw scored with 7 : 52 left in triple overtime as the Chicago Blackhawks beat the Boston Bruins 4 - 3 to open the Stanley Cup Finals , ending the fifth - longest game in Stanley Cup Finals history . June 13 , 2014 : Alec Martinez scored with 5 : 17 left in double overtime in game five of the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the 16th player to win the Stanley Cup with an overtime goal as the Los Angeles Kings beat the Rangers 3 -- 2 , clinching the title 4 -- 1 . He became the first player to score two series - clinching playoff overtime goals in the same season since Martin Gelinas in 2004 ; on June 1 , he scored 5 : 47 into overtime to defeat the Chicago Blackhawks 5 -- 4 in game seven of the Western Conference Finals . May 13 , 2015 : Derek Stepan scored with 8 : 36 left in the first overtime in game seven in the Eastern Conference Second Round against the Washington Capitals to send the New York Rangers to the Eastern Conference Finals . The Capitals also had a 3 -- 1 series lead before losing the final three games and ultimately losing the series . May 19 , 2015 : Marcus Kruger scored with 3 : 48 left in the third overtime in game two of the Western Conference Finals , as the Chicago Blackhawks beat the Anaheim Ducks , 3 -- 2 , tying the series at 1 -- 1 . This was Anaheim 's first playoff loss at home that season and Chicago 's longest overtime game to date . Chicago goalie Corey Crawford made 60 saves while defenceman Duncan Keith played seconds shy of 50 minutes on ice . Earlier in the second overtime period , Andrew Shaw used his head to direct the puck into the net , but the goal did not count . April 24 , 2016 : John Tavares scored the series - winner with 9 : 19 left in double overtime in game six of the Eastern Conference First Round as the New York Islanders won a playoff series for the first time since 1993 , beating the Florida Panthers 2 -- 1 , to win the series 4 -- 2 . He beat Roberto Luongo off a rebound of his own shot with a wraparound . It ended the longest home game in Islanders ' history . Tavares also scored with 53.2 seconds left in regulation to force overtime . Three of those games in this series have gone to overtime , this and game five needed two . May 6 , 2016 : Mike Fisher scored with 8 : 48 left in triple overtime in game four of the Western Conference Second Round as the Nashville Predators beat the San Jose Sharks , 4 -- 3 , to tie the series at two games all . His goal ended the longest playoff game in Predators ' history . Joe Pavelski could have won it at 7 : 34 of overtime , but officials waved it off as he crashed into Pekka Rinne , pinning him down before the puck crossed the goal line . May 25 , 2017 : Chris Kunitz scored at 5 : 09 of double overtime as the Pittsburgh Penguins beat the Ottawa Senators to advance to play the Nashville Predators in the Stanley Cup Finals in winning game seven of the Eastern Conference Finals , 3 - 2 . Sidney Crosby sent a soft backhand pass to Kunitz , whose knuckling shot beat Craig Anderson from the right faceoff circle . April 13 , 2018 : The Vegas Golden Knights won their first - ever playoff overtime game when Erik Haula scored with 4 : 37 left in double overtime to beat the Los Angeles Kings 2 -- 1 to take a 2 -- 0 lead in the Western Conference First Round . Haula made it to the right wing after a James Neal pass , faked his shot , then beat Jonathan Quick with a forehand . May 7 , 2018 : Evgeny Kuznetsov scored at 5 : 27 of overtime as the Washington Capitals eliminated the two - time defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins in game six of the Eastern Conference Second Round to advance to the Conference Finals for the first time in 20 years . Alexander Ovechkin passed the puck back to Kuznetsov , who tapped it away from Sidney Crosby on a turnover before beating Matt Murray between the pads . Swedish hockey ( edit ) This is a list of the longest games in the highest Swedish leagues . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) League Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer 1 . 5th 80 : 41 Play - off to Kvalserien IF Troja / Ljungby 2 -- 1 Bofors IK March 20 , 2002 Mika Välilä 2 . 4th 73 : 38 Play - off to Division 1 Olofströms IK 3 -- 4 Kristianstads IK March 7 , 1995 Roman Steblecki 3 . 4th 68 : 42 Play - off to Division 1 Osby IK 5 -- 4 Mariestad BoIS HC February 28 , 1993 Jonas Evaldsson 4 . 3rd 59 : 16 Elitserien Semi-finals Leksands IF 3 -- 2 Färjestad BK March 23 , 1997 Andreas Karlsson 5 . 3rd 57 : 37 Play - off to Kvalserien IFK Arboga IK 3 -- 2 Bofors IK March 13 , 2002 Fredrik Gustavsson 6 . 3rd 52 : 17 Elitserien Quarterfinals Timrå IK 2 -- 1 Luleå HF March 3 , 2003 Marcus Åkerblom 7 . 3rd 50 : 55 Play - off to SHL Karlskrona HK 3 -- 2 AIK March 19 , 2016 Vyacheslav Trukhno 8 . 3rd 47 : 14 Play - off to Division 1 IFK Österåkers IK 4 -- 3 Lidingö HC March 10 , 1996 Mikael Lindqvist 9 . 3rd 41 : 56 Elitserien Finals Västra Frölunda HC 4 -- 3 Färjestad BK April 7 , 2003 Tomi Kallio 10 . 3rd 41 : 14 Play - off to Kvalserien Timrå IK 5 -- 4 Huddinge IK February 26 , 1989 Ove Öström Khl ( edit ) This is a list of Kontinental Hockey League games that went to at least the third overtime . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer Ref 1 . 5th 82 : 09 HC CSKA Moscow 1 -- 2 Jokerit March 22 , 2018 Mika Niemi 2 . 4th 66 : 14 Lev Praha 3 -- 4 HC Donbass March 21 , 2014 Andrei Konev 3 . 3rd 58 : 48 Severstal Cherepovets 3 -- 2 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl February 25 , 2013 Denis Kazionov 4 . 3rd 56 : 35 Admiral Vladivostok 2 -- 3 Metallurg Magnitogorsk March 12 , 2014 Danis Zaripov 5 . 3rd 49 : 11 Metallurg Magnitogorsk 2 -- 3 Avangard Omsk March 15 , 2011 Andrei Pervyshin 6 . 3rd 48 : 54 Traktor Chelyabinsk 1 -- 2 Ak Bars Kazan March 22 , 2012 Danis Zaripov 7 . 3rd 41 : 39 HC CSKA Moscow 3 -- 2 SKA St. Petersburg March 28 , 2015 Roman Lyubimov The longest game in Belarusian extraleague is game first of the 2015 Semi-finals on March 7 , 2015 . Yunost Minsk beat the HK Gomel , 2 -- 1 , at Gomel Ice Palace of Sports on a goal by Vitaly Kiryuschenkov at 5 : 11 of the sixth 20 - minute overtime period . Alexander Tsetkovsky was the winning goaltender for the Yunost , making 107 saves . Olympics -- men 's gold medal game ( edit ) This is a list of Gold Medal men 's games from the Olympics that needed overtime . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Winning country Score Losing country Year Scorer 1st 9 : 40 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 4 - 3 Germany ( GER ) 2018 Kirill Kaprizov 7 : 40 Canada ( CAN ) 3 - 2 United States ( USA ) Sidney Crosby Olympics -- women 's gold medal game ( edit ) This is a list of Gold Medal women 's games from the Olympics that needed overtime . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Winning country Score Losing country Year Scorer 2nd 20 : 00 ( 6th round ) * United States ( USA ) 3 - 2 Canada ( CAN ) 2018 Jocelyne Lamoureux 1st 8 : 10 Canada ( CAN ) United States ( USA ) 2014 Marie - Philip Poulin * Game went to shootout . Czech hockey ( edit ) Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) League Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer 1 . 3rd 53 : 51 Extraliga ledního hokeje HC Mountfield 2 -- 3 HC Vítkovice Steel March 7 , 2013 † † Peter Húževka 2 . 2nd 36 : 15 Extraliga ledního hokeje PSG Zlín 3 -- 4 HC Škoda Plzeň April 21 , 2013 * * Martin Straka 3 . 2nd 25 : 09 Extraliga ledního hokeje HC Sparta Praha 1 -- 2 Bílí Tygři Liberec April 24 , 2016 * * Martin Bakoš * Play - off finals game * * Play - off winning goal † Series - clinching goal † † Game 7 ( Game 5 in a best - of - 5 series ) Del ( edit ) March 22 , 2008 : Philip Gogulla of the Cologne Sharks ends the longest German hockey game ever and the third longest worldwide , scoring the ninth - overall goal in a 5 : 4 victory over the Mannheim Eagles . The goal comes 8 : 16 into the sixth overtime period for a total of 108 : 16 of overtime . It is the third quarter - final game ( best of seven ) in the Kölnarena in Cologne in front of an audience of 17,000 . The game had begun at 5 : 30 pm and ends at 12 : 15 am . Norwegian hockey ( edit ) March 12 , 2017 : Joakim Jensen of the Storhamar Ishockey ends the longest hockey game in history , scoring with 2 : 46 left in octuple overtime for a total of 157 : 14 of overtime , and 217 : 14 of hockey played . It was Game 5 of the quarter - finals of the 2016 -- 17 GET - ligaen playoffs against the Sparta Warriors in the CC Amfi . About 1,000 out of the 5,500 people that attended the game watched the entire game . The game started at 18 : 00 and ended at 2 : 32 the next morning . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date Scorer Arena 1 . 8th 157 : 14 Sparta Sarpsborg 1 -- 2 Storhamar Ishockey March 12 , 2017 Joakim Jensen CC Amfi 2 . 4th 67 : 02 Vålerenga 5 -- 4 Trondheim Black Panthers March 8 , 2003 Joakim Backlund Leangen Ishall 3 . 2nd 45 : 58 Storhamar Dragons 4 -- 5 Vålerenga March 28 , 2000 Johan Brummer Jordal Amfi Notable minor League , College and junior overtimes ( edit ) AHL ( edit ) The longest game in AHL history is game four of the 2018 Atlantic Division Final on May 9 , 2018 . The Lehigh Valley Phantoms beat the Charlotte Checkers , 2 -- 1 , at Bojangles Coliseum on a goal by Alex Krushelnyski at 6 : 48 of quintuple overtime . Alex Lyon was the winning goaltender for the Phantoms , making 94 saves . Longest American Hockey League ( AHL ) overtime games Overtime Length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date 1 . 86 : 48 Lehigh Valley Phantoms 2 -- 1 Charlotte Checkers May 9 , 2018 2 . 82 : 58 Philadelphia Phantoms 3 -- 2 Albany River Rats April 24 , 2008 3 . 74 : 56 * * Houston Aeros 1 -- 2 Hamilton Bulldogs May 30 , 2003 4 . 74 : 08 Rochester Americans 2 -- 3 New Haven Nighthawks April 10 , 1982 5 . 62 : 42 Syracuse Stars 3 -- 2 Cleveland Barons April 4 , 1938 6 . 61 : 46 Cleveland Barons 2 -- 3 Pittsburgh Hornets April 14 , 1953 7 . 60 : 16 Oklahoma City Barons 2 -- 1 Utica Comets May 7 , 2015 8 . 59 : 47 Providence Reds 2 -- 3 Cleveland Barons March 28 , 1939 9 . 53 : 02 Philadelphia Phantoms 2 -- 1 Norfolk Admirals April 28 , 2004 10 . 52 : 26 Binghamton Senators 2 -- 3 Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins April 25 , 2005 11 . 50 : 16 Cleveland Barons 4 -- 3 Springfield Indians April 4 , 1962 12 . 47 : 49 Worcester IceCats 3 -- 4 Hartford Wolf Pack May 5 , 2004 13 . 46 : 15 Pittsburgh Hornets 2 -- 1 Springfield Indians March 22 , 1941 14 . 46 : 00 Worcester IceCats 3 -- 2 Manchester Monarchs April 22 , 2004 15 . 45 : 17 * Nova Scotia Voyageurs 4 -- 3 Maine Mariners April 11 , 1985 16 . 44 : 48 * * Cleveland Barons 4 -- 5 Philadelphia Ramblers April 4 , 1939 17 . 44 : 30 Pittsburgh Hornets 3 -- 2 Hershey Bears March 31 , 1951 18 . 44 : 18 Baltimore Clippers 3 -- 4 Rochester Americans April 16 , 1967 19 . 44 : 13 Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins 3 -- 4 Manchester Monarchs May 6 , 2015 20 . 44 : 02 Pittsburgh Hornets 2 -- 3 Cleveland Barons April 3 , 1956 * Overtime format was one five - minute period followed by 20 - minute periods * * Calder Cup Finals game Canadian interuniversity SPORT -- men ( edit ) The University of New Brunswick Varsity Reds needed 61 : 53 of overtime ( four extra periods ) to defeat the Acadia University Axemen 3 -- 2 on February 27 , 2011 in game two of a best - of - five AUS semi-final series at Fredericton , New Brunswick . Nick MacNeil scored the game - winner at 11 : 53 of the seventh period overall . York University Lions and Lakehead University Thunderwolves went to a fourth overtime period ( 50 : 13 minutes of overtime ) on February 14 , 2007 in Thunder Bay , Ontario , to decide a winner in OUA men 's playoff hockey action . Lakehead won the game at the 13 - second mark of the fourth overtime period . Canadian interuniversity SPORT -- women ( edit ) Morgan McHaffie scored at 17 : 14 of the sixth overtime period to lead the Queen 's Golden Gaels to a 2 -- 1 win over the host Guelph Gryphons in the first game of the best - of - three OUA women 's hockey final , March 2 , 2011 . The game , which lasted 167 minutes and 14 seconds , including 107 : 14 of extra time , is the longest on record in CIS or NCAA hockey -- women 's or men 's . Winning goaltender Mel Dodd - Moher made 66 saves , while Danielle Skoufranis made 44 saves in a losing cause . It is the longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada . ECHL ( edit ) Overtime Length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date 1 . 77 : 18 Colorado Eagles 2 -- 3 Idaho Steelheads April 28 -- 29 , 2014 2 . 66 : 10 Elmira Jackals 5 -- 4 Trenton Devils April 10 , 2009 3 . 64 : 19 South Carolina Stingrays 4 -- 3 Gwinnett Gladiators April 6 -- 7 , 2012 4 . 61 : 24 Louisiana IceGators 2 -- 3 Greenville Grrrowl May 5 , 2000 5 . 55 : 19 Jackson Bandits 5 -- 4 Louisiana IceGators April 5 , 2002 6 . 53 : 30 Las Vegas Wranglers 3 -- 4 Alaska Aces May 2 , 2006 7 . 50 : 37 South Carolina Stingrays 3 -- 4 Mississippi Sea Wolves April 13 , 1999 8 . 48 : 13 Idaho Steelheads 3 -- 2 Las Vegas Wranglers April 6 , 2011 9 . 46 : 30 Mississippi Sea Wolves 3 -- 4 Pee Dee Pride May 2 , 1999 10 . 46 : 23 Utah Grizzlies 4 -- 3 Fresno Falcons April 14 , 2008 11 . 45 : 47 Hampton Roads Admirals 2 -- 1 Greensboro Monarchs April 9 , 1991 * 12 . 45 : 38 Florida Everblades 2 -- 1 South Carolina Stingrays May 6 , 2015 13 . 45 : 30 South Carolina Stingrays 1 -- 0 Toledo Walleye May 27 , 2015 * * 14 . 44 : 03 Wheeling Nailers 2 - 1 Reading Royals May 5 , 2016 15 . 44 : 02 Kalamazoo Wings 3 -- 4 Greenville Road Warriors April 26 , 2014 16 . 43 : 07 Toledo Walleye 4 - 5 Colorado Eagles May 19 , 2017 17 . 42 : 31 Colorado Eagles 5 - 4 Utah Grizzlies April 17 , 2016 18 . 40 : 36 Idaho Steelheads 0 -- 1 Stockton Thunder May 5 , 2010 * Championship Series game . * * Game 7 International hockey League ( edit ) On May 12 , 2008 , one of the longest games in IHL history , if not the longest , took place in Fort Wayne , Indiana . It was the seventh game of the Turner Cup Final between the hometown Fort Wayne Komets and Port Huron Icehawks . The game was tied 2 -- 2 through regulation . The first two extra periods solved nothing , but 23 seconds into the third overtime period , at some point after midnight ET , Justin Hodgman scored the winning goal to give the Komets their fifth Turner Cup title . It was the club 's first since 1993 , and their sixth overall , with their last championship being the Colonial Cup in 2003 . The Komets would win again the following year with an easy game five victory at home , which was the first time in franchise history they won back - to - back championships . They would follow up with a third consecutive Turner Cup in 2010 , again clinching on home ice , securing a dynasty . VHL ( edit ) On April 25 , 2018 , in game 5 of the 2018 VHL finals , SKA - Neva defeated HC Dinamo Saint Petersburg 4 - 3 in a game that needed 103 : 36 of overtime to be settled . Svyatoslav Grebinshchikov scored the game - winning goal 3 : 36 of sextuple overtime . NCAA ( edit ) The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 6 -- 7 , 2015 . UMass beat Notre Dame , 4 -- 3 , in the Hockey East first - round playoff game after 91 : 42 of overtime . Shane Walsh scored the winning goal for UMass . Overall game length ( min : sec ) Overtime length Number of overtimes Winning team Score Losing team Where it occurred Date 151 : 42 91 : 42 5 UMass 4 -- 3 Notre Dame Hockey East First Round ( Game 1 , Best of 3 ) March 7 , 2015 150 : 22 90 : 22 5 Quinnipiac University 3 -- 2 Union College ECACH Quarter - Finals ( Game 1 , Best of 3 ) March 12 , 2010 141 : 35 81 : 35 5 Yale University 3 -- 2 Union College ECACHL First Round ( Game 2 , Best of 3 ) March 4 , 2006 129 : 30 69 : 30 Colorado College 1 -- 0 Wisconsin Badgers WCHA First Round ( Game 2 , Best of 3 ) March 3 , 1997 123 : 53 63 : 53 St. Lawrence 3 -- 2 Boston University NCAA East Regional ( Second round ) March 26 , 2000 121 : 05 61 : 05 Colgate University 4 -- 3 Dartmouth College ECAC Quarterfinal ( Game 1 , Best of 3 ) March 14 , 2003 The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played at Notre Dame in South Bend , Indiana on March 6 , 2015 . UMass beat Notre Dame , 4 -- 3 , in the Hockey East first round with 8 : 18 left in quintuple overtime . Shane Walsh scored the winning goal just after 1 : 00 am local time . The previous longest was played on March 12 , 2010 . Quinnipiac University beat Union College , 3 -- 2 , in the ECAC Quarterfinals , as Greg Holt scored with 9 : 38 left in quintuple overtime . The 3rd longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 5 , 2006 . Yale University beat Union College , 3 -- 2 , in the ECAC Hockey League first - round playoff game after 81 : 35 of overtime . David Meckler scored the winning goal with Yale shorthanded . The longest game in NCAA Division III hockey history , and the fourth longest in NCAA history overall , began at 7 : 05 pm on February 27 , 2010 and ended at 12 : 35 am of the following day . Gustavus Adolphus College beat Augsburg College , 6 -- 5 , to advance to the MIAC championship game after 78 : 38 of overtime . Eric Bigham scored the winning goal . A 2000 NCAA regional final in men 's ice hockey between St. Lawrence University and Boston University ended with 63 : 53 of overtime . Manitoba native and minor hockey buddy of Craig McAulay , Robin Carruthers scored the gwg after four periods of overtime play A March 30 , 1991 game between Northern Michigan University and Boston University ended with Northern Michigan earning an 8 -- 7 victory over Boston University . Unlikely hero Darryl Plandowski scores in the third overtime period and fifth hour of play to give the Wildcats the title . A March 8 , 1997 game between Colorado College and the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ended with Colorado College winning , 1 -- 0 , after 69 : 30 . A March 14 , 2003 ECAC Quarterfinal game between Colgate University and Dartmouth ended , 4 -- 3 for Colgate , after 61 : 05 in overtime . On March 26 , 2006 , the Wisconsin Badgers beat the Cornell Big Red 1 -- 0 at 11 : 13 into the third overtime at the Midwest Regional Final in the NCAA Tournament at the Resch Center in Green Bay . It was the second - longest NCAA Tournament game in its history and the longest 1 -- 0 game in tournament history . It is currently the ninth - longest game all - time in NCAA Division I history . An March 11 , 2007 game between St. Cloud State University and University of Minnesota Duluth during the first round of the WCHA playoffs ended with SCSU winning , 3 -- 2 , after 51 : 33 of overtime . It is the eighth - longest NCAA Division I game in history . In the first round of the 2008 WCHA hockey tournament featuring the fourth - seeded Minnesota State University , Mankato Mavericks hosting the seventh - seeded University of Minnesota Golden Gophers , the Friday and Sunday games both went into double overtime , and the Saturday night game went into one overtime . The Gophers prevailed two games to one in the series , winning Saturday and Sunday . On March 3 , 2012 , in the first round of the 2012 ECAC Hockey hockey tournament featuring the seventh - seeded Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team hosting the tenth - seeded RPI Engineers men 's ice hockey team , Clarkson beat RPI 4 -- 3 at 13 : 48 in the third overtime period , after 113 : 48 of play . It is currently the seventh - longest game all - time in NCAA Division I history . NCAA women ( edit ) On March 10 , 1996 , New Hampshire defeated Providence , 3 -- 2 , in an ECAC Women 's Championship game after 85 : 35 of overtime . ( This is not an NCAA record , as the NCAA did not officially recognize women 's hockey until the 2001 season ; however , it stands as the longest women 's college hockey game ) On March 10 , 2007 , Wisconsin defeated Harvard , 1 -- 0 , in an NCAA Women 's Quarterfinal game after 67 : 09 of overtime at the Kohl Center in Madison WI . Wisconsin went on to win the national championship . On March 10 , 2012 , Cornell University defeated Boston University , 8 -- 7 , in an NCAA Women 's Quarterfinal game after 59 : 50 of overtime at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York , surpassing the men 's game from the previous night as the longest hockey game to be played at the rink . On March 21 , 2010 , Minnesota - Duluth defeated Cornell 3 -- 2 in the NCAA championship game , after 59 : 26 of overtime ( 119 : 26 total game time ) , the longest men 's or women 's hockey championship game in NCAA history . Canadian hockey League ( edit ) The longest game in Memorial Cup history was played on May 23 , 2014 in London , Ontario , where in the semi-final game , Curtis Lazar scored at 2 : 42 of triple overtime as the Edmonton Oil Kings beat the Val - d'Or Foreurs 4 -- 3 to advance to the championship game . The entire overtime lasted 42 : 42 , the overall game time played was 102 : 42 . The longest game in WHL & CHL history was played on April 2 , 2017 in Victoria , BC , in Game 6 of Round 1 between the Everett Silvertips and Victoria Royals . Cal Babych scored with 8 : 24 left in quintuple overtime to beat the Royals 3 - 2 to win the series 4 - 2 . The total game time played was 151 : 36 . The longest game in QMJHL history was played on April 3 , 2016 in Boisbriand , Quebec , where in a first - round game , Philippe Sanche scored with 7 : 34 left in triple overtime as the Blainville - Boisbriand Armada beat the Val - d'Or Foreurs 3 - 2 to advance to the quarterfinals . The entire overtime lasted 52 : 26 , the overall game time played was 112 : 26 . 2007 RBC Cup -- canadian Jr a championship ( edit ) The semi-final game for the 2007 RBC Cup , saw the host Prince George Spruce Kings taking on the Camrose Kodiaks . The game ended up being the longest game in Royal Bank Cup history at 146 minutes and 1 second . The Spruce Kings broke a 2 -- 2 tie just over six minutes into the fifth overtime period to win 3 -- 2 and clinch a berth in the RBC Cup Final against the Aurora Tigers . Jason Yuel of the Spruce Kings scored the winner while goaltender Jordan White stopped 91 of 93 shots for the victory . OPJHL ( edit ) On February 10 , 2007 , the Toronto Jr . Canadiens defeated the Pickering Panthers , 4 -- 3 , to take a 2 -- 0 series lead in the first round of the OPJHL playoffs , after 104 : 32 of overtime . It is the second longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada . GHJHL ( edit ) February 1999 , the St. Catharines Falcons defeated the Port Colborne Sailors 7 -- 6 to take a 2 -- 1 series lead in the semi-finals of the Golden Horseshoe Jr . B Hockey League Playoffs . Peter Lacey scored 11 minutes into the fifth overtime period , ending the game at 2 : 18 am . The game started at 7 : 30 pm . It is the longest junior hockey game sanctioned by Hockey Canada High School ( edit ) Marquette vs Orchard Lake St Marys went eight overtimes during the Michigan State Ice Hockey Division 1 Championship game before Tournament officials stopped the game in consideration of the health and welfare of the players on March 8 , 2008 . The 1 -- 1 tie resulted in the two teams being declared co-champions . The game lasted 109 minutes . Ryan Morley Stockton of St. Mary 's had a MHSAA - record 58 saves . The longest game in high school history was in a 1996 FCIAC quarterfinal matchup in Darien , Connecticut between archrivals Wilton and Ridgefield that went to a tenth eight - minute overtime period after 45 minutes of regulation ( 125 : 00 of hockey ) . Chris Ludwig of Wilton scored the game - winner while being hauled down in front of the Ridgefield net in the tenth overtime period . The previous record belonged to the Aurora High School -- Solon High School game in which Aurora won in the eighth overtime period of the Ohio state playoffs . The winning goal was scored with 3 : 52 left in the 8th overtime ( 105th minute ) , setting an American record . Since 2015 , all state tournaments allow up to 5 overtime periods ( 4 - on - 4 after first overtime ) , after which best - of - 3 - round shootouts and extra rounds if needed are conducted , to eliminate co-champions . See also ( edit ) National Hockey League American Hockey League Ice hockey Ice hockey rules Breakaway ( hockey ) Season ( sport ) Overtime ( sports ) Easter Epic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NHL Guide Jump up ^ `` World 's first regular season NHL overtime game '' . Thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/hockeyozone/2014/07/10/ot-in-ahl-now-7-minutes/12485519/ Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Board of Governors OKs 3 - on - 3 OT , coach 's challenge '' . www.nhl.com . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 IIHF SPORT REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ) . www.iihf.com . International Ice Hockey Federation . May 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jeff Z . Klein , `` Hockey Night in Europe : Goodbye , Columbus '' , New York Times , October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ V. Lychyk , `` English borrowings in recent Soviet Russian '' , Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 29 ( 1994 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Format & Rules '' . Iihf.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers outlast Capitals in longest NHL shootout when Nick Bjugstad scores in 20th round '' . NHL.com . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period , followed by 15 - minute `` extra '' overtime periods . The winning goal was scored at 13 : 52 of the fourth `` extra '' overtime period . Montreal Gazette , March 29 , 1930 , page 20 and Toronto Daily Star , March 29 , 1930 , page 10 . Jump up ^ This was the second game of a two - game total - goals series . Montreal won the first game 1 - 0 . Chicago won the second game 2 - 1 , making the aggregate score 2 - 2 . Sudden - death overtime was used to break the tie , and was considered part of the second game . Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period , followed by a 30 - minute `` extra '' overtime period , and another `` extra '' overtime period . The winning goal was scored at 11 : 43 of the second `` extra '' overtime period . Montreal Gazette , March 27 , 1930 , page 16 . Jump up ^ Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period followed by a continuous , unlimited , sudden - death overtime period . The winning goal was scored at 35 : 35 of that period . Montreal Gazette , March 21 , 1930 , page 18 . Jump up ^ Svensk elithockeys längsta matcher http://www.svenskafans.com/hockeyzon/194752.aspx Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/245/?idgame=41390 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/223/?idgame=37496 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/245/?idgame=41265 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/186/?idgame=30498 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/203/?idgame=34026 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/game/267/45820/resume/ Jump up ^ http://hcgomel.by/news/17282/7.03.2015-23-j-ochrb.-1/2.-gomel-1-2-ot-yunost/ Jump up ^ http://extraliga.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2637546 Jump up ^ http://www.vg.no/sport/ishockey/norsk-ishockey/verdensrekord-paa-hamar-i-natt-storhamar-vant-etter-8-timer-og-32-minutter/a/23947532/ Jump up ^ http://online.vhlru.ru/online/69653.html Jump up ^ `` Almanac ... Longest Games '' . College Hockey News . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longest game list Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 3 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Men 's Hockey Defeats Augsburg 6 -- 5 in Four Overtimes , Sets NCAA Record For Longest Game In Division III History Jump up ^ USCHO.com : : U.S. College Hockey Online : : NCAA Longest_games Archived March 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rougeau 's Triple - Overtime Game - Winner Sends Women 's Hockey to Frozen Four '' . Cornell University Athletics . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2010 NCAA National Collegiate Women 's Ice Hockey Tournament Jump up ^ Mary Buckheit ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` After eight overtimes , is a tie wrong ? '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MHSAA : Games - 2008 Ice Hockey Tournament Jump up ^ 2007 State Ice Hockey Tournament Results Jump up ^ The Remaining Top 24 High School Sports Stories of 2007 -- cleveland.com The National Hockey League Official Guide and Record Book Diamond , Dan ; ( 1992 ) , The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book The American Hockey League Guide & Record Book External links ( edit ) List of all NHL overtime games by decade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overtime_(ice_hockey)&oldid=840594964 '' Categories : Ice hockey rules Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - wikipedia International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Jump to : navigation , search `` Red Cross '' redirects here . For other uses , see Red Cross ( disambiguation ) . International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross , Red Crescent , Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant , Gustave Moynier , Théodore Maunoir , Guillaume - Henri Dufour , Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization , Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva , Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems , the symbols from which the movement derives its name , Genève 2005 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers , members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health , to ensure respect for all human beings , and to prevent and alleviate human suffering . The movement consists of several distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other , but are united within the movement through common basic principles , objectives , symbols , statutes and governing organisations . The movement 's parts are : The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva , Switzerland , in particular by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier . Its 25 - member committee has a unique authority under international humanitarian law to protect the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts . The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions ( in 1917 , 1944 and 1963 ) . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) was founded in 1919 and today it coordinates activities between the 190 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies within the Movement . On an international level , the Federation leads and organizes , in close cooperation with the National Societies , relief assistance missions responding to large - scale emergencies . The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva , Switzerland . In 1963 , the Federation ( then known as the League of Red Cross Societies ) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC . National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in nearly every country in the world . Currently 190 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation . Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement . Depending on their specific circumstances and capacities , National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement . In many countries , they are tightly linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services . Contents 1 History of the movement 1.1 The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) 1.1. 1 Solferino , Jean - Henri Dunant and the foundation of the ICRC 1.1. 2 The ICRC during World War I 1.1. 3 The ICRC and World War II 1.1. 4 The ICRC after World War II 1.1. 5 Afghanistan 1.2 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) 1.2. 1 History 1.2. 2 Presidents of the IFRC 2 Activities 2.1 Organization of the Movement 2.2 Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2.3 Activities and organization of the International Conference and the Standing Commission 2.4 Activities and organization of the ICRC 2.4. 1 The mission of the ICRC and its responsibilities within the Movement 2.4. 2 Legal status and organization 2.4. 3 Funding and financial matters 2.5 Activities and organization of the International Federation 2.5. 1 The Mission of the IFRC and its responsibilities within the Movement 2.5. 2 Legal status and organization 2.5. 3 Funding and financial matters 2.6 National societies within the movement 2.6. 1 Official recognition of a national society 2.6. 2 Activities of national societies on a national and international stage 3 History of the emblems 3.1 Emblems in use 3.1. 1 The Red Cross 3.1. 2 The Red Crescent 3.1. 3 The Red Crystal 3.2 Recognized emblems in disuse 3.2. 1 The Red Lion and Sun 3.3 Unrecognized emblems 3.3. 1 The Red Star of David ( Magen David Adom ) 4 1996 hostage crisis allegations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Books 7.2 Journal articles 8 External links History of the Movement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) ( edit ) Solferino , Jean - Henri Dunant and the foundation of the ICRC ( edit ) Jean - Henri Dunant , author of A Memory of Solferino . Until the middle of the 19th century , there were no organized and / or well - established army nursing systems for casualties and no safe and protected institutions to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield . A devout Reformed Christian , the Swiss businessman Jean - Henri Dunant , in June 1859 , traveled to Italy to meet French emperor Napoléon III with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in Algeria , at that time occupied by France . He arrived in the small town of Solferino on the evening of 24 June after the Battle of Solferino , an engagement in the Austro - Sardinian War . In a single day , about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field . Jean - Henri Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle , the suffering of the wounded soldiers , and the near - total lack of medical attendance and basic care . He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded . He took point in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance with the local villagers to aid without discrimination . Original document of the First Geneva Convention , 1864 Back in his home in Geneva , he decided to write a book entitled A Memory of Solferino which he published using his own money in 1862 . He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe , and people he thought could help him make a change . In addition to penning a vivid description of his experiences in Solferino in 1859 , he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war , an idea that was inspired by Christian teaching regarding social responsibility , as well as his experience after the battlefield of Solferino . In addition , he called for the development of an international treaty to guarantee the protection of medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield . In 1863 , Gustave Moynier , a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare , received a copy of Dunant 's book and introduced it for discussion at a meeting of that society . As a result of this initial discussion the society established an investigatory commission to examine the feasibility of Dunant 's suggestions and eventually to organize an international conference about their possible implementation . The members of this committee , which has subsequently been referred to as the `` Committee of the Five , '' aside from Dunant and Moynier were physician Louis Appia , who had significant experience working as a field surgeon ; Appia 's friend and colleague Théodore Maunoir , from the Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission ; and Guillaume - Henri Dufour , a Swiss Army general of great renown . Eight days later , the five men decided to rename the committee to the `` International Committee for Relief to the Wounded '' . In October ( 26 -- 29 ) 1863 , the international conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield . The conference was attended by 36 individuals : eighteen official delegates from national governments , six delegates from other non-governmental organizations , seven non-official foreign delegates , and the five members of the International Committee . The states and kingdoms represented by official delegates were : Austrian Empire , Grand Duchy of Baden , Kingdom of Bavaria , Second French Empire , Kingdom of Hanover , Grand Duchy of Hesse , Kingdom of Italy , Kingdom of the Netherlands , Kingdom of Prussia , Russian Empire , Kingdom of Saxony , Spanish Empire , United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway , and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . `` Committee of the Five '' : Gustave Moynier , Guillaume - Henri Dufour , Henry Dunant , Louis Appia , Théodore Maunoir Among the proposals written in the final resolutions of the conference , adopted on 29 October 1863 , were : The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers ; Neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers ; The utilization of volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield ; The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts ; The introduction of a common distinctive protection symbol for medical personnel in the field , namely a white armlet bearing a red cross . Memorial commemorating the first use of the Red Cross symbol in an armed conflict during the Battle of Dybbøl ( Denmark ) in 1864 ; jointly erected in 1989 by the national Red Cross societies of Denmark and Germany . War 1939 - 1945 . Geneva , Central Prisoners of war Agency , Electoral building / Palace of the General Council Only one year later , the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries , as well as the United States , Brazil , and Mexico , to attend an official diplomatic conference . Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty - six delegates to Geneva . On 22 August 1864 , the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention `` for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field '' . Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention : Grand Duchy of Baden Kingdom of Belgium Kingdom of Denmark Second French Empire Grand Duchy of Hesse Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of the Netherlands Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves Kingdom of Prussia Switzerland Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Württemberg The convention contained ten articles , establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers , field medical personnel , and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict . Directly following the establishment of the Geneva Convention , the first national societies were founded in Belgium , Denmark , France , Oldenburg , Prussia , Spain , and Württemberg . Also in 1864 , Louis Appia and Charles van de Velde , a captain of the Dutch Army , became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict . Three years later in 1867 , the first International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded was convened . Also in 1867 , Jean - Henri Dunant was forced to declare bankruptcy due to business failures in Algeria , partly because he had neglected his business interests during his tireless activities for the International Committee . Controversy surrounding Dunant 's business dealings and the resulting negative public opinion , combined with an ongoing conflict with Gustave Moynier , led to Dunant 's expulsion from his position as a member and secretary . He was charged with fraudulent bankruptcy and a warrant for his arrest was issued . Thus , he was forced to leave Geneva and never returned to his home city . In the following years , national societies were founded in nearly every country in Europe . The project resonated well with patriotic sentiments that were on the rise in the late - nineteenth - century , and national societies were often encouraged as signifiers of national moral superiority . In 1876 , the committee adopted the name `` International Committee of the Red Cross '' ( ICRC ) , which is still its official designation today . Five years later , the American Red Cross was founded through the efforts of Clara Barton . More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts . In a rather short period of time , the Red Cross gained huge momentum as an internationally respected movement , and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work . When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 , the Norwegian Nobel Committee opted to give it jointly to Jean - Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy , a leading international pacifist . More significant than the honor of the prize itself , this prize marked the overdue rehabilitation of Jean - Henri Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross . Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of Heiden . Only two months earlier his long - standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died , leaving a mark in the history of the Committee as its longest - serving president ever . In 1906 , the 1864 Geneva Convention was revised for the first time . One year later , the Hague Convention X , adopted at the Second International Peace Conference in The Hague , extended the scope of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare . Shortly before the beginning of the First World War in 1914 , 50 years after the foundation of the ICRC and the adoption of the first Geneva Convention , there were already 45 national relief societies throughout the world . The movement had extended itself beyond Europe and North America to Central and South America ( Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Cuba , Mexico , Peru , El Salvador , Uruguay , Venezuela ) , Asia ( the Republic of China , Japan , Korea , Siam ) , and Africa ( Union of South Africa ) . The ICRC during World War I ( edit ) French postcard celebrating the role of Red Cross nurses during the First World War , 1915 Ernest Hemingway in uniform as a Red Cross ambulance driver With the outbreak of World War I , the ICRC found itself confronted with enormous challenges that it could handle only by working closely with the national Red Cross societies . Red Cross nurses from around the world , including the United States and Japan , came to support the medical services of the armed forces of the European countries involved in the war . On 15 August 1914 , immediately after the start of the war , the ICRC set up its International Prisoners - of - War ( POW ) Agency , which had about 1,200 mostly volunteer staff members by the end of 1914 . By the end of the war , the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages , 1.9 million parcels , and about 18 million Swiss francs in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries . Furthermore , due to the intervention of the Agency , about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties , released from captivity and returned to their home country . The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated about 7 million records from 1914 to 1923 . The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families . The complete index is on loan today from the ICRC to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva . The right to access the index is still strictly restricted to the ICRC . During the entire war , the ICRC monitored warring parties ' compliance with the Geneva Conventions of the 1907 revision and forwarded complaints about violations to the respective country . When chemical weapons were used in this war for the first time in history , the ICRC vigorously protested against this new type of warfare . Even without having a mandate from the Geneva Conventions , the ICRC tried to ameliorate the suffering of civil populations . In territories that were officially designated as `` occupied territories '' , the ICRC could assist the civilian population on the basis of the Hague Convention 's `` Laws and Customs of War on Land '' of 1907 . This convention was also the legal basis for the ICRC 's work for prisoners of war . In addition to the work of the International Prisoner - of - War Agency as described above this included inspection visits to POW camps . A total of 524 camps throughout Europe were visited by 41 delegates from the ICRC until the end of the war . Between 1916 and 1918 , the ICRC published a number of postcards with scenes from the POW camps . The pictures showed the prisoners in day - to - day activities such as the distribution of letters from home . The intention of the ICRC was to provide the families of the prisoners with some hope and solace and to alleviate their uncertainties about the fate of their loved ones . After the end of the war , between 1920 and 1922 , the ICRC organized the return of about 500,000 prisoners to their home countries . In 1920 , the task of repatriation was handed over to the newly founded League of Nations , which appointed the Norwegian diplomat and scientist Fridtjof Nansen as its `` High Commissioner for Repatriation of the War Prisoners '' . His legal mandate was later extended to support and care for war refugees and displaced persons when his office became that of the League of Nations `` High Commissioner for Refugees '' . Nansen , who invented the Nansen passport for stateless refugees and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 , appointed two delegates from the ICRC as his deputies . Red Cross ambulance from 1917 A year before the end of the war , the ICRC received the 1917 Nobel Peace Prize for its outstanding wartime work . It was the only Nobel Peace Prize awarded in the period from 1914 to 1918 . In 1923 , the International Committee of the Red Cross adopted a change in its policy regarding the selection of new members . Until then , only citizens from the city of Geneva could serve in the Committee . This limitation was expanded to include Swiss citizens . As a direct consequence of World War I , an treaty was adopted in 1925 which outlawed the use of suffocating or poisonous gases and biological agents as weapons . Four years later , the original Convention was revised and the second Geneva Convention `` relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War '' was established . The events of World War I and the respective activities of the ICRC significantly increased the reputation and authority of the Committee among the international community and led to an extension of its competencies . As early as in 1934 , a draft proposal for an additional convention for the protection of the civil population in occupied territories during an armed conflict was adopted by the International Red Cross Conference . Unfortunately , most governments had little interest in implementing this convention , and it was thus prevented from entering into force before the beginning of World War II . The ICRC and World War II ( edit ) Red Cross message from Łódź , Poland , 1940 . The legal basis of the work of the ICRC during World War II were the Geneva Conventions in their 1929 revision . The activities of the Committee were similar to those during World War I : visiting and monitoring POW camps , organizing relief assistance for civilian populations , and administering the exchange of messages regarding prisoners and missing persons . By the end of the war , 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries . The Central Information Agency on Prisoners - of - War ( Agence centrale des prisonniers de guerre ) had a staff of 3,000 , the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards , and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency . One major obstacle was that the Nazi - controlled German Red Cross refused to cooperate with the Geneva statutes including blatant violations such as the deportation of Jews from Germany and the mass murders conducted in the Nazi concentration camps . Moreover , two other main parties to the conflict , the Soviet Union and Japan , were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions . During the war , the ICRC was unable to obtain an agreement with Nazi Germany about the treatment of detainees in concentration camps , and it eventually abandoned applying pressure in order to avoid disrupting its work with POWs . The ICRC was also unable to obtain a response to reliable information about the extermination camps and the mass killing of European Jews , Roma , et al . After November 1943 , the ICRC achieved permission to send parcels to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations . Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates , the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels , primarily to the camps Dachau , Buchenwald , Ravensbrück , and Sachsenhausen . It is known that Dr Maurice Rossel during World War II had been sent to Berlin as a delegate of the International Red Cross , as such he visited Theresienstadt in 1944 . Claude Lanzmann recorded his experiences in 1979 , producing a documentary entitled Visitor from the living . Marcel Junod , delegate of the ICRC , visiting POWs in Germany On 12 March 1945 , ICRC president Jacob Burckhardt received a message from SS General Ernst Kaltenbrunner accepting the ICRC 's demand to allow delegates to visit the concentration camps . This agreement was bound by the condition that these delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war . Ten delegates , among them Louis Haefliger ( Camp Mauthausen ) , Paul Dunant ( Camp Theresienstadt ) and Victor Maurer ( Camp Dachau ) , accepted the assignment and visited the camps . Louis Haefliger prevented the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen - Gusen by alerting American troops , thereby saving the lives of about 60,000 inmates . Another example of great humanitarian spirit was Friedrich Born ( 1903 -- 1963 ) , an ICRC delegate in Budapest who saved the lives of about 11,000 to 15,000 Jewish people in Hungary . Marcel Junod ( 1904 -- 1961 ) , a physician from Geneva , was another famous delegate during the Second World War . An account of his experiences , which included being one of the first foreigners to visit Hiroshima after the atomic bomb was dropped , can be found in the book Warrior without Weapons . In 1944 , the ICRC received its second Nobel Peace Prize . As in World War I , it received the only Peace Prize awarded during the main period of war , 1939 to 1945 . At the end of the war , the ICRC worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected . In 1948 , the Committee published a report reviewing its war - era activities from 1 September 1939 to 30 June 1947 . Since January 1996 , the ICRC archive for this period has been open to academic and public research . Budapest 1945 . Repatriation of 2000 Italian prisoners of war The ICRC after World War II ( edit ) The ICRC Headquarters in Geneva On 12 August 1949 , further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted . An additional convention `` for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded , Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea '' , now called the second Geneva Convention , was brought under the Geneva Convention umbrella as a successor to the 1907 Hague Convention X . The 1929 Geneva convention `` relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War '' may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view ( because it was actually formulated in Geneva ) , but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention . Reacting to the experience of World War II , the Fourth Geneva Convention , a new Convention `` relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War '' , was established . Also , the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars . Today , the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles , a remarkable expansion when compared to the mere 10 articles in the first 1864 convention . In celebration of its centennial in 1963 , the ICRC , together with the League of Red Cross Societies , received its third Nobel Peace Prize . Since 1993 , non-Swiss individuals have been allowed to serve as Committee delegates abroad , a task which was previously restricted to Swiss citizens . Indeed , since then , the share of staff without Swiss citizenship has increased to about 35 % . On 16 October 1990 , the UN General Assembly decided to grant the ICRC observer status for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings , the first observer status given to a private organization . The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador , Vieri Traxler , in memory of the organization 's origins in the Battle of Solferino . An agreement with the Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993 , affirmed the already long - standing policy of full independence of the Committee from any possible interference by Switzerland . The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive , grants members and staff legal immunity , exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees , guarantees the protected and duty - free transfer of goods , services , and money , provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies , and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland . At the end of the Cold War , the ICRC 's work actually became more dangerous . In the 1990s , more delegates lost their lives than at any point in its history , especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts . These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols . Among the slain delegates were : Frédéric Maurice . He died on 19 May 1992 at the age of 39 , one day after a Red Cross transport he was escorting was attacked in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo . Fernanda Calado ( Spain ) , Ingeborg Foss ( Norway ) , Nancy Malloy ( Canada ) , Gunnhild Myklebust ( Norway ) , Sheryl Thayer ( New Zealand ) , and Hans Elkerbout ( Netherlands ) . They were murdered at point - blank range while sleeping in the early hours of 17 December 1996 in the ICRC field hospital in the Chechen city of Nowije Atagi near Grozny . Their murderers have never been caught and there was no apparent motive for the killings . Rita Fox ( Switzerland ) , Véronique Saro ( Democratic Republic of Congo , formerly Zaire ) , Julio Delgado ( Colombia ) , Unen Ufoirworth ( DR Congo ) , Aduwe Boboli ( DR Congo ) , and Jean Molokabonge ( DR Congo ) . On 26 April 2001 , they were en route with two cars on a relief mission in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo when they came under fatal fire from unknown attackers . Ricardo Munguia ( El Salvador ) . He was working as a water engineer in Afghanistan and travelling with local colleagues on 27 March 2003 when their car was stopped by unknown armed men . He was killed execution - style at point - blank range while his colleagues were allowed to escape . He was 39 years old . The killing prompted the ICRC to temporarily suspend operations across Afghanistan . Vatche Arslanian ( Canada ) . Since 2001 , he worked as a logistics coordinator for the ICRC mission in Iraq . He died when he was travelling through Baghdad together with members of the Iraqi Red Crescent . On 8 April 2003 their car accidentally came into the cross fire of fighting in the city . Nadisha Yasassri Ranmuthu ( Sri Lanka ) . He was killed by unknown attackers on 22 July 2003 when his car was fired upon near the city of Hilla in the south of Baghdad . Emmerich Pregetter ( Austria ) . He was an ICRC Logistics Specialist who was killed by a swarm of killer bees on 11 August 2008 while travelling with a convoy of ICRC trucks carrying construction material for rehabilitation of a surgical health clinic in the area of Jebel Marra , West Darfur , Sudan . Afghanistan ( edit ) ICRC is active in the Afghanistan conflict areas and has set up six physical rehabilitation centers to help land mine victims . Their support extends to the national and international armed forces , civilians and the armed opposition . They regularly visit detainees under the custody of the Afghan government and the international armed forces , but have also occasionally had access since 2009 to people detained by the Taliban . They have provided basic first aid training and aid kits to both the Afghan security forces and Taliban members because , according to an ICRC spokesperson , `` ICRC 's constitution stipulates that all parties harmed by warfare will be treated as fairly as possible '' . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies ( IFRC ) ( edit ) History ( edit ) Henry Davison , Founding father of the League of Red Cross societies . In 1919 , representatives from the national Red Cross societies of Britain , France , Italy , Japan , and the US came together in Paris to found the `` League of Red Cross Societies '' . The original idea was Henry Davison 's , then president of the American Red Cross . This move , led by the American Red Cross , expanded the international activities of the Red Cross movement beyond the strict mission of the ICRC to include relief assistance in response to emergency situations which were not caused by war ( such as man - made or natural disasters ) . The ARC already had great disaster relief mission experience extending back to its foundation . The formation of the League , as an additional international Red Cross organization alongside the ICRC , was not without controversy for a number of reasons . The ICRC had , to some extent , valid concerns about a possible rivalry between both organizations . The foundation of the League was seen as an attempt to undermine the leadership position of the ICRC within the movement and to gradually transfer most of its tasks and competencies to a multilateral institution . In addition to that , all founding members of the League were national societies from countries of the Entente or from associated partners of the Entente . The original statutes of the League from May 1919 contained further regulations which gave the five founding societies a privileged status and , due to the efforts of Henry P. Davison , the right to permanently exclude the national Red Cross societies from the countries of the Central Powers , namely Germany , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria and Turkey , and in addition to that the national Red Cross society of Russia . These rules were contrary to the Red Cross principles of universality and equality among all national societies , a situation which furthered the concerns of the ICRC . The first relief assistance mission organized by the League was an aid mission for the victims of a famine and subsequent typhus epidemic in Poland . Only five years after its foundation , the League had already issued 47 donation appeals for missions in 34 countries , an impressive indication of the need for this type of Red Cross work . The total sum raised by these appeals reached 685 million Swiss francs , which were used to bring emergency supplies to the victims of famines in Russia , Germany , and Albania ; earthquakes in Chile , Persia , Japan , Colombia , Ecuador , Costa Rica , and Turkey ; and refugee flows in Greece and Turkey . The first large - scale disaster mission of the League came after the 1923 earthquake in Japan which killed about 200,000 people and left countless more wounded and without shelter . Due to the League 's coordination , the Red Cross society of Japan received goods from its sister societies reaching a total worth of about $100 million . Another important new field initiated by the League was the creation of youth Red Cross organizations within the national societies . A stamp from Turkey to support the Red Crescent , 1938 . A joint mission of the ICRC and the League in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 marked the first time the movement was involved in an internal conflict , although still without an explicit mandate from the Geneva Conventions . The League , with support from more than 25 national societies , organized assistance missions and the distribution of food and other aid goods for civil populations affected by hunger and disease . The ICRC worked with the Russian Red Cross society and later the society of the Soviet Union , constantly emphasizing the ICRC 's neutrality . In 1928 , the `` International Council '' was founded to coordinate cooperation between the ICRC and the League , a task which was later taken over by the `` Standing Commission '' . In the same year , a common statute for the movement was adopted for the first time , defining the respective roles of the ICRC and the League within the movement . During the Abyssinian war between Ethiopia and Italy from 1935 to 1936 , the League contributed aid supplies worth about 1.7 million Swiss francs . Because the Italian fascist regime under Benito Mussolini refused any cooperation with the Red Cross , these goods were delivered solely to Ethiopia . During the war , an estimated 29 people lost their lives while being under explicit protection of the Red Cross symbol , most of them due to attacks by the Italian Army . During the Civil War in Spain from 1936 to 1939 the League once again joined forces with the ICRC with the support of 41 national societies . In 1939 on the brink of the Second World War , the League relocated its headquarters from Paris to Geneva to take advantage of Swiss neutrality . Peace Nobel Prize ceremony in 1963 ; From left to right : Crown Prince Harald of Norway , King Olav of Norway , ICRC President Leopold Boissier , League Chairman John A. MacAulay . In 1952 , the 1928 common statute of the movement was revised for the first time . Also , the period of decolonization from 1960 to 1970 was marked by a huge jump in the number of recognized national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies . By the end of the 1960s , there were more than 100 societies around the world . On December 10 , 1963 , the Federation and the ICRC received the Nobel Peace Prize . In 1983 , the League was renamed to the `` League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies '' to reflect the growing number of national societies operating under the Red Crescent symbol . Three years later , the seven basic principles of the movement as adopted in 1965 were incorporated into its statutes . The name of the League was changed again in 1991 to its current official designation the `` International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies '' . In 1997 , the ICRC and the IFRC signed the Seville Agreement which further defined the responsibilities of both organizations within the movement . In 2004 , the IFRC began its largest mission to date after the tsunami disaster in South Asia . More than 40 national societies have worked with more than 22,000 volunteers to bring relief to the countless victims left without food and shelter and endangered by the risk of epidemics . Presidents of the IFRC ( edit ) As of November 2009 , the president of the IFRC is Tadateru Konoe ( Japanese Red Cross ) . The vice presidents are Annemarie Huber - Hotz ( Switzerland ) , Osvaldo Manuel Ferrero ( Argentina ) , Abbas Gullet ( Kenya ) , Francesco Rocca ( Italy ) and Baige Zhao ( China ) . Former presidents ( until 1977 titled `` Chairman '' ) have been : 1919 -- 1922 : Henry Davison ( U.S. ) 1922 -- 1935 : John Barton Payne ( U.S. ) 1935 -- 1938 : Cary Travers Grayson ( U.S. ) 1938 -- 1944 : Norman Davis ( U.S. ) 1944 -- 1945 : Jean de Muralt ( Switzerland ) 1945 -- 1950 : Basil O'Connor ( U.S. ) 1950 -- 1959 : Emil Sandström ( Sweden ) 1959 -- 1965 : John MacAulay ( Canada ) 1965 -- 1977 : José Barroso Chávez ( Mexico ) 1977 -- 1981 : Adetunji Adefarasin ( Nigeria ) 1981 -- 1987 : Enrique de la Mata ( Spain ) 1987 -- 1997 : Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander ( Venezuela ) 1997 -- 2000 : Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg ( Norway ) 2001 -- 2009 : Juan Manuel del Toro y Rivera ( Spain ) 2009 -- : Tadateru Konoé ( Japan ) Activities ( edit ) Organization of the Movement ( edit ) Entry to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva . Altogether , there are about 97 million people worldwide who serve with the ICRC , the International Federation , and the National Societies , the majority with the latter . The 1965 International Conference in Vienna adopted seven basic principles which should be shared by all parts of the Movement , and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986 . Fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement ( edit ) At the 20th International Conference in Neue Hofburg , Vienna , from 2 -- 9 October 1965 , `` proclaimed '' seven fundamental principles which are shared by all components of the Movement , and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986 . The durability and universal acceptance is a result of the process through which they came into being in the form they have . Rather than an effort to arrive at agreement , it was an attempt to answer the question of what did they have in common , over the past 100 years , those operations and organisational units that were successful ? As a result , the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent were not revealed , but found - through a deliberate and participative process of discovery . That makes it even more important to note that the text that appears under each `` heading '' is an integral part of the Principle in question and not an interpretation that can vary with time and place . Humanity The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield , endeavours , in its international and national capacity , to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found . Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being . It promotes mutual understanding , friendship , cooperation and lasting peace amongst all peoples . Impartiality It makes no discrimination as to nationality , race , religious beliefs , class or political opinions . It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals , being guided solely by their needs , and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress . Neutrality In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all , the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political , racial , religious or ideological nature . Independence The Movement is independent . The National Societies , while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries , must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement . Voluntary Service It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain . Unity There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in any one country . It must be open to all . It must carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory . Universality The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , in which all Societies have equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other , is worldwide . Activities and organization of the International conference and the Standing Commission ( edit ) Main article : Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent , which occurs once every four years , is the highest institutional body of the Movement . It gathers delegations from all of the national societies as well as from the ICRC , the IFRC and the signatory states to the Geneva Conventions . In between the conferences , the Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent acts as the supreme body and supervises implementation of and compliance with the resolutions of the conference . In addition , the Standing Commission coordinates the cooperation between the ICRC and the IFRC . It consists of two representatives from the ICRC ( including its president ) , two from the IFRC ( including its president ) , and five individuals who are elected by the International Conference . The Standing Commission convenes every six months on average . Moreover , a convention of the Council of Delegates of the Movement takes place every two years in the course of the conferences of the General Assembly of the International Federation . The Council of Delegates plans and coordinates joint activities for the Movement . Activities and organization of the ICRC ( edit ) The mission of the ICRC and its responsibilities within the Movement ( edit ) The emblem of the International Committee of the Red Cross ( French : Comité international de la croix - rouge ) . The official mission of the ICRC as an impartial , neutral , and independent organization is to stand for the protection of the life and dignity of victims of international and internal armed conflicts . According to the 1997 Seville Agreement , it is the `` Lead Agency '' of the Movement in conflicts . The core tasks of the Committee , which are derived from the Geneva Conventions and its own statutes , are the following : to monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions to organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield to supervise the treatment of prisoners of war to help with the search for missing persons in an armed conflict ( tracing service ) to organize protection and care for civil populations to arbitrate between warring parties in an armed conflict Legal status and organization ( edit ) The ICRC is headquartered in the Swiss city of Geneva and has external offices in about 80 countries . It has about 12,000 staff members worldwide , about 800 of them working in its Geneva headquarters , 1,200 expatriates with about half of them serving as delegates managing its international missions and the other half being specialists like doctors , agronomists , engineers or interpreters , and about 10,000 members of individual national societies working on site . According to Swiss law , the ICRC is defined as a private association . Contrary to popular belief , the ICRC is not a non-governmental organization in the most common sense of the term , nor is it an international organization . As it limits its members ( a process called cooptation ) to Swiss nationals only , it does not have a policy of open and unrestricted membership for individuals like other legally defined NGOs . The word `` international '' in its name does not refer to its membership but to the worldwide scope of its activities as defined by the Geneva Conventions . The ICRC has special privileges and legal immunities in many countries , based on national law in these countries or through agreements between the Committee and respective national governments . According to its statutes it consists of 15 to 25 Swiss - citizen members , which it coopts for a period of four years . There is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can have although a three - quarters majority of all members is required for re-election after the third term . The leading organs of the ICRC are the Directorate and the Assembly . The Directorate is the executive body of the Committee . It consists of a general director and five directors in the areas of `` Operations '' , `` Human Resources '' , `` Resources and Operational Support '' , `` Communication '' , and `` International Law and Cooperation within the Movement '' . The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years . The Assembly , consisting of all of the members of the Committee , convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims , guidelines , and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the Committee . The president of the Assembly is also the president of the Committee as a whole . Furthermore , the Assembly elects a five - member Assembly Council which has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters . The Council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for facilitating communication between the Assembly and the Directorate . Due to Geneva 's location in the French - speaking part of Switzerland , the ICRC usually acts under its French name Comité international de la Croix - Rouge ( CICR ) . The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background with the words `` COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE '' circling the cross . Funding and financial matters ( edit ) The 2009 budget of the ICRC amounts to more than 1 billion Swiss francs . Most of that money comes from the States , including Switzerland in its capacity as the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions , from national Red Cross societies , the signatory states of the Geneva Conventions , and from international organizations like the European Union . All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the Committee : an annual Headquarters Appeal to cover its internal costs and Emergency Appeals for its individual missions . The ICRC is asking donors for more than 1.1 billion Swiss francs to fund its work in 2010 . Afghanistan is projected to become the ICRC 's biggest humanitarian operation ( at 86 million Swiss francs , an 18 % increase over the initial 2009 budget ) , followed by Iraq ( 85 million francs ) and Sudan ( 76 million francs ) . The initial 2010 field budget for medical activities of 132 million francs represents an increase of 12 million francs over 2009 . Activities and organization of the International Federation ( edit ) The mission of the IFRC and its responsibilities within the Movement ( edit ) Emblem of the IFRC The IFRC coordinates cooperation between national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies throughout the world and supports the foundation of new national societies in countries where no official society exists . On the international stage , the IFRC organizes and leads relief assistance missions after emergencies such as natural disasters , manmade disasters , epidemics , mass refugee flights , and other emergencies . As per the 1997 Seville Agreement , the IFRC is the Lead Agency of the Movement in any emergency situation which does not take place as part of an armed conflict . The IFRC cooperates with the national societies of those countries affected -- each called the Operating National Society ( ONS ) -- as well as the national societies of other countries willing to offer assistance -- called Participating National Societies ( PNS ) . Among the 187 national societies admitted to the General Assembly of the International Federation as full members or observers , about 25 -- 30 regularly work as PNS in other countries . The most active of those are the American Red Cross , the British Red Cross , the German Red Cross , and the Red Cross societies of Sweden and Norway . Another major mission of the IFRC which has gained attention in recent years is its commitment to work towards a codified , worldwide ban on the use of land mines and to bring medical , psychological , and social support for people injured by land mines . The tasks of the IFRC can therefore be summarized as follows : to promote humanitarian principles and values to provide relief assistance in emergency situations of large magnitude , such as natural disasters to support the national societies with disaster preparedness through the education of voluntary members and the provision of equipment and relief supplies to support local health care projects to support the national societies with youth - related activities Legal status and organization ( edit ) The IFRC has its headquarters in Geneva . It also runs five zone offices ( Africa , Americas , Asia Pacific , Europe , Middle East - North Africa ) , 14 permanent regional offices and has about 350 delegates in more than 60 delegations around the world . The legal basis for the work of the IFRC is its constitution . The executive body of the IFRC is a secretariat , led by a secretary general . The secretariat is supported by five divisions including `` Programme Services '' , `` Humanitarian values and humanitarian diplomacy '' , `` National Society and Knowledge Development '' and `` Governance and Management Services '' . The highest decision making body of the IFRC is its General Assembly , which convenes every two years with delegates from all of the national societies . Among other tasks , the General Assembly elects the secretary general . Between the convening of General Assemblies , the Governing Board is the leading body of the IFRC . It has the authority to make decisions for the IFRC in a number of areas . The Governing Board consists of the president and the vice presidents of the IFRC , the chairpersons of the Finance and Youth Commissions , and twenty elected representatives from national societies . The symbol of the IFRC is the combination of the Red Cross ( left ) and Red Crescent ( right ) on a white background surrounded by a red rectangular frame . Funding and financial matters ( edit ) The main parts of the budget of the IFRC are funded by contributions from the national societies which are members of the IFRC and through revenues from its investments . The exact amount of contributions from each member society is established by the Finance Commission and approved by the General Assembly . Any additional funding , especially for unforeseen expenses for relief assistance missions , is raised by `` appeals '' published by the IFRC and comes for voluntary donations by national societies , governments , other organizations , corporations , and individuals . National societies within the Movement ( edit ) Official recognition of a national society ( edit ) An ambulance owned by the Mexican Red Cross An Israeli stamp commemorating the 25th . anniversary of Magen David Adom , Date of issue 01.11. 1955 National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies exist in nearly every country in the world . Within their home country , they take on the duties and responsibilities of a national relief society as defined by International Humanitarian Law . Within the Movement , the ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society . The exact rules for recognition are defined in the statutes of the Movement . Article 4 of these statutes contains the `` Conditions for recognition of National Societies . '' In order to be recognized in terms of Article 5 , paragraph 2 b ) as a National Society , the Society shall meet the following conditions : Be constituted on the territory of an independent State where the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field is in force . Be the only National Red Cross and - or Red Crescent Society of the said State and be directed by a central body which shall alone be competent to represent it in its dealings with other components of the Movement . Be duly recognized by the legal government of its country on the basis of the Geneva Conventions and of the national legislation as a voluntary aid society , auxiliary to the public authorities in the humanitarian field . Have an autonomous status which allows it to operate in conformity with the Fundamental Principles of the Movement . Use the name and emblem of the Red Cross or Red Crescent in conformity with the Geneva Conventions . Be so organized as to be able to fulfill the tasks defined in its own statutes , including the preparation in peace time for its statutory tasks in case of armed conflict . Extend its activities to the entire territory of the State . Recruit its voluntary members and its staff without consideration of race , sex , class , religion or political opinions . Adhere to the present Statutes , share in the fellowship which unites the components of the Movement and co-operate with them . Respect the Fundamental Principles of the Movement and be guided in its work by the principles of international humanitarian law . Once a National Society has been recognized by the ICRC as a component of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement ( the Movement ) , it is in principle admitted to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in accordance with the terms defined in the Constitution and Rules of Procedure of the International Federation . There are today 190 National Societies recognized within the Movement and which are members of the International Federation . The most recent National Societies to have been recognized within the Movement are the Maldives Red Crescent Society ( 9 November 2011 ) , the Cyprus Red Cross Society and the South Sudan Red Cross Society ( 12 November 2013 ) . Activities of national societies on a national and International stage ( edit ) Despite formal independence regarding its organizational structure and work , each national society is still bound by the laws of its home country . In many countries , national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies enjoy exceptional privileges due to agreements with their governments or specific `` Red Cross Laws '' granting full independence as required by the International Movement . The duties and responsibilities of a national society as defined by International Humanitarian Law and the statutes of the Movement include humanitarian aid in armed conflicts and emergency crises such as natural disasters through activities such as Restoring Family Links . Depending on their respective human , technical , financial , and organizational resources , many national societies take on additional humanitarian tasks within their home countries such as blood donation services or acting as civilian Emergency Medical Service ( EMS ) providers . The ICRC and the International Federation cooperate with the national societies in their international missions , especially with human , material , and financial resources and organizing on - site logistics . History of the emblems ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . Emblems in use ( edit ) The Red Cross ( edit ) The flag of Switzerland is where the original Red Cross was derived from . The Red Cross emblem was officially approved in Geneva in 1863 . The Red Cross flag is not to be confused with the Saint George 's Cross which is on the flag of England , Barcelona , Georgia , Freiburg im Breisgau , and several other places . In order to avoid this confusion the protected symbol is sometimes referred to as the `` Greek Red Cross '' ( now Hellenic Red Cross ) ; that term is also used in United States law to describe the Red Cross . The red cross of the Saint George cross extends to the edge of the flag , whereas the red cross on the Red Cross flag does not . The Red Cross flag is the colour - switched version of the Flag of Switzerland . In 1906 , to put an end to the argument of the Ottoman Empire that the flag took its roots from Christianity , it was decided to promote officially the idea that the Red Cross flag had been formed by reversing the federal colours of Switzerland , although no clear evidence of this origin had ever been found . The Red Crescent ( edit ) Flag of the Ottoman Empire . This is where the original Red Crescent was derived from . The Red Crescent emblem was first used by ICRC volunteers during the armed conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Russia ( 1876 -- 1878 ) . The symbol was officially adopted in 1929 , and so far 33 states in the Muslim world have recognized it . In common with the official promotion of the red cross symbol as a colour reversal of the Swiss flag ( rather than a religious symbol ) , the red crescent is similarly presented as being derived from a colour reversal of the flag of the Ottoman Empire . Nowadays , the Red Crescent symbol is used within a few Muslim countries including Turkey , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Malaysia , and Bangladesh . The Red Crystal ( edit ) International emblem for Magen David Adom outside Israel On 8 December 2005 , in response to growing pressure to accommodate Magen David Adom ( MDA ) , Israel 's national emergency medical , disaster , ambulance and blood bank service , as a full member of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement , a new emblem ( officially the Third Protocol Emblem , but more commonly known as the Red Crystal ) was adopted by an amendment of the Geneva Conventions known as Protocol III . Recognized emblems in disuse ( edit ) The Red Lion and Sun ( edit ) The Red Lion and Sun Society of Iran was established in 1922 and admitted to the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement in 1923 . However , some report the symbol was introduced at Geneva in 1864 as a counter example to the crescent and cross used by two of Iran 's rivals , the Ottoman and the Russian empires . Though that claim is inconsistent with the Red Crescent 's history , that history also suggests that the Red Lion and Sun , like the Red Crescent , may have been conceived during the 1877 -- 1878 war between Russia and Turkey . Due to the emblem 's association with the Iranian monarchy , the Islamic Republic of Iran replaced the Red Lion and Sun with the Red Crescent in 1980 , consistent with two existing Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols . Though the Red Lion and Sun has now fallen into disuse , Iran has in the past reserved the right to take it up again at any time ; the Geneva Conventions continue to recognize it as an official emblem , and that status was confirmed by Protocol III in 2005 even as it added the Red Crystal . Unrecognized emblems ( edit ) The Red Star of David ( Magen David Adom ) ( edit ) A Magen David Adom worker in the Tel Aviv civil defense , 1939 For over 50 years , Israel requested the addition of a red Star of David , arguing that since Christian and Muslim emblems were recognized , the corresponding Jewish emblem should be as well . This emblem has been used by Magen David Adom ( MDA ) , or Red Star of David , the national first - aid society of Israel of 1930 , but it is not recognized by the Geneva Conventions as a protected symbol . The first use of the '' Magen David Adom '' was during the Anglo Boer War in South Africa ( 1899 - 1902 ) when it was used by the Ambulance Corps founded by Ben Zion Aaron in Johannesburg as a first aid corps to assist the Boer forces . Permission was given by President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic for the Star of David to be used as its insignia , rather than the conventional red cross . The Red Cross and Red Crescent movement repeatedly rejected Israel 's request over the years , stating that the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems were not meant to represent Christianity and Islam but was colour reversals of the Swiss and the Ottoman flags , and also that if Jews ( or another group ) were to be given another emblem , there would be no end to the number of religious or other groups claiming an emblem for themselves . They reasoned that a proliferation of red symbols would detract from the original intention of the Red Cross emblem , which was to be a single emblem to mark vehicles and buildings protected on humanitarian grounds . Certain Arab nations , such as Syria , also protested against the entry of MDA into the Red Cross movement , making consensus impossible for a time . However , from 2000 to 2006 the American Red Cross withheld its dues ( a total of $42 million ) to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) because of IFRC 's refusal to admit MDA ; this ultimately led to the creation of the Red Crystal emblem and the admission of MDA on June 22 , 2006 . The Red Star of David is not recognized as a protected symbol outside Israel ; instead the MDA uses the Red Crystal emblem during international operations in order to ensure protection . Depending on the circumstances , it may place the Red Star of David inside the Red Crystal , or use the Red Crystal alone . 1996 hostage crisis allegations ( edit ) The Australian TV network ABC and the indigenous rights group Friends of Peoples Close to Nature released a documentary called Blood on the Cross in 1999 . It alleged the involvement of the Red Cross with the British and Indonesian military in a massacre in the Southern Highlands of West Papua during the World Wildlife Fund hostage crisis of May 1996 , when Western and Indonesian activists were held hostage by separatists . Following the broadcast of the documentary , the Red Cross announced publicly that it would appoint an individual outside the organization to investigate the allegations made in the film and any responsibility on its part . Piotr Obuchowicz was appointed to investigate the matter . The report categorically states that the Red Cross personnel accused of involvement were proven not to have been present ; that a white helicopter was probably used in a military operation , but the helicopter was not a Red Cross helicopter , and must have been painted by one of several military organizations operating in the region at the time . Perhaps the Red Cross logo itself was also used , although no hard evidence was found for this ; that this was part of the military operation to free the hostages , but was clearly intended to achieve surprise by deceiving the local people into thinking that a Red Cross helicopter was landing ; and that the Red Cross should have responded more quickly and thoroughly to investigate the allegations than it did . See also ( edit ) Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement First Aid Convention Europe International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) List of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day Red Swastika Society References ( edit ) ^ `` IFRC annual report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Take a Class '' . Red Cross . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts -- Organizations '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 . ^ Young , John ; Hoyland , Greg ( 14 July 2016 ) . Christianity : A Complete Introduction . Hodder & Stoughton . p. 354 . ISBN 9781473615779 . ^ Sending , Ole Jacob ; Pouliot , Vincent ; Neumann , Iver B. ( 20 August 2015 ) . Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics . Cambridge University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 9781316368787 . ^ Stefon , Matt ( 2011 ) . Christianity : History , Belief , and Practice . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 221 . ISBN 9781615304936 . ^ `` Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field . Geneva , 22 August 1864 '' . Geneva , Switzerland : International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . ^ Dromi , Shai M. ( 2016 ) . `` For good and country : nationalism and the diffusion of humanitarianism in the late nineteenth century '' . The Sociological Review . 64 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 97 . doi : 10.1002 / 2059 - 7932.12003 . ^ `` The Story of My Childhood '' . World Digital Library . 1907 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . ^ `` VIVANT QUI PASSE . AUSCHWITZ 1943 - THERESIENSTADT 1944 . R : Lanzmann ( FR , 1997 ) '' . Cine-holocaust.de . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . ^ `` Swiss ICRC delegate murdered '' . www.irinnews.org . IRIN. 28 March 2003 . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Ricardo Munguia , a Swiss citizen of Salvadorian origin was travelling with Afghan colleagues on an assignment to improve the water supply to the district . He was shot in cold blood on Thursday by a group of unidentified assailants who stopped the vehicles transporting them ... the assailants had shot the 39 - year - old water and habitat engineer in the head and burned one car , warning two Afghans accompanying him not to work for foreigners ... Asked what action ICRC was taking , Bouvier explained that ' for the time being , the ICRC has decided to temporarily freeze all field trips in Afghanistan , calling all staff to the main delegation 's offices . ' ^ `` Afghanistan : first ICRC visit to detainees in Taliban custody '' . Icrc.org. 2009 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . ^ `` Red Cross in Afghanistan gives Taliban first aid help '' . BBC News . 2010 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . ^ `` The Governing Board - IFRC '' . www.ifrc.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ `` Role and Mandate of the Standing Commission '' . Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent . Archived from the original on 15 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ `` Appeals '' . IFRC . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` Two new members join IFRC family '' . IFRC . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` The history of the emblems '' . ICRC. 2007 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ Pierre Boissier . `` From Solferino to Tsushima ( 1985 edition ) '' . Open Library . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ `` Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 , and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem ( Protocol III ) , 8 December 2005 Article 1 - Respect for and scope of application of this Protocol '' . Icrc.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . ^ South African Jewish year Book 1929 , The Jews in South Africa : Saron and Hotz ^ `` American Red Cross Welcomes Israel 's Magen David Adom and Palestine Red Crescent Society to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement '' ( Press release ) . American Red Cross . 21 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . ^ `` Blood On the Cross -- EngageMedia '' . Engagemedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ Leith , Denise ( 2002 ) . The politics of power : Freeport in Suharto 's Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2566 - 7 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . ^ Paul Barber , TAPOL , the Indonesia Human Rights Campaign , Irian Jaya : The Record , April 20 - April 30 , 2000 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bennett , Angela . The Geneva Convention : The Hidden Origins of the Red Cross . Sutton Publishing , Gloucestershire , England , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 4147 - 2 Boissier , Pierre . History of the International Committee of the Red Cross . Volume I : From Solferino to Tsushima . Henry Dunant Institute , Geneva , 1985 . ISBN 2 - 88044 - 012 - 2 Bugnion , François . The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War Victims . ICRC & Macmillan ( ref. 0503 ) , Geneva , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 74771 - 2 Dunant , Henry . A Memory of Solferino . ICRC , Geneva 1986 . ISBN 2 - 88145 - 006 - 7 Durand , André . History of the International Committee of the Red Cross . Volume II : From Sarajevo to Hiroshima . Henry Dunant Institute , Geneva , 1984 . ISBN 2 - 88044 - 009 - 2 Farmborough , Florence . With the Armies of the Tsar : A Nurse at the Russian Front 1914 - 1918 . Stein and Day , New York , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1793 - 1 Favez , Jean - Claude . The Red Cross and the Holocaust , Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Forsythe , David P. Humanitarian Politics : The International Committee of the Red Cross . Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore 1978 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 1983 - 0 Forsythe , David P . The Humanitarians : The International Committee of the Red Cross . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61281 - 0 Haug , Hans . Humanity for All : The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . Henry Dunant Institute , Geneva in association with Paul Haupt Publishers , Bern , 1993 . ISBN 3 - 258 - 04719 - 7 Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . 13th edition , International Committee of the Red Cross , Geneva , 1994 . ISBN 2 - 88145 - 074 - 1 Hutchinson , John F. Champions of Charity : War and the Rise of the Red Cross . Westview Press , Boulder , Colorado , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3367 - 9 Moorehead , Caroline . Dunant 's Dream : War , Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross . HarperCollins , London , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255141 - 1 ( Hardcover edition ) ; HarperCollins , London 1999 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 638883 - 3 ( Paperback edition ) Willemin , Georges ; Heacock , Roger . International Organization and the Evolution of World Society . Volume 2 : The International Committee of the Red Cross . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , Boston , 1984 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 3064 - 3 Journal articles ( edit ) Bugnion , François . The emblem of the Red Cross : a brief history . ICRC ( ref. 0316 ) , Geneva , 1977 . Bugnion , François . Towards a comprehensive Solution to the Question of the Emblem . Revised 4th edition . ICRC ( ref. 0778 ) , Geneva , 2006 . Forsythe , David P . `` The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Humanitarian Law . '' In : Humanitäres Völkerrecht -- Informationsschriften . The Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict. 2 / 2003 , German Red Cross and Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict , p. 64 -- 77 . ISSN 0937 - 5414 Lavoyer , Jean - Philippe ; Maresca , Louis . The Role of the ICRC in the Development of International Humanitarian Law . In : International Negotiation. 4 ( 3 ) / 1999 . Brill Academic Publishers , p. 503 -- 527 . ISSN 1382 - 340X Walters , William C. ( 2004 ) . An assessment of the capacity of the Red Cross National Societies to address the psychological and social needs of survivors of disasters and complex emergencies in Central and South America ) ( M.S.W. thesis ) . Wilfrid Laurier University . Wylie , Neville . The Sound of Silence : The History of the International Committee of the Red Cross as Past and Present . In : Diplomacy and Statecraft. 13 ( 4 ) / 2002 . Routledge / Taylor & Francis , p. 186 -- 204 , ISSN 0959 - 2296 External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . The International RCRC Movement - Who we are The magazine of the international RCRC Movement International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in the Dodis database of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement International Organisations International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) National Societies Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo , Democratic Republic of Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea ( pending recognition and admission ) Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran , Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea , Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People 's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia , Federated States of Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( pending recognition and admission ) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino , Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania , United Republic of Thailand Timor - Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Sources www.icrc.org www.ifrc.org/address/rclinks.asp Disasters portal International relations portal War portal Coordinates : 46 ° 13 ′ 40 '' N 6 ° 8 ′ 14 '' E  /  46.22778 ° N 6.13722 ° E  / 46.22778 ; 6.13722 VIAF : 167237176 LCCN : n2001131185 ISNI : 0000 0001 1941 4682 GND : 138093 - X SUDOC : 028180585 BNF : cb118683491 ( data ) BIBSYS : 1465468306125 NLA : 35444802 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement&oldid=825632906 '' Categories : Aftermath of war Human rights organizations Humanitarian aid organizations International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Missing people organizations Organisations based in Geneva Organizations established in 1863 1863 establishments in Switzerland Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 14 : 07 . 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Three Rivers Park

Three Rivers Park - wikipedia Three Rivers Park This article is about the park in Pittsburgh . For the stadium in Pittsburgh , see Three Rivers Stadium . For the park district in Minnesota , see Three Rivers Park District . For other uses , see Three Rivers ( disambiguation ) . Three Rivers Park Type Municipal Park Location Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Coordinates 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Coordinates : 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Operated by Riverlife Website http://www.riverlifepgh.org/ Logo of Three Rivers Park Three Rivers Park is a public urban waterfront park along the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio Rivers in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The park , under development since 2000 , is currently defined by the boundaries of the West End Bridge over the Ohio River , the 31st Street Bridge over the Allegheny River , and the Hot Metal Bridge over the Monongahela River . The wishbone - shaped loop of Three Rivers Park encompasses the Pittsburgh Peninsula and Point State Park at its center , and spans over 13 miles of interconnected trails and green space with over 800 acres of public open space . Contents 1 Overview 2 Completed segments 3 History of development 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Three Rivers Park is composed of several capital projects , with Riverlife , formerly known as Riverlife Task Force overseeing implementation of the park with the cooperation of public and private property owners and community groups . The park is being designed to open the three rivers to public access in a way that was impossible during Pittsburgh 's Industrial Age . Three Rivers Park offers continuous trails and green space along a more than 13 - mile waterfront loop . Contained within the project site boundaries are shorelines , public and private property , and several bridges . The Three Rivers Heritage Trail regional trail system runs through the park , as does the multi-state Great Allegheny Passage trail . The logo of Three Rivers Park is the outline shape of Fort Pitt , the 18th century outpost of the British Empire at the confluence of the Monongahela , Allegheny , and Ohio Rivers . The design aims to capture the historical significance of Pittsburgh , with added graphic elements of water and leaf shapes to acknowledge the region 's natural history . The logo appears on signage throughout Three Rivers Park and mile markers embedded in the trail which reference Point State Park 's fountain as Mile 0 . Completed segments ( edit ) North Shore Riverfront Park Allegheny Riverfront Park Point State Park South Shore Riverfront Park Station Square Mon Wharf Landing Strip District Riverfront Trail Washington 's Landing David L. Lawrence Convention Center Riverfront Plaza Allegheny Riverfront Park / Cultural District Riverfront History of development ( edit ) In 1999 Riverlife ( then known as Riverlife Task Force ) held an international request for proposals for the creation of a vision plan for the redevelopment of Pittsburgh 's riverfronts . The winning firm chosen was Chan Krieger Sieniewicz of Cambridge , Massachusetts . Chan Krieger and Riverlife held dozens of public meetings to garner feedback from Pittsburgh citizens about the future of the riverfronts . The vision for Three Rivers Park was first unveiled in Riverlife 's 2001 `` A Vision Plan for Pittsburgh 's Riverfronts . '' The vision plan was accepted by the City of Pittsburgh . See also ( edit ) Pittsburgh portal Parks in Pittsburgh References ( edit ) Patricia Lowry ( 2007 ) . Riverlife Task Force profile : story by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Three Rivers Park website Three Rivers Park . Parks of Pittsburgh Allegheny Arsenal Allegheny Commons Allegheny Riverfront ArtGardens Buhl Community Chatham University Arboretum Frank Curto Frick Emerald View Highland Market Square Mellon Mellon Green Mellon Square North Shore Riverfront Phillips Point of View Point State PPG Place Riverview Roberto Clemente Memorial Rodef Shalom Biblical Botanical Garden Schenley Schenley Plaza South Shore Riverfront South Side Three Rivers West End Overlook Westinghouse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Rivers_Park&oldid=836413564 '' Categories : Parks in Pittsburgh Urban public parks Allegheny River Monongahela River Ohio River Regional parks in the United States Urban forests in the United States Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 17 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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Cold War

Cold War - wikipedia Cold War This article is about the state of political tension from 1947 -- 1991 . For the current state of political tension , see Cold War II . For other uses , see Cold War ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold warrior '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cold warrior ( disambiguation ) . The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 1961 ; The Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project crew , 1975 ; Shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 on 1 September 1983 , one of the tensest moments of the Cold War ; During the Cold War , the US conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count , between 1945 and 1992 ; The fall of the Berlin Wall , 1989 ; Tanks in Red Square during the August Coup , four months before the USSR collapse , 1991 . The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and either 1989 , when communism fell in Eastern Europe , or 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system . The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 . A neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement , which sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , far - reaching embargos , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and the USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Meanwhile , an international peace movement took root and grew among citizens around the world , first in Japan from 1954 , when people became concerned about nuclear weapons testing , but soon also in Europe and the US . The peace movement , and in particular the anti-nuclear movement , gained pace and popularity from the late 1950s and early 1960s , and continued to grow through the ' 70s and ' 80s with large protest marches , demonstrations and various non-parliamentary activism opposing war and calling for global nuclear disarmament . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . On 12 June 1982 , a million protesters gathered in Central Park , New York to call for an end to the Cold War arms race and nuclear weapons in particular . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( notably the internationally successful James Bond book and film franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare . Meanwhile , a renewed state of tension between the Soviet Union 's successor state , Russia , and the United States in the 2010s ( including its Western allies ) has been referred to as the Second Cold War . Contents 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 2.1 Russian Revolution 2.2 Beginnings of World War II 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) 5.1 Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 8.1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Cold War II Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II , English writer George Orwell used cold war , as a general term , in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare , Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world , writing : Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours . In The Observer of 10 March 1946 , Orwell wrote , `` after the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch , an influential advisor to Democratic presidents , on 16 April 1947 . The speech , written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope , proclaimed , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term , Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s , la guerre froide . Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Russian Revolution Allied troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 , during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw `` no prospect of permanent peace '' , with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming : Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics , the states of the world have divided into two camps : the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism . There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality , colonial slavery , and chauvinism , national oppression and pogroms , imperialist brutalities and wars . Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace , national freedom and equality , a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples . According to British historian Christopher Sutton : In what some have called the First Cold War , from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941 , British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic , foreign , and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism . This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields , new weapons , new players , and a greater intensity , but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism ( real and imagined ) . The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged . Frank Ninkovich writes : As for the two cold wars thesis , the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable . To be sure , they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility , but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace . After World War II , in contrast , the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War . Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s , it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same . Beginnings of World War II After signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied Britain , the Soviet Union and other Allied nations through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers . End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Wartime CONFERENCES regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 . The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look , and how borders would be drawn , following the war . Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security . Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible , permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations . Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth . In the American view , Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals , whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe , Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors . The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets . In October 1944 , Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence , including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece . At the Yalta Conference of February 1945 , Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations . Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement , but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe . Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany . At the Second Quebec Conference , a high - level military conference held in Quebec City , 12 -- 16 September 1944 , Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters , including a plan for Germany , based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal . The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for `` eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar ... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character . '' However , it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states . On 10 May 1945 , President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 . The directive , which was in effect for over two years , and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin , directed the U.S. forces of occupation to `` ... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany '' . Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy . The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin . General Wolff , a war criminal , appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg trials by Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) commander ( and later CIA director ) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945 . Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable , a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period . In April 1945 , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman , who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals . Both Churchill and Truman opposed , among other things , the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government , the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London , whose relations with the Soviets had been severed . Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe . In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control . The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace , but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power . Accordingly , the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric , and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune . Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon . Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan . Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Further information : Post -- World War II economic expansion Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc , the so - called ' Iron Curtain ' . During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) . The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( 11 January 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 15 September 1946 ) Polish People 's Republic ( 19 January 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( 13 April 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 9 May 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( 20 August 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( 7 October 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel . As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that , given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war , and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable , there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe . After World War II , US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc , which evolved into Operation Gladio . Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic . In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' . On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '' , former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton , Missouri . The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets , whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic '' . Only a week later , on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech , saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination , and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere . He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union , anxious for its future safety , ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries '' . 1 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947 , US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran , Turkey and Greece , as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons . In February 1947 , the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents . The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment , the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism . Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine , which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes . American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government . ( The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes . ) Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War , but ultimately persisted thereafter . Moderate and conservative parties in Europe , as well as social democrats , gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance , while European and American Communists , financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations , adhered to Moscow 's line , although dissent began to appear after 1956 . Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement . Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid . The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid . In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the plan , which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War . Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union . In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures . The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe , Greece , and Turkey . With the US assistance , the Greek military won its civil war . Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948 . At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity , Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions . Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947 , the Soviets created Cominform , the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc . Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June , when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia , which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position . Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade . The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased . Shortly thereafter , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) , one of the first major crises of the Cold War , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , Britain , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade . In 1952 , Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances , but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers . Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal . Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office . Britain , France , the United States , Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 , establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . That August , the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk , Kazakh SSR . Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948 , the US , Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949 . The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October . Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state , completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party , with radio and television organizations being state - owned , while print media was usually owned by political organizations , mostly by the local communist party . Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism , claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system . Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan . American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . In the early 1950s , the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and , in 1955 , secured its full membership of NATO . In May 1953 , Beria , by then in a government post , had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO . Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow , December 1949 . In 1949 , Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China , and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China . According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad , the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Moreover , his party was weakened during the war against Japan . Meanwhile , the communists told different groups , such as the peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism . Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan . Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949 , the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy . In NSC 68 , a secret 1950 document , the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense . United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases . Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul , September 1950 . One of the more significant examples of the implementation of containment was US intervention in the Korean War . In June 1950 , Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea . Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion . To Stalin 's surprise , the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea , though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council . A UN force of personnel from South Korea , the United States , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Canada , Colombia , Australia , France , South Africa , the Philippines , the Netherlands , Belgium , New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion . General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt . McKinley , 15 September 1950 . Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations . For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces . Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s . Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959 . Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953 , changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War . Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January . During the last 18 months of the Truman administration , the American defense budget had quadrupled , and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively . After the death of Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . On 25 February 1956 , Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes . As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization , he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past . On 18 November 1956 , while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow , Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not , history is on our side . We will bury you '' expression , shocking everyone present . He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war , but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism . In 1961 , Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West , within a decade its housing shortage would disappear , consumer goods would be abundant , and within two decades , the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main '' . Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets . Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence , after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961 . While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions , the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce . The Soviets , who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949 , established a formal alliance therein , the Warsaw Pact , in 1955 . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest , on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi . In response to a popular uprising , the new regime formally disbanded the secret police , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . The Soviet Army invaded . Thousands of Hungarians were arrested , imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union , and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos . Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials . From 1957 through 1961 , Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation . He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States , capable of wiping out any American or European city . However , Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war , and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence '' . This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance , where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now , peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own , as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities , which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle . The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' . America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism . However , by the late 1960s , the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over , with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology . Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum , and European integration During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans . Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question . More broadly , one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically , economically , and militarily , but which later administrations viewed ambivalently , fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union , which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity . Competition in the Third World Main articles : Decolonization § After 1945 , Wars of national liberation , 1953 Iranian coup d'état , 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations . 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba , prime minister of the Republic of the Congo . The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . '' The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency . In Guatemala , a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 . The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law , returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company , set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism , and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States . The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 . In the Republic of the Congo , newly independent from Belgium since June 1960 , the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead . In the ensuing Congo Crisis , the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état . An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations , 1950 -- 2011 . In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office . Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam . In the Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed , leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961 , Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it . Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states . Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America . Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union , most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance , beginning the Sino - Soviet split . Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956 , and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart , accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge . For his part , Khrushchev , disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war , referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne '' . After this , Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance , but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal . The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war . Further on , the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement . Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War , equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Second Vietnam War , and Sino - American rapprochement . The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general , and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular . Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969 . On the nuclear weapons front , the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other . In August 1957 , the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October , launched the first Earth satellite , Sputnik 1 . The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race . This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings , which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War . '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961 . In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in 1 January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration . Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall , but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington , D.C. in April , leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place . Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960 . In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support . Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Berlin Wall , and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie , during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 . The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany . By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . However , hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin , where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement . The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals , such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961 . That June , the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin . The request was rebuffed , and on 13 August , East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole . Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba , taken by a US spy aircraft , 1 November 1962 . Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government . Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project , devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961 . In February 1962 , Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October , possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro . Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response . Alarmed , Kennedy considered various reactions , and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets . Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation , and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again . Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway , and that we were going to disappear . '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before . The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations , although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement , the Antarctic Treaty , had come into force in 1961 . In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war . Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism . Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973 . United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s . In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated . As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente . French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history , with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards . De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom , and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France , most notably French Algeria , where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance . Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil . Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968 , a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations , which described increasing freedom of the press , freedom of speech and freedom of movement , along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods , the possibility of a multiparty government , limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact . Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington , 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US . In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties . Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968 , during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia , Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine , in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism . During the speech , Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe . Third World escalations See also : Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 , Vietnam War , 1973 Chilean coup d'état , 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état , 1976 Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six - Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Reeducation camp , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967 . Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration , which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine '' . In 1964 , the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing . In late April 1965 , the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack , citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America . Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president , until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch . Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces . Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference , 23 June 1967 . In Indonesia , the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order '' . From 1965 to 1966 , with the aid of the United States and other Western governments , the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations , and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions . A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century , along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s , the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War , and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s . '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia . Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it , Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War , but his costly policy weakened the US economy and , by 1975 , it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations . Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976 . In Chile , the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970 , becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas . The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically , which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973 . Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator , Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back , and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) . The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government . Henry Kissinger , who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford , was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ) . The Middle East remained a source of contention . Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang , South Vietnam , November 1965 . In Africa , Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969 , creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic . The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia . Four years later , the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg , a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam , who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets . When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War , Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons . The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments . The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor . In Africa , where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961 , a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , backed by the Cubans and the Soviets , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , backed by the United States , the People 's Republic of China , and Mobutu 's government in Zaire . The United States , the apartheid government of South Africa , and several other African governments also supported a third faction , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) . Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance , the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA . Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA , but the MPLA , bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance , eventually gained the upper hand . During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot , 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership . During the Vietnam War , North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases , which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea . US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion , the effects of which are disputed by historians . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields , out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million . Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era . '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation , an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin , Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978 . The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot , but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations , and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand . Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction , Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack . Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon , during his visit in China . As a result of the Sino - Soviet split , tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969 , and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War . The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well . In February 1972 , Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . At this time , the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile , the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe . Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s , tensions were beginning to ease . Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna . Following his visit to China , Nixon met with Soviet leaders , including Brezhnev in Moscow . These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers . Meanwhile , Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy , which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures . Between 1972 and 1974 , the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties , including agreements for increased trade . As a result of their meetings , détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually . Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty , during the Iranian Revolution . Kissinger and Nixon were `` realists '' who deemphasized idealistic goals like anti-communism or promotion of democracy worldwide , because those goals were too expensive in terms of America 's economic capabilities . Instead of a Cold War they wanted peace , trade and cultural exchanges . They realized that Americans were no longer willing to tax themselves for idealistic foreign policy goals , especially for containment policies that never seemed to produce positive results . Instead Nixon and Kissinger sought to downsize America 's global commitments in proportion to its reduced economic , moral and political power . They rejected `` idealism '' as impractical and too expensive ; neither man showed much sensitivity to the plight of people living under Communism . Kissinger 's realism fell out of fashion as idealism returned to American foreign policy with Carter 's moralism emphasizing human rights , and Reagan 's rollback strategy aimed at destroying Communism . Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola . Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979 , his efforts were undermined by the other events that year , including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution , which both ousted pro-US regimes , and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December . `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House , 1983 . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution . Within months , opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide . The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . By mid-1979 , the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen . In September 1979 , Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized government , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan . As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' . Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House , 1981 . The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . '' In 1982 Reagan tried to cut off Moscow 's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe . It hurt the Soviet economy , but it also caused ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue . Reagan retreated on this issue . By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union . Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy . Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS - 20 Saber , and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2006 . Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off , carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star '' . Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed , in the number of troops in their ranks , and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base . However , the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West . For example , the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor , fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank , the T - 72 , were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams , yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's . By the early 1980s , the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States . Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , president Carter began massively building up the United States military . This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration , which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986 , the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history . Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration , produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers , installed US cruise missiles in Europe , and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media , a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight . With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war , Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union . After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation . On 1 September 1983 , the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard , including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre '' . This act increased support for military deployment , overseen by Reagan , which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983 , a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release , was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis , as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent . American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War . The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick , low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts . In 1983 , the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War , invaded Grenada , bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras , anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua . While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States , his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy . The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War , in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt , was also controversial . Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system . A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' . Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House , 1987 . By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state . An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring . Perestroika relaxed the production quota system , allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment . These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector . Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations . Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers . In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race . The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva , Switzerland . At one stage the two men , accompanied only by an interpreter , agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent . A second summit , was held in October 1986 , Reykjavík , Iceland . Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative , which Gorbachev wanted eliminated . Reagan refused . The negotiations failed , but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) . The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed , ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure . `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s , culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989 , when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty . During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies , along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels , represented a substantial economic drain . In addition , the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification , the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario . When the Berlin Wall came down , Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape . On 3 December 1989 , Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later , the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq ( August 1990 -- February 1991 ) . Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state . Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way , 23 August 1989 . In the USSR itself , glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990 , with the dissolution of the USSR looming , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow , with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely . Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) , The Barricades , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States , 1991 . Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush , who strove to maintain friendly relations , condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania , privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued . The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , who threatened to secede from the USSR . The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December 1991 , is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but , according to Russia 's leaders , its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation . The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 . US President at that time , George H.W. Bush , expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life , in our lives , is this : By the grace of God , America won the Cold War . '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War , Frozen conflict , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , Yugoslav Wars , and Cold War II Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany . In the 25 years following the end of the Cold War , only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the rich and capitalist world while most are falling behind , some to such an extent that it will take several decades to catch up to where they were before the collapse of communism . The Cold War continues to influence world affairs . The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower . The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries , with 526,000 troops stationed abroad , with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ) . The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes , especially in the United States , and large - scale military funding of science . These complexes , though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century , snowballed considerably during the Cold War . Since the end of the Cold War , the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States . In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today . However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure . In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself , with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world , especially using motion pictures . The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media , and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films , novels , television , and other media . In 2013 , a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series , The Americans , set in the early 1980s , was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list ; its six - season run concluded in May of 2018 . At the same time , movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial period 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1870s -- c. 1900 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar era 1945 -- 1964 Civil Rights era 1964 -- 1980 Reagan Era 1981 -- present Timeline As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians , political scientists , and journalists . In particular , historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable , or could have been avoided . Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was , what the sources of the conflict were , and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides . Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse , several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified . Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts , `` revisionism '' , and `` post-revisionism '' . `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe . `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States , citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II . `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced , and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War . Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories . See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War II Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Non-Aligned Movement Soviet Empire Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones , `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2 , Larry Neal et al , eds . ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) , p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name ? '' The Economist , 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis : UN chief says Cold War is back '' . BBC News . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Orwell , `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , Tribune 19 October 1945 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George , The Observer , 10 March 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Islamofascism Anyone ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` This Day on History -- April 16 , 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' `` . A + E Networks . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Strobe Talbott , The Great Experiment : The Story of Ancient Empires , Modern States , and the Quest for a Global Nation ( 2009 ) p. 441 n. 3 ; Lippmann 's own book is Lippmann , Walter ( 1947 ) . The Cold War . Harper . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Palmieri 1989 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Max Beloff , The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1929 - 1936 ( vol 1 , 1947 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Chrtistopher Sutton , Britain 's Cold War in Cyprus and Hong Kong : A Conflict of Empires ( 2016 ) , abstract of ch. 1 Jump up ^ Frank Ninkovich , `` The First Cold War '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2003 ) 33 # 3 pp 688 - 90 . Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring Jr. , Aid to Russia , 1941 -- 1946 : Strategy , Diplomacy , the Origins of the Cold War ( Columbia University Press , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 13 -- 23 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Plokhy 2010 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Max Frankel , `` Stalin 's Shadow '' , New York Times 21 Nov 2012 reviewing Anne Applebaum , Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 ( 2012 ) , See Introduction , text after note 26 , and ch. 3 , 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Heller , p. 27 . `` From the Soviet perspective , a postwar period of peace and reconstruction was indispensable . Therefore , the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies , the United States and Great Britain , was greatly to be desired . '' Jump up ^ David Carlton , Churchill and the Soviet Union ( Manchester University Press , 2000 ) p. 114 - 116 Jump up ^ Allan Todd , History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 : The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia ( Cambridge University Press , 2016 ) , p. 105 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office , Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the McCarran Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws , ( Washington , 1967 ) volume 1 , pp. 620 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kerstin von Lingen , Allen Dulles , the OSS , and Nazi War Criminals ( Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) , p. 6 , 81 - 90 Jump up ^ Rev , Istvan . `` Opinion An Absurdist Film That Touches on Wartime Reality '' . mobile.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Peck , Michael . `` Operation Unthinkable : Britain 's Secret Plan to Invade Russia in 1945 '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zubok 1996 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bourantonis 1996 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Garthoff 1994 , p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Byrd , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . In McLean , Iain ; McMillan , Alistair . The concise Oxford dictionary of politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280276 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Alan Wood , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud , Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 , p. 200 . Taylor & Francis , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97515 - 8 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Roht - Arriaza 1995 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army '' . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Warfare : Operation Gladio and NATO 's Stay - Behind Armies -- Chronology '' Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zurich Jump up ^ Schecter 2003 , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Kydd 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Morgan , Curtis F. `` Southern Partnership : James F. Byrnes , Lucius D. Clay and Germany , 1945 -- 1947 '' . James F. Byrnes Institute . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Harriman , Pamela C. ( Winter 1987 -- 1988 ) . `` Churchill and ... Politics : The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain Speech '' . Winston Churchill Centre . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . 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In Behind the Throne : Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents , 1898 -- 1968 , ed . Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber . University of Wisconsin Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13740 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Itzigsohn , José ( 2000 ) . Developing Poverty : The State , Labor Market Deregulation , and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Geoffrey B. ( 2018 ) . The Killing Season : A History of the Indonesian Massacres , 1965 - 66 . Princeton University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 9781400888863 . a US Embassy official in Jakarta , Robert Martens , had supplied the Indonesian Army with lists containing the names of thousands of PKI officials in the months after the alleged coup attempt . According to the journalist Kathy Kadane , `` As many as 5,000 names were furnished over a period of months to the Army there , and the Americans later checked off the names of those who had been killed or captured . '' Despite Martens later denials of any such intent , these actions almost certainly aided in the death or detention of many innocent people . They also sent a powerful message that the US government agreed with and supported the army 's campaign against the PKI , even as that campaign took its terrible toll in human lives . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . This was efficacious terror , an essential building block of the neoliberal policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno 's ouster . Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( 2 December 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevins , Vincent ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farid , Hilmar ( 2005 ) . `` Indonesia 's original sin : mass killings and capitalist expansion , 1965 -- 66 '' . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 1462394042000326879 . Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 80 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 81 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Scott , Margaret ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Uncovering Indonesia 's Act of Killing '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Salvador Allende '' . BBC . 8 September 2003 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government . Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . 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Barre agreed . Egypt then sold Somalia $75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms , with Saudi Arabia footing the bill . '' Jump up ^ Miglietta , American Alliance Policy ( 2002 ) , p. 78 . `` American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran , which transferred excess arms from their inventories . It was said that American M - 48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman . '' Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives , '' in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54ff . Can be accessed at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . 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New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . Jump up ^ Theory of the Global State : Globality as Unfinished Revolution by Martin Shaw , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , p. 141 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59730 - 2 Jump up ^ Slocomb M. `` The K5 Gamble : National Defence and Nation Building under the People 's Republic of Kampuchea . '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , 2001 ; 32 ( 02 ) : 195 -- 210 Jump up ^ hu - Huong , Nguyen ( 1992 ) . Khmer Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 717 - 0 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 149 -- 152 Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 168 -- 169 Jump up ^ `` President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC News . 22 May 1972 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Litwak , Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability , 1969 -- 1976 ( Cambridge UP , 1986 ) . 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United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe . Oxford University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829132 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512371 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pavelec , Sterling Michael ( 2009 ) . The Military - Industrial Complex and American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 187 - 4 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr , `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Center for Systemic Peace ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood , Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds ( University Press of Kansas , 2010 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Jason Dietz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Best New TV Shows of 2013 '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive Inc . ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` ' The Americans ' finale brings FX drama to tense , satisfying close '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Gokcek , Gigi & Howard , Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students '' . Journal of Political Science Education . 9 ( 4 ) : 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum , Anne ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3 . Bilinsky , Yaroslav ( 1990 ) . Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine . Greenwood . ISBN 0275963632 . Bronson , Rachel . Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 Brazinsky , Gregg A. Winning the Third World : Sino - American Rivalry during the Cold War ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) ; four online reviews & author response The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Christenson , Ron ( 1991 ) . Political trials in history : from antiquity to the present . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 406 - 4 . Davis , Simon , and Joseph Smith . The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow , 2005 ) , encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Fedorov , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends , Stereotypes , Myths , Illusions . Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0 . Franco , Jean ( 2002 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0 . Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Vol. 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China , and the Third World ( 1992 ) , 379pp of biographies . Friedman , Norman ( 2007 ) . The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1990 ) . Russia , the Soviet Union and the United States . An Interpretative History . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1997 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Garthoff , Raymond ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2007 ) . Routledge Atlas of Russian History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3 . Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Halliday , Fred ( 2001 ) . `` Cold War '' . The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World . Oxford University Press Inc . Haslam , Jonathan . Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller , Henry ( 2006 ) . The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History , 1945 -- 2005 . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman , David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House , Jonathan . A Military History of the Cold War , 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman , Richard H. and Petra Goedde , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge , Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Kinsella , Warren ( 1992 ) . Unholy Alliances . Lester Publishing . ISBN 1895555248 . LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2 . LaFeber , Walter ( 2002 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7 . Leffler , Melvyn ( 1992 ) . A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8 . Leffler , Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol , 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz , Nicolas ( 2010 ) . The German Question and the International Order , 1943 -- 48 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0 . Lundestad , Geir ( 2005 ) . East , West , North , South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9 . Lüthi , Lorenz M ( 2008 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War : Essential Histories . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2 . Mastny , Vojtech . The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3 . Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1 . Miglietta , John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1992 : Iran , Israel , and Saudi Arabia . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0304 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The Last Decade of the Cold War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8371 - X . Nolan , Peter ( 1995 ) . China 's Rise , Russia 's Fall . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12714 - 6 . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Porter , Bruce ; Karsh , Efraim ( 1984 ) . The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31064 - 4 . Puddington , Arch ( 2003 ) . Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9045 - 2 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Rupprecht , Tobias , Soviet internationalism after Stalin : Interaction and exchange between the USSR and Latin America during the Cold War . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Service , Robert ( 2015 ) . The End of the Cold War : 1985 -- 1991 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 499 - 4 . Sewell , Bevan , The US and Latin America : Eisenhower , Kennedy and economic diplomacy in the Cold War . London : New York : I.B. Tauris , 2015 . Starr , S. Frederick ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland . ME Sharpe Inc . ISBN 0765613182 . Steele , Jonathan , `` Who started it ? '' ( review of Odd Arne Westad , The Cold War : a World History , Allen Lane , 2017 , 710 pp. , ISBN 978 0 241 01131 7 ) , London Review of Books , vol. 40 , no . 2 ( 25 January 2018 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 . Stone , Norman ( 2010 ) . The Atlantic and Its Enemies : A History of the Cold War . Basic Books Press . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02043 - 7 . Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32484 - 2 . ; Pulitzer Prize Tucker , Robert C. ( 1992 ) . Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above , 1928 -- 1941 . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30869 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer , ed . Encyclopedia of the Cold War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2008 ) , world coverage Walker , Martin . The Cold War : A History ( 1995 ) , British perspective Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Westad , Odd Arne ( 2017 ) . The Cold War : A World History . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465054930 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . Zubok , Vladislav ; Pleshakov , Constantine ( 1996 ) . Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2 . Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins , Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History , '' Historical Journal , December 2007 , Vol. 50 Issue 4 , pp 913 -- 934 , Isaac , Joel , and Duncan Bell , eds . Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston , Gordon . `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War , '' Social History , Aug 2010 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' , H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti , Leopoldo , et al. , eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener , Jon . How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4 . Cardona , Luis ( 2007 ) . Cold War KFA . Routledge . Dobrynin , Anatoly ( 2001 ) . In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8 . Hanhimäki , Jussi and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8 . Sakwa , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2 . `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , 12 October 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . ( transcript of `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' ) External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Cold War '' dated 2012 - 07 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Speaker of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia Speaker of the Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) , Speaker of the Lok Sabha लोक सभा अध्यक्ष State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India . The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections . Serving for a term of five years , the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha , and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance . The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Protem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 References 6 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them . They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . The date of election of speaker is fixed by the President . Further , all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker . The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman , who is the Vice President of India . In the warrant of precedence , the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India . Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India Removal of the Speaker ( edit ) Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96 . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . This would arise out of speaker 's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution . When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill , it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker 's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122 Protem Speaker ( edit ) After a general election and the formation of a new government , a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs , who selects a protem speaker . The appointment has to be approved by the president . The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker . In absence of the Speaker , the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority . List of speakers ( edit ) No . Name Portrait Term Party From To Length Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 7003138300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 288 days 1st Indian National Congress M.A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 7002428000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 63 days 11 May 1957 16 April 1962 7003180100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 340 days 2nd Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 7003179400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 333 days 3rd Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 7002855000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 124 days 4th 5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon -- 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 7002586000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 221 days 22 March 1971 1 December 1975 7003171500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 254 days 5th 6 Bali Ram Bhagat -- 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 7002435000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 69 days ( 4 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 days 6th Janata Party 7 K.S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 7002914000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 184 days 8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 7003145400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 358 days 7th Indian National Congress 16 January 1985 18 December 1989 7003179700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 336 days 8th 9 Rabi Ray -- 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 7002567000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 202 days 9th Janata Dal 10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 7003177800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 317 days 10th Indian National Congress 11 P.A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 7002669000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 304 days 11th 12 G.M.C. Balayogi -- 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 7002574000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party 22 October 1999 3 March 2002 7002863000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 132 days 13th 13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 7002754000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 23 days Shiv Sena 14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 7003182200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 361 days 14th Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 7003182600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days 15th Indian National Congress 16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 7003119700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 101 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party The names , terms of office and Lok Sabhas were taken from : Former Speakers . The Office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/roleofthespeaker.asp Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lok-sabha-speaker-sumitra-mahajan-profile/1/365536.html Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Act as Money Bill : Why the Lok Sabha is n't Immune from Judicial Review '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashok , Akash Deep ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Pro tem Speaker : All you need to know about this parliamentary post '' . India Today . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Gurdial Singh Dhillon Bali Ram Bhagat K.S. Hegde Balram Jakhar Rabi Ray Shivraj Patil P.A. Sangma G.M.C. Balayogi Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterjee Meira Kumar Sumitra Mahajan Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=800770424 '' Categories : Lists of legislative speakers in India Speakers of the Lok Sabha Lists of political office - holders in India Lists of members of the Lok Sabha Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 25 . About Wikipedia

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Welcome to Night Vale

Welcome to Night Vale - wikipedia Welcome to Night Vale Jump to : navigation , search Welcome to Night Vale Presentation Starring Cecil Baldwin Format Comedy news satire surrealism paranormal horror deadpan magical realism Language English Production Opening theme `` The Ballad of Fiedler and Mundt '' by Disparition `` The Ballad of Haydon and Prideaux '' by Disparition , as of August 1 , 2015 Ending theme `` The Ballad of Magnus and Axel '' by Disparition No. of episodes Main series : 109 Live : 5 Bonus : 5 ( List of episodes ) Publication Original release June 15 , 2012 -- present Website Official website Bandcamp page Welcome to Night Vale is a podcast presented as a radio show for the fictional town of Night Vale , reporting on the strange events that occur within it . The series was created in 2012 by Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor . Published by Night Vale Presents since March 15 , 2015 , the podcast was previously published by Commonplace Books . Cecil Gershwin Palmer -- the host , main character , and narrator -- is voiced by Cecil Baldwin , while secondary characters are sometimes voiced by guest stars -- such as Dylan Marron , who voices Carlos . The podcast typically airs on the first and fifteenth of every month , and consists of `` news , announcements and advertisements '' from the desert town , located `` somewhere in the Southwestern United States . '' In an interview with NPR , Joseph Fink said that he `` came up with this idea of a town in that desert where all conspiracy theories were real , and we would just go from there with that understood . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Guest stars and guest writers 3 Novels 3.1 Welcome to Night Vale 3.2 It Devours ! 4 Night Vale Presents podcasts 5 Reception 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Production ( edit ) Cecil Baldwin as Cecil in the live episode `` The Investigators '' during the 2015 UK tour . See also : List of Welcome to Night Vale episodes Every episode of the podcast includes a piece of music as `` the weather '' , each by a different independently published artist . The theme and background instrumental music to the series were created by the musician and composer Disparition . In October 2013 , Welcome to Night Vale began presenting live shows , which continued into 2014 with a tour of the West Coast . In addition , it was announced during the episode `` The Auction '' that a novel would be published in 2015 . Fink stated that `` it 's going to have all the characters and weird atmosphere that you want from Night Vale , with a brand new story that explores parts of Night Vale that we just have n't been able to get into with the podcast '' . When the book became available for pre-order the following March , it became Amazon 's # 2 title seven months ahead of its October release date . Welcome to Night Vale 's plot consists of longform storytelling . Individual episodes usually function as standalone narratives and only rarely contain significant developments in storyline . The writers employ running jokes and plot arcs , advanced slowly through the events described in the podcast . For example , The Glow Cloud , one of the series ' most iconic characters , hypnotizes the townspeople with its colors and noxious gas , making people chant `` ALL HAIL THE MIGHTY GLOW CLOUD '' , and eventually becomes president of Night Vale 's school board . Another running joke is that the job with the highest death rate is being an intern at the radio station ; the only interns and former interns who are currently alive include ( in order of appearance ) Cecil , Chad Bowinger , Dana Cardinal , Maureen , Vithya and Kareem . Characters and narratives may emerge and develop slowly , while unrelated stories may combine to form new plot points . Major stories which have occurred include the development of a romantic relationship between Cecil and Carlos ; the stranding of several characters , including Carlos , in a `` desert otherworld '' ; the invasion of Night Vale by the corporation StrexCorp , from the rival town of Desert Bluffs , and StrexCorp 's eventual expulsion from Night Vale ; the 2014 mayoral elections , with subsequent terrorist activities by failed mayoral candidates The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home and Hiram McDaniels ; and the complications surrounding McDaniels ' subsequent imprisonment and trial . The series ' fourth anniversary in June 2016 coincided with a two - part climax to the most recent storyline : the invasion of Night Vale by mysterious strangers , led by a demonic beagle puppy accidentally summoned from Hell by Chad Bowinger , a former radio intern . The early plot point of a miniature city buried under the town 's bowling alley resurfaced after this , in addition to the sporadic appearance of Huntokar , a deer - headed deity with connections to both the tiny city and Night Vale 's unusual nature . Guest stars and guest writers ( edit ) Dylan Marron as Carlos , Cecil 's scientist boyfriend and later husband . Jasika Nicole as Dana Cardinal , former Night Vale Community Radio Intern and current Mayor of Night Vale . Kevin R. Free as Kevin , Cecil 's Desert Bluffs counterpart obsessed with blood and gore , offsetting his always cheery disposition . Mara Wilson as The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home , a former mayoral candidate and being who simultaneously lives in the homes of all Night Vale residents . Jackson Publick as Hiram McDaniels , a literal five - headed dragon and former mayoral candidate . Retta as Old Woman Josie , Cecil 's dearest friend and the only person in town to directly acknowledge the existence of Angels . Hal Lublin as Steve Carlsberg , Cecil 's brother - in - law whom he distrusts . Symphony Sanders as Tamika Flynn , a well - read young woman in charge of a teenage militia in the desert . Lauren Sharpe as Lauren Mallard , the former head of StrexCorp . Maureen Johnson as Intern Maureen , a disgruntled former Night Vale Community Radio Intern . Mark Gagliardi as John Peters , A local farmer who is always referred to as `` John Peters ; you know , the farmer ? '' Kate Jones as Michelle Nguyen , the owner of Dark Owl Records who vehemently disdains anything remotely popular . Desiree Burch as Pamela Winchell , the former Mayor of Night Vale and current Head of Emergency Press Conferences . Emma Frankland as Sheriff Sam , who became sheriff of Night Vale after the previous sheriff mysteriously disappeared . Tina Parker as Huntokar , the goddess who created Night Vale . Wil Wheaton as Earl Harlan , a local celebrity chef and childhood friend of Cecil . Meg Bashwhinner as Deb , a sentient patch of haze , who comes on the show to read advertisements . She also provides the voice of `` Proverb Lady '' who reads the credits at the end of every episode . James Urbaniack as Leonard Burton , the former host of Night Vale Community Radio before Cecil . Mark Evan Janson as Marcus Vanston , an extraordinarily wealthy Night Vale citizen who was turned into an Angel during the mayoral debate . Molly Quinn as Fey , a computer program reading random numbers that eventually becomes sentient . Molly Quinn also voices her creator , Melony Pennington . Felicia Day as Joanna Rey , a shapeshifting zookeeper . Jason Webley as Louie Blasko , the former owner of Louie 's Music Shop before it burned down and he skipped town . Aliee Chan as Basimah Bashara a young woman whose father has been away fighting the Blood Space War for most of her life . Dessa as Sabina , Cecil 's cousin . Erica Livingston and Christopher Loar as Maggie and Donald Penebaker , a husband and wife who serve as the voices of the phone tree menus for all services in night vale . Flor De Liz Perez as Lacy , a representative for the Night Vale Department of Water Zack Parsons , who wrote alongside Fink at Something Awful , has co-written four episodes : `` The Traveler , '' `` A Beautiful Dream , '' `` The Deft Bowman , '' and `` Lost in the Mail . '' `` The Auction '' was co-written by Glen David Gold , who also contributed material to `` The Woman from Italy . '' Novels ( edit ) Welcome to Night Vale ( edit ) Main article : Welcome to Night Vale ( novel ) In October 2015 Fink and Cranor released a novel by the same name , Welcome to Night Vale . It is told primarily from the viewpoints of Jackie Fierro and Diane Crayton , both citizens of Night Vale who have been featured in the podcast . Critical reception for the book has been positive . It Devours ! ( edit ) In the March 15 , 2017 episode of the podcast , Fink announced a second novel , titled It Devours ! , which will deal with Carlos and his team of scientists investigating the Cult of the Smiling God . It will be released October 17 , 2017 . Night Vale Presents podcasts ( edit ) Night Vale Presents , the overall banner for the Welcome to Night Vale podcast , began launching more serial fiction podcasts in early 2016 . The first , Alice Is n't Dead , was written by Night Vale cowriter Joseph Fink , and was performed by Jasika Nicole , who played Dana on Night Vale . The story was presented as monologues broadcast over a trucker CB radio , as a woman drives a truck across America , looking for her missing wife . The first season of 10 episodes was released between March and July , 2016 , and a second season began airing in April 2017 . The second Night Vale Presents podcast was Within the Wires , written by Night Vale cowriter Jeffrey Cranor and Janina Matthewson , who also performed the lead character . This story was told as a series of relaxation tapes prepared for a patient in a mysterious medical center known as `` The Institute . '' As the story unfolds , it became clear that the narrator of the tapes had a connection to the patient , and may have had a secret agenda . The first season of 10 episodes was released between June and November , 2016 . A third podcast , The Orbiting Human Circus ( of the Air ) , was released October 12 , 2016 . This podcast was written by and stars musician Julian Koster . Reception ( edit ) The show has been described as `` the news from Lake Wobegon as seen through the eyes of Stephen King '' , and Christopher Wynn of The Dallas Morning News characterized it as `` NPR meets The Mothman Prophecies '' . The Daily Dot 's Gavia Baker - Whitelaw compared the podcast to being `` caught somewhere between Weird Twitter and ' Tales of the Unexplained ' '' and said that it is `` well worth a listen -- although possibly not after dark , if you live in a small town yourself '' . Colin Griffith of The A.V. Club said the show is `` really well done , offering a surrealist / absurdist ( and occasionally existentialist ) take on community radio , with dispatches from the small , delectably nightmarish desert town of Night Vale '' . Writing for TechGeek , Erin Hill considered the uniqueness of the podcast to be `` its presentation of what is ordinary '' , adding that `` many of the things that Cecil reports goes against our idea of normal , but ( everything ) is presented in a manner that makes it seem mundane '' . In July 2013 , Welcome to Night Vale was ranked second on the top 10 audio podcasts list on iTunes , behind radio program This American Life . During the same month , it surpassed This American Life to become first on the podcasts list , having received 150,000 downloads during a single week . In December 2013 , The A.V. Club ranked the show 7th on its Best Podcasts of 2013 list . Co-producer Jeffrey Cranor attributed this spike in popularity to both Tumblr and fans of the television series Hannibal . Max Sebela , a creative strategist for Tumblr , stated that the fan following began to `` spiral out of control '' beginning on July 5 , with that week having `` 20,000 - plus posts about ' Night Vale , ' with 183,000 - plus individual blogs participating in the conversation , and 680,000 - plus notes '' . The Twitter account for the podcast has been noted as having more than 20,000 followers by July 2013 . According to The Daily Dot , new listeners primarily come through fan following and word of mouth primarily on Tumblr with fan fiction and fan art focusing on the romantic relationship between the show 's narrator and scientist Carlos . Fans have published `` fanscripts '' , transcripts of the podcast , in order to widen the accessibility of Welcome to Night Vale . On October 15 , 2015 producers Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor were interviewed on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , and Cecil Baldwin appeared for a Community Calendar public service message for Night Vale . Mike Rugnetta of PBS 's web show Idea Channel compares the show to horror writer H.P. Lovecraft 's style of writing about fear of what we do n't know . He says `` But Night Vale turns Lovecraft 's ' unimaginable terror ' into ' drab mundanity ' . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WELCOME TO NIGHT VALE '' . Disparition . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night Vale '' . Disparition . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale '' . PodParadise . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : 64 - WE MUST GIVE PRAISE '' . nightvale.libsyn.com. 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : Bonus Episode 3 - `` The Librarian '' Horoscopes `` . nightvale.libsyn.com. 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wynn , Christopher ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Welcome to Night Vale : Eerie , witty podcast has Texas ties '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D'Amico , Anthony ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Celebrating Their Corpse - Strewn Future : Welcome to Night Vale '' . Brainwashed . Brainwashed Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyden , Jacki ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Welcome To ' Night Vale ' -- Watch Out For The Tarantulas '' . NPR . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Nate ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` 6 Podcasts You Really Should Be Listening To '' . KQED . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Amelia ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Reasons to Listen to Welcome to Night Vale '' . The Artifice . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Shows '' . Commonplace Books . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Podcast ' Night Vale ' Coming Out as a Book '' . Associated Press . December 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fink , Joseph . `` The Auction '' . Welcome to Night Vale . Commonplace Books . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spooky podcast ' Welcome to Night Vale ' is coming to a bookstore near you '' . HelloGiggles . ^ Jump up to : B , Marke . `` Welcome to Oakland , ' Welcome to Night Vale ' '' . 48 Hills . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Croft , James . `` 5 Things Humanists Can Learn from `` Welcome to Night Vale '' `` . Patheos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Sarah . `` Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor on Welcome To Night Vale '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Welcome to Night Vale is Important '' . The Geekiary . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ la Vigna , Christina . `` Night Vale Nightmares # 8 : `` Taking Off / Review / Bonus Episode 4 : Pamela Winchell '' `` . Fangoria . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oh , My Pop Culture Religion : Religious Colonialism in Welcome to Night Vale '' . Lady Geek Girl and Friends . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Word Has No Meaning : The Resolution of Conflict and Belonging in Welcome to Night Vale '' . The Rainbow Hub . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fink , Joseph . `` Welcome to Night Vale : NPR from the Twilight Zone '' . Something Awful Forums . SomethingAwful LLC . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : 40 - The Deft Bowman '' . Nightvale.libsyn.com . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fink , Joseph . `` The Woman from Italy '' . Welcome to Night Vale . Commonplace Books . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hightower , Nancy . `` Our top science - fiction and fantasy picks for October '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Tobias . `` Review : ' Welcome to Night Vale , ' by Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barton , Chris . `` Review ' Welcome to Night Vale ' podcast becomes an equally weird , haunted yet humorous novel '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's coming ... and It Devours ! '' . welcometonightvale.com . Jump up ^ Night Vale Presents : Alice Is n't Dead , NightValePresents.com . Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16 . Jump up ^ Night Vale Presents : Within the Wires , NightValePresents.com . Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16 . Jump up ^ The Orbiting Human Circus , OrbitingHumanCircus.com . Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` '' Welcome to Night Vale , '' where David Lynch meets `` The Twilight Zone '' `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Colin ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Dick Van Dyke continues WTF 's `` comedy legends '' streak and Dane Cook makes it weird `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Erin ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Welcome to Night Vale : What is Normal ? '' . Techgeek . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Christopher ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Night Vale ' podcast with Texas ties closes in on ' This American Life ' on iTunes '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anthony , David ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` The best podcasts of 2013 Best of The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Adam ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` America 's Most Popular Podcast : What The Internet Did To `` Welcome to Night Vale '' `` . The Awl . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` In the surreal shadows of `` Night Vale , '' a new fandom lurks `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fan - created transcripts make it even easier to get into `` Night Vale '' `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Video - 10 / 15 / 2015 ( Oprah Winfrey , Joseph Fink , Jeffrey Cranor , Judith Hill ) - CBS.com '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Dobbs , Sarah ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor on Welcome To Night Vale '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Santilli , Morgana ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` There 's Something About Night Vale '' . Amazing Stories . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Welcome to Night Vale Wikimedia Commons has media related to Welcome to Night Vale . Official website Welcome to Night Vale on Facebook Welcome to Night Vale on Twitter ( hide ) Night Vale Presents Podcasts Narrative Fiction Welcome to Night Vale ( episodes ) Alice Is n't Dead Within the Wires The Orbiting Human Circus ( of the Air ) It Makes A Sound Commentary Conversations with People Who Hate Me I Only Listen to the Mountain Goats Novels Welcome to Night Vale It Devours ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Night_Vale&oldid=801648913 '' Categories : 2012 podcast debuts Audio podcasts Comedy and humor podcasts Horror podcasts LGBT - related podcasts Science fiction podcasts Scripted podcasts Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who voices the faceless old woman who secretly lives in your home

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Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)

Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) - wikipedia Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ( album ) . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) B - side `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' Released 21 January 1983 ( UK ) 2 May 1983 ( US ) Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded 1982 Genre Synthpop new wave Length 3 : 35 ( 7 '' single ) 4 : 48 ( 12 '' single ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl ? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl ? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1991 reissue ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' ( Remix ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` I Saved the World Today '' ( 1999 ) I Saved the World Today 1999 Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is a song written and performed by the British new wave music duo Eurythmics . The song is the title track of their album of the same name and was released as the fourth and final single from the album in early 1983 . The song became their breakthrough hit , establishing the duo worldwide . Its music video helped to propel the song to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It was the first single released by Eurythmics in the US . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is arguably Eurythmics ' signature song . Following its success , their previous single , `` Love Is a Stranger '' , was re-released and also became a worldwide hit . On Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time issue in 2003 , `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' was ranked number 356 . Eurythmics has regularly performed the song in all their live sets since 1982 , and it is often performed by Lennox on her solo tours . In 1991 , the song was remixed and reissued to promote Eurythmics ' Greatest Hits album . It re-charted in the UK , reaching number 48 , and was also a moderate hit in dance clubs . Another remix by Steve Angello was released in France in 2006 , along with the track `` I 've Got a Life '' ( peaking at number 10 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recording 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Track listings 4.1 7 '' single 4.2 12 '' single 4.3 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) 4.4 CD single ( 1991 re-release ) 5 Credits and personnel 6 Chart history 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Original release 6.3 1991 reissue 6.4 1995 reissue 6.5 Steve Angello Remix 6.6 2006 reissue 6.7 2010 reissue 6.8 2017 reissue 6.9 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Marilyn Manson cover 8.1 Formats and track listings 8.2 Charts 9 Other cover versions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart wrote the song after The Tourists had broken up and they formed Eurythmics . Although the two of them also broke up as a couple , they continued to work together . They became interested in electronic music , bought new synthesisers and started playing on it . According to Stewart , he managed to produce the beat and riff of the song on a synthesiser , and Lennox , on hearing it , said : `` What the hell is that ? '' and started playing on another synthesiser , and beginnings of the song came out of the two duelling synths . According to Lennox , the lyrics reflected the unhappy time after the break up of The Tourists , when she felt that they were `` in a dream world '' , and that whatever they were chasing was never going to happen . She said : `` '' Sweet dreams are made of this '' is basically me saying : `` Look at the state of us . How can it get worse ? I was feeling very vulnerable . The song was an expression of how I felt : hopeless and nihilistic . '' Stewart however thought the lyrics too depressing , and added the `` hold your head up , moving on '' line to make it more uplifting . Lennox also said that people had misinterpreted lines like `` Some of them want to use you ... some of them want to be abused '' to be about sex or S&M when that was not the intent . Recording ( edit ) The original recording 's main instrumentation featured a sequenced analog synthesizer riff , which Stewart accidentally discovered in the studio when he played a bass track backward . Apart from the synthesizer , the arrangement also uses a Movement Systems Drum Computer , a piano in the middle eight , and Lennox 's multitracked harmony vocals . According to Stewart , the record company did not think the song to be suitable as a single as it lacks a chorus , and did not want to release it as a single . However , when a radio DJ in Cleveland kept playing the song from the album and it received a strongly positive audience reaction , the label then decided to release it . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams '' was Eurythmics ' commercial breakthrough in the United Kingdom and all over the world . The single entered the UK chart at number 63 in February 1983 and reached number two the following month . `` Sweet Dreams '' was the first ever single release by Eurythmics in the United States when it was released in May 1983 . The single debuted at number 90 and slowly eased up the chart . By August , the single had reached number two and stayed there for four weeks , kept from the top by The Police 's `` Every Breath You Take '' before `` Sweet Dreams '' took the number one spot . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Sweet Dreams '' was directed by Chris Ashbrook and filmed in January 1983 , shortly before the single and the album was released . The video received heavy airplay on the then - fledgling MTV channel and is widely considered a classic clip from the early - MTV era . The music video begins with a fist ( presumably Stewart 's ) pounding on a table , with the camera panning up to reveal Lennox in a boardroom , with images of a Saturn V launch projected on a screen behind her , which are later replaced by a shot of a crowd walking down a street . Stewart is shown typing on a computer ( actually an MCS drum computer ) . The camera cuts to Lennox and Stewart meditating on the table . Stewart is next shown playing a cello in a field . The scene then returns to the boardroom , with Lennox and Stewart lying down on the table , and a cow walking around them . Stewart is shown again typing on the computer , with the cow chewing something right next to him . The scene cuts to the duo in a field , with a herd of cows , and Stewart still typing . Lennox and Stewart are then seen floating in a boat , with Stewart again playing a cello . The video ends with Lennox lying in bed , with the last shot being a book on a nightstand bearing a cover identical to the album . The screen then fades to black as Lennox turns off the bedside lamp . The video has more than 210 million views on YouTube as of May , 2018 . Lennox 's androgynous visual image , with close - cropped , orange - coloured hair , and attired in a man 's suit brandishing a cane , immediately made her a household name . Her gender - bending image would be further explored in other Eurythmics videos such as `` Love Is a Stranger '' and `` Who 's That Girl ? '' . A second video was also produced , featuring Lennox and Stewart on a train . A close - up shot of Lennox 's lips is occasionally seen in the train car 's window as she sings the song . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 36 B : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 12 '' single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( Extended Version ) -- 4 : 48 B1 : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 B2 : `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' ( Non-LP track ) -- 4 : 19 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( LP version ) -- 3 : 36 `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 54 `` Paint A Rumour '' -- 7 : 30 CD single ( 1991 re-release ) ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ' 91 - ( 3 : 35 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Nightmare Remix ) - ( 7 : 27 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Hot Remix ) - ( 5 : 21 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( House Remix ) - ( 3 : 34 ) Credits and personnel ( edit ) Annie Lennox -- vocals , synthesizer , piano David A. Stewart -- synthesizer , programming Robert Crash -- e-drums , synthesizer Adam Williams -- synthesizer Reynard Falconer -- synthesizer Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record Retail Singles ) Canada ( RPM 50 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) 14 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 36 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 16 US Cash Box Top 100 1991 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 48 1995 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 136 Steve Angello Remix ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 27 2006 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 19 2010 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 150 2017 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 49 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia 41 Canada 7 New Zealand 15 UK 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 951,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Marilyn Manson cover ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Marilyn Manson from the album Smells Like Children Released June 22 , 1996 Format CD - single Recorded 1994 - 1995 Genre Industrial rock hard rock heavy metal Length 4 : 53 ( EP ) , 4 : 25 ( single ) Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Eurythmics Brian Hugh Warner Jeordie White Scott Putesky Producer ( s ) Marilyn Manson Trent Reznor Marilyn Manson singles chronology `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube Marilyn Manson released a cover version of `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' as the first single from the 1995 EP , Smells Like Children . This version became an MTV staple and helped to establish the band in the mainstream . Their groundbreaking video was directed by Dean Karr and produced by Arthur Gorson . It also appears on the band 's greatest hits album , Lest We Forget : The Best Of . This version is featured on the soundtracks to the films Enron : The Smartest Guys in the Room ( 2005 ) and Gamer ( 2009 ) . It is also featured in the films House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ) , Trick ' r Treat ( 2007 ) , the trailer to Wrath of the Titans ( 2012 ) , in the pilot of The Following and on the BBC drama Luther . In Manson 's autobiography , The Long Hard Road Out of Hell , he states that Nothing Records did not want to release this as a single . They wanted to release their cover of Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ' `` I Put a Spell on You '' , which , according to Manson , `` was far too dark , sprawling and esoteric , even for some of our fans . '' Marilyn Manson added some extra lines to the lyrics that are not present in the Eurythmics version : `` I wan na use you and abuse you / I wan na know what 's inside you '' along with `` I 'm gon na use you and abuse you / I got ta know what 's inside you . '' The video for Manson 's cover contains several clips of Manson and bandmates in what appears to be an abandoned building . In between the clips are a number of surreal shots of Manson wearing a wedding gown , Manson wandering around an abandoned street in a tutu , birds fluttering around him and leaving droppings on his body , and of him riding a pig wearing a cowboy hat and covered with mud . In 2010 the music video was rated the `` Scariest music video ever made '' by Billboard , beating Michael Jackson 's Thriller for the top spot . Dave Stewart has said that he liked Marilyn Manson 's version of his song and that `` the video was one of the scariest things ( he ) 'd seen at the time . '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 `` Dance of the Dope Hats '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 46 `` Down in the Park '' -- 4 : 58 `` Lunchbox ( Next Motherfucker ) '' -- 4 : 47 US promotional CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 28 Canada ( RPM Alternative 30 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 31 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 26 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 154 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1995 , Swedish artists Swing and Dr. Alban released a Eurodance cover of the song . In 2011 , Swedish DJ Avicii remixed the song . Actress Emily Browning covered the song in the 2011 action - fantasy film , Sucker Punch . In 2016 , JX Riders featuring Skylar Stecker went to number one on the US dance chart with their version . American popstar Selena Gomez added the song to the tracklist of her Revival Tour , performing it in different shows . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of number - one dance singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ) . University of California Press , ed . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0520215870 . `` Marilyn Manson entered the mainstream in 1995 with a cover song of the 1980s synth - pop hit `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' by the Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ Larry Starr , Christopher Alan Waterman ( 2007 ) . Oxford University Press , ed . American popular music : from minstrelsy to MP3 , Vol. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0195300536 . `` '' Sweet Dreams '' is a good example of commercial new wave music of the early 1980s , an outgrowth of the 1970s new wave / punk scene promoted by major record labels . '' Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Dave ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Eurythmics : how we made Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurythmics : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard # 1s for the Week Ending May 14 , 1983 '' . Rbhsjukebox.wordpress.com . WordPress . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ EurythmicsVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) , Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams HQ ( 1983 , Bananas ) - `` alternative video clip '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) - EURYTHMICS '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 2 Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Mississauga : Music Data Canada . p. 389 . ISBN 1 - 896 - 594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 39 , No. 2 , September 10 , 1983 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . 5th result when searching `` Sweet dreams '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams - Are Made Of This '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SWEET DREAMS ( ARE MADE OF THIS ) - Eurythmics '' . Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A . LP3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( E ) '' . Rock.co.za . John Samson . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 10 / 83 '' . tropicalglen.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Log UK : E-40 -- E-Z Rollers '' . Zobbel.de . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( Steve + Angello + Remix &cat = s Lescharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Steve Angello Remix ) '' ) ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1983 -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1983 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1983 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 25 . 25 December 1983 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1984 ) . `` Top 100 singles : 1983 '' . BPI Year Book 1984 . British Phonographic Industry . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1983 / Top 100 Songs of 1983 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1983 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` CRIA Gold Sales Award '' . annielennox.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Singles en Or '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( March 7 , 1998 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : Dead to the World '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McPadden , Mike ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Leather , Denim , & Skinny Ties : The Top 10 Heavy Metal Covers of Classic New Wave Songs '' . VH1 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . PMC . Movieline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) lyrics '' . Lyrics.com Jump up ^ `` The scariest music video ever made '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Metro '' . Dave Stewart : Copious amounts of vodka and a rocking boat gave the track that ' whoa ' feel . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock / Alternative - Volume 63 , No. 13 , May 13 , 1996 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smells Like Children awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs -- September 10 , 2016 '' . Billboard . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Live rehearsal 2007 on YouTube Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) by Marilyn Manson on YouTube Nitty Gritty -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube Térez Montcalm -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube IMDB -- House on Haunted Hill Soundtrack Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 3 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Preceded by `` Our House '' by Madness Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 10 September 1983 -- 17 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Gil Sharone Paul Wiley Tyler Bates Juan Alderete Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me , Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Lost & Found Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' `` Tattooed in Reverse '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns , God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns , God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins Of Evil : The Second Coming Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell , etc . Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Dreams_(Are_Made_of_This)&oldid=843320073 '' Categories : Songs about dreams 1983 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Eurythmics songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Miss Kittin songs RCA Records singles Interscope Records singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs written by Annie Lennox Songs written by David A. Stewart 1983 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 10 : 39 . 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Catholic Church in England and Wales

Catholic Church in England and Wales - wikipedia Catholic Church in England and Wales Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . Catholic Church in England and Wales Westminster Cathedral , London Classification Catholic Polity Episcopal Pope Pope Francis Archbishop Vincent Nichols Apostolic Nuncio Edward Joseph Adams Region England and Wales Language English , Welsh , Latin Headquarters Westminster Cathedral , City of Westminster , London Founder Augustine of Canterbury , by tradition Origin c. 200s : Christianity in Roman Britain c. 500s : Anglo - Saxon Christianity Separations Church of England ( 1534 / 1558 ) Members 4.2 million ( ~ 8 % ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope . Celtic Christianity , with some traditions different from those of Rome , was present in Roman Britain from the first century AD , but after the departure of the Roman legions was in retreat to Paganism . In 597 AD , the first authoritative papal mission , establishing a direct link from the Kingdom of Kent to the See of Rome and to the Benedictine form of monasticism , was carried into effect by Augustine of Canterbury . The English Church continuously adhered to the See of Rome for almost a thousand years from the time of Augustine of Canterbury , but in 1534 , during the reign of King Henry VIII , the church , through a series of legislative acts between 1533 and 1536 became independent from the Pope for a period as the Church of England , a national church with Henry declaring himself Supreme Head . Under Henry 's son , King Edward VI , the Church of England became more influenced by the European Protestant movement . The English Church was brought back under full papal authority in 1553 , at the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary I , and Catholicism was enforced by the Marian persecutions ; however , when Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558 , the Church of England 's independence from Rome was reasserted through the settlement of 1559 , which shifted the Church of England 's teaching and practice , and in the Act of Uniformity , which caused a rift between Catholics and Queen . In 1570 Pope Pius V responded , in his bull Regnans in Excelsis , calling on all Catholics to rebel against Elizabeth and excommunicating anyone who obeyed her . The Parliament of England made the fact of being a Jesuit or seminarian treasonable in 1571 . Priests found celebrating Mass were often hanged , drawn and quartered , rather than being burned at the stake . The Catholic Church ( along with other non-established churches ) continued in England , although it was at times subject to various forms of persecution . Most recusant members ( except those in diaspora on the Continent , in heavily Catholic areas in the north , or part of the aristocracy ) practised their faith in private for all practical purposes . In 1766 , the Pope recognised the English Monarchy as lawful , and this led eventually to the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . Dioceses ( replacing districts ) were re-established by Pope Pius IX in 1850 . Along with the 22 Latin Rite dioceses , there are the Eastern Catholic diocese of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain . At the 2001 United Kingdom census , there were 4.2 million Catholics in England and Wales , some eight per cent of the population . One hundred years earlier , in 1901 , they represented only 4.8 per cent of the population . In 1981 , 8.7 per cent of the population of England and Wales were Catholic . In 2009 , an Ipsos Mori poll found that 9.6 per cent , or 5.2 million persons of all ethnicities were Catholic in England and Wales . Sizeable populations include North West England where one in five is Catholic , a result of large - scale Irish immigration in the nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Roman Britons and early Christianity 1.2 Conversion of the Anglo - Saxons 1.3 Norman Church in England and Wales 1.4 Protestantism and Catholic Resistance 1.5 Recusants and moves towards Emancipation 1.6 Coming of the Irish and English converts 1.7 Contemporary English Catholicism 2 Organisation 2.1 Hierarchy 2.2 Chaplaincies 2.3 Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham 2.4 Eastern Catholic rites 3 Demography 3.1 General statistics 3.2 Polish Catholic immigration 4 Adoption controversy 5 Catholic saints of the United Kingdom 6 Miracles 6.1 Marian apparitions 6.2 Incorruptibility 6.3 Stigmata 7 See also 8 Sources 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Britain Roman Britons and early Christianity ( edit ) St. Alban is regarded as the protomartyr of the Roman Britons . Much of Great Britain was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 43 AD , after Claudius led the Roman conquest of Britain , conquering lands inhabited by Celtic Britons . The indigenous religious traditions of the Britons , under their priests the Druids were suppressed ; most notably Gaius Suetonius Paulinus launched an attack on Ynys Môn in 60 AD and destroyed the shrine and sacred groves there . In the years following this , Roman influence saw the importation of several religious cults into Britain , including Roman mythology , Mithraism and the imperial cult . One of these sects , then disapproved by the Roman authorities , was the Levantine - originated religion of Christianity . While it is unclear exactly how it arrived , the earliest British figures considered saints by the Christians are St. Alban , followed by Ss . Julius and Aaron , living in the 3rd century . Eventually , the position of the Roman authorities on Christianity moved from hostility , to toleration with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD and then enforcement as state religion following the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD , becoming a key component of Romano - British culture and society . Records note that Romano - British bishops , such as Restitutus , attended the Council of Arles in 314 , which confirmed the theological findings of an earlier convocation held in Rome ( the Council of Rome ) in 313 . The Roman departure from Britain in the following century and the subsequent Germanic invasions sharply decreased contact between Britain and Continental Europe . Christianity , however , continued to flourish in the Brittonic areas of Great Britain . During this period certain practices and traditions took hold in Britain and in Ireland that are collectively known as Celtic Christianity . Distinct features of Celtic Christianity include a unique monastic tonsure and calculations for the date of Easter . Regardless of these differences , historians do not consider this Celtic or British Christianity a distinct church separate from general Western European Christianity . Conversion of the Anglo - Saxons ( edit ) In 597 , Pope Gregory I sent Augustine of Canterbury and 40 missionaries from Rome to evangelise the Anglo - Saxons , a process completed by the 7th century . The Gregorian mission , as it is known , is of particular interest in the Catholic Church as it was the first official Papal mission to found a church . With the help of Christians already residing in Kent , Augustine established an archbishopric in Canterbury , the old capital of Kent , and , having received the pallium earlier ( linking his new diocese to Rome ) , became the first in the series of Catholic archbishops of Canterbury , four of whom ( Laurence , Mellitus , Justus and Honorius ) were part of the original band of Benedictine missionaries . ( The last Catholic archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole , who died in 1558 . ) During this time of mission , Rome pursued greater unity with the local church in Britain , particularly on the question of dating Easter . Columbanus , Columba 's fellow countryman and churchman , had asked for a papal judgement on the Easter question as did abbots and bishops of Ireland . Later , in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , Bede explained the reasons for the discrepancy : `` He ( Columba ) left successors distinguished for great charity , Divine love , and strict attention to the rules of discipline following indeed uncertain cycles in the computation of the great festival of Easter , because far away as they were out of the world , no one had supplied them with the synodal decrees relating to the Paschal observance . '' A series of synods were held to resolve the matter , culminating with the Synod of Whitby in 644 . The missionaries also introduced the Rule of Benedict , the continental rule , to Anglo - Saxon monasteries in England . Wilfrid , a Benedictine consecrated archbishop of York ( in 664 ) , was particularly skilled in promoting the Benedictine Rule . Over time , the Benedictine , continental rule engrafted upon the monasteries and parishes of England , drawing them closer to The Continent and Rome . As a result , the pope was often called upon to intervene in quarrels , affirm monarchs , and decide jurisdictions . In 787 , for example , Pope Adrian I elevated Lichfield to an archdiocese and appointed Hygeberht its first archbishop . Later , in 808 , Pope Leo III helped restore King Eardwulf of Northumbria to his throne ; and in 859 , Pope Leo IV confirmed and anointed Alfred the Great king , according to Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Individual Benedictines seemed to play an important role throughout this period . For example , before Benedictine monk St. Dunstan was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury in 960 , Pope John XII had him appointed legate , commissioning him ( along with Ethelwold and Oswald ) to restore discipline in the existing monasteries of England , many of which were destroyed by Danish invaders . Norman Church in England and Wales ( edit ) Our Lady of Walsingham Control of the English Church passed from the Anglo - Saxons to the Normans following the Norman conquest of England . The two clerics most prominent associated with this process were the continental - born Lanfranc and Anselm ; both men were Benedictines . Anselm later became a Doctor of the Church . A century later , Pope Innocent III had to confirm the primacy of Canterbury over four Welsh churches for many reasons , but primarily to sustain the importance of the Gregorian foundation of Augustine 's mission . During mediaeval times , England and Wales were part of western Christendom . During this period , monasteries and convents , such as those at Shaftesbury and Shrewsbury , were prominent features of society providing lodging , hospitals and education . Likewise , schools like Oxford University and Cambridge University were important . Members of religious orders , notably the Dominicans and Franciscans , settled in both schools and maintained houses for students . Clerics like Archbishop Walter de Merton founded Merton College at Oxford and three different popes -- Gregory IX , Nicholas IV , and John XXII -- gave Cambridge the legal protection and status to compete with other European medieval universities . Pilgrimage was a prominent feature of mediaeval Catholicism , and England and Wales were amply provided with many popular sites of pilgrimage . The village of Walsingham , Norfolk became an important shrine after a noblewoman called Richeldis de Faverches experienced a vision of the Virgin Mary in 1061 , asking her to build a replica of the Holy House at Nazareth . In 1170 , Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral , by followers of King Henry II and was quickly canonised as a martyr for the faith . This resulted in Canterbury becoming a major place of pilgrimage and inspired the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer . There were also shrines at Holywell in Wales which commemorated St Winefride and at Westminster Abbey to Edward the Confessor to name but a few . An Englishman , Nicholas Breakspear , became Pope Adrian IV , ruling from 1154 to 1159 . Fifty - six years later , Cardinal Stephen Langton , the first of English cardinals and later Archbishop of Canterbury ( 1208 -- 28 ) , became a pivotal figure in the dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III . This critical situation led to the signing and later promulgation of the Magna Charta in 1215 . Protestantism and Catholic resistance ( edit ) A banner showing the Holy Wounds of Jesus Christ which was carried by partisans during the Pilgrimage of Grace . England remained a Catholic country until 1534 , when it first officially separated from Rome during the reign of King Henry VIII . In response to the Pope 's refusal to annul Henry 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon , Parliament denied the Pope 's authority over the English Church , made the king Head of the Church in England , and dissolved the monasteries and religious orders in England . Henry did not himself accept Protestant innovations in doctrine or liturgy -- but he extended toleration , and even promotion , to clergy with Protestant sympathies in return for support for his break with Rome . On the other hand , failure to accept this break , particularly by prominent persons in church and state , was regarded by Henry as treason , resulting in the execution of Thomas More , former Lord Chancellor , and John Fisher , Bishop of Rochester , among others . The See of Rome Act 1536 enforced the separation from Rome , while the ' Pilgrimage of Grace ' of 1536 and ' Bigod 's Rebellion ' of 1537 , risings in the North against the religious changes , were bloodily repressed . In 1536 - 41 Henry VIII engaged in a large - scale Dissolution of the Monasteries , which controlled most of the wealth of the church , and much of the richest land . He disbanded monasteries , priories , convents and friaries in England , Wales and Ireland , appropriated their income , disposed of their assets , and provided pensions for the former residents . He did not turn these properties over to a Protestant church of England ( which indeed did not yet exist ) : they were sold , mostly to pay for the wars . The historian G.W. Bernard argues : The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history . There were nearly 900 religious houses in England , around 260 for monks , 300 for regular canons , 142 nunneries and 183 friaries ; some 12,000 people in total , 4,000 monks , 3,000 canons , 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns ... one adult man in fifty was in religious orders . Nevertheless , Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and , during his reign , Protestant reformers were unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England . Indeed , this part of Henry 's reign saw the trial for heresy of Protestants as well as Catholics . The 1547 to 1553 reign of the boy King Edward VI saw the Church of England become more influenced by Protestantism in its faith and worship , with the ( Latin ) Mass replaced by the ( English ) Book of Common Prayer , representational art and statues in church buildings destroyed , and Catholic practices which had survived during Henry 's reign , for instance the public saying of prayers to the Virgin Mary such as the Salve Regina , ended . The Western Rising took place in 1549 . The institutional Church in England returned to Catholic practice during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I from 1553 to 1558 . Mary was determined to bring back the whole of England to the Catholic faith . This aim was not necessarily at odds with the feeling of a large section of the populace ; Edward 's Protestant reformation had not been well received everywhere , and there was ambiguity in the responses of the parishes . Mary also had some powerful families behind her . The Jerningham family together with other East Anglian Catholic families such as the Bedingfelds , Waldegraves , Rochesters together with the Huddlestons of Sawston Hall were `` the key to Queen Mary 's successful accession to the throne . Without them she would never have made it . '' However , Mary 's executions of 300 Protestants by burning at the stake proved counterproductive , as they were extremely unpopular among the populace . For example , instead of executing Archbishop Cranmer for treason for supporting Queen Jane , she had him tried for heresy and burned at a stake . With the assistance of Foxe 's Book of Martyrs , which glorified the Protestants killed at the time and vilified Catholics , this practice ensured her a place in popular memory as Bloody Mary -- for centuries after the idea of another reconciliation with Rome was linked in many English people 's minds with a renewal of Mary 's fiery stakes . When Mary died and Elizabeth I became queen in 1558 , the religious situation in England was confused . Throughout the see - sawing religious landscape of the reigns of Henry VIII , Edward VI , and Mary I , a significant proportion of the population ( especially in the rural and outlying areas of the country ) , are likely to have continued to hold Catholic views , at least in private . By the end of Elizabeth I 's reign , however , England was clearly a Protestant country , and Catholics were a minority . Elizabeth 's first act was to reverse her sister 's re-establishment of Catholicism by Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity . The Act of Supremacy of 1558 made it a crime to assert the authority of any foreign prince , prelate , or other authority , and was aimed at abolishing the authority of the Pope in England . A third offence was high treason , punishable by death . The Oath of Supremacy , imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1558 , provided for any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England . Failure to so swear was a crime , although it did not become treason until 1562 , when the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 made a second offence of refusing to take the oath treason . However , during the first years of her reign there was relative leniency towards Catholics who were willing to keep their religion private , especially if they were prepared to continue to attend their parish churches . The wording of the official prayer book had been carefully designed to make this possible by omitting aggressively `` heretical '' matter , and at first many English Catholics did in fact worship with their Protestant neighbours , at least until this was formally forbidden by Pope Pius V 's 1570 bull , Regnans in Excelsis , which also declared that Elizabeth was not a rightful queen and should be deposed , formally excommunicated her and any who obeyed her and obliged all Catholics to attempt to overthrow her . In response , the `` Act to retain the Queen 's Majesty 's subjects in their obedience '' , passed in 1581 , made it high treason to reconcile anyone or to be reconciled to `` the Romish religion '' , or to procure or publish any papal Bull or writing whatsoever . The celebration of mass was prohibited under penalty of a fine of two hundred marks and imprisonment for one year for the celebrant , and a fine of one hundred marks and the same imprisonment for those who heard the Mass . This act also increased the penalty for not attending the Anglican service to the sum of twenty pounds a month , or imprisonment till the fine be paid , or till the offender went to the Protestant Church . A further penalty of ten pounds a month was inflicted on anyone keeping a schoolmaster who did not attend the Protestant service . The schoolmaster himself was to be imprisoned for one year . In the setting of England 's wars with Catholic powers such as France and Spain , culminating in the attempted invasion by the Spanish Armada in 1588 , the Papal bull unleashed a nationalistic feeling which equated Protestantism with loyalty to a highly popular monarch , rendering every Catholic a potential traitor , even in the eyes of those who were not themselves extreme Protestants . The Rising of the North , the Throckmorton plot and the Babington plot , together with other subversive activities of supporters of Mary , Queen of Scots , all reinforced the association of Catholicism and treachery in the popular mind . The climax of Elizabeth 's persecution of Catholics was reached in 1585 by the `` Act against Jesuits , Seminary priests and other such like disobedient persons '' . This statute , under which most of the English Catholic martyrs were executed , made it high treason for any Jesuit or any seminary priest to be in England at all , and felony for any one to harbour or relieve them . The last of Elizabeth 's anti-Catholic laws was the `` Act for the better discovery of wicked and seditious persons terming themselves Catholics , but being rebellious and traitorous subjects '' . Its effect was to prohibit all recusants from removing more than five miles from their place of abode , and to order all persons suspected of being Jesuits or seminary priests , and not answering satisfactorily , to be imprisoned till they did so . However , Elizabeth did not believe that her anti-Catholic policies constituted religious persecution , finding it hard , in the context of the uncompromising wording of the Papal Bull against her , to distinguish between those Catholics engaged in conflict with her from those Catholics with no such designs . The number of English Catholics executed under Elizabeth was significant , including Edmund Campion , Robert Southwell , and Margaret Clitherow . Elizabeth herself signed the death warrant that led to regicide , the beheading of her cousin , Mary , Queen of Scots . Because of the persecution in England , Catholic priests in England were trained abroad at the English College in Rome , the English College in Douai , the English College at Valladolid in Spain , and at the English College in Seville . Given that Douai was located in the Spanish Netherlands , part of the dominions of Elizabethan England 's greatest enemy , and Valladolid and Seville in Spain itself , they became associated in the public eye with political as well as religious subversion . It was this combination of nationalistic public opinion , sustained persecution , and the rise of a new generation which could not remember pre-Reformation times and had no pre-established loyalty to Catholicism , that reduced the number of Catholics in England during this period -- although the overshadowing memory of Queen Mary I 's reign was another factor that should not be underestimated . Nevertheless , by the end of the reign probably 20 % of the population were still Catholic , with another 10 % dissident `` Puritan '' Protestants , and the remainder more or less reconciled to the `` official '' church . The reign of James I ( 1603 -- 1625 ) was marked by a measure of tolerance , though less so after the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy of a small group of Catholic conspirators who aimed to kill both King and Parliament and establish a Catholic monarchy . A mix of persecution and tolerance followed : Ben Jonson and his wife , for example , in 1606 were summoned before the authorities for failure to take communion in the Church of England , yet the King tolerated some Catholics at court ; for example George Calvert , to whom he gave the title Baron Baltimore , and the Duke of Norfolk , head of the Howard family . The reign of Charles I ( 1625 -- 49 ) saw a small revival of Catholicism in England , especially among the upper classes . As part of the royal marriage settlement Charles 's Catholic wife , Henrietta Maria , was permitted her own royal chapel and chaplain . Henrietta Maria was in fact very strict in her religious observances , and helped create a court with continental influences , where Catholicism was tolerated , even somewhat fashionable . Some anti-Catholic legislation became effectively a dead letter . The Counter-Reformation on the Continent of Europe had created a more vigorous and magnificent form of Catholicism ( i.e. , Baroque , notably found in the architecture and music of Austria , Italy and Germany ) that attracted some converts , like the poet Richard Crashaw . Ironically , the explicitly Catholic artistic movement ( i.e. , Baroque ) ended up `` providing the blueprint , after the fire of London , for the first new Protestant churches to be built in England . '' While Charles remained firmly Protestant , he was personally drawn towards a consciously ' High Church ' Anglicanism . This affected his appointments to Anglican bishoprics , in particular the appointment of William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury . How many Catholics and Puritans there were is still open to debate . Religious conflict between Charles and other `` High '' Anglicans and Calvinists - at this stage mostly still within the Church of England ( the Puritans ) - formed a strand of the anti-monarchical leanings of the troubled politics of the period . The religious tensions between a court with ' Papist ' elements and a Parliament where the Puritans were strong was one of the major factors behind the English Civil War , in which almost all Catholics supported the King . The victory of the Parliamentarians meant a strongly Protestant , anti-Catholic ( and , incidentally , anti-Anglican ) regime under Oliver Cromwell . The restoration of the monarchy under Charles II ( 1660 -- 85 ) also saw the restoration of a Catholic - influenced court like his father 's . However , although Charles himself had Catholic leanings , he was first and foremost a pragmatist and realised the vast majority of public opinion in England was strongly anti-Catholic , so he agreed to laws such as the Test Act requiring any appointee to any public office or member of Parliament to deny Catholic beliefs such as transubstantiation . As far as possible , however , he maintained tacit tolerance . Like his father , he married a Catholic , Catherine of Braganza . ( He would become Catholic himself on his deathbed ) . James II was the last Catholic to have reigned as monarch of England . Charles ' brother and heir James , Duke of York ( later James II ) converted to Catholicism in 1668 -- 1669 . When Titus Oates in 1678 alleged a ( totally imaginary ) ' Popish Plot ' to assassinate Charles and put James in his place , he unleashed a wave of Parliamentary and public hysteria which led to anti-Catholic purges , and another wave of sectarian persecution , which Charles was either unable or unwilling to prevent . Throughout the early 1680s the Whig element in Parliament attempted to remove James as successor to the throne . Their failure saw James become , in 1685 , Britain 's first openly Catholic monarch since Mary I ( and last to date ) . He promised religious toleration for Catholic and Protestants on an equal footing , but it is in doubt whether he did this to gain support from Dissenters or whether he was truly committed to tolerance ( Contemporary Catholic regimes in Spain and Italy , for example , were hardly tolerant of Protestantism , while those in France and Poland had practised forms of toleration ) . James ' clear intent to work towards the restoration of the Church of England to the Catholic fold encouraged converts like the poet John Dryden , who wrote `` The Hind and the Panther '' , celebrating his conversion . Protestant fears mounted as James placed Catholics in the major commands of the existing standing army , dismissed the Protestant Bishop of London and dismissed the Protestant Fellows of Magdalen College and replaced them with a wholly Catholic board . The last straw was the birth of a Catholic heir in 1688 , portending a return to a Pre-Reformation Catholic dynasty . In what came to be known as the Glorious Revolution , Parliament deemed James to have abdicated ( effectively deposing him , though Parliament refused to call it that ) in favor of his Protestant daughter and son - in - law and nephew , Mary II and William III . Although this affair is celebrated as solidifying both English liberties and the Protestant nature of the kingdom , some argue that it was `` fundamentally a coup spearheaded by a foreign army and navy . '' James fled into exile , and with him many Catholic nobility and gentry . The Act of Settlement 1701 , which remains in operation today , established the royal line through Sophia , Electress of Hanover , and specifically excludes any Catholic or anyone who marries a Catholic from the throne . This Act was partially changed when the ban on the monarch 's marrying a Catholic was eliminated ( along with the rule of male succession ) . Henry Benedict Stuart ( Cardinal - Duke of York ) , the last Jacobite heir to publicly assert a claim to the thrones of England , Scotland , and Ireland , died in Rome in 1807 . A monument to the Royal Stuarts exists today at Vatican City . Franz , Duke of Bavaria , head of the Wittelsbach family , is the most senior descendant of King Charles I and is considered by Jacobites to be the heir of the Stuarts . Recusants and moves towards Emancipation ( edit ) The years from 1688 to the early 19th century were in some respects the nadir for Catholicism in England . Deprived of their dioceses , four Apostolic Vicariates were set up throughout England until the re-establishment of the diocesan episcopacy in 1850 . Although the persecution was not violent as in the past , Catholic numbers , influence and visibility in English society reached their lowest ebb . Their civil rights were severely curtailed : their right to own property or inherit land was greatly limited , they were burdened with special taxes , they could not send their children abroad for Catholic education , they could not vote , and priests were liable to imprisonment . There was no longer , as once in Stuart times , any notable Catholic presence at court , in public life , in the military or professions . Many of the Catholic nobles and gentry who had preserved on their lands among their tenants small pockets of Catholicism had followed James into exile , and others , at least outwardly , conformed to Anglicanism , meaning fewer such Catholic communities survived intact . A bishop at this time ( roughly from 1688 to 1850 ) was called a Vicar apostolic . A Vicar Apostolic was a titular bishop ( as opposed to a diocesan bishop ) through whom the pope exercised jurisdiction over a particular church territory in England . Interestingly , English - speaking colonial America came under the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic of the London . As titular bishop over Catholics in British America , he was important to the government not only in regard to its English - speaking North American colonies , but also after the Seven Years ' War when the British Empire , in 1763 , acquired the French - speaking ( and predominantly Catholic ) territory of Canada . Only after the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and in 1789 with the consecration of John Carroll , a friend of Benjamin Franklin , did the U.S. have its own diocesan bishop , free of the Vicar Apostolic of London , James Robert Talbot . Geographical distribution of English Catholic Recusancy , 1715 -- 1720 . Most Catholics retreated to complete isolation from a popular Protestant mainstream , and Catholicism in England in this period is politically , if not socially , invisible to history , Alexander Pope being one memorable English Catholic of the 18th century and the other being a member of the Catholic gentry , the Duke of Norfolk , the Premier Duke in the peerage of England and as Earl of Arundel , the Premier Earl . In virtue of his status and as head of the Howard family ( which included the Earl of Carlisle , the Earl of Suffolk , the Earl of Berkshire , and the Earl of Effingham ) , the Duke was always at court . Pope , however , seemed to benefit from the isolation . In 1713 , when he was 25 , he took subscriptions for a project that filled his life for the next seven years , the result being a new version of Homer 's Iliad . Samuel Johnson pronounced it the greatest translation ever achieved in the English language . Over time , Pope became the greatest poet of the age , the Augustan Age , especially for his mock - heroic poems , Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad . Around this time , in 1720 , Clement XI proclaimed Anselm of Canterbury a Doctor of the Church . In 1752 , mid-century , Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 . Later in the century there was some liberalisation of the anti-Catholic laws on the basis of Enlightenment ideals . In 1778 a Catholic Relief Act allowed Catholics to own property , inherit land and join the army . Hardline Protestant mobs reacted in the Gordon Riots in 1780 , attacking any building in London which was associated with Catholicism or owned by Catholics . Other reforms allowed the clergy to operate more openly and thus allowed permanent missions to be set up in the larger towns . Stonyhurst College , for example , was re-established in 1791 for wealthier Catholics . In 1837 , James Arundel , the tenth Baron Arundel of Wardour , bequeathed to Stonyhurst the Arundel Library , which contained the vast Arundel family collection , including some of the school 's most important books and manuscripts such as a Shakespeare First Folio and a manuscript copy of Froissart 's Chronicles , looted from the body of a dead Frenchman after the Battle of Agincourt . Yet Catholic recusants as a whole remained a small group , except where they stayed the majority religion in various pockets , notably in rural Lancashire and Cumbria , or were part of the Catholic aristocracy and squirearchy . One of the most interesting contemporary descendents of recusants is Timothy Radcliffe , former Master of the Order of Preachers ( Dominicans ) and writer . Radcliffe is related to three former cardinals -- Weld , Vaughan and Hume ( the last because his cousin Lord Hunt is married to Hume 's sister ) , and his family is connected to many of the great recusant English Catholic families , the Arundels , Tichbournes , Tablots , Stonors , and Weld - Blundells . Finally , history can not forget the famous recusant , Maria Fitzherbert , who during this period secretly married the Prince of Wales , Prince Regent , and future George IV in 1785 . The British Constitution , however , did not accept it and George IV later moved on . Cast aside by the establishment , she was adopted by the town of Brighton , whose citizens , both Catholic and Protestant , called her `` Mrs. Prince '' . According to journalist , Richard Abbott , `` Before the town had a ( Catholic ) church of its own , she had a priest say Mass at her own house , and invited local Catholics '' , suggesting the recusants of Brighton were not very undiscovered . In a new study of the English Catholic community , 1688 -- 1745 , Gabriel Glickman notes that Catholics , especially those whose social position gave them access to the courtly centres of power and patronage , had a significant part to play in 18th - century England . They were not as marginal as one might think today . For example , Alexander Pope was not the only Catholic whose contributions ( especially , Essays on Man ) help define the temper of an early English Enlightenment . In addition to Pope , Glickman notes , a Catholic architect , James Gibbs , returned baroque forms to the London skyline and a Catholic composer , Thomas Arne , composed `` Rule Britannia . '' According to reviewer Aidan Bellenger , Glickman also suggests that `` rather than being the victims of the Stuart failure , ' the unpromising setting of exile and defeat ' had ' sown the seed of a frail but resilient English Catholic Enlightenment . ' '' Yale University historian Steve Pincus likewise argues in his book , 1688 : The First Modern Revolution , that Catholics under William and Mary and their successors experienced considerable freedom . Coming of the Irish and English converts ( edit ) Statue of Cardinal Newman outside the Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , London After this moribund period , the first signs of a revival occurred as thousands of French Catholics fled France during the French Revolution . The leaders of the Revolution were virulently anti-Catholic , even singling out priests and nuns for summary execution or massacre , and England was seen as a safe haven from Jacobin violence . Also around this time ( 1801 ) , a new political entity was formed , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland , thus increasing the number of Catholics in the new state . Pressure for abolition of anti-Catholic laws grew , particularly with the need for Catholic recruits to fight in the Napoleonic Wars . Despite the strong opposition of King George III , which delayed reform , 1829 brought the culmination of the liberalisation of the anti-Catholic laws . Parliament passed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , giving Catholics almost equal civil rights , including the right to vote and to hold most public offices . If Catholics were rich , however , exceptions were always made , even before the changes . For example , American ministers to the Court of St. James 's were often struck by the prominence of wealthy American - born Catholics , titled ladies among the nobility , like Louisa ( Caton ) , granddaughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton , and her two sisters , Mary Ann and Elizabeth . After Louisa 's first husband ( Sir Felton Bathurst - Hervey ) died , Louisa later married the son of the Duke of Leeds , and had the Duke of Wellington as her European protector . Her sister , Mary Ann , married the Marquess of Wellesley , the brother of the Duke of Wellington ; and her other sister , Elizabeth ( Lady Stafford ) , married another British nobleman . Though British law required an Anglican marriage service , each of the sisters and their Protestant spouses had a Catholic ceremony afterwards . At Louisa 's first marriage , the Duke of Wellington escorted the bride . In the 1840s and 1850s , especially during the Great Irish Famine , while much of the large outflow of emigration from Ireland was headed to the United States to seek work , hundreds of thousands of Irish people also migrated across the channel to England and Scotland , and established communities in cities there , including London , Liverpool , Manchester and Glasgow , but also in towns and villages up and down the country , thus giving English Catholicism a numerical boost . Also significant was the rise in the 1830s and 1840s of the Oxford Movement , which claimed Catholic validity for Anglican orders and sought to revive some elements of Catholic theology and ritual within the Church of England ( creating Anglo - Catholicism ) . A proportion of the Anglicans who were involved in the Oxford Movement or `` Tractarianism '' were ultimately led beyond these positions and converted to the Catholic Church , including , in 1845 , the movement 's principal intellectual leader , John Henry Newman . More new Catholics would come from the Anglican Church , often via high Anglicanism , for at least the next hundred years , and something of this continues . Prominent intellectual and artistic figures who turned to Catholicism in the 19th and 20th centuries included the leading architect of the Gothic Revival , Augustus Pugin , the artist Graham Sutherland and literary figures such as Newman , Gerard Manley Hopkins , G.K. Chesterton , Ronald Knox , Siegfried Sassoon , Evelyn Waugh , Edith Sitwell , Graham Greene and Muriel Spark . Prominent cradle Catholics included the film director , Alfred Hitchcock , writers such as Hilaire Belloc , Lord Acton , and J.R.R. Tolkien and the composer Edward Elgar , whose oratorio The Dream of Gerontius was based on a 19th - century poem by Newman . At various points after the 16th century hopes have been entertained by many English Catholics that the `` reconversion of England '' was near at hand . Additionally , with the arrival of immigrant masses of Irish Catholics , some considered that a `` second spring '' of Catholicism across Britain was developing . Rome responded by re-establishing the Catholic hierarchy in 1850 , creating 12 Catholic dioceses in England from existing apostolic vicariates and appointing diocesan bishops ( to replace earlier titular bishops ) with fixed sees on a more traditional Catholic pattern . The Catholic Church in England and Wales had 22 dioceses immediately before the Reformation , but none of the current 22 bear close resemblance ( geographically ) to those 22 earlier pre-Reformation dioceses . The re-established diocesan episcopacy specifically avoided using places that were seats of Church of England dioceses as seats , in effect temporarily abandoning the titles of Catholic dioceses before Elizabeth I because of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 , which in England favoured a state church ( i.e. , Church of England ) and denied arms and legal existence to territorial Catholic sees on the basis that the state could not grant such `` privileges '' to `` entities '' that allegedly did not exist . Some of the Catholic dioceses , however , took the titles of bishoprics which had previously existed in England but were no longer used by the Anglican Church ( e.g. Beverley - later divided into Leeds and Middlesbrough , Hexham - later changed to Hexham and Newcastle ) . In the few cases where a Catholic diocese bears the same title as an Anglican one in the same town or city ( e.g. Birmingham , Liverpool , Portsmouth , and Southwark ) -- this is the result of the Church of England ignoring the prior existence there of a Catholic see and of the technical repeal of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act in 1871 . Of course , the Act was only carried out in England . For example , the official recognition afforded by the grant of arms to the archdiocese of St. Andrews and Edinburgh , brought into being by Lord Lyon in 1989 , was made on the grounds that the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 never applied to Scotland . In recent times , former Conservative Cabinent Minister , John Gummer , who is a prominent convert to Catholicism and columnist for the Catholic Herald in 2007 , objected to the fact that no Catholic diocese can have the same name as an Anglican diocese ( such as London , Canterbury , Durham , etc . ) `` even though those dioceses had , shall we say , been borrowed . '' Contemporary English Catholicism ( edit ) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , Liverpool Oratory Church of St Aloysius Gonzaga , Oxford , with the flag of the Vatican City flying at half staff the day after the death of Pope John Paul II . English Catholicism continued to grow throughout the first two thirds of the 20th century , when it was associated primarily with elements in the English intellectual class and the ethnic Irish population . Numbers attending Mass remained very high in stark contrast with the Anglican church ( although not to other Protestant churches ) , Clergy numbers , which began the 20th century at under 3,000 , reached a high of 7,500 in 1971 . By the latter years of the twentieth century low numbers of vocations also affected the church with ordinations to the priesthood dropping from the hundreds in the late 20th century into the teens in 2006 - 2011 ( 16 in 2009 for example ) and a recovery into the 20 's thereafter , with a prediction for 2018 of 24 . As in other English - speaking countries such as the United States and Australia , the movement of Irish Catholics out of the working - class into the middle - class suburban mainstream often meant their assimilation with broader , secular English society and loss of a separate Catholic identity . The Second Vatican Council has been followed , as in other Western countries , by divisions between traditional Catholicism and a more liberal form of Catholicism claiming inspiration from the Council . This caused difficulties for not a few pre-conciliar converts , though others have still joined the Church in recent decades ( for instance , Malcolm Muggeridge and Joseph Pearce ) , and public figures ( often descendants of the recusant families ) such as Paul Johnson ; Peter Ackroyd ; Antonia Fraser ; Mark Thompson , Director General of the BBC ; Michael Martin , first Catholic to hold the office of Speaker of the House of Commons since the Reformation ; Chris Patten , first Catholic to hold the post of Chancellor of Oxford since the Reformation ; Piers Paul Read ; Helen Liddel , Britain 's High Commissioner to Australia ; and former Prime Minister 's wife , Cherie Blair , have no difficulty making their Catholicism known in public life . The former Prime Minister , Tony Blair , was received into full communion with the Catholic Church in 2007 . Catherine Pepinster , Editor of Tablet , notes : `` The impact of Irish immigrants is one . There are numerous prominent campaigners , academics , entertainers ( like Danny Boyle the most successful Catholic in showbiz owing to his film , Slumdog Millionaire ) , politicians and writers . But the descendants of the recusant families are still a force in the land . '' Since the Council the Church in England has tended to focus on ecumenical dialogue with the Anglican Church rather than winning converts from it as in the past . However , the 1990s have seen a number of conversions from Anglicanism to the Catholic Church , largely prompted by the Church of England 's decision to ordain women as priests ( among other moves away from traditional doctrines and structures ) . The resultant converts included members of the Royal Family ( Katharine , Duchess of Kent , her son Lord Nicholas Windsor and her grandson Baron Downpatrick ) , a number of Anglican priests . Converts to Catholicism in Britain , for this reason , tend to be more conservative and even traditionalist than Catholics on the European mainland , often opposing trends within the Catholic Church similar to those which induced them to abandon Anglicanism in the first place . The spirit of ecumenism fostered by Vatican II resulted in 1990 with the Catholic Church in England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland , joining Churches Together in Britain and Ireland as an expression of the churches ' commitment to work ecumenically . Recently , for example , a memorial was put up to St John Houghton and fellow Carthusian monks martyred at the London Charterhouse , 1535 . Anglican priest , Geoffrey Curtis , campaigned for it with the current Archbishop of Canterbury 's blessing . Also , in another ecumenical gesture , a plaque in Holywell Street , Oxford , now commemorates the Catholic martyrs of England . It reads : `` Near this spot George Nichols , Richard Yaxley , Thomas Belson , and Humphrey Pritchard were executed for their Catholic faith , 5 July 1589 . '' And at Lambeth Palace , in February 2009 , the Archbishop of Canterbury hosted a reception to launch a book , Why Go To Church ? , by Fr Timothy Radcliffe OP , one of Britain 's best known religious and the former master of the Dominican Order . A large number of young Dominican friars attended . Fr Radcliffe said , `` I do n't think there have been so many Dominicans in one place since the time of Robert Kilwardby , the Dominican Archbishop of Canterbury in the 13th century . '' The Church 's principles of social justice influenced initiatives to tackle the challenges of poverty and social inclusion . In Southampton , Fr Pat Murphy O'Connor founded the St Dismas Society as an agency to meet the needs of ex-prisoners discharged from Winchester prison . Some of St Dismas Society 's early members went on to help found the Simon Community in Sussex then in London . Their example gave new inspiration to other clergy , such as the Revd Kenneth Leech ( CofE ) of St Anne 's Church , Soho who helped found the homeless charity Centrepoint , and the Revd Bruce Kenrick ( Church of Scotland ) who helped found the homeless charity Shelter . In 1986 Cardinal Basil Hume established the Cardinal Hume Centre to work with homeless young people , badly housed families and local communities to access accommodation , support and advice , education , training and employment opportunities . In 2006 Cardinal Cormac Murphy - O'Connor instituted an annual Mass in Support of Migrant Workers at Westminster Cathedral in partnership with the ethnic chaplains of Brentwood , Southwark and Westminster . Organisation ( edit ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales has five provinces : Birmingham , Cardiff , Liverpool , Southwark and Westminster . There are 22 dioceses which are divided into parishes ( for comparison , the Church of England and Church in Wales currently have a total of 50 dioceses ) . In addition to these , there are four dioceses covering England and Wales for specific groups which are the Bishopric of the Forces , the Eparchy for Ukrainians , the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain and the Personal Ordinariate for former Anglicans . The Catholic bishops in England and Wales come together in a collaborative structure known as the Bishops ' Conference . Currently the Archbishop of Westminster , Vincent Gerard Nichols , is the President of the Bishops ' Conference . For this reason in the global Catholic Church ( outside England ) , he is de facto Primate of England though not in the eyes of English law and the established Church of England . Historically , the avoidance of the title of `` Primate '' was to eschew whipping up anti-Catholic tension , in the same way the bishops of the restored hierarchy avoided using current titles of Anglican sees ( Archbishop of Westminster rather than `` Canterbury '' or `` London '' ) . However , the Archbishop of Westminster had certain privileges : he was the only metropolitan in the country until 1911 ( when the archdioceses of Birmingham and Liverpool were created ) and he has always acted as leader at meetings of the English bishops . Although the bishops of the restored hierarchy took new titles , such as that of Westminster , they saw themselves very much in continuity with the pre-Reformation Church . Westminster in particular saw itself as the continuation of Canterbury , hence the similarity of the coat of arms of the two sees ( with Westminster believing it has more right to it since it features the pallium , no longer given to Anglican archbishops ) . At the back of Westminster Cathedral is a list of Popes and , alongside this , a list of Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury beginning with Augustine of Canterbury and the year they received the pallium . After Cardinal Pole , the last Catholic incumbent of Canterbury , the names of the Catholic vicars apostolic or titular bishops ( from 1685 ) are recorded and then the Archbishops of Westminster , in one unimpaired line , from 597 to the present , according to the Archdiocese of Westminster . To highlight this continuity or unimpaired line today , the installation rites of pre-Reformation Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury and earlier Archbishops of Westminster were used at the installation of the current Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster , Vincent Gerard Nichols . He became the forty - third of English cardinals since the 12th century . Hierarchy ( edit ) Diocese Province Approximate Territory Cathedral Creation 01 Diocese of Arundel and Brighton Bishop of Arundel and Brighton 15 Southwark Surrey and Sussex Cathedral Church of Our Lady and St Philip Howard 20 1965 ( from Diocese of Southwark ) 02 Archdiocese of Birmingham Archbishop of Birmingham 01 Birmingham West Midlands , Staffordshire , Warwickshire , Worcestershire , Oxfordshire north of the Thames Metropolitan Cathedral Church and Basilica of St Chad 02 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1911 ) 03 Diocese of Brentwood Bishop of Brentwood 19 Westminster Historic County of Essex ( including North - east Greater London ) Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Helen 17 1917 ( from Archdiocese of Westminster ) 04 Archdiocese of Cardiff Archbishop of Cardiff 04 Cardiff Eastern Glamorgan , Herefordshire , Monmouthshire Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St David 03 1850 ( originally as Diocese of Newport and Menevia ; as Diocese of Newport from 1895 ; elevated to Archdiocese of Cardiff 1916 ) 05 Diocese of Clifton Bishop of Clifton 02 Birmingham Bristol , Gloucestershire , Somerset , Wiltshire Cathedral Church of Ss Peter and Paul 04 1850 06 Diocese of East Anglia Bishop of East Anglia 20 Westminster Peterborough , Cambridgeshire , Norfolk , Suffolk Cathedral Church of St John the Baptist 21 1976 ( from Diocese of Northampton ) 07 Diocese of Hallam Bishop of Hallam 08 Liverpool South Yorkshire , High Peak , North Derbyshire , Chesterfield , Bassetlaw Cathedral Church of St Marie 22 1980 ( from Dioceses of Leeds and Nottingham ) 08 Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle 09 Liverpool Tyne and Wear , Northumberland , County Durham Cathedral Church of St Mary 05 1850 ( originally as Diocese of Hexham ; as Hexham and Newcastle from 1861 ) 09 Diocese of Lancaster Bishop of Lancaster 10 Liverpool Cumbria and Northern Lancashire Cathedral Church of St Peter 18 1924 ( from Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle and Archdiocese of Liverpool ) 10 Diocese of Leeds Bishop of Leeds 11 Liverpool Historic West Riding of Yorkshire excluding South Yorkshire Cathedral Church of St Anne 13 1878 ( from Diocese of Beverley ) 11 Archdiocese of Liverpool Archbishop of Liverpool 07 Liverpool Merseyside north of the Mersey , West Lancashire , Isle of Man Metropolitan Cathedral Church of Christ the King 06 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1911 ) 12 Diocese of Menevia Bishop of Menevia 05 Cardiff Brecknockshire , Cardiganshire , Carmarthenshire , Pembrokeshire , Radnorshire and Western Glamorgan Cathedral Church of St Joseph 16 1898 ( from Vicariate Apostolic of Wales ) 13 Diocese of Middlesbrough Bishop of Middlesbrough 12 Liverpool Historic North Riding of Yorkshire , historic East Riding of Yorkshire , York Cathedral Church of St Mary the Virgin 14 1878 ( from Diocese of Beverley ) 14 Diocese of Northampton Bishop of Northampton 21 Westminster Northamptonshire , Bedfordshire , Buckinghamshire , Berkshire north of the Thames Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Thomas 07 1850 15 Diocese of Nottingham Bishop of Nottingham 22 Westminster Derbyshire , Nottinghamshire , Leicestershire , Rutland , Lincolnshire Cathedral Church of St Barnabas 08 1850 16 Diocese of Plymouth Bishop of Plymouth 16 Southwark Cornwall , Devon , Dorset Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Boniface 09 1850 17 Diocese of Portsmouth Bishop of Portsmouth 17 Southwark Hampshire , Isle of Wight , Berkshire and Oxfordshire south of the Thames , The Channel Islands Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist 15 1882 ( from Diocese of Southwark ) 18 Diocese of Salford Bishop of Salford 13 Liverpool Part of Greater Manchester , South - east Lancashire Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist 10 1850 19 Diocese of Shrewsbury Bishop of Shrewsbury 03 Birmingham Cheshire , Shropshire , the Wirral and Manchester south of the Mersey Cathedral Church of Our Lady Help of Christians and Saint Peter of Alcantara 11 1850 20 Archdiocese of Southwark Archbishop of Southwark 14 Southwark Kent , Greater London south of the Thames Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St George 12 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1965 ) 21 Archdiocese of Westminster Archbishop of Westminster 18 Westminster Hertfordshire , historic County of Middlesex ( i.e. North - west Greater London ) Metropolitan Cathedral Church of the Most Precious Blood 01 1850 22 Diocese of Wrexham Bishop of Wrexham 06 Cardiff Anglesey , Caernarfonshire , Denbighshire , Flintshire , Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows 24 1987 ( from Diocese of Menevia ) 23 Eparchy of the Holy Family of London Bishop Hlib Lonchyna 23 Kiev -- Galicia Great Britain Cathedral Church of the Holy Family in Exile 19 1957 ( elevated to Eparchy 2013 ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain Mar Joseph Srampickal Ernakulam - Angamaly Great Britain Syro - Malabar Cathedral of St Alphonsa 2016 24 Bishopric of the Forces Bishop of the Forces 24 Holy See HM Forces both in Britain and abroad Cathedral Church of St Michael and St George 23 1986 25 Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham Monsignor Keith Newton 25 Holy See Former Anglican clergy , religious and laity resident in England , Wales and Scotland . Principal Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory 25 2011 Chaplaincies ( edit ) Further information : Catholic Chaplaincies in England and Wales Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham ( edit ) Main article : Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham In October 2009 , following closed - circuit talks between some Anglicans and the Holy See , Pope Benedict made a relatively unconditional offer to accommodate disaffected Anglicans in the Church of England , enabling them , for the first time , to retain parts of their liturgy and heritage under Anglicanorum coetibus , while being in full communion with Rome . By April 2012 the ordinariate numbered about 1200 , including five bishops and 60 priests . The ordinariate has recruited a group of aristocrats as honorary vice-presidents to help out . These include the Duke of Norfolk , the Countess of Oxford and Asquith and the Duchess of Somerset . Other vice-presidents include Lord Nicholas Windsor , Sir Josslyn Gore - Booth and the Squire de Lisle , whose ancestor Ambrose de Lisle was a 19th - century Catholic convert who advocated the corporate reunion of the Anglican Church with Rome . According to the group leader , Mgr Keith Newton , the ordinariate will `` work on something with an Anglican flavour , but they are not bringing over any set of Anglican liturgy . '' The director of music at Westminster Abbey ( Anglican ) , lay Catholic James O'Donnell , likens the ordinariate to a Uniate church or one of the many non-Latin Catholic rites , saying : `` This is a good opportunity for us to remember that there is n't a one size fits all , and that this could be a good moment to adopt the famous civil service philosophy - ' celebrating diversity ' . '' In May 2013 , a former Anglican priest , Alan Hopes , was appointed the new Bishop of East Anglia , whose diocese includes the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham . Eastern Catholic rites ( edit ) A Ukrainian Greek Catholic parish church in Wolverhampton , England There exists the Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians which serves the 15,000 Ukrainian Greek Catholics in Great Britain , with a cathedral and various churches across the country . The Lebanese Maronite Order ( LMO ) runs in England and Wales . The LMO is an order of the Maronite Catholic Church , serving Maronite Catholics in England and Wales . The Revd Augustine Aoun is the parish priest for Maronites . The LMO runs a few churches , for example Our Lady of Sorrows in Paddington and Our Lady of Lebanon in Swiss Cottage . There are also Catholic chaplains of the Eritrean , Chaldean , Syriac , Syro - Malabar , Syro - Malankara , and Melkite Rites . For information about the Syro - Malabar chaplaincy within the Diocese of Westminster in London , see Syro - Malabar Catholic Church of London . Mass in the Syro - Malabar rite is celebrated each Sunday in St Joseph 's Catholic Church , New Zealand Road , Cardiff . Demography ( edit ) General Statistics ( edit ) Migration from Ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries and more recent Eastern European migration have significantly increased the numbers of Catholics in England and Wales . While figures for England and Wales alone are difficult to estimate , the ethnic make - up of the Catholic population in the UK ( which includes Northern Irish as British ) in 2008 was as follows : White British 74.6 % White Eastern European 9.5 % White Irish 4.4 % White Other 3.9 % Black African 2.5 % Mixed other 1.9 % Afro - Caribbean / Other 1.7 % Asian 1.5 % The White Eastern European members are mainly from Poland , with smaller numbers from Lithuania , Latvia , and Slovakia . Polish Catholic immigration ( edit ) Part of a series on the Catholic Church by country Worldwide distribution of Catholics Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR of Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam - including the Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel ( Palestinian territories ) Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom ( England and Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ) North America ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Latin America ( show ) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Catholicism portal Polish - speaking Catholics first arrived in England in some numbers after the partitions of Poland during the 19th century . One of the most notable Poles at this time , who eventually settled in England , was Joseph Conrad . At the end of the Second World War , many Polish servicemen were unable to return to their homeland following the imposition of a communist regime hostile to their return , and the Polish Resettlement Corps was formed by the British government to ease their transition into British life . They were joined by several thousand Displaced Persons ( DPs ) , many were their family members . This influx of Poles gave rise to the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act which allowed approximately 250,000 Polish Servicemen and their dependents , to settle in Britain . Many assimilated into existing Catholic congregations . According to the Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales in 1948 the Catholic hierarchy in England Wales agreed the appointment of a vicar delegate , nominated by the Polish Episcopate , with ordinary power over the Polish clergy and laity throughout England and Wales with certain exceptions relating to marriage . Subsequently , whenever a Polish Catholic community emerges within England and Wales , the vicar delegate appoints a Polish priest to organise a local branch of the Polish Catholic Mission . A priest thus appointed is the priest in charge , not a parish priest . There are no Polish parishes or quasiparishes in England and Wales ( in accordance with Canons 515 § 1 and 516 § 1 ) with the exception of the church at Devonia Road in London . A Polish Community is sometimes referred to as a `` parish '' but is not a parish in the canonical sense . Hence the Community is not a juridical person . The canonical juridical personality which represents the interests of all Polish Communities is vested in the Polish Catholic Mission . Since the 2004 accession of Poland to the European Union there has been further large - scale Polish immigration to the UK . Currently the Polish Catholic Mission includes around 219 parishes and pastoral centres with 114 priests . The current rector of the Polish Catholic Mission is Rev. Stefan Wylężek . In Poland , the Polish Bishops Conference has a delegate with special responsibility for émigré Poles . The current postholder is Bishop Ryszard Karpiński . The Tablet reported in December 2007 that the Polish Catholic Mission says these parishes follow a pastoral programme set by the Polish conference of bishops and are viewed as `` an integral part of the Polish church '' . In December 2007 Cardinal Cormac Murphy - O'Connor said `` I 'm quite concerned that Poles are creating a separate Church in Britain -- I would want them to be part of the Catholic life of this country . I would hope those responsible for the Polish Church here , and the Poles themselves , will be aware that they should become a part of local parishes as soon as possible when they learn enough of the language . '' Mgr Kukla stressed that the Polish Catholic Mission continues to have a `` good relationship '' with the hierarchy in England and Wales and said `` Integration is a long process . '' Significantly , the Polish Mission co-operated fully with the English hierarchy 's recent research enquiry into the needs of migrants in London 's catholic community . `` The Ground of Justice '' report by Francis Davis and Jolanta Stanke et al. Von Hügel Institute at St Edmund 's College , Cambridge was commissioned by Archbishop Kevin McDonald of Southwark , and Bishop Thomas McMahon of Brentwood. 1000 people attending Mass in three London dioceses were surveyed using anonymous questionnaires available in Polish , Lithuanian , Chinese , French , Spanish , Portuguese , and English . The congregations were from mainstream Diocesan parishes , ethnic chaplaincies , and churches of the Polish Vicariate . The report findings described how 86 % of eastern Europeans said the availability of Mass in their mother tongue was a reason for their choosing to worship in a particular church . The report 's recommendations emphasised cooperation with key overseas bishops conferences , dioceses , and religious institutes on the recruitment and appointment of ethnic chaplains ; the recognition of language skills as a legitimate training activity and cost for seminarians , clergy , parish volunteer and lay employees ; and the consolidation of dispersed charitable funds for pastoral development and the poor in London . Adoption Controversy ( edit ) On November 3 , 2016 , John Bingham reported in The Daily Telegraph that Cardinal Vincent Nichols officially acknowledged that the Catholic Church in England and Wales had pressured young , unmarried mothers in the country to put their children up for adoption in agencies linked to the Catholic Church throughout the decades following World War II and offered an apology . Catholic saints of the United Kingdom ( edit ) Saints and Doctors of the Church , notable and Pre-Reformation : St. Alban - ( d . 251 or 304 ) , Martyr St. David - ( 500 - 589 ) , Monk , Bishop , and Teacher Augustine of Canterbury - ( d . 605 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict and Bishop Padarn Early 6th century , Bishop Bede - ( 672 ? - 735 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict and Doctor of the Church St. Anselm - ( 1033 - 1109 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict , Bishop , and Doctor of the Church Thomas Becket - ( 1118 - 1170 ) , Bishop and Martyr Richard of Chichester - ( 1197 - 1253 ) , Bishop Saints from the period of the Reformation to the present : Main article : List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation John Fisher - ( 1469 - 1535 ) , Bishop of Rochester ; Cardinal Thomas More - ( 1478 - 1535 ) , Married Layperson of the Archdiocese of Westminster John Houghton - ( 1487 - 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Robert Lawrence - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Augustine Webster - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Richard Reynolds - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians John Stone - ( d. 1539 ) , Professed Priest of the Augustinians Cuthbert Mayne - ( 1544 - 1577 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Campion - ( 1540 - 1581 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Ralph Sherwin - ( 1550 - 1581 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Alexander Briant - ( 1556 - 1581 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Paine - ( d . 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Luke Kirby ( priest ) - ( 1549 - 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Richard Gwyn - ( 1537 - 1584 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Margaret Clitherow née Middleton - ( 1550 - 1586 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Margaret Ward - ( d . 1588 ) , Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Gennings - ( 1567 - 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Swithun Wells - ( 1536 - 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Eustace White - ( d . 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Polydore Plasden - ( d . 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Boste - ( 1543 - 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Robert Southwell - ( 1561 - 1595 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Henry Walpole - ( 1558 - 1595 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Philip Howard - ( 1557 - 1595 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Jones - ( 1559 - 1598 ) , Professed Priest of the Franciscan Friars Minor ( Observants ) John Rigby - ( d . 1600 ) , Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Anne Line née Higham - ( 1565 - 1601 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Nicholas Owen - ( 1550 - 1606 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Thomas Garnet - ( 1575 - 1608 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Roberts - ( 1576 - 1610 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines John Almond - ( 1577 - 1612 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Arrowsmith - ( 1585 - 1628 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Edward Barlow - ( 1585 - 1641 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines Bartholomew Roe - ( 1583 - 1642 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines Henry Morse - ( 1595 - 1645 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Southworth - ( 1592 - 1654 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England William Plessington - ( 1637 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Philip Evans - ( 1645 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Lloyd - ( 1630 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Wall - ( 1620 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Franciscan Friars Minor ( Recollects ) John Kemble - ( 1599 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England David Lewis - ( 1616 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Ogilvie - ( 1579 - 1615 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Blesseds Margaret Pole - ( 1473 -- 1541 ) , Martyr , Countess of Salisbury Dominic Barberi - ( 1792 - 1849 ) , Professed Priest of the Passionists John Henry Newman - ( 1801 - 1890 ) , Professed Priest of the Oratory , Theologian , Cardinal Venerables Mary Potter - ( 1847 - 1913 ) , Founder of the Little Company of Mary Margaret Sinclair - ( 1900 - 1925 ) , Professed Religious of the Poor Clare Colettine Nuns Bridget Teresa McCrory - ( 1893 - 1984 ) , Founder of the Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm Joan Ward - ( 1585 - 1645 ) , Founder of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( Loreto Sisters ) and Congregatio Iesu Servants of God Elizabeth Prout - ( 1820 - 1864 ) , Founder of the Sisters of the Cross and the Passion George Spencer - ( 1799 - 1864 ) , Professed Priest of the Passionists Margaret Hallahan - ( 1802 - 1868 ) , Founder of the Dominican Sisters of the English Congregation of Saint Catherine of Siena Frances Taylor - ( 1832 - 1900 ) , Founder of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God Teresa Helena Higginson - ( 1844 - 1905 ) , Layperson of the Archdiocese of Liverpool Mary Janet Erskine Stuart - ( 1857 - 1914 ) , Professed Religious of the Society of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Other Open Cause Miracles ( edit ) A number of events which Catholics hold to be miracles are associated with England . Marian apparitions ( edit ) A number of Marian apparitions are associated with England , the best known are the following ; Our Lady of Mount Carmel , associated with Simon Stock at Aylesford Our Lady of Walsingham , associated with Richeldis de Faverches at Walsingham Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception , associated with Helsim the Abbot in the North Sea Our Lady of Evesham , associated with Egwin of Evesham at Evesham Our Lady of Canterbury , associated with Dunstan and Anselm at Canterbury Our Lady of London , associated with Thomas a Becket and Hildegard von Bingen at London Our Lady of Jervaulx , associated with Abbot John Kingston of Byland at Jervaulx Our Lady of Durham , associated with Godric of Finchale at Durham Our Lady of Ipswich , associated with Anne Wentworth at Ipswich Incorruptibility ( edit ) A number of cases of alleged incorruptibility of some Catholic saints are associated with England ; Æthelthryth of Ely , hand discovered in 1811 Cuthbert of Lindisfarne , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Werburgh of Chester , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Wihtburh of East Anglia , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Winibald of Wessex , tomb found empty in 1968 Guthlac of Crowland , relics destroyed by Vikings Ælfheah of Canterbury , buried at Canterbury Cathedral Edward the Confessor , bodily allegedly intact in 1269 , skeleton by 1685 Hugh of Lincoln , tomb pillaged in 1364 , shrine destroyed under Henry VIII Edmund of Abingdon , taken to Pontigny Abbey in France John Southworth , returned to Westminster Cathedral in 1927 Stigmata ( edit ) Two cases of alleged stigmata are associated with England , neither have been approved by the Vatican ; 1880 : Teresa Helena Higginson , at Gainsborough , Lincolnshire 1986 : Patricia de Menezes , at Surrey See also ( edit ) Agatha Christie indult Anderton family Apostolic Vicariate of the London District Apostolic Vicariate of the Midland District Apostolic Vicariate of the Northern District Apostolic Vicariate of the Western District British Catholic History Cambridge University Press Cluniac Reform Carthusian Martyrs Catholic Church by country Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic National Library Conférence des évêques de France Council of London ( 1102 ) Doctor of the Church Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Latin Mass Society of England and Wales List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation List of English cardinals List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation Lists of patriarchs , archbishops , and bishops Priest hole Catholic Church in Ireland Catholic Church in Scotland Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Church in the United Kingdom Shropshire & Wrekin Catholic Region The Stripping of the Altars Thomas Merton Society of Great Britain and Ireland Venerable English College , Rome Sources ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dairmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation ( New York : Viking , 2003 ) , 193 - 4 . MacCulloch : `` This program became a series of legislative acts steered through the English Parliament between 1533 and 1536 by a new chief minister , the obscurely born Thomas Cromwell ... '' Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen The Catholic Encyclopedia says this : `` Before the breach with Rome under Henry VIII there was absolutely no doctrinal difference between the faith of Englishmen and the rest of Catholic Christendom , and ' Anglicanism , ' as connoting a separate or independent religious system , was unknown . The name ' Ecclesia Anglicana , ' or English Church , was of course employed , but always in the Catholic and Papal use of the term as signifying that part of the one Catholic Church under the jurisdiction of the Pope which was situated in England , and precisely in the same way as the Church in Scotland was called the ' Ecclesia Scotticana , ' the Church in France , the ' Ecclesia Gallicana , ' and the Church in Spain the ' Ecclesia Hispanica . ' That such national or regional appellations were a part of the style of the Roman Curia itself , and that they in no sense could have implied any indication of independence from Rome , is sufficiently well known to all who are familiar with pre-Reformation records . '' Jump up ^ Martin Marty , `` Protestantism '' , The Encyclopedia of Religion ( New York : Macmillan Publishing , 1987 ) Vol. 12 , 26 . Marty , a University of Chicago historian and Lutheran , says this : `` Although it ( the Church of England ) has kept faith in the apostolic succession of bishops and has retained many pre-Reformation practices , the Anglican communion as it has existed since the break with Rome under Henry VIII in the sixteenth century is vastly different from the Catholic church under Roman papal obedience in England before and since the Reformation . In short , the Waldensians , the Czech groups , and the Anglicans alike were , and were seen to be , part of the Protestant revolt from both the viewpoints of Catholic leadership and historical scholarship ever since . Jump up ^ T.S. Eliot The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry ( New York : Harcourt Brace , 1993 ) , 87 . Eliot says this about pre-Reformation Europe : `` Men had lived for centuries under a church which was the incorporated ' sensus communis ' of Europe . '' Jump up ^ Loades , pp. 207 -- 208 ; Waller , p. 65 ; Whitelock , p. 198 Jump up ^ Fourteen Catholic bishops appointed by Mary I were dismissed from their sees . `` Elizabeth 's Religious Settlement , planned meticulously by her chief ministers William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon and already drafted in the first weeks of her reign , made no significant concessions to Catholic opinion represented by the church hierarchy and much of the nobility . There was no question of offering it for inspection by the overwhelmingly Catholic clerical assemblies ... This meant delay until April 1559 , when two Catholic bishops were arrested on trumped - up charges and the loss of their parliamentary votes resulted in a tiny majority for the government 's bills to pass the House of Lords . '' MacCulloch , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Cullen Murphy ( 2012 ) God 's Jury : the Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ) , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Catholic population from 1901 to 2001 Jump up ^ `` Numbers Game '' , The Tablet 31 October 2009 , 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Catholic Vote In Britain Helped Carry Blair To Victory '' . Ipsos MORI. 23 May 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . There are considerable regional variations , of course , Catholics being most widespread in London , Scotland and particularly the North - West ( where one in five is Catholic ) Jump up ^ Cheney , David M. `` Great Britain , Statistics by Diocese , by Catholic Population ( Catholic - Hierarchy ) '' . Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips , The Cousins ' Wars ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) , 480 -- 84 . Phillips notes : `` The subjugation ( of the Irish ) of the seventeenth century was almost complete ... During the first quarter of the eighteenth century ( after the Treaty of Union ) , Catholic bishops were banned and priests required to register . Catholics lost their right to vote , hold office , own a gun or a horse worth more than 5 pounds , or live in towns without paying special fees ... Once again the Irish were pushed west to poorer lands , an exodus that prefigured the disposition of the American Indians over the next two centuries . '' Jump up ^ `` The Effect of Christianity upon the British Celts '' ( PDF ) . Kimberly Rachel Grunke. 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Plummer , `` Excursus on the Paschal Controversy and Tonsure '' , in his edition Venerablilis Baedae , Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum , 1892 ( Oxford : University Press , 1975 ) , pp. 348 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Hughes , `` The Celtic Church : Is This a Valid Concept ? '' , O'Donnell lectures in Celtic Studies , University of Oxford 1975 ( published in Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies , 1 ( 1981 ) , pp. 1 -- 20 ) . Jump up ^ Wendy Davies , `` The Myth of the Celtic Church '' , in The Early Church in Wales and the West , Oxbow Monograph , no . 16 , edited by Nancy Edwards and Alan Lane , 12 -- 21 . Oxford : Oxbow , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Home '' . Jump up ^ H.E. , III , iv Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd Albion ( New York : Anchor Books , 2002 ) , 33 . Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org : St. Wilfrid . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Hygeberht , Adrian I Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : St. Dunstan Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Lanfranc , Anselm , Innocent III , Hubert Walter , Canterbury . Jump up ^ Note Bede in his Hist . Eccl. , I , xxxiii : `` When Augustine , the first archbishop of Canterbury , assumed the throne in that royal city , he recovered therein , by the king 's assistance , a church which , as he was told , had been constructed by the original labor of Roman believers . This church he consecrated in the name of the Saviour , Our God and Lord Jesus Christ , and there he established an habitation for himself and his successors . '' Jump up ^ Charterhouse in London : monastery , mansion , hospital , school / by Gerald S. Davis -- Davies , Gerald S. ( Gerald Stanley ) , 1845 -- 1927 26 27 31 Jump up ^ G.W. Bernard , `` The Dissolution of the Monasteries , '' History ( 2011 ) 96 # 324 p 390 Jump up ^ In Ludlow in Shropshire the parishioners complied with the orders to remove the rood and other images in 1547 , and in same year spent money on making up the canopy to be carried over the Blessed Sacrament on the feast of Corpus Christi . ( Eamon Duffy , The Stripping of the Altars , p. 481 , Yale University Press , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Keith Miles , `` Portrait of Mary Tudor '' , The Tablet 12 September 2009 , 20 Jump up ^ Diarmard MacCulloch Thomas Cranmer : A Life ( London : Yale University Press , 1996 ) , 538 -- 41 ISBN 0 - 300 - 06688 - 0 Jump up ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation , A History ( New York : Viking , 2003 ) , 272 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Protestant Martyrs and Elizabeth 's Catholic Traitors in the Age of Catholic Emancipation '' , John E. Drabble / Church History , Vol. 51 , No. 2 ( June 1982 ) , pp. 172 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 5 Eliz. 1 c. 1 Jump up ^ ( Russell , Conrad , The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain , p. 281 , Oxford University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ 23 Eliz . c. 1 Penal Laws Jump up ^ 35 Eliz . c. 2 Penal Laws Jump up ^ Darrell Turner `` Christian against Christian in 16th century England '' National Catholic Reporter 16 September 2005 , 13 Jump up ^ Jonas Barish , ed. , Ben Jonson ( Englewood Clifts : Prentice - Hall , 1963 ) , 175 . Jump up ^ John Morrish writing on BBC production , `` Baroque ! From St. Peter 's to St. Paul 's '' in Tablet 7 March 2009 , 29 . Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips The Cousins ' Wars ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 , 52 -- 3 . Phillips says this : `` Religious historians beg off from stating firm numbers for either camp . If Puritans probably represented 10 -- 20 percent of the national population , most of them still worshiping within the Church of England , Catholics were much harder to count . Open ' recusants ' -- Catholics who paid fines to avoid attending the Church of England -- numbered sixty thousand in 1640 . Many more , however , reluctantly attended services on Sunday with scowls or for as short a time as possible . The more identifiable of these were called ' Church Papists ' ; the less important , ordinary grumblers who merely talked of preferring the older ceremonies were uncountable . In the north and west , at least half the population outside the towns were Catholic to some degree . By this broad definition , Catholics would have numbered 10 -- 15 percent of the total English population . Practicing Catholics , however , could not have been more than 2 -- 3 percent . Catholicism survived most strongly among the nobility , of whom 15 -- 20 percent clung to the old faith , including many leading magnates in an arc from Cumberland , Westmoreland , and Lancashire south to Derby , Worchestershire , and Hereforshire . However , even solidly Protestant East Anglian counties like Suffolk and Essex each had three , four , or a half - dozen aristocratic families holding to the religion of their forebears . This is perhaps one reason why the populace took Catholic ' plots ' so seriously : What they called popery was especially visible among the powerful and influential . '' Jump up ^ Also see : John Morrill 's The Nature of the English Revolution ( 1993 ) ; Conrad Russell 's The Causes of the English Civil War ( 1990 ) ; and Barry Coward 's The Stuart Age 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Mieczysław Biskupski , The History of Poland , Greenwood 2000 , p 14 . Jump up ^ Ole Peter Grell , Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation , Cambridge University Press 2002 , p 65 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd , 185 . Jump up ^ Works of John Dryden at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , American Colonies ( New York : Viking , 2001 ) , 278 . Jump up ^ The historian Diarmaid MacCulloch says this : `` His ( James II ) replacement on the throne in 1688 by his Dutch son - in - law Willem of Orange was virtually bloodless because the whole English establishment ( including the Church of England 's Seven Bishops ) stood by and let it happen , earning the event the name of the Glorious Revolution . This happy title is a disguise for the fact that Willem was ( so far ) the last foreign ruler to lead a successful military invasion of England , and the English did nothing to stop it . '' Diarmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation ( New York : Viking , 2004 ) , 514 . Jump up ^ Also : Lisa Jardine , Going Dutch : how England plundered Holland 's glory ( New York : Harpers Perennial , 2009 ) . Her point : the `` Glorious Revolution '' amounted to a Dutch military takeover with English collaboration . Jump up ^ John Burns , `` British Monarchy Scraps Rule of Male Succession in New Step to Modernization , '' New York Times , 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Christopher Howse `` Christopher Howse 's Presswatch '' The Tablet 10 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Alleyne and Harry de Quetteville `` Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland '' Telegraph 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : John Carroll Jump up ^ Taylor , 429 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Ned C. Landsman , `` The Provinces and the Empire : Scotland , the American Colonies and the Development of British Provincial Identity '' , in Lawrence Stone , ed. , An Imperial State at War : Britain from 1689 to 1815 ( New York : Routledge , 1994 ) , 258 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Elusive Empires : Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley , 1673 -- 1800 ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ La Salle and His Legacy : Frenchmen and Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley ( Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Garry Wills , `` On Reading Pope 's Homer New York Times Review ( 1 June 1997 ) , 22 Jump up ^ Christopher Martin A Glimpse of Heaven : Catholic Churches of England and Wales ( London : English Heritage , 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` An enigma wrapped in a cowl '' , The Tablet , 17 / 24 December 2005 , 8 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Maria Fitzherbert Jump up ^ Richard Abbott , `` Brighton 's unofficial queen '' The Tablet , 1 September 2007 , 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Aidan Bellenger , `` Left foot forward '' , The Tablet , 10 October 2009 , 24 . Also see : Gabriel Glickman , The English Catholic Community 1688 -- 1745 : politics , culture and ideology ( London : Boydell and Brewer , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Steve Pincus , 1688 : The First Modern Revolution ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2009 ) , 432 - 434 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11547 - 4 Jump up ^ Michael Wheeler , The Old Enemies : Catholic and Protestant in nineteenth - century English Culture ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Grace Donovan `` An American Catholic in Victorian England : Louisa , Duchess of Leeds , and the Carroll Family Benefice '' , Maryland Historical Magazine Vol. 84 , No. 3 , Fall , 1898 , 223 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Wellington to Hervey , 3 July 1817 , Leeds papers , Yorkshire Archaeological Society . Jump up ^ Charles Carroll to Mary Caton , 28 January 1789 ; to Louisa , 19 September 1803 , Carroll Microfilm . Jump up ^ John Carroll to Charles Carroll , 15 July 1800 , Caroll papers , Ms. 216 , Maryland Historical Society . Jump up ^ Donovan , 226 Jump up ^ Abigail Frymann `` Emancipator and Sons '' , Tablet 24 March 2007 , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Adrian Turner , `` Taking up arms '' , The Tablet , 9 September 1989 , 1027 Jump up ^ Isabel de Bertodano `` Bill demands end to anti-Catholic laws '' , The Tablet , 24 February 2007 , 36 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Statistics are for `` full members of certain churches in England and Wales . '' The 1929 edition records 2,294,000 Anglicans , 1,939,700 other Protestants ( Methodists , Congregationalists , Baptists , etc . ) , 1,930,000 Catholics , and `` about 300,000 '' Jews . The 1953 edition records 3,186,093 Anglicans , 2,528,200 Catholics , 1,709,245 other Protestants , and `` about 400,000 '' Jews . Jump up ^ http://www.drgareth.info/CathStat.pdf Jump up ^ Duffy , Eamon ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Pope visit : A visit that reflects our changing times '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/Media-Centre/Press-Releases/press_releases_2009/growing_trend_to_spend_a_year_discovering_priesthood_before_entering_seminary Jump up ^ http://www.ukvocation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Stats-for-Bishops-Conference-2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Jump up ^ Patricia Lefevere `` The faith of Tony Blair '' The Catholic Reporter 6 March 2009 , 11 Jump up ^ Catherine Pepinster , `` Britain 's Top 100 Lay Catholics '' , The Tablet , 18 March 2006 , 25 -- 32 . Jump up ^ John Jolliffe , ed. , English Catholic Heroes London : Gracewing Publishing , 2008 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 604 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Red - Capet Catholic '' The Tablet 28 February 2009 , 18 Jump up ^ Ut unum sint `` , The Tablet 6 May 2006 , 18 Jump up ^ Thomas Norton , `` When is a martyr a traitor ? '' The Tablet 25 October 2008 , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` Just good friends '' , The Tablet , 28 February 2009 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Cardinal Hume Centre '' . Jump up ^ Mass in Support of Migrant Workers Jump up ^ For a general study in this area , see Nicholas Schofield and Gerard Skinner , The English Cardinals ( London : Family Publications , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Michael Walsh Westminster Cardinals London : Burns and Oates , 2009 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 459 - 2 Jump up ^ Elena Curti and Christopher Lamb , `` Cathedral countdown to installation '' , The Tablet , 16 May 2009 , 39 . Jump up ^ Lucy Wooding , `` Binding Identities , '' Tablet , 26 June 2011 , 26 Jump up ^ `` Archbishop of Westminster Vincent Nichols is made cardinal , '' The Telegraph , 22 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Over 3,500 adults received into the Church in England and Wales -- CatholicHerald.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ Richard Ormrod , `` Mixed Blessings '' , The Tablet , 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinariate liturgy will have Anglican flavour '' , The Tablet , 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Abigail Frymann , `` Passionate perfectionist '' , The Tablet , 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Anglican appointed to East Anglia '' , The Tablet , 15 , June 2013 , 30 . Jump up ^ `` Polish & Catholic Missionary Dating '' . Jump up ^ The Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales -- ( 1 ) , 2005 Jump up ^ Polish Bishops may loosen grip on British mission churches -- The Tablet , 26 January 2008 Jump up ^ Polish anger mounts over cardinal 's criticism -- The Tablet , 22 / 29 December 2007 Jump up ^ Britain 's Polish immigrants ' are abandoning faith ' -- Catholic Herald , 31 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` '' The Ground of Justice `` '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Francis Davis Jump up ^ Von Hügel Institute Jump up ^ The Ground of Justice : The report of a pastoral research enquiry into the needs of migrants in London 's Catholic community . Commissioned by the Diocese of Westminster , the Archdiocese of Southwark and the Diocese of Brentwood Von Hügel Institute , St Edmund 's College , University of Cambridge , 2007 Jump up ^ John Bingham ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Cardinal 's apology to mothers over babies handed over for adoption '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Peter Ackroyd Albion : The origins of the English Imagination ( New York : Anchor Random , 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 385 - 49773 - 3 Virginia Blanton Signs of Devotion : The Cult of St. AEthelthryth in Medieval England , 695 -- 1615 ( University Park : Penn State University , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 271 - 02984 - 6 Michael Burleigh Sacred Causes ( New York : HarperCollins , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 058095 - 7 Thomas Clancy , S.J. , English Catholic Books , 1641 -- 1700 ( Cambridge : Scolar Press , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 85928 - 329 - 2 Thomas Clancy , S.J. , English Catholic Books , 1701 -- 1800 ( Cambridge : Scolar Press , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 85928 - 148 - 6 Eamon Duffy The Voices of Morebath ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 09825 - 1 Eamon Duffy Marking the Hours : English People and their Prayers 1240 -- 1570 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 11714 - 0 Eamon Duffy Fires of Faith : Catholic England under Mary Tudor ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2009 ) Excellent for background and policies of Cardinal Pole . ISBN 0 - 300 - 15216 - 7 Mark Turnham Elvins , Old Catholic England ( London : Catholic Truth Society , 1978 ) Antonia Fraser Mary Queen of Scots ( New York : Delta Random , 1993 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 31129 - 8 Howard Esksine - Hill Alexander Pope : World and Word ( Oxford : Oxford University Press for the British Academy , 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 726170 - 1 Stephen Greenblatt Will in the World ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 05057 - 2 John Guy A Daughter 's Love : Thomas and Margaret More ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2009 ) 0618499156 Alana Harris Faith in the Family : a lived religious history of English Catholicism , 1945 - 82 ( Manchester : University of Manchester : 2014 ) Roy Hattersley The Catholics ( Chatto and Windus , 2017 ) NSBN - 10 : 178474152 Clare Haynes Pictures and Popery : Art and Religion in England , 1660 -- 1760 ( Burlington , Vt. : Ashgate , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5506 - 7 Robert Hutchinson House of Treason : the Rise and Fall of the Tudor Dynasty ( London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 297 - 84564 - 0 Emilia Jamroziak and Janet Burton , eds . Religious and Laity in Western Europe , 1000 -- 1400 ( Europa Scra 2. Turnhout : Brepols , 2006 ) Julie Kerr Monastic Hospitality : Benedictines in England , c. 1070 - c. 1250 , Studies in the history of Medieval Religion 32 . ( Woodbridge , U.K. : Boydell , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 84725 - 161 - 7 K.J. Kesselring The Northern Rebellion of 1569 : Faith , Politics , and Protest in Elizabethan England ( London : Palgrave MacMillan , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 55319 - 4 Peter Lake and Michael Questier The Trials of Margaret Clitherow : Persecution , Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England ( Bloomsbury , 2011 ) Peter Marshall Religious Identities in Henry VIII 's England ( London : Ashgate , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5390 - 0 Peter Marshall and Alex Ryrie , Eds The Beginnings of English Protestantism ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80274 - 1 Thomas McCoog And Touching Our Society : Jesuit Identity in Elizabethan England ISBN 978 - 0 - 88844 - 183 - 6 Goeffrey Moorhouse The Pilgrimage of Grace : the Rebellion that Shook Henry VIII 's Throne ( London : Weidenfeld and Moorhouse , 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84212 - 666 - 0 Hazel Pierce Margaret Pole , Countess of Salisbury 1473 -- 1541 : Loyalty , Lineage and Leadership ( University of Wales Press , 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 7083 - 2189 - 5 Linda Porter The First Queen of England : The Myth of `` Bloody Mary '' ( New York : St. Martin Press , 2008 ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 36837 - 2 Michael C. Questier Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England : Politics , Aristocratic Patronage and Religion , c. 1550 -- 1640 Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) . This re-evaluates post-Reformation Catholicism through windows of the wider Catholic community in England and through aristocratic patronage . ISBN 0 - 521 - 06880 - 0 John Saward , John Morrill , and Michael Tomko ( eds ) , Firmly I Believe and Truly : The spiritual tradition of Catholic England 1483 - 1999 ( Oxford , Oxford University Press , 2011 ) . Karen Stober Late Medieval Monasteries and their Patrons : England and Wales , c. 1300 -- 1540 Studies in the History of Medieval Religion . ( Woodbridge , U.K. : Boydell , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 84383 - 284 - 4 Charles E. Ward The Life of John Dryden ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press , 1961 ) B00IUBM07U James Anderson Winn John Dryden and His World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1987 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02994 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Beck , George Andrew , ed . The English Catholics , 1850 - 1950 ( 1950 ) , scholarly essays Corrin , Jay P. Catholic Progressives in England After Vatican II ( University of Notre Dame Press ; 2013 ) 536 pages ; Dures , Alan . English Catholicism , 1558 - 1642 : Continuity and Change ( 1983 ) Glickman , Gabriel . The English Catholic Community 1688 -- 1745 : politics , culture and ideology ( 2009 ) Harris , Alana . Faith in the Family : A Lived Religious History of English Catholicism , 1945 - 1982 ( 2013 ) ; the impact of the Second Vatican Council on the ordinary believer Heimann , Mary . Catholic Devotion in Victorian England ( 1995 ) online Hughes , Philip . The Catholic Question , 1688 - 1829 : A Study in Political History ( 1929 ) McClelland , Vincent Alan . Cardinal Manning : the Public Life and Influences , 1865 - 1892 ( 1962 ) Mathew , David . Catholicism in England : the portrait of a minority : its culture and tradition ( 1955 ) Mullet , Michael . Catholics in Britain and Ireland , 1558 - 1829 ( 1998 ) 236pp Watkin , E. I Roman Catholicism in England from the Reformation to 1950 ( 1957 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Mullet , Michael . English Catholicism , 1680 - 1830 ( 2006 ) 2714 pages Newman , John Henry . Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England ( University of Notre Dame Press , 2000 ) 585pp ; based on 6th edition of 1889 External links ( edit ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales English Catholic History Association The Catholic Record Society Taking Stock : Catholic Churches Who Were the Nuns ? Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Province of Westminster Alan Williams ( Brentwood ) Alan Hopes ( East Anglia ) Peter Doyle ( Northampton ) Patrick McKinney ( Nottingham ) Archbishop Vincent Nichols ( Westminster ) Province of Birmingham Archbishop Bernard Longley ( Birmingham ) Declan Lang ( Clifton ) Mark Davies ( Shrewsbury ) Province of Liverpool Ralph Heskett ( Hallam ) Michael Campbell ( Lancaster ) Marcus Stock ( Leeds ) Archbishop Malcolm McMahon ( Liverpool ) Terry Drainey ( Middlesbrough ) Séamus Cunningham ( Hexham and Newcastle ) John Arnold ( Salford ) Province of Southwark Richard Moth ( Arundel and Brighton ) Mark O'Toole ( Plymouth ) Philip Egan ( Portsmouth ) Archbishop Peter Smith ( Southwark ) Province of Cardiff Archbishop George Stack ( Cardiff ) Tom Burns ( Menevia ) Peter Brignall ( Wrexham ) Others Sede vacante ( Bishopric of the Forces ) Keith Newton ( Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham ) Hlib Lonchyna ( Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London ) Former Bishop of Beverley Pre-Restoration of the Hierarchy Apostolic Vicariates : London District , Midland District , Northern District , Western District Apostolic Nuncio Edward Adams Catholicism portal Cathedrals of the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland England and Wales Province of Westminster Brentwood Norwich Northampton Nottingham Westminster Province of Birmingham Birmingham Clifton Shrewsbury Province of Liverpool Lancaster Leeds Liverpool Middlesbrough Newcastle - upon - Tyne Salford Sheffield Province of Southwark Arundel Plymouth Portsmouth Southwark Province of Cardiff Cardiff Swansea Wrexham Other dioceses Bishopric of the Forces Ukrainian Eparchy Scotland Province of St Andrews & Edinburgh Aberdeen Ayr Dundee Edinburgh Oban Province of Glasgow Glasgow Motherwell Paisley Ireland Province of Armagh Armagh Belfast Cavan Derry Letterkenny Longford Monaghan Mullingar Newry Province of Cashel Cobh Cork Ennis Killarney Limerick Skibbereen Thurles Waterford Province of Dublin Carlow Dublin Enniscorthy Kilkenny Province of Tuam Ballaghaderreen Ballina Galway Loughrea Sligo Tuam Catholicism portal Lists of cathedrals in Ireland England and Wales Scotland Chaplaincies of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Airport Chaplaincies Birmingham Airport Gatwick Airport Heathrow Airport Manchester Airport Stansted Airport Armed Forces Chaplaincies Bishopric of the Forces Chaplains to Ethnic Communities ( CECs ) African Chaplaincy Asian Chaplaincy Austrian Chaplaincy Chinese Chaplaincy Croatian Chaplaincy Czech Chaplaincy Filipino Chaplaincy German Chaplaincy Ghanian Chaplaincy Hungarian Chaplaincy Italian Chaplaincy Latin American Chaplaincy Lithuanian Chaplaincy Maltese Chaplaincy Polish Chaplaincy Portuguese Chaplaincy Slovenian Chaplaincy Spanish Chaplaincy Tamil Chaplaincy Vietnamese Chaplaincy West Indian Chaplaincy Chaplains to Ethnic Communities ( CECs ) Chaldean Chaplaincy Maronite Chaplaincy Melkite Chaplaincy Apostolic Exarchate Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians Catholicism portal Catholic Church in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales&oldid=797407303 '' Categories : Catholic Church in England and Wales Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 21 : 43 . 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Charlene Amoia

Charlene Amoia - wikipedia Charlene Amoia Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject . It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia 's neutral point of view policy . There may be relevant discussion on the talk page . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlene Amoia is an American actress best known for her role as Wendy the waitress in the TV sitcom How I Met Your Mother . Some of her other television credits include Glee and Diana Coto on Switched at Birth , and her film credits include Kevin 's ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) wife Elllie in American Reunion ( 2012 ) from the American Pie series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Childhood and early career 2 Career 2.1 How I Met Your Mother 2.2 American Reunion 2.3 Other TV and film work 3 References 4 External links Childhood and early career ( edit ) Charlene was born in Buffalo New York . She got her start in modeling before making the transition to acting in 2001 with a role on the soap opera , Port Charles . That part on the daytime drama led to guest appearances in several other series , including Joey , Girlfriends , 90210 , and as Anna Schick in The Young and the Restless . Career ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother ( edit ) From 2005 to 2011 , she played Wendy , a waitress that works at the bar , the main setting of the American TV hit How I Met Your Mother . Although at times on the series she was rumored to be Ted 's future wife , Amoia herself did n't believe Wendy would turn out to be `` the one '' . `` Wendy had sex with Barney behind the bar on the show and also made out with Ted 's dad , so the likelihood of this character being the mom , I thought , was pretty small anyway , but the fact that fans were rooting for me was awesome ! '' the actress has said . On playing Wendy , she has said , `` I love playing flawed characters . Wendy is so genuinely sweet and guileless to a point that she does n't realize she 's being taken advantage of . Being able to take on these characteristics in a way that is funny and harmless is always so much fun ! '' American Reunion ( edit ) Amoia played Ellie , Kevin ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) 's wife , in the fourth American Pie film , released in 2012 . She originally auditioned for a different role before landing this role . Other TV and film work ( edit ) Amoia also played Nurse Katie on daytime soap Days of Our Lives , Bailey on Glee and Diana Cotto on Switched at Birth . Additionally she appeared in the TV series 90210 as teacher Miss Wells in Season 1 , Episode 7 . She has appeared in such films as Seven Pounds , with Will Smith , and American Reunion . In 2013 , she plays Jill in Fat , which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival . She recently guest starred on the show NCIS : New Orleans as Carly Dawson in the episode `` Breaking Brig '' and Kelly Press on Major Crimes . She played : Janet Conrad , a pushy NATO Photographer who was seeking a career changing `` Front Line Photo '' in the 2016 movie ; Sniper : Special Ops . In 2017 she appeared on American Horror Story on the episode `` Great Again '' . In season 14 of Grey 's Anatomy she appeared as Dr. Kate Lachman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walsh , D. `` Interview : American Pie Reunion 's Charlene Amoia '' . Rising star Charlene Amoia , best known for her role as Wendy in How I Met Your Mother , '' . Fit Celeb . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Michael Aaron . `` Charlene Amoia connects with former cast members in ' American Reunion ' '' . She began modeling locally , at first filling in for a Nine West shoe model , and then eventually auditioning for a television commercial . StayFamous.Net . Jump up ^ `` Charlene Amoia Exclusive Interview : `` How I Met Your Mother '' scoop and more ! `` . The Star Scoop . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . `` How I Met Your Mother '' has been a great blessing in my life for the last six years . Jump up ^ Stevens , Samantha . `` Charlene Amoia talks How I Met Your Mother , role on ' Glee ' '' . `` It 's nice to have that support , '' she added of fans who wanted Wendy to be the show 's mystery mother . The Republican . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Adam . `` Charlene Amoia - Wendy the Waitress Takes Our Order '' . Adam Bernard . Jump up ^ Stacy , Hannah . `` An Interview with Charlene Amoia , Actress and Former Model '' . Cliche Mag . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Walsh , D. `` Interview : American Pie Reunion 's Charlene Amoia '' . In April 2012 the much - anticipated movie , American Reunion , will feature Amoia as Ellie , the wife of Kevin Myers ( Thomas Ian Nicholas . ) . Fit Celeb . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ DiCarlo , Steve . `` Meet & Greet : ' American Reunion ' Star Charlene Amoia Talks Nudity & First Loves '' . Celebuzz . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF listing for `` Fat '' `` . Toronto International Film Festival . External links ( edit ) This section is too long . Consider splitting it into new pages , adding subheadings , or condensing it . ( November 2013 ) Charlene Amoia on IMDb StayFamous.net Interview for `` American Reunion '' MassLive.com Interview for `` How I Met Your Mother '' FitCeleb.com Interview for `` American Reunion '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlene_Amoia&oldid=815090943 '' Categories : 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Autobiographical articles from August 2013 Wikipedia references cleanup from August 2013 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles that may be too long from November 2013 Articles using small message boxes Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 18 : 35 . About Wikipedia

who plays wendy the waitress in how i met your mother

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Night at the Museum

Night at the Museum - wikipedia Night at the Museum Jump to : navigation , search Night at the Museum Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Screenplay by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Based on The Night at the Museum by Milan Trenc Starring Ben Stiller Carla Gugino Dick Van Dyke Robin Williams Owen Wilson Steve Coogan Crystal the Monkey Jake Cherry Ricky Gervais Mickey Rooney Bill Cobbs Rami Malek Pierfrancesco Favino Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Don Zimmerman Production company 1492 Pictures 21 Laps Entertainment Ingenious Film Partners Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) ( New York City ) December 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $574.5 million Night at the Museum is a 2006 American fantasy - comedy film directed by Shawn Levy and written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon , based on the 1993 children 's book of the same name by Croatian illustrator Milan Trenc . The film stars Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a divorced father who applies for a job as a night watchman at New York City 's American Museum of Natural History and subsequently discovers that the exhibits , animated by a magical Egyptian artifact , come to life at night . It was released on December 22 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox . The first installment in the Night at the Museum trilogy , the film was a box office success despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , grossing over $574 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Exhibits 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Songs 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track list 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Home media 6 Awards 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Daley is a divorced man from Queens , hoping to find a good job to impress his ten - year old son Nick , his ex-wife Erica believing he is a bad example for their son . Larry is hired at the American Museum of Natural History to replace the retiring security guards Cecil Fredericks and his colleagues Gus and Reginald . Larry meets the museum 's neurotic curator Dr. McPhee , and museum docent Rebecca Hutman , who plans to write a dissertation on Sacagawea . On his first night , Cecil hands Larry an instruction manual on what to do in the museum , warning him not to let anything `` in or out . '' Larry soon discovers that at night , the museum 's exhibits come to life and cause havoc for him . Amongst the lively exhibits are a playful Tyrannosaurus skeleton named Rexy ; a mischievous capuchin monkey named Dexter who destroys the instructions ; the warring factions of cowboys and legionnaires led by Jedediah and General Octavius ; violent Attila the Hun ; a talking Easter Island Head that desires gum ; the fire - seeking neanderthals ; and a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt , who is in love with Sacagawea . Roosevelt explains to Larry that the exhibits have come to life every night since the arrival of an Egyptian artifact , the Tablet of Akhmenrah , the mummified pharaoh trapped in his sarcophagus . He also explains to Larry that as night guard , it is his job to make sure that no exhibit sets foot out of the museum , otherwise they will disintegrate into dust if the sun rises while they are outside . The next day , Cecil advises Larry to research history to make up for the instructions ' destruction . He studies in libraries and from Rebecca . Larry puts his new knowledge to good use on his second night , but some of his plans backfire and the neanderthals set their exhibit on fire , leading to one becoming dust after venturing outside . After having doubts and almost getting fired the next day , Larry offers to introduce Sacagawea to Rebecca , but she thinks he is mocking her . On his third night , Larry brings Nick to the museum to watch the exhibits come to life , but they strangely do not . They catch Cecil , Gus , and Reginald stealing artifacts , who explain the tablet 's magic has allowed them to feel physically young in their old age , and plot to frame Larry for the theft while they enjoy a happy retirement . Nick activates the tablet , but Cecil steals it , locking Larry and Nick in the Egyptian exhibit . They free Akhmenrah , and rally the exhibits to stop the thieves and retrieve their colleagues who fled out into Central Park . Gus and Reginald are captured , but Cecil escapes by stagecoach . Larry and several exhibits give chase , where they stop Cecil and recover the tablet , using its magic to escort all of the exhibits back into the museum before sunrise . Rebecca witnesses this and makes amends with Larry , subsequently introduced to Sacagawea . The next day McPhee fires Larry , but when they go into the museum , they find it is crowded due to last night 's strange activities , and Larry is rehired . During the credits , Cecil , Gus , and Reginald were granted mercy by Larry and work as janitors . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a night - shift security guard at the American Museum of Natural History in New York . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks , a veteran security guard Carla Gugino as Rebecca Hutman , a museum docent Mickey Rooney as Gus , a veteran security guard Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a veteran security guard Jake Cherry as Nick Daley , Larry 's son Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the curator of the Museum of Natural History and Larry 's boss Kim Raver as Erica Daley , Larry 's former wife Charlie Murphy as the taxi - driver Paul Rudd as Don , Erica 's fiancé Anne Meara as Debbie Exhibits ( edit ) Robin Williams as a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt Patrick Gallagher as a wax model of Attila the Hun Rami Malek as the mummy of Pharaoh Ahkmenrah Pierfrancesco Favino as a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a miniature cowboy figure Steve Coogan as Octavius , a miniature Roman general figure Mizuo Peck as a polyurethane model of Sacagawea Kerry van der Griend , Dan Rizzuto , Matthew Harrison , and Jody Racicot as wax models of neanderthals Martin Christopher as a wax model of Meriwether Lewis Martin Sims as a wax model of William Clark Randy Lee , Darryl Quon , Gerald Wong , and Paul Chih - Ping Cheng as wax models of the Huns Brad Garrett as the voice of the Easter Island Head Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a stuffed capuchin monkey Production ( edit ) The building featured in the film , which was constructed on a sound stage in Burnaby , British Columbia , is based on the American Museum of Natural History in New York City , external shots of which were used in the movie . Trainers spent several weeks training Crystal , who plays the troublemaking monkey Dexter , to slap and bite Stiller in the film . Robin Williams ' Theodore Roosevelt costume closely resembles that of John Wayne 's character in The Shootist . Director Shawn Levy credited Ben Stiller for the ensemble cast : `` When actors hear that Ben Stiller is in a movie they want to work with him . It ( 's ) a high - water mark and it absolutely draws actors in and I 'm convinced that 's a big part of why we got this cast . '' Music ( edit ) Songs ( edit ) Ben Stiller claimed that he watched Tom Cruise in the Mission : Impossible films to learn how to imitate his running technique , shown here as Stiller portraying his film character running for dear life from the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton ( Rexy ) . `` Friday Night '' - performed by McFly ; not featured in American version of the film , but heard in some international cuts , used during the end credits . It can be heard on the American DVD on the Spanish dub . `` September '' - performed by Earth , Wind and Fire ; used before the end credits where everyone in the museum is partying . `` Weapon of Choice '' - performed by Fatboy Slim ; used in the scene where Larry returns to the museum for his second night and is preparing for the chaos . `` Tonight '' - performed by Keke Palmer and Cham ; used for the end credits ( U.S. theatrical version only ) . `` Eye of the Tiger '' - performed by Ben Stiller ; used in the scene where Larry is bored and messes around with the telephone at the front desk beatboxing the music . An instrumental version of `` Mandy '' by Barry Manilow is used when Larry is standing in the elevator , while escaping from Attila the Hun . `` Ezekiel Saw Them Dry Bones '' is the tune Larry whistles as he passes the empty T. rex exhibit on his first night . `` Camptown Races '' by Stephen Foster is sung by the townspeople of the American West miniature diorama . This is a period - correct song . Score ( edit ) Alan Silvestri replaced John Ottman as score composer . Silvestri 's score was used for the teaser trailer of Horton Hears a Who ! Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released December 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) Recorded 2006 Genre Film score Length 53 : 19 Label Varese Sarabande Track list ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on December 19 , 2006 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Night at the Museum '' 02 : 35 2 . `` One of Those Days '' 00 : 49 3 . `` An Ordinary Guy ? '' 01 : 27 4 . `` Tour of the Museum '' 02 : 35 5 . `` Civil War Soldiers '' 04 : 08 6 . `` Out of Africa '' 01 : 07 7 . `` Meet Dexter '' 01 : 27 8 . `` Mayan Warriors '' 00 : 57 9 . `` Where 's Rexy ? '' 00 : 48 10 . `` West from Africa '' 01 : 49 11 . `` The Iron Horse '' 01 : 06 12 . `` Saved by Teddy '' 01 : 57 13 . `` Tablet of Akmenrah '' 00 : 37 14 . `` Tracking , Dear Boy '' 01 : 08 15 . `` Some Men Are Born Great '' 00 : 50 16 . `` Sunrise '' 00 : 42 17 . `` Study Up on History '' 02 : 15 18 . `` Teddy Likes Sacagawea '' 01 : 53 19 . `` Tearing Limbs '' 01 : 45 20 . `` Caveman on Fire '' 00 : 43 21 . `` Outrun the Sun '' 00 : 58 22 . `` Show You What I Do '' 02 : 55 23 . `` Tablet 's Gone '' 02 : 45 24 . `` Theodore Roosevelt at Your Service '' 01 : 11 25 . `` This Is Your Moment '' 02 : 10 26 . `` Rally the Troops '' 01 : 07 27 . `` Tree Take Down '' 01 : 21 28 . `` Cecil 's Escape '' 01 : 26 29 . `` Stage Coach '' 02 : 28 30 . `` Teddy in Two '' 01 : 18 31 . `` Cab Ride '' 00 : 50 32 . `` Big Fan '' 01 : 03 33 . `` Heroes Return '' 00 : 54 34 . `` A Great Man '' 00 : 57 35 . `` Full House '' 01 : 21 Total length : 53 : 19 Release ( edit ) Night at the Museum had its premiere in New York City on December 17 , 2006 , in South Korea on December 21 , 2006 , on December 22 , 2006 in United States , December 26 , 2006 in UK , January 12 , 2007 in Brazil , on February 14 , 2007 in China and on March 17 , 2007 in Japan . The film was released under the title of `` Noche en el museo '' in Spain , `` Una notte al museo '' in Italy , `` La nuit au musée '' in France , `` Ночь в музее '' in Russia and `` Uma Noite no Museu '' in Brazil . Box office ( edit ) At the end of its box office run , Night at the Museum earned a gross of $250.9 million in the US and Canada and $323.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $574.5 million against a budget of $110 million . It is also the highest - grossing film worldwide of the trilogy . It was the highest - grossing film in its opening weekend , grossing $30.8 million plating in 3,685 theaters , with a $8,258 per - theater average . For the four - day Christmas holiday weekend , it took in $42.2 million . The movie was also released in IMAX large screen format , often on site at museums of science or natural history such as the Pacific Science Center in Seattle . In its second weekend , Night at the Museum expanded into 83 more theaters and took in approximately $36.7 million , out - grossing its opening weekend . It maintained the top position in its third week , with an additional $23.7 million . During its opening weekend of December 15 , 2006 , the film grossed a figure of estimated $5 million , with the highest debut coming from South Korea ( $5.04 million ) . The biggest market in the other territories were the UK , Japan , South Korea , and Germany , where it grossed $40.8 million , $30 million , $25.7 million , $22.9 million . Critical reaction ( edit ) Night at the Museum received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 43 % , based on 132 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Parents might call this either a spectacle - filled adventure or a shallow and vapid CG-fest , depending on whether they choose to embrace this on the same level as their kids '' . On Metacritic , the film a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave it 2 stars out of 4 , and commented on Stiller 's performance by stating `` It might be fair to give Ben Stiller an ' A ' for effort , but to call what he does in this movie `` acting '' is a misnomer . He does a lot of running around , occasionally falling down or bumping into things . '' One positive review by William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , gave it a B - , and stated that the film was `` Out to impress and delight a family audience with the pageantry of human and natural history , and that 's a surprisingly worthy ambition for a Hollywood comedy . '' In a case of life imitating art , museum officials at the American Museum of Natural History have credited the film for increasing the number of visitors during the holiday season by almost 20 % . According to a museum official , between December 22 , 2006 , and January 2 , 2007 , there were 50,000 more visitors than during the same period the prior year . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on a 2 - Disc DVD edition in the United Kingdom on April 2 , 2007 . It was released on 1 - Disc and 2 - Disc DVD editions and Blu - ray Disc format on April 24 , 2007 elsewhere . The film became the first non-Disney film to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney ( now known as DVDizzy.com ) , due to the website dealing with other studios besides Disney . As of 6 December 2009 , the film has sold 9,191,694 DVDs and grossed $153,566,058 in DVD sales . Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Ref . Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film N / A Nominated ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films Alan Silvestri Won Artios Best Feature Film Casting - Comedy Ilene Starger Coreen Mayrs ( Vancouver casting ) Heike Brandstatter ( Vancouver casting ) Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie N / A Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Comedic Performance Ben Stiller Nominated National Movie Award Best Comedy N / A Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Comedy and Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Taurus Award Hardest Hit Greg Fitzpatrick Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger Jake Cherry Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb The first installment in the trilogy , Night at the Museum was followed by a sequel titled Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , which was released on May 22 , 2009 in North America . The third and final installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , was released on December 19 , 2014 in North America . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MovieLocationsGuide.com '' . Night at the Museum Filming Locations . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Classic Movies . `` John Wayne : one last shot before the final farewell '' . Telegraph . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sun2Surf.com '' . Stiller shifts to the Museum . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum Release '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Showdown '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum domestic weekend '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Foreign Weekly '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM foreign market '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews.com '' . Night at the Museum . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` SeattlePI.com '' . Shallow ' Museum ' exhibits some appealing qualities . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` msnbc.com '' . Movie boosts Natural History Museum visits . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . cinemascore.com/ . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com '' . Non-Disney films to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com '' . `` Night at the Museum '' at UltimateDisney.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Night ath the Museum '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Host Nominee Release '' . Nickelodeon . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taurus World Stunt Awards - Hardest Hit '' . World Stunt Awards . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards Nominations '' . Young Artist Association . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum Night at the Museum on IMDb Night at the Museum at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum at AllMovie Night at the Museum at Box Office Mojo Night at the Museum at Metacritic Night at the Museum at Rotten Tomatoes Night At The Museum Review on Variety.com Independentfilm.com video interview with Mizuo Peck who played Sacagawea Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Ricky Gervais Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Derek Other television work `` Golden Years '' The Office ( US ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' Film ( writer / director ) The Invention of Lying Cemetery Junction Special Correspondents David Brent : Life on the Road Stand - up ( writer / performer ) Animals Politics Fame Science Other works The Ricky Gervais Show ( audio ) Flanimals More Flanimals Flanimals of the Deep Flanimals : The Day of the Bletchling Music Seona Dancing `` More to Lose '' `` Bitter Heart '' VIAF : 221440968 LCCN : n2006058506 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum&oldid=800373656 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 1492 Pictures films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films 21 Laps Entertainment films American adventure comedy films American fantasy adventure films American films American Museum of Natural History Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Christopher Columbus Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Cultural depictions of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Dune Entertainment films Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films based on children 's books Films directed by Shawn Levy Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 04 : 05 . 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where did the night at the museum take place

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United States Air Force Academy

United States Air Force Academy - wikipedia United States Air Force Academy Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Air University ( United States Air Force ) . United States Air Force Academy Motto Integrity First , Service Before Self , Excellence in All We Do Type U.S. Service Academy Direct Reporting Unit Established 1 April 1954 ( 1 April 1954 ) ( 64 years , 1 month ) Endowment $47 million Superintendent Lieutenant General Jay B. Silveria Dean Brigadier General Andrew P. Armacost Commandant Brigadier General Kristin E. Goodwin Academic staff 550 ( 70 % military : 30 % civilian ) Students 4,237 cadets Location Air Force Academy , Colorado , U.S. Campus Suburban -- 18,500 acres ( 7,486.7 ha ) Colors Blue , Silver Nickname Falcons Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- MW MPSF , Big 12 , SoCon , PRC , WWPA Mascot Gyrfalcon Decorations Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Air Force Organizational Excellence Award Website www.usafa.af.mil U.S. Air Force Academy Location in the United States U.S. Air Force Academy Location in Colorado The United States Air Force Academy ( also known as USAFA , the Air Force Academy , or the Academy ) , is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force . Its campus is located in the western United States in Colorado , immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County . The Academy 's stated mission is `` to educate , train , and inspire men and women to become leaders of character , motivated to lead the United States Air Force in service to our nation . '' It is the youngest of the five U.S. service academies , having graduated its first class 59 years ago in 1959 , however it is the third in seniority . Graduates of the Academy 's four - year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree , and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U.S. Air Force . The Academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado , attracting approximately a million visitors each year . Admission is extremely competitive , with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts . Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets ; historically , just under 1,000 of those will graduate . Tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force . Cadets receive a monthly stipend , but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation . The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force 's core values of `` Integrity First , Service Before Self , and Excellence in All We Do '' , and based on four `` pillars of excellence '' : military training , academics , athletics and character development . In addition to a rigorous military training regimen , cadets also take a broad academic course load with an extensive core curriculum in engineering , humanities , social sciences , basic sciences , military studies and physical education . All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics , and a thorough character development and leadership curriculum provides cadets a basis for future officership . Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills and knowledge that they will need for success as officers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Early years 1.3 Vietnam 1.4 Women at the Academy 2 Campus and facilities 2.1 The Cadet Area 2.2 Commemorative displays 2.3 Air Academy High School 2.4 Other locations on campus 3 The Honor Code and character education 4 Organization 4.1 The Cadet Wing 4.2 Base organization 4.3 Board of Visitors 5 Military training 6 Academics 7 Athletics 7.1 Physical education 7.2 Fitness tests 7.3 Intramural athletics 7.4 Intercollegiate athletics 8 Airmanship 9 Admissions 9.1 Class size 10 Traditions 10.1 Prop and Wings 10.2 Cadet sabre 10.3 Class ring 11 Controversies 11.1 Honor scandals 11.2 Allegations of sexual harassment , assault and gender bias 11.3 Religious atmosphere 12 Notable alumni 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) Prior to the Academy 's establishment , air power advocates had been pushing for a separate Air Force Academy for decades . As early as 1918 , Lieutenant Colonel A.J. Hanlon wrote , `` As the Military and Naval Academies are the backbone of the Army and Navy , so must the Aeronautical Academy be the backbone of the Air Service . No service can flourish without some such institution to inculcate into its embryonic officers love of country , proper conception of duty , and highest regard for honor . '' Other officials expressed similar sentiments . In 1919 , Congressman Charles F. Curry introduced legislation providing for an Academy , but concerns about cost , curriculum and location led to its demise . In 1925 , air power pioneer General Billy Mitchell testified on Capitol Hill that it was necessary `` to have an air academy to form a basis for the permanent backbone of your air service and to attend to the ... organizational part of it , very much the same way that West Point does for the Army , or that Annapolis does for the Navy . '' Mitchell 's arguments did not gain traction with legislators , and it was not until the late 1940s that the concept of the United States Air Force Academy began to take shape . Support for an air academy got a boost with the National Security Act of 1947 , which provided for the establishment of a separate Air Force within the United States military . As an initial measure , Secretary of the Air Force W. Stuart Symington negotiated an agreement where up to 25 % of West Point and Annapolis graduates could volunteer to receive their commissions in the newly established Air Force . This was only intended to be a short term fix , however , and disagreements between the services quickly led to the establishment of the Service Academy Board by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal . In January 1950 , the Service Academy Board , headed by Dwight D. Eisenhower , then president of Columbia University , concluded that the needs of the Air Force could not be met by the two existing U.S. service academies and that an air force academy should be established . Following the recommendation of the Board , Congress passed legislation in 1954 to begin the construction of the Air Force Academy , and President Eisenhower signed it into law on 1 April of that year . The legislation established an advisory commission to determine the site of the new school . Among the panel members were Charles Lindbergh , General Carl Spaatz , and Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon , who later became the Academy 's first superintendent . The original 582 sites considered were winnowed to three : Alton , Illinois ; Lake Geneva , Wisconsin ; and the ultimate site at Colorado Springs , Colorado . The Secretary of the Air Force , Harold E. Talbott , announced the winning site on 24 June 1954 . Meanwhile , Air Training Command ( ATC ) began developing a detailed curriculum for the Academy program . Early years ( edit ) Cadets from the first USAFA class lined up for physical training at Lowry AFB in 1955 The early Air Force Academy leadership had the model of West Point and Annapolis in designing an appropriate curriculum , faculty , and campus . The Academy 's permanent site had not yet been completed when the first class entered , so the 306 cadets from the Class of 1959 were sworn in at a temporary site at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver on 11 July 1955 . While at Lowry , they were housed in renovated World War II barracks . There were no upper class cadets to train the new cadets , so the Air Force appointed a cadre of `` Air Training Officers '' ( ATOs ) to conduct training . The ATOs were junior officers , many of whom were graduates of West Point , Annapolis , and The Citadel . They acted as surrogate upper class cadets until the upper classes could be populated over the next several years . The Academy 's dedication ceremony took place on that first day and was broadcast live on national television , with Walter Cronkite covering the event . Arnold W. Braswell , a native of Minden , Louisiana , was commander of the original four cadet squadrons at the academy 1955 to 1958 . In developing a distinctive uniform for cadets , the Air Force turned to Hollywood . Famed director Cecil B. DeMille designed the cadet parade uniform ; it is still worn by cadets today . The Class of 1959 established many other important traditions that continue until the present . The first class adopted the Cadet Honor Code , and chose the falcon as the Academy 's mascot . On 29 August 1958 , the wing of 1,145 cadets moved to the present site near Colorado Springs , and less than a year later the Academy received accreditation . The first USAFA class graduated and was commissioned on 3 June 1959 . Vietnam ( edit ) The Vietnam War was the first war in which Academy graduates fought and died . As such , it had a profound effect on the development of the character of the Academy . Due to the need for more pilots , Academy enrollment grew significantly during this time . The size of the graduating classes went from 217 cadets in 1961 to 745 cadets in 1970 . Academy facilities were likewise expanded , and training was modified to better meet the needs of the wartime Air Force . The Jacks Valley field training area was added , the Survival , Evasion , Resistance and Escape ( SERE ) program was expanded , and light aircraft training started in 1968 . Many Academy graduates of this era served with distinction in the Vietnam War . F - 4 Phantom II pilot Steve Ritchie ' 64 and weapon systems officer Jeffrey Feinstein ' 68 each became aces by downing five enemy aircraft in combat . One hundred forty - one graduates died in the conflict ; thirty - two graduates became prisoners of war . Lance Sijan , ' 65 , fell into both categories and became the first Academy graduate to be awarded the Medal of Honor due to his heroism while evading capture and in captivity . Sijan Hall , one of the cadet dormitories , is named in his memory . The effects of the anti-war movement were felt at the Academy as well . Because the Academy grounds are generally open to the public , the Academy often became a site for protests by anti-war demonstrators . Regular demonstrations were held at the Cadet Chapel , and cadets often became the targets of protesters ' insults . Other aggravating factors were the presence in the Cadet Wing of cadets motivated to attend the Academy for reasons of draft avoidance , and a number of highly publicized cheating scandals . Morale sometimes suffered as a consequence . Women at the Academy ( edit ) One of the most significant events in the history of the Academy was the admission of women . On 7 October 1975 , President Gerald R. Ford signed legislation permitting women to enter the United States service academies . On 26 June 1976 , 157 women entered the Air Force Academy with the Class of 1980 . Because there were no female upper class cadets , the Air Training Officer model used in the early years of the Academy was revived , and fifteen young female officers were brought in to help with the integration process . The female cadets were initially segregated from the rest of the Cadet Wing but were fully integrated into their assigned squadrons after their first semester . On 28 May 1980 , 97 of the original female cadets completed the program and graduated from the Academy -- just over 10 % of the graduating class . Women have made up just over 20 % of the most recent classes , with the class of 2016 having the highest proportion of any class , 25 % . Many of the women from those early classes went on to achieve success within the Cadet Wing and after graduation ( see list of Academy graduates below ) . Despite these successes , integration issues were long apparent . Female cadets have had consistently higher dropout rates than men and have left the Air Force in higher numbers than men . Campus and facilities ( edit ) Interior of Cadet Chapel Initial proposals for the Air Force Academy location were between Prescott , Arizona ; Linn , Wisconsin ; Alton , Illinois and Colorado Springs , Colorado . The selection committee cut the final list to only Alton , Linn and Colorado Springs . Final selection was awarded to Colorado Springs . The campus of the Academy covers 18,500 acres ( 29 sq mi ; 75 km ) on the east side of the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains , just north of Colorado Springs . Its elevation is normally given as 7,258 feet ( 2,212 m ) above sea level , which is at the cadet area . The Academy was designed by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill ( SOM ) and lead architect Walter Netsch . SOM partner John O. Merrill moved from Chicago to a Colorado Springs field office to oversee the construction and to act as a spokesman for the project . The most controversial aspect of the SOM - designed Air Force Academy was its chapel . It was designed by SOM architect Walter Netsch , who at one point was prepared to abandon the design ; but the accordion - like structure is acknowledged as an iconic symbol of the academy campus . The Cadet Area ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy , Cadet Area The buildings in the Cadet Area were designed in a distinct , modernist style , and make extensive use of aluminum on building exteriors , suggesting the outer skin of aircraft or spacecraft . On 1 April 2004 , fifty years after Congress authorized the building of the Academy , the Cadet Area at the Academy was designated a National Historic Landmark . The main buildings in the Cadet Area are set around a large , square pavilion known as `` the Terrazzo , '' and the most recognizable is the 17 - spired Cadet Chapel . The subject of controversy when it was first built , it is now considered among the most prominent examples of modern American academic architecture . Other buildings on the Terrazzo include Vandenberg Hall and Sijan Hall , the two dormitories ; Mitchell Hall , the cadet dining facility ; and Fairchild Hall , the main academic building , which houses academic classrooms , laboratories , research facilities , faculty offices and the Robert F. McDermott Library . The Aeronautics Research Center ( also known as the `` Aero Lab '' ) contains numerous aeronautical research facilities , including transonic , subsonic , low speed , and cascade wind tunnels ; engine and rocket test cells ; and simulators . The Consolidated Education and Training Facility ( CETF ) was built in 1997 as an annex to Fairchild Hall . It contains chemistry and biology classrooms and labs , medical and dental clinics , and civil engineering and astronautics laboratories . The Cadet Area also contains an observatory and a planetarium for academic use and navigation training . The cadet social center is Arnold Hall , located just outside the Cadet Area , which houses a 3000 - seat theater , a ballroom , a number of lounges , and dining and recreation facilities for cadets and visitors . Harmon Hall is the primary administration building , which houses the offices of the Superintendent and the Superintendent 's staff . The Cadet Area also contains extensive facilities for use by cadets participating in intercollegiate athletics , intramural athletics , physical education classes and other physical training . Set amid numerous outdoor athletic fields are the ' ' Cadet Gymnasium ' ' and the Cadet Fieldhouse . The Fieldhouse is the home to Clune Arena , the ice hockey rink and an indoor track , which doubles as an indoor practice facility for a number of sports . Falcon Stadium , located outside of the Cadet Area , is the football field and site of the graduation ceremonies . Commemorative displays ( edit ) The Class Wall is located just below the Cadet Chapel Many displays around the Cadet Area commemorate heroes and air power pioneers , and serve as an inspiration to cadets . The ' ' War Memorial ' ' , a black marble wall located just under the flagpole on the Terrazzo , is etched with the names of Academy graduates who have been killed in combat . The ' ' Honor Wall , ' ' overlooking the Terrazzo , is inscribed with the Cadet Honor Code : `` We will not lie , cheat , or steal , nor tolerate among us anyone who does . '' Just under the Cadet Chapel , the ' ' Class Wall ' ' bears the crests of each of the Academy 's graduating classes . The crest of the current first ( senior ) class is displayed in the center position . Another display often used as a symbol of the Academy , the ' ' Eagle and Fledglings Statue ' ' was given as a gift to the Academy in 1958 by the personnel of Air Training Command . It contains the inscription by Austin Dusty Miller , `` Man 's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge . '' Static air - and spacecraft displays on the Academy grounds include an F - 4 , F - 15 , F - 16 and F - 105 on the Terrazzo ; a B - 52 by the North Gate ; a T - 38 and A-10 at the airfield ; an F - 100 by the preparatory school ; a SV - 5J lifting body next to the aeronautics laboratory ; and a Minuteman III missile in front of the Fieldhouse . The Minuteman III was removed 9 years ago in August 2008 due to rusting and other internal damage . The `` Core Values Ramp '' ( formerly known as the `` Bring Me Men Ramp '' ) leads down from the main Terrazzo level toward the parade field . On in - processing day , new cadets arrive at the base of the ramp and start their transition into military and Academy life by ascending the ramp to the Terrazzo . From 1964 to 2004 , the portal at the base of the ramp was inscribed with the words `` Bring me men ... '' taken from the poem , `` The Coming American , '' by Samuel Walter Foss . In a controversial move following the 2003 sexual assault scandal , the words `` Bring me men ... '' were taken down and replaced with the Academy 's ( later adopted as the Air Force 's ) core values : `` Integrity first , service before self , and excellence in all we do . '' Air Academy high school ( edit ) Main article : Air Academy High School With an enrollment of over 1300 , Air Academy High School is the only high school in the United States built on a military academy . It ranks in the top ten in the state in academic standards . Part of School District 20 ( D20 ) , its marching band regularly places in the top ten in state championships . D20 also maintains an elementary school on the academy grounds . Other locations on campus ( edit ) Cadets have the opportunity to fly gliders as part of their training Other locations on campus serve support roles for cadet training and other base functions . Doolittle Hall is the headquarters of the Academy 's Association of Graduates and also serves as the initial reception point for new cadets arriving for Basic Cadet Training . It is named after General Jimmy Doolittle . The Goldwater Visitor Center , named after longtime proponent of the Academy United States Senator Barry Goldwater , is the focal point for family , friends and tourists visiting the Academy grounds . The Academy Airfield is used for training cadets in airmanship courses , including parachute training , soaring and powered flight . Interment at the ' ' Academy Cemetery ' ' is limited to Academy cadets and graduates , certain senior officers , certain Academy staff members , and certain other family members . Air power notables Carl Spaatz , Curtis E. LeMay and Robin Olds , are interred here . The United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School ( usually referred to as the `` Prep School '' ) is a program offered to selected individuals who were not able to obtain appointments directly to the Academy . The program involves intense academic preparation ( particularly in English , math and science ) , along with athletic and military training , meant to prepare the students for appointment to the Academy . A high percentage of USAFA Preparatory School students ( known as `` Preppies '' ) earn appointments to the Academy following their year at the Prep School . The Honor Code and character education ( edit ) More than 1,300 basic cadets salute during the ceremonial Oath of Office formation on 26 June 2009 . The Cadet Chapel is in the background . The Cadet Honor Code is the cornerstone of a cadet 's professional training and development -- the minimum standard of ethical conduct that cadets expect of themselves and their fellow cadets . The Honor Code was developed and adopted by the Class of 1959 , the first class to graduate from the Academy and has been handed down to every subsequent class . The Code itself is simple : We will not lie , steal , or cheat , nor tolerate among us anyone who does . In 1984 , the Cadet Wing voted to add an `` Honor Oath , '' which was to be taken by all cadets . The oath is administered to fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) when they are formally accepted into the Wing at the conclusion of Basic Cadet Training . The oath remains unchanged since its adoption in 1984 and consists of a statement of the code , followed by a resolution to live honorably ( the phrase `` So help me God '' is now optional ) : We will not lie , steal or cheat , nor tolerate among us anyone who does . Furthermore , I resolve to do my duty and to live honorably , ( so help me God ) . -- `` Honor Code Handbook '' Cadets are considered the `` guardians and stewards '' of the Code . Cadet honor representatives are chosen by senior leadership , and oversee the honor system by conducting education classes and investigating suspected honor violations . Cadets throughout the Wing are expected to sit on Honor Boards as juries that determine whether their fellow cadets violated the code . Cadets also recommend sanctions for violations . The presumed sanction for an honor violation is disenrollment , but mitigating factors may result in the violator being placed in a probationary status for some period of time . This `` honor probation '' is usually only reserved for cadets in their first two years at the Academy . To reinforce the importance of honor , character and integrity to future officers , cadets are given an extensive character and leadership curriculum . The Academy 's Center for Character and Leadership Development provides classroom , seminar , workshop and experiential - based learning programs to all cadets , beginning when they enter Basic Cadet Training and continuing each year through their last semester at the Academy . The Center 's programs , when coupled with the Honor Code and Honor System , establish a foundation for the `` leaders of character '' that the Academy aspires to produce . Organization ( edit ) The Academy 's organization is unusual in a number of respects . Because it is primarily a military unit , much of the Academy 's structure is set up like that of any other Air Force Base . This is particularly true of the non-cadet units -- most assigned to the 10th Air Base Wing -- that provide base services such as security , communications , and engineering . Because the Academy is also a university , however , the organization of the faculty and the Cadet Wing have some aspects that are more similar to the faculty and student body at a civilian college . The Cadet Wing ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy Cadet Wing Air Force Academy cadets celebrate after graduation . The student body of the Academy is known as the Cadet Wing . The students , called `` cadets '' , are divided into four classes , based on their year in school , much like a civilian college . They are not referred to as freshmen , sophomores , juniors and seniors , however , but as fourth - , third - , second - and first class cadets , respectively . Fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) are often referred to as `` doolies , '' a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ( `` doulos '' ) meaning `` slave '' or `` servant . '' Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as `` 4 degrees , '' `` 3 degrees '' or `` 2 degrees '' based on their class . First - class cadets ( seniors ) are referred to as `` firsties . '' In the military structure of the Cadet Wing , first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers , second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers . The Cadet Wing is divided into four groups , of ten cadet squadrons each . Each cadet squadron consists of about 110 cadets , roughly evenly distributed among the four classes . Selected first - , second - and third - class cadets hold leadership , operational and support jobs at the squadron , group and wing levels . Cadets live , march and eat meals with members of their squadrons . Military training and intramural athletics are conducted by squadron as well . Each cadet squadron and cadet group is supervised by a specially selected active duty officer called an Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) . In the case of a cadet squadron , the AOC is normally an active duty Air Force major . For a cadet group , the AOC is normally an active - duty lieutenant colonel . These officers have command authority over the cadets , counsel cadets on leadership and military career issues , oversee military training and serve as role models for the future officers . In addition to an AOC , cadet squadrons and groups are also supervised by an active duty non-commissioned officer known as an Academy Military Trainer ( AMT ) , who fulfills a similar job as the AOC . Base organization ( edit ) See also : List of Superintendents of the United States Air Force Academy The Superintendent of the Academy is the commander and senior officer . The position of Superintendent is normally held by an active - duty lieutenant general . The superintendent 's role is roughly similar to that of the president of a civilian university . As such , the Superintendent oversees all aspects of the Academy , including military training , academics , athletics , admissions and also functions as the installation commander of the Academy Reservation . The Academy is a Direct Reporting Unit within the Air Force , so the Superintendent reports directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force . Those reporting to the Superintendent include the Dean of the Faculty and Commandant of Cadets , each of whom typically holds the rank of brigadier general , as well as the Director of Athletics , the Commander of the 10th Air Base Wing and the Commander of the Prep School , each of whom typically holds the rank of colonel . The 10th Air Base Wing provides all base support functions that exist at other air force bases , including civil engineering , communications , medical support , personnel , administration , security and base services . The Preparatory School provides an academic , athletic and military program for qualified young men and women who may need certain additional preparation prior to acceptance to the Academy . All flying programs at the Academy are run by the 306th Flying Training Group , which reports to the Air Education and Training Command , ensuring uniformity of flight training with the rest of the Air Force . Board of visitors ( edit ) Congressional oversight of the Academy is exercised through a Board of Visitors ( BOV ) , established under Title 10 , United States Code , Section 9355 . The board inquires into the morale , discipline , curriculum , instruction , physical equipment , fiscal affairs , academic methods and other matters relating to the Academy . The board meets at least four times per year and prepares semi-annual reports containing its views and recommendations submitted concurrently to the Secretary of Defense , the Senate Armed Services Committee , and the House Armed Services Committee . The 15 members of the BOV are variously appointed by the President of the United States , the Vice President , the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . Since 2006 , the board has been required to include at least two Academy graduates . In July 2009 , Speaker Nancy Pelosi appointed Colorado Congressman Jared Polis to the BOV , the first openly gay person to serve on a service academy 's advisory board . Military training ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sandhurst Competition ( a military skills event ) DA40 of USAFA at RIAT 2010 . Cadets ' military training occurs throughout their time at the Academy , but is especially intense during their four summers . The first military experience for new cadets ( called `` basic cadets '' ) occurs during the six weeks of Basic Cadet Training ( BCT ) , in the summer before their fourth class ( freshman ) year . During BCT , also known as `` beast , '' cadets learn the fundamentals of military and Academy life under the leadership of a cadre of first and second class cadets . Basic cadets learn military customs and courtesies , proper wear of the uniform , drill and ceremony , and study military knowledge and undergo a rigorous physical training program . During the second half of BCT , basic cadets march to Jacks Valley , where they complete the program in a field encampment environment . Upon completion of BCT , basic cadets receive their fourth - class shoulder boards , take the Honor Oath and are formally accepted as members of the Cadet Wing . The fourth - class ( freshman ) year is traditionally the most difficult at the Academy , militarily . In addition to their full academic course loads , heavy demands are placed on fourth class cadets outside of class . Fourth class cadets are expected to learn an extensive amount of military and Academy - related knowledge and have significant restrictions placed on their movement and actions -- traversing the Cadet Area only by approved routes ( including staying on the marble `` strips '' on the Terrazzo ) and interacting with upper class cadets using a very specific decorum . The fourth class year ends with `` Recognition , '' a physically and mentally demanding several - day event which culminates in the award of the Prop and Wings insignia to the fourth class cadets , signifying their ascension to the ranks of upper class cadets . After Recognition , the stringent rules of the fourth class year are relaxed . After the first year , cadets have more options for summer military training . Between their fourth and third class years , cadets undergo training in Air Force operations in a deployed environment ( called Expeditionary Skills and Evasion Training ( ESET ) ) and may participate in flying gliders , cyber-warfare training , satellite and space operations , unmanned systems , or free - fall parachute training . From the late 1960s until the mid-1990s , cadets also completed SERE training in the Jacks Valley complex between their fourth - and third - class years . This program was replaced with Combat Survival Training ( CST ) in 1995 and done away with entirely in 2005 . In the summer of 2008 , the CST program was reintroduced , but was cut again in 2011 and replaced with ESET for the summer of 2012 ( the Class of 2015 was the first to participate in ESET ) . During their last two summers , cadets may serve as BCT cadre , travel to active duty Air Force bases and participate in a variety of other research , aviation and leadership programs . They may also be able to take courses offered by other military services , such as the U.S. Army 's Airborne School at Fort Benning , Georgia , or the Air Assault School , at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . During the academic year , all cadets take formal classes in military theory , operations and leadership . Academics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Eagle and Fledglings Statue at the south end of the Air Gardens is inscribed with the quote , `` Man 's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge '' The Air Force Academy is an accredited four - year university offering bachelor 's degrees in a variety of subjects . Active - duty Air Force officers make up approximately 70 percent of the faculty , with the balance long - term civilian professors , visiting professors from civilian universities and instructors from other U.S. and allied foreign military services . In recent years , civilians have become a growing portion of senior faculty . Every Dean of the Faculty ( equivalent to a Provost at most universities ) has always been an active - duty brigadier general , although technically , a civilian may hold the position . The Dean , the Vice Dean , and each academic department chair hold the academic rank of Permanent Professor . Permanent Professors are nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate , and can serve until age 64 . All graduates receive a Bachelor of Science degree , regardless of major , because of the technical content of the core requirements . Cadets may choose from a variety of majors , including engineering , the basic sciences , social sciences and humanities , as well as in a variety of divisional or inter-disciplinary subjects . The academic program has an extensive core curriculum , in which all cadets take required courses in the sciences , engineering , social sciences , humanities , military studies and physical education . Approximately sixty percent of a cadet 's course load is mandated by the core curriculum . As a result , most of a cadet 's first two years are spent in core classes . While core requirements remain significant during the third and fourth years , cadets have more flexibility to focus in their major areas of study , allowing them to participate in international and inter-service Academy exchange programs . Traditionally , the academic program at the Air Force Academy ( as with military academies in general ) has focused heavily on science and engineering , with the idea that many graduates would be expected to manage complex air , space and information technology systems . As a result , the Academy 's engineering programs have traditionally been ranked highly . Over time , however , the Academy broadened its humanities offerings . About 55 % of cadets typically select majors in non-technical disciplines . The academy 's recent implementation of a computer and network security program may represent a return to form . Externally funded research at the Air Force Academy has been a large and growing part of the technical majors . Air Force has ranked highest of all undergraduate - only universities in federally funded research as reported by the National Science Foundation , surpassing $60 million in 2010 . Many cadets are involved in research via their major , coordinated in more than a dozen Academy research centers , including the Institute for Information Technology Applications , the Institute for National Security Studies , the Air Force Humanities Institute , the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies , the Life Sciences Research Center , the Academy Center for Physics Education Research , among others . Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Air Force Falcons United States Air Force Academy Mascot Echo , one of USAFA 's trained prairie falcon mascots All cadets at the Academy take part in the school 's extensive athletic program . The program is designed to enhance the physical conditioning of all cadets , to develop the physical skills necessary for officership , to teach leadership in a competitive environment and to build character . The primary elements of the athletic program are intercollegiate athletics , intramural athletics , physical education , and the physical fitness tests . Physical education ( edit ) Cadets are required to take physical education courses in each of their four years at the Academy . The classes cover a wide range of activities : Swimming and water survival build confidence while teaching important survival skills . Combative sports such as boxing , wrestling , judo and unarmed combat build confidence , teach controlled aggression and develop physical fitness . Cadets also take classes in team sports such as basketball and soccer , in lifetime sports such as tennis and golf and on the physiology of exercise . Fitness tests ( edit ) Each semester , cadets must pass two athletic fitness tests : a 1.5 mi ( 2.4 km ) run to measure aerobic fitness , and a 15 - minute , 5 - event , physical fitness test consisting of pull - ups , a standing long jump , sit - ups , push - ups and a 600 yd ( 550 m ) sprint . Failure to pass a fitness test usually results in the cadet being assigned to reconditioning until he can pass the test . Repeated failures can lead to disenrollment . Intramural athletics ( edit ) All cadets are required to compete in intramural athletics for their entire time at the Academy , unless they are on - season for intercollegiate athletics . Intramural sports put cadet squadrons against one another in many sports , including basketball , cross-country , flag football , ice hockey , racquetball , flickerball , rugby union , boxing , soccer , mountain biking , softball , team handball , tennis , Ultimate , wallyball and volleyball . Winning the Wing Championship in a given sport is a particular source of pride for a cadet squadron . Intercollegiate athletics ( edit ) See also : Air Force Falcons The Academy 's intercollegiate program has 17 men 's and 10 women 's NCAA sanctioned teams , nicknamed the ' ' Falcons . ' ' Men 's teams compete in football , baseball , basketball , ice hockey , cross-country , fencing , golf , gymnastics , indoor and outdoor track , lacrosse , soccer , swimming and diving , tennis , water polo and wrestling . Women 's teams include basketball , cross-country , fencing , gymnastics , indoor and outdoor track , swimming and diving , soccer , tennis and volleyball . The Academy fields a coeducational team in rifle . In addition , the Academy also sponsors two non-NCAA programs : cheerleading and boxing . The Academy also has several club sports , such as rugby , that compete intercollegiately . The men 's and women 's programs compete in NCAA 's Division I , with the football team competing in Division I FBS . Most teams are in the Mountain West Conference ; however , the wrestling team competes in the Big 12 Conference , the gymnastics teams compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ; the men 's soccer team competes in the Western Athletic Conference ; the men 's hockey team competes in Atlantic Hockey , the water polo team competes in the Western Water Polo Association , the coeducational rifle team competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference , and the men 's lacrosse team competes in the Southern Conference . The men 's boxing team competes in the National Collegiate Boxing Association . For a number of years , only the men 's teams competed in Division I. Women 's teams competed in Division II and were once members of the Continental Divide Conference , then the Colorado Athletic Conference . With new NCAA legislation , beginning in 1996 , women 's teams also competed in Division I . Presentation of the Commander in Chief 's Trophy to the Air Force Falcons , May 2 , 2017 Air Force has traditional service academy rivalries with Navy and Army . The three service academies compete for the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy in football each year . Air Force Falcons football has had the best showing of the three , winning the trophy 18 of its 34 years . The Academy also has an in - state rivalry with Colorado State University , which is located in Fort Collins and is a fellow member of the Mountain West Conference . The boxing team , led for 31 years by Coach Ed Weichers , has won 18 national championships . The Academy 's men 's and women 's rugby teams have each won multiple national championships and the women 's side recently had two players selected for the United States national team . The football team has played in 17 bowl games and the basketball team has had strong showings in the last several years , qualifying for the NCAA tournament and , most recently , making the final four of the 2007 NIT Tournament . The men 's ice hockey team won the last two Atlantic Hockey conference tournaments , made the first ever appearance by a service academy in the NCAA hockey tournament in 2007 , and made a repeat appearance in 2008 . The Air Force Academy 's Men 's Hockey team recently lost in the `` Elite Eight '' of hockey in double overtime . This marked the farthest they had gone in the post-season in school history and the longest an Atlantic Hockey Association team has made it into the post-season . In 2014 , Academy Superintendent Lt. Gen. Michelle Johnson responded to reports of allegations of sexual assault and drug use at a December 2011 party by calling for a review of the Athletic Department by the Inspector General . Airmanship ( edit ) Cessna T - 41D of the 557th Flying Training Squadron . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cadets have the opportunity to take part in several airmanship activities to include soaring , parachuting , and powered flight . Airmanship activities at the Academy are primarily conducted by the 306th Flying Training Group . The 94th Flying Training Squadron trains cadets in basic airmanship principles through several flights in TG - 16A sailplanes . Each year , several soaring students are selected to become instructor pilots to teach new classes of soaring students . Some of these cadet instructor pilots also compete on the Soaring Racing Team or Acrobatics Team in national competitions . Cadets also have the opportunity to take a parachuting course conducted by the 98th Flying Training Squadron . Each year , hundreds of cadets earn their Basic Parachutist Badge by completing five jumps in the program . A number of cadets are selected for further training and become members of The Wings of Blue , the U.S. Air Force Parachute Team . A powered flight program is conducted under the 557th Flying Training Squadron to expose cadets to the basics of powered flight . The program uses T - 53A aircraft to offer cadets basic flight training and the opportunity to solo . The U.S. Air Force Academy Flying Team is composed of ~ 26 cadets selected to compete in National Intercollegiate Flying Association competitions . The Flying Team uses T - 41D and T - 51A aircraft to compete in precision landing , navigation , and message drop events . Admissions ( edit ) To be eligible to enter the Academy , a candidate must : Be a citizen of the United States ( unless nominated by an official of a country invited by the Department of Defense ) Be unmarried with no dependents Be of good moral character Be at least 17 , but less than 23 years of age by 1 July of the year of entry Meet high leadership , academic , physical and medical standards In addition to the normal application process , all candidates must secure a nomination to the Academy , normally from a U.S. Senator or U.S. Representative . Each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Air Force Academy at any time . The process for obtaining a congressional nomination is not political and candidates do not have to know their senator or representative to secure a nomination . Additional nomination slots are available for children of career military personnel , children of disabled veterans or veterans who were killed in action , or children of Medal of Honor recipients . The admissions process is a lengthy one and applicants usually begin the paperwork during their junior year of high school . Class size ( edit ) There were 306 cadets admitted for the first class ( class of 1959 ) . By 1961 , class size was down to 271 , but due to the need for officers in the Vietnam War , grew to 745 admittees in 1970 , and peaking in 1974 , with 1,620 , and 1975 , with 1,626 , the largest number ever admitted . After that class sizes shrank down to about 1,300 . Despite a peak of 1,350 ( admitted 2004 ) and 1,418 ( admitted 2005 ) , from 1995 to 2005 class size averaged about 1,250 freshmen . From 2005 to 2010 class sizes were slightly down from the 2005 peak . The 2013 class ( beginning 2009 ) had 1,286 and the 2014 class ( beginning Fall 2010 ) had 1,285 . Cutbacks were ordered in 2011 , so by 2012 , the entering class ( class of 2016 ) was down to about 1,050 . The current class ( class of 2019 ) began with 1,248 students . Traditions ( edit ) Prop and Wings ( edit ) Traditional Prop and Wings insignia , currently used at the U.S. Air Force Academy The Prop and Wings insignia of the Air Service ( 1918 -- 26 ) , Air Corps ( 1926 -- 41 ) , and Army Air Forces ( 1941 -- 47 ) became the insignia of upperclass cadets at the Air Force Academy beginning with the first class , 1959 . The insignia is given to fourth class ( freshmen ) cadets at the Recognition Ceremony near the end of their first year rite of passage . The standard insignia uses the design of the Air Corps Prop and Wings , except that it is all silver instead of the gold wings and silver prop of the earlier design . Cadets who have ancestors who served in the Air Service , Air Corps , or Army Air Forces , or those who are direct descendants of Air Force Academy graduates , are eligible to wear a silver prop and gold wings set of prop and wings . Cadet sabre ( edit ) The Air Force Academy cadet sabre is carried by first class ( senior ) cadets in command positions in the Cadet Wing . All graduates are normally entitled to own no more than two sabres : one for personal use and one to be given as a gift . The Plaque and Sabre Award is the highest award given by the Cadet Wing to dignitaries and other honorees . Class ring ( edit ) The American college tradition of the class ring began with the class of 1835 at the U.S. Military Academy . From there , it spread to the U.S. Naval Academy in the class of 1869 . The Air Force Academy continued the tradition , beginning with the first class , 1959 , and so is the only service academy to have had class rings for every class since its founding . The Air Force ring is distinctive for being white gold instead of the yellow gold used at the other academies . Each class designs its own class crest ; the only requirements being that each crest include all the elements on the Class of 1959 's crest : the class number , the class year , the Polaris star , and the eagle . One side of the ring bears the academy crest , while the other side bears the class crest ; the center bezel bears the words United States Air Force Academy . Cadets choose their own stones for the center of the ring . The rings are received at the Ring Dance at the beginning of the Graduation Week festivities for the class ahead of the ring recipients . The rings traditionally are placed in glasses of champagne and are caught in the teeth following a toast . During the cadet 's first class ( senior ) year , the ring is worn with the class crest facing the wearer ; following graduation , the ring is turned so that the class crest faces out . The rings of all the academies were originally designed to be worn on the left hand , so that the wearer reads the name of the academy on the bezel while a cadet or midshipman and others can read it after graduation , the rings are now worn on either hand . The Academy 's Association of Graduates ( AOG ) accepts rings of deceased graduates which are melted down to form an ingot of white gold from which a portion of all future rings are made . Both the academy 's Association of Graduates and the Academy Library maintain displays of class rings . Controversies ( edit ) Honor scandals ( edit ) The first Honor scandal broke in 1965 , when a resigning cadet reported knowing of more than 100 cadets who had been involved in a cheating ring . One hundred and nine cadets were ultimately expelled . Cheating scandals plagued the Academy again in 1967 , 1972 , 1984 , 2004 , 2007 , 2012 , and 2014 . Following each of these events , the Academy thoroughly examined the etiology of the mass cheating in addition to alleged excessive pressures that the academic system at the time placed on cadets and made changes in attempts to reduce the opportunities for future incidents Allegations of sexual harassment , assault and gender bias ( edit ) See also : 2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal The sexual assault scandal that broke in 2003 forced the Academy to look more closely at how effectively women had been integrated into cadet life ; concerns with sexual assault , hazing of male cadets , and the disciplinary process during this period were detailed in a 2010 book by a former cadet . Following the scandal and rising concerns about sexual assault throughout the U.S. military , the Department of Defense established a task force to investigate sexual harassment and assault at each of the United States service academies . The report also revealed 92 incidents of reported sexual assault . At the same time , the Academy implemented programs to combat sexual assault , harassment and gender bias . The new programs actively encourage prompt sexual assault reporting . The Academy 's decisive actions of zero tolerance were praised by officials and experts . Following the 2003 crisis , the Department of Defense directed its attention to the problem of sexual harassment and assault at the military academies . The Department of Defense claimed that the program was successful although during the school year 2010 -- 11 there were increased reports of sexual assault at the academy ; however , one goal of the program is increased reporting . There have been several attempts to prosecute cadets for rape since 2003 , but only three have been successful convictions , citing the confidential informant program that ran from 2011 - 2012 . The informant program was led by former AFOSI agent Brandon Enos , AFOSI 's most successful agent in Air Force Academy 's history in combating sexual assault and drug use amongst cadets . After the confidential informant program was mysteriously disbanded in 2013 on orders from General Johnson , sexual assault reporting fell by half . On 5 January 2012 rape charges were preferred against cadets in three unrelated cases . To help combat these problems , the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( AFOSI ) created a system of cadet informants to hunt for misconduct among students . According to The New York Times in Academic Year 2014 , `` after the informant program ended with no further convictions , reports fell by half . '' The New York Times has cited a letter to Congress from former AFOSI Agent , Staff Sergeant Brandon Enos , who said that Lieutenant General Michael C. Gould , the superintendent from 2009 to 2013 and a former quarterback on the team , had repeatedly interfered in cases involving football players . In turn Gould said to the Times that the suggestion that he had interfered with the investigation `` preposterous . '' Gould was found guilty by a report from the Pentagon in June 2016 of interfering with AFOSI investigations from 2011 - 2012 , including blocking an investigation into the football coaches . Gould was removed from the College Football Selection Committee but was able to retain his retirement pay . These and other problems again rose to national prominence in the summer of 2014 when The Gazette broke an investigation into behavior by Academy cadets and faculty that included allegations of drug use , alcohol abuse , cheating , and sexual assault . This behavior , described as `` so wild that AFOSI leaders canceled a planned 2012 sting out of concern that undercover agents and confidential informants at a party would n't be enough to protect women from rape , '' prompted the Academy superintendent to call for an investigation of the Academy 's athletic department . Religious atmosphere ( edit ) In 2005 , allegations surfaced that some Evangelical Christian cadets and staff were effectively engaging in religious proselytizing at the Academy . These allegations , along with concerns over how the Air Force handles other religious issues , prompted Academy graduate Michael L. Weinstein to file a lawsuit against the Air Force . An Air Force panel investigated the accusations and issued a report on 22 June 2005 . The panel 's investigation found a `` religious climate that does not involve overt religious discrimination , but a failure to fully accommodate all members ' needs and a lack of awareness over where the line is drawn between permissible and impermissible expression of beliefs . '' Evidence discovered during the investigation included antisemitic remarks , official sponsorship of a showing of the film The Passion of the Christ and a locker room banner that said academy athletes played for `` Team Jesus . '' In response to the panel 's findings , the Air Force released new guidelines to discourage public prayers at official events or meetings and to facilitate worship by non-Christian religions . In 2010 the academy set up an outdoor worship area for cadets following Wicca , Neo-Druidism , or other earth - based religions to practice their faiths . A 2010 survey found that 41 percent of academy cadets who identified themselves as non-Christian reported they were subjected to unwanted religious proselytizing at least once or twice last year at the school . The survey 's results , however , showed that the number of cadets who felt pressured to join in religious activities had declined from previous years . Colorado congressman Mike Coffman criticized the academy for resisting calls to release details of the survey 's results . In 2012 , 66 House Republicans complained about policies set in place the last September to curtail requirements to attend religious events . Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Air Force Academy alumni See also ( edit ) United States portal Military of the United States portal United States Air Force portal Colorado portal Education portal University portal Air Force Academy , Colorado Jabara Award KAFA - FM radio United States Military Academy ( Army ) United States Naval Academy United States Coast Guard Academy United States Merchant Marine Academy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433412/united-states-air-force-academy-usaf/ Jump up ^ `` USAFA Endowment Audit Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` General Officer Announcements '' . Jump up ^ United States Air Force Academy - Profile , Rankings and Data US News Best Colleges . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` AF Branding & Trademark Licensing > About Us > The Air Force Symbol > Display Guidelines '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433412/united-states-air-force-academy-usaf/ ^ Jump up to : `` A Quick Look at the U.S. Air Force Academy , Archived 23 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . , '' USAFA Fact Sheet , May 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Air academy holds first graduation '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . June 4 , 1959 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cadets have also been able to `` cross-commission '' into the Army , Navy , Marine Corps , or Coast Guard , and each year a small number of graduates do so , usually in a one - for - one `` trade '' with similarly inclined cadets or midshipmen at the other service academies . Graduates who have lost their medical qualification for commissioning while at their final semester at Academy ( a small number each year ) may receive a degree but are not commissioned . Foreign cadets will commission into their home country 's armed forces . ^ Jump up to : Air Force Academy Admissions Web site , last visited 22 Mar 2007 . Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The commitment is normally five years of active duty and three years in the reserves , although it has varied depending on the graduate 's Air Force Specialty Code . The obligation attaches on the first day of a cadet 's second class year , and non-graduates after that point are expected to fulfill their obligations in enlisted service or pay back full tuition . ^ Jump up to : Steven A. Simon , `` A Half - Century of History , '' Fifty Years of Excellence : Building Leaders of Character for the Nation , 2004 . Jump up ^ M. Hamlin Cannon and Henry S. Fellerman , Quest for an Air Force Academy , 1974 . ( ASIN : B00071G1T6 ) Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy Act signed by Eisenhower '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . April 2 , 1954 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado town gets air school '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . June 25 , 1954 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` West Point of air to rise on Colorado 's rugged land '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . United Press . June 25 , 1954 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy dedicated at Lowry '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . July 12 , 1955 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Hal ( February 20 , 1956 ) . `` Air Force Academy seeks new tradition '' . Spencer Daily Reporter . ( Iowa ) . Associated Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold W. Braswell '' . mindenmemories.org . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force cadets move to new site '' . Eugene register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . August 29 , 1958 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy History '' . ^ Jump up to : Bill McKeown , `` Cadets Learned True Meaning of Service During Vietnam War , '' ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette , USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Edition , Spring 2004 . Jump up ^ USAF Bio : Richard S. Ritchie , available at http://www.af.mil/history/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006498 Archived 22 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rebecca Grant , `` The Missing Aces , '' Air Force Magazine , Sep. 2004 . Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Air Force Museum Fact Sheet : Capt . Lance P. Sijan , ' ' '' . Nationalmuseum.af.mil . Archived from the original on 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Judith Stiehm , Bring Me Men and Women : Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 1981 ) online free . Jump up ^ Katherine L. Schifani , `` Bring Me Men : Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy . '' ( Masters Theses , U of Massachusetts - Amherst , 2008 ) : online free Jump up ^ Pam Zubeck , Women , Blacks Face Different Obstacles , '' ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette , USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Celebration , Spring 2004 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 3 June 1954 ) . `` Prescott Evening Courier '' . Prescott Evening Courier . Retrieved 27 Oct 2016 . Jump up ^ Nauman , Robert Allen . ( 2004 ) . On the Wings of Modernism : the United States Air Force Academy , pp. 72 -- 80. , p. 72 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Wilkes , Joseph A. and Robert T. Packard . ( 1989 ) . Encyclopedia of Architecture : Design , Engineering & Construction , p. 454 . Jump up ^ `` Radical Design Dropped For Air Academy Chapel , '' New York Times . 4 July 1955 . Jump up ^ Particularly in the early days , cadets at the other service academies teasingly referred to USAFA as `` Alcoa U '' or `` Aluminum U . '' Jump up ^ `` United States Air Force Academy , Cadet Area '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 13 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ John H. Sprinkle , Ed. , `` National Historic Landmark Nomination Study , US Air Force Academy Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . '' , National Park Service , 1 April 2004 Jump up ^ Although the number of spires is only significant to the architectural proportions of the chapel , cadets and chaplains sometimes joke that the seventeen spires represent the `` 12 Apostles and the 5 Chiefs of Staff . '' The original reference was to the Chiefs of Staff of the four major branches of the US armed services and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs . With the addition of a Vice Chairman in the late 1980s changing the number to six , the reference came to be thought of as the five Air Force Chiefs of Staff in the USAF 's history up until the completion of the chapel in 1963 . Jump up ^ `` USAFA Department of Aeronautics , Aero Research Center '' . Web.archive.org. 30 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Honor Code , Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . '' USAFA Fact Sheet , April 2009 , Retrieved 3 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Honor Code Reference Handbook - Volume II -- The Honor System `` , ( 646 KB ) USAFA , August 2008 , Retrieved 3 April 2010 -- Although the original code adopted was identical to West Point 's Honor Code ( '' We will not lie , cheat or steal , or tolerate among us those who do. `` ) , it was modified slightly in 1960 -- 61 to its current wording . Jump up ^ Center for Character and Leadership Development , Project , U.S. Air Force Academy CCLD . Retrieved 26 October 2013 Jump up ^ Don Hall , Class of ' 76 , created the popular character `` Waldo F. Dumbsquat , whose Svejk - like innocence and good intentions overcome his abysmal ineptitude . Jump up ^ The `` degree '' terminology comes from a generic ordinal indicator used for classes in the early years of the Academy -- for example , `` 2 ° '' was read as `` second class . '' In recent years , `` degree '' has been further shortened to `` dig '' , as in `` 4 digs '' , `` 3 digs '' , etc . Jump up ^ Air Force Mission Directive 12 , paragraph 2.1 Jump up ^ Wyatt , Kristen ( 24 July 2009 ) . `` First openly gay member , U.S. Rep. Jared Polis , joins Air Force Academy board '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . `` Polis said he expects that Congress will start debating as soon as this fall a repeal of the 1993 ban on gay service members . '' Jump up ^ Idiots Guide to Careers in the Military . Google Books . 2002 . ISBN 9780028643816 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Cadet Training - Air Force Academy '' . Air Force Academy . Jump up ^ Baillie , Amber ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) . `` AFA to award new cybersecurity degree '' . The Colorado Springs Business Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Athletics , USAFA Fact Sheet , April 2006 Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Physical Fitness '' . Air Force Academy . Jump up ^ `` WAC Adds Men 's Soccer '' ( Press release ) . Western Athletic Conference . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain West Conference '' . themw.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Coach Ed Weichers , USAFA Sports Site '' . Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy Rugby '' . 29 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Comeback Effort Falls Just Short , 68 -- 67 , '' AP Wire Story `` . Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com. 27 March 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` David Albright , `` Gophers Earn NCAA Hockey No. 1 Overall Seed , '' ESPN.com , accessed Apr. 9 , 2007 `` . ESPN . 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roeder , Tom ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` Air Force Academy superintendent orders investigation of athletic department after Gazette inquiry '' . gazette.com . Colorado Springs Gazette . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ USAFA Admissions Eligibility Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Air Force Academy Admissions Philosophy , USAFA Fact Sheet , April 2006 . Archived 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USAFA Admissions : International Student Guidelines Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy '' . Admissions team , United States Air Force Academy . ^ Jump up to : Roeder , Tom ( 13 June 2005 ) . `` AFA class size grows as Air Force downsizes '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs . Archived from the original on 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 1983 ) . `` Military Schools Are Again Popular With Students '' . Education Week ( 19 January 1983 ) . Jump up ^ United States General Accounting Office ( 1992 ) . Service Academies : Historical Proportion of New Officers During Benchmark Periods ( GAO / NSIAD - 92 - 90 ) ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. General Accounting Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best Colleges : # 7 United States Air Force Academy '' . Forbes . 5 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 7 February 2011 ) . `` Academy told to cut enrollment to save money '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs . Archived from the original on 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioning Week Traditions '' . Usna.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Class Ring Heritage '' . Association of Graduates , United States Air Force Academy . Archived from the original on 26 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Erin Emery , 19 AFA Cadets Admit Cheating , Denver Post , 8 Feb. 2007 In April 2004 , cadets were given a military knowledge test over the computer in cadet dorms . An estimated 265 cadets were questioned for cheating then , when academy officials noticed it took only three minutes for cadets to take a 25 - question test . Several cadets resigned during the investigation . Jump up ^ Chase Squires , `` Air Force Academy Investigates Cheating , '' ABC News , 7 February 2007 . Approximately 28 freshmen cadets , including 19 varsity athletes , were investigated for possible cheating on a military knowledge test . The answers were reportedly posted on a social - networking Web site . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Graney , David W. ( 2010 ) . Rogue institution : vigilante injustice , lawlessness , and disorder at the Air Force Academy ( 1st ed . ) . Tucson , AZ : Wheatmark . ISBN 9781604943955 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Defense Task Force on Sexual Assault and Violence at the Service Academies , June 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` David Kassabian , `` Experts Praise AFA 's Steps Against Sex Assault , '' ' ' Aimpoints , ' ' Oct. 7 , 2005 `` . Aimpoints.hq.af.mil. 7 October 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Harassment and Violence at the Military Service Academies Academic Program Year 2010 -- 2011 : Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Defense . 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . The 65 reports represent an increase from the 41 reports made in APY 09 - 10 . The Department does not have the ability to conclusively identify the reasons for this increase in reporting behavior . However , in prior years ' assessments , the Department identified steps the academies could take to encourage more victims to report . Some of the increased reporting of sexual assault may be attributed to these efforts as well as many other factors . Jump up ^ Tom Roeder ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` 3 AFA cadets charged with rape '' . The Colorado Springs Gazette . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Philipps , Dave ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` HONOR AND DECEPTION : A secretive Air Force program recruits academy students to inform on fellow cadets and disavows them afterward '' . gazette.com . Colorado Springs Gazette . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Dave ( 9 August 2014 ) . `` Informant Debate Renewed as Air Force Revisits Cadet Misconduct '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Roeder ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Broken Code : AFA superintendent calls for investigation of athletic transgressions '' . The Gazette . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zealots at the Air Force Academy , editorial , ' ' New York Times , ' ' Jun. 11 , 2005 '' . Select.nytimes.com. 11 June 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Weinstein 's 2006 book With God on Our Side ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 36143 - 2 ) details the alleged proselytization and harassment at the Academy . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Sued over Religion , CBS News , Oct. 6 , 2005 '' . Cbsnews.com. 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Report of HQ Review Group Concerning the Religious Climate at the U.S. Air Force Academy , 22 June 2005 . Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Neela , `` Religion and Its Role Are in Dispute at the Service Academies '' , New York Times , 25 June 2008 Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Colorado : Academy Accommodates Wiccans '' , New York Times , 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Correll , DeeDee , `` Cross Found At Air Force Pagan Center '' , Los Angeles Times , 3 February 2010 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Dan , `` 41 % Of Non-Christian AF Cadets Cite Proselytizing '' , Atlanta Journal - Constitution , 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Benzel , Lance , `` AFASurvey : Cadets Fear Racial , Religious Bias '' , Colorado Springs Gazette , 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisee , Chris . `` Debate reignites over religion at Air Force Academy . '' Religion News Service , 16 July 2012 . References ( edit ) Bruegmann , Robert . Modernism at Mid-Century : The Architecture of the United States Air Force Academy . University of Chicago Press : 1995 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 07693 - 8 . Celebrating the U.S. Air Force Academy 's Golden Anniversary , ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette , Special Edition , Spring 2004 . Contrails ( various years ) Fagan , George V. Air Force Academy : An Illustrated History . Johnson Books : 1988 . ISBN 1 - 55566 - 032 - 0 . Fifty Years of Excellence : Building Leaders of Character for the Nation , 2004 . Lui , Elizabeth Gill . Spirit and Flight : A Photographic Salute to the United States Air Force Academy . 1996 . ISBN 0 - 9652585 - 0 - 5 . Nauman , Robert Allen . ( 2004 ) . On the Wings of Modernism : the United States Air Force Academy . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02891 - 5 ; OCLC 52542599 Schemo , Diana Jean . Skies to Conquer : A Year Inside the Air Force Academy . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. : 2010 . Schifani , Katherine L. `` Bring Me Men : Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy . '' ( Masters Theses , U of Massachusetts - Amherst , 2008 ) : online free Stiehm , Judith . Bring Me Men and Women : Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 1981 ) online free . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Air Force Academy . 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New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games - wikipedia New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Flag of New Zealand CGF code NZL CGA New Zealand Olympic Committee Website www.olympic.org.nz in Gold Coast , Australia Competitors 251 in 17 sports Flag bearer ( opening ) Sophie Pascoe Flag bearer ( closing ) Stacey Michelsen Medals Ranked 5th Gold 15 Silver 16 Bronze 15 Total 46 Officials Rob Waddell ( chef de mission ) Commonwealth Games appearances ( overview ) British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 New Zealand competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast , Australia , from 4 to 15 April 2018 . It was the nations 's 21st appearance at the Commonwealth Games , having competed at every Games since their inception in 1930 . The New Zealand team consisted of 251 athletes , 130 men and 121 women , across 17 sports . The New Zealand team collected 46 medals : 15 gold , 16 silver and 15 bronze , an increase of one medal from the previous games . The medals came across twelve sports . The nation won its first medal in beach volleyball , which was introduced at the Games , and its first gold medal in hockey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal tables 2 Competitors 3 Aquatics 3.1 Diving 3.2 Swimming 4 Athletics 5 Badminton 6 Basketball 6.1 Men 's tournament 6.2 Women 's tournament 7 Beach volleyball 8 Boxing 9 Cycling 9.1 Road 9.2 Track 9.3 Mountain bike 10 Gymnastics 10.1 Artistic 10.2 Rhythmic 11 Hockey 11.1 Men 's tournament 11.2 Women 's tournament 12 Lawn bowls 13 Netball 14 Rugby sevens 14.1 Men 's tournament 14.2 Women 's tournament 15 Shooting 16 Squash 17 Triathlon 18 Weightlifting 19 Wrestling 20 References Medal tables ( edit ) Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins , Ethan Mitchell , Sam Webster Cycling -- Track Men 's team sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 01 ! Gold Webster , Sam Sam Webster Cycling -- Track Men 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Pascoe , Sophie Sophie Pascoe Swimming Women 's 200 m individual medley SM10 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Edwards , Jo Jo Edwards Lawn bowls Women 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold King , Joelle Joelle King Squash Women 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Pascoe , Sophie Sophie Pascoe Swimming Women 's 100 m breaststroke SB9 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Liti , David David Liti Weightlifting Men 's + 105 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Walsh , Tomas Tomas Walsh Athletics Men 's shot put 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Ratcliffe , Julia Julia Ratcliffe Athletics Women 's hammer throw 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Gaze , Sam Sam Gaze Cycling -- Mountain bike Men 's cross-country 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand women 's hockey team ( Black Sticks ) Sam Charlton Sam Harrison Brooke Neal Tarryn Davey Pippa Hayward Grace O'Hanlon Frances Davies Rose Keddell Amy Robinson Madison Doar Anita McLaren Sally Rutherford Shiloh Gloyn Olivia Merry Kelsey Smith Ella Gunson Stacey Michelsen Liz Thompson Hockey Women 's tournament 14 April 01 ! Gold Nyika , David David Nyika Boxing Men 's 91 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold King , Joelle Joelle King , Amanda Landers - Murphy Squash Women 's doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand women 's rugby sevens team Shakira Baker Theresa Fitzpatrick Stacey Waaka Michaela Blyde Sarah Goss Niall Williams Kelly Brazier Tyla Nathan - Wong Tenika Willison Gayle Broughton Alena Saili Portia Woodman Rugby sevens Women 's tournament 15 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand men 's rugby sevens team Kurt Baker Trael Joass Sione Molia Dylan Collier Vilimoni Koroi Etene Nanai - Seturo Scott Curry Andrew Knewstubb Akuila Rokolisoa Sam Dickson Tim Mikkelson Regan Ware Rugby sevens Men 's tournament 15 April 02 ! Silver Botha , Bryony Bryony Botha , Rushlee Buchanan , Kirstie James , Racquel Sheath Cycling -- Track Women 's team pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Cumming , Emma Emma Cumming , Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's team sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Hansen , Natasha Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 02 ! Silver Stewart , Campbell Campbell Stewart Cycling -- Track Men 's scratch race 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Barber , Alana Alana Barber Athletics Women 's 20 km walk 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins Cycling -- Track Men 's 1 km time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Stewart , Campbell Campbell Stewart Cycling -- Track Men 's points race 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Robinson , Holly Holly Robinson Athletics Women 's javelin throw F46 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Coll , Paul Paul Coll Squash Men 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Villumsen , Linda Linda Villumsen Cycling -- Road Women 's time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 02 ! Silver Noble , Mark Mark Noble , Bruce Wakefield , Barry Wynks Lawn bowls Open para triples 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver Cooper , Anton Anton Cooper Cycling -- Mountain bike Men 's cross-country 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver Adams , Valerie Valerie Adams Athletics Women 's shot put 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver McCartney , Eliza Eliza McCartney Athletics Women 's pole vault 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver Williams , Georgia Georgia Williams Cycling -- Road Women 's road race 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver New Zealand men 's hockey team ( Black Sticks ) Corey Bennett Devon Manchester Jared Panchia Marcus Child Shea McAleese Hayden Phillips Hugo Inglis Harry Miskimmin Nick Ross Stephen Jenness George Muir Kane Russell Richard Joyce Dominic Newman Aidan Sarikaya Dane Left Arun Panchia Nic Woods Hockey Men 's tournament 14 April 03 ! Bronze Kennett , Dylan Dylan Kennett Cycling -- Track Men 's individual pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins Cycling -- Track Men 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Clareburt , Lewis Lewis Clareburt Swimming Men 's 400 m individual medley 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Hewitt , Andrea Andrea Hewitt , Tayler Reid , Ryan Sissons , Nicole van der Kaay Triathlon Mixed relay 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Cumming , Emma Emma Cumming Cycling -- Track Women 's 500 m time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Hansen , Natasha Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Bond , Hamish Hamish Bond Cycling -- Road Men 's time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Benny , Tasmyn Tasmyn Benny Boxing Women 's 48 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 03 ! Bronze O'Dea , Ben Ben O'Dea , Sam O'Dea Beach volleyball Men 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 03 ! Bronze Pritchard , Alexis Alexis Pritchard Boxing Women 's 57 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Garton , Troy Troy Garton Boxing Women 's 60 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Mailata , Patrick Patrick Mailata Boxing Men 's + 91 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Coll , Paul Paul Coll , Joelle King Squash Mixed doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 03 ! Bronze New Zealand women 's basketball team ( Tall Ferns ) Jessica Bygate Jordan Hunter Kalani Purcell Micaela Cocks Zara Jillings Erin Rooney Antonia Farnworth Charlisse Leger - Walker Josephine Stockill Deena Franklin Chevannah Paalvast Natalie Taylor Basketball Women 's tournament 14 April 03 ! Bronze New Zealand men 's basketball team ( Tall Blacks ) Tom Abercrombie Rob Loe Ethan Rusbatch Finn Delany Jordan Ngatai Tohi Smith - Milner Shea Ili Alex Pledger Reuben Te Rangi Jarrod Kenny Derone Raukawa Mika Vukona Basketball Men 's tournament 15 April Medals by sport Sport Total Cycling 9 5 17 Athletics 0 6 Squash Swimming 0 Rugby sevens 0 0 Hockey 0 Lawn bowls 0 Boxing 0 5 Weightlifting 0 0 Basketball 0 0 Beach volleyball 0 0 Triathlon 0 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Medals by date Date Total 5 April 0 6 April 0 7 April 5 8 April 5 9 April 0 6 10 April 11 April 0 0 12 April 13 April 0 5 14 April 6 15 April 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Medals by gender Gender Total Male 7 6 7 20 Female 8 9 6 23 Mixed / open 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Athletics 8 9 17 Badminton Basketball 12 12 24 Beach volleyball Boxing 5 8 Cycling 20 14 34 Diving 5 Gymnastics 5 7 Hockey 18 18 36 Lawn bowls 10 7 17 Netball N / A 12 12 Rugby sevens 13 13 26 Shooting 7 11 Squash 5 7 Swimming 9 8 17 Triathlon 6 Weightlifting 6 6 12 Wrestling 6 Total 130 121 251 Aquatics ( edit ) The New Zealand aquatics selections were announced on 22 December 2017 . Lewis Clareburt was added on 15 February 2018 and three divers were the following day . Diving ( edit ) Main article : Diving at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand participated with a team of 5 athletes ( 2 men and 3 women ) . Men Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Liam Stone 1 m springboard 255.90 13 Did not advance 3 m springboard 325.95 15 Did not advance Anton Down - Jenkins 3 m springboard 326.70 14 Did not advance Anton Down - Jenkins Liam Stone 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 332.64 8 Women Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Shaye Boddington 1 m springboard 237.95 9 Q 194.50 12 Elizabeth Cui 1 m springboard 198.80 13 Did not advance 3 m springboard 241.20 10 Q 247.10 12 Elizabeth Cui Yu Qian Goh 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 251.70 Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Chris Arbuthnott 100 m freestyle S9 58.78 5 Q N / A 58.65 5 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 08.72 7 Q N / A 1 : 07.85 7 Bradlee Ashby 200 m backstroke 2 : 02.32 14 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 2 : 00.30 11 N / A Did not advance 200 m individual medley 2 : 00.57 5 Q N / A 1 : 59.59 5 400 m individual medley 4 : 18.83 5 Q N / A 4 : 18.61 5 Lewis Clareburt 200 m backstroke 2 : 01.54 10 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 1 : 58.32 6 Q N / A 1 : 58.51 7 200 m individual medley 2 : 01.33 8 Q N / A 2 : 01.13 7 400 m individual medley 4 : 19.16 6 Q N / A 4 : 14.42 03 ! Celyn Edwards 100 m breaststroke SB8 1 : 25.06 5 Q N / A 1 : 25.63 6 200 m individual medley SM8 2 : 40.28 4 Q N / A 2 : 35.07 Daniel Hunter 50 m freestyle 22.32 8 Q 22.34 9 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 49.65 = 10 Q 49.11 8 Q 49.30 8 50 m butterfly 24.01 5 Q 23.93 5 Q 23.87 5 Corey Main 100 m backstroke 54.99 4 Q 55.02 7 Q 54.88 7 200 m backstroke 2 : 01.73 11 Did not advance Sam Perry 50 m freestyle 22.93 16 Q 23.13 16 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 49.90 16 Q 49.83 14 Did not advance 50 m butterfly 24.23 7 Q 23.99 6 Q 23.96 6 Jesse Reynolds 100 m freestyle S9 1 : 00.06 6 Q N / A 1 : 00.03 6 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 06.46 4 Q N / A 1 : 05.50 100 m breaststroke SB8 1 : 21.82 4 Q N / A 1 : 21.65 Matthew Stanley 100 m freestyle 49.79 14 Q 49.61 11 Did not advance 200 m freestyle 1 : 48.75 12 N / A Did not advance Daniel Hunter Sam Perry Corey Main Matthew Stanley 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 3 : 17.96 3 Q N / A 3 : 16.60 Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Carina Doyle 100 m freestyle 56.27 13 Q 56.18 12 Did not advance 200 m freestyle 2 : 00.01 10 N / A Did not advance 400 m freestyle 4 : 13.33 8 Q N / A 4 : 15.89 8 Helena Gasson 50 m butterfly 27.10 = 9 Q 27.19 11 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 1 : 00.00 14 Q 59.70 12 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 2 : 13.25 13 Did not advance Bobbi Gichard 50 m backstroke 28.81 10 Q 28.56 = 10 Did not advance 100 m backstroke 1 : 01.33 9 Q 1 : 01.75 12 Did not advance 200 m backstroke 2 : 17.88 13 N / A Did not advance Georgia Marris 100 m freestyle 56.98 15 Q 56.48 15 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 1 : 00.43 15 Q 1 : 00.58 16 Did not advance Tupou Neiufi 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 18.08 6 Q N / A 1 : 17.10 6 Sophie Pascoe 100 m breaststroke SB9 1 : 17.92 1 Q N / A 1 : 18.09 01 ! 200 m individual medley SM10 2 : 27.26 1 Q N / A 2.27. 72 01 ! Bronagh Ryan 50 m breaststroke 32.18 15 Q 32.70 16 Did not advance 100 m breaststroke 1 : 10.78 17 Did not advance Laticia - Leigh Transom 50 m freestyle 25.96 10 Q 25.95 12 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 56.32 14 Q 56.26 13 Did not advance Carina Doyle Helena Gasson Georgia Marris Laticia - Leigh Transom 4 × 100 m freestyle relay N / A 3 : 43.77 Helena Gasson Bobbi Gichard Bronagh Ryan Laticia - Leigh Transom 4 × 100 m medley relay N / A 4 : 07.47 6 Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced fifteen athletes to compete at the games on 2 February 2018 . Para-athlete Holly Robinson had been confirmed on 22 November 2017 . Brothers Jake and Zane Robertson were added on 9 February 2018 . Sprinter Joseph Millar was added on 23 February 2018 . Siositina Hakeai was conditionally added on 28 February 2018 . Zane Robertson withdrew from the team on 5 April 2018 . Men Track & road Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Joseph Millar 200 m 21.10 23 Q 21.01 16 Did not advance Cameron French 400 m hurdles 50.60 14 Did not advance Brad Mathas 800 m 1 : 46.32 5 q N / A 1 : 46.07 5 Jake Robertson 10000 m N / A 27 : 30.90 NR 5 Quentin Rew 20 km walk N / A 1 : 13 : 22 5 Field Athlete ( s ) Event Qualifying Final Result Rank Result Rank Ben Langton Burnell Javelin throw 75.29 9 q 73.77 10 Nick Southgate Pole vault N / A NH Tom Walsh Shot put 22.45 GR 1 Q 21.41 01 ! Women Track & road Athlete Event Heat Final Result Rank Result Rank Angie Petty 800 m 2 : 00.62 7 Did not advance Camille Buscomb 5000 m N / A 15 : 55.45 12 10000 m N / A 32 : 23.91 14 Alana Barber 20 km walk N / A 1 : 34 : 18 02 ! Field Athlete ( s ) Event Qualifying Final Result Rank Result Rank Valerie Adams Shot put 18.52 1 Q 18.70 02 ! Siositina Hakeai Discus throw N / A 57.16 Eliza McCartney Pole vault N / A 4.70 02 ! Olivia McTaggart N / A 4.30 9 Julia Ratcliffe Hammer throw N / A 69.94 01 ! Holly Robinson Javelin throw F46 ( para ) N / A 43.32 02 ! Badminton ( edit ) Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Two badminton player were announced to compete at the games on 31 January 2018 : Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Susannah Leydon - Davis Oliver Leydon - Davis Mixed doubles Bye McNee & Bailey ( JAM ) W 2 -- 1 Ellis & Smith ( ENG ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand has qualified a men 's and women 's basketball teams for a total of 24 athletes ( 12 men and 12 women ) . The men 's team qualified as being one of the top three teams in the Commonwealth ( besides the host nation , Australia ) , while the women 's team was invited by FIBA and the CGF . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Tom Abercrombie Finn Delany Shea Ili Jarrod Kenny Rob Loe Jordan Ngatai Alex Pledger Derone Raukawa Ethan Rusbatch Tohi Smith - Milner Reuben Te Rangi Mika Vukona ( c ) Pool A Team PLD PF PA PD Points Australia 0 271 183 + 88 6 New Zealand 265 204 + 61 5 Canada 197 244 - 47 Nigeria 0 187 289 - 102 Qualified for the Semifinals Qualified for the Qualifying finals 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 20 : 00 Boxscore Nigeria 65 -- 110 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 24 , 20 -- 26 , 8 -- 31 , 22 -- 29 Pts : Dike 15 Rebs : Achiuwa 8 Asts : Ofoegbu , Achiuwa 2 Pts : Abercrombie 21 Rebs : Pledger 10 Asts : Ili , Kenny 6 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Liszka ( POL ) , Kom Njilo ( CMR ) , Unsworth ( GBR ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 73 -- 79 Australia Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 19 -- 16 , 19 - 21 , 14 - 23 Pts : Ili 22 Rebs : Delany 6 Asts : Ili 4 Pts : Kay 21 Rebs : Sobey 6 Asts : Cadee 3 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Bermudez ( MEX ) , Liszka ( POL ) , Dodds ( GBR ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 18 : 30 Boxscore Canada 60 -- 82 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 20 , 17 -- 20 , 12 -- 23 , 17 -- 19 Pts : Kapinga 19 Rebs : Morgan 6 Asts : Diawara , Kapinga 2 Pts : Abercrombie 17 Rebs : Abercrombie 9 Asts : Ili 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Bermudez ( MEX ) , Boyer ( AUS ) , Decastro ( MOZ ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 12 : 30 Boxscore New Zealand 86 -- 88 Canada Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 22 , 26 -- 23 , 16 -- 30 , 28 -- 13 Pts : Ili 23 Rebs : Mika Vukona 15 Asts : Ili 7 Pts : Diressa 22 Rebs : Pierre - Charles 7 Asts : Tutu 6 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Liszka ( POL ) , Kato ( JPN ) , Kom Njilo ( CMR ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 09 : 00 Boxscore Scotland 69 -- 79 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 14 -- 22 , 9 -- 18 , 25 -- 20 Pts : Bunyan 13 Rebs : Fraser 6 Asts : Bunyan 5 Pts : Abercrombie 26 Rebs : Loe 10 Asts : Loe 4 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Beattie ( USA ) , Weiland ( CAN ) , Boyer ( AUS ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster The following is the New Zealand roster in the women 's basketball tournament of the 2018 Commonwealth Games . New Zealand women 's national basketball team - 2018 Commonwealth Games roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . 1.5 ! G 0 Jillings , Zara 7003725000000000000 ♠ 19 -- ( 1998 - 05 - 30 ) 30 May 1998 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Fordham Rams USA ! 1.5 ! G Rooney , Erin 7004100760000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 09 - 03 ) 3 September 1990 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) PDS BBC Troistorrents SUI ! 1.5 ! G Cocks , Micaela 7004116610000000000 ♠ 31 -- ( 1986 - 05 - 02 ) 2 May 1986 1.74 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Townsville Fire AUS ! 3.5 ! F Purcell , Kalani 7003848300000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1995 1.84 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Melbourne Boomers AUS ! 1.5 ! G 6 Hunter , Jordan 7004100900000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1990 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Sturt Sabres AUS ! 1.5 ! G 7 Farnworth , Antonia 7004112880000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1987 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1987 1.81 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Perth Lynx AUS ! 3.5 ! F 8 Taylor , Natalie 7004128860000000000 ♠ 35 -- ( 1982 - 12 - 24 ) 24 December 1982 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Brisbane Spartans AUS ! 2.5 ! G / F 10 Paalvast , Chevannah 7003971000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1991 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Canberra Capitals AUS ! 3.5 ! F 11 Bygate , Jessica 7003958200000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1992 - 01 - 10 ) 10 January 1992 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Sandringham Sabres AUS ! 5.0 ! C 13 Stockill , Josephine 7003886300000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 12 - 29 ) 29 December 1993 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Sunbury Jets AUS ! 3.5 ! F 15 Franklin , Deena 7003846000000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1995 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Harbour Breeze NZL ! 1.5 ! G 55 Leger - Walker , Charlisse 7003604600000000000 ♠ 16 -- ( 2001 - 09 - 15 ) 15 September 2001 1.74 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Waikato Wizards NZL ! Head coach Guy Molloy Assistant coach ( es ) Jody Cameron Aik Ho Legend ( C ) Team captain Club - describes last club before the tournament Age - describes age on 5 April 2018 Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 256 148 + 108 6 Qualifying finals Jamaica 196 195 + 1 5 Malaysia 187 239 − 52 India 0 184 241 − 57 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head results ; 3 ) Points difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 86 -- 44 Malaysia Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 10 , 27 -- 15 , 15 -- 3 , 20 -- 16 Pts : Cocks 15 Rebs : Purcell 12 Asts : Hunter 6 Pts : Yap Fook Yee 12 Rebs : Pang Hui Pin 7 Asts : Pang Hui Pin 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : James Boyer ( AUS ) , Sarah Carey ( AUS ) , Kate Webb ( ENG ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 11 : 30 Boxscore New Zealand 80 -- 49 Jamaica Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 16 , 24 -- 9 , 19 -- 14 , 20 -- 10 Pts : Leger - Walker 18 Rebs : Leger - Walker 6 Asts : Cocks 6 Pts : George 12 Rebs : Jackson 7 Asts : L Gordon , Jackson 2 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Artur Decastro ( MOZ ) , Ceciline Michael Vincent ( IND ) , Christine Vuong ( CAN ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore India 55 -- 90 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 31 , 10 -- 23 , 19 -- 19 , 14 -- 17 Pts : Kumari 14 Rebs : Skaria 9 Asts : Sidhu , Limaye 3 Pts : Cocks 21 Rebs : Farnworth 7 Asts : Farnworth 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Christine Vuong ( CAN ) , Simon Unsworth ( ENG ) , James Boyer ( AUS ) Qualifying final 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Mozambique 63 -- 79 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 7 -- 18 , 19 -- 23 , 15 -- 19 , 22 -- 19 Pts : Mafanela 15 Rebs : Lhavanguane , Mucauro 7 Asts : Cossa , Mucauro 5 Pts : Taylor 25 Rebs : Taylor 8 Asts : Hunter 7 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Takaki Kato ( JPN ) , Jon Chapman ( AUS ) , Joyce Muchenu ( ZIM ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Australia 109 -- 50 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 12 , 28 -- 16 , 30 -- 6 , 26 -- 16 Pts : Cambage 21 Rebs : Griffin , Kunek 7 Asts : O'Hea 6 Pts : Cocks , Leger - Walker , Taylor 9 Rebs : Paalvast 5 Asts : Cocks , Purcell 3 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Wojciech Liszka ( POL ) , Viola Gyoergyi ( NOR ) , Chris Dodds ( GBR ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 18 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 74 -- 58 Canada Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 12 , 18 -- 14 , 23 -- 13 , 17 -- 19 Pts : Leger - Walker , Taylor 18 Rebs : Purcell 7 Asts : Cocks 7 Pts : Nofuente 18 Rebs : Hamblin , Kiss - Rusk , Provo 6 Asts : Masikewich , Traer 2 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Jon Chapman ( AUS ) , Sarah Carey ( AUS ) , Kate Webb ( ENG ) Beach volleyball ( edit ) Main article : Beach volleyball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The women 's pair was named on 10 January 2018 . The men 's pair was added on 20 February 2018 . Athlete Event Preliminary round Standing Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Ben O'Dea Sam O'Dea Men 's Pool C Apostolou -- Chrysostomou ( CYP ) W 2 -- 1 Acacio -- Soares ( MOZ ) W 2 -- 1 Gregory -- Sheaf ( ENG ) W 2 -- 1 Stewart -- Williams ( TTO ) W 2 -- 0 Pedlow -- Schachter ( CAN ) L 0 -- 2 Gregory -- Sheaf ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 03 ! Kelsie Wills Shaunna Polley Women 's Pool C Nzayisenga -- Mutatsimpundu ( RWA ) W 2 -- 0 Lau -- Ong ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Matauatu -- Pata ( VAN ) W 2 -- 0 Angelopoulou -- Konstantinou ( CYP ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The eight - member boxing team was announced on 22 February 2018 . Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Richard Hadlow 64 kg Volcere ( SEY ) W 4 -- 1 Vidanalage ( SRI ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Leroy Hindley 69 kg Katta ( SLE ) W 5 -- 0 Moshoeshoe ( LES ) W 4 -- 1 Walsh ( NIR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Ryan Scaife 75 kg Bye Owuor ( KEN ) W 5 -- 0 Ntsengue ( CMR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance David Nyika 91 kg N / A Aska ( ANT ) W 5 -- 0 Ndzie Tsoye ( CMR ) W W / O Clarke ( ENG ) W 5 -- 0 Whateley ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 01 ! Patrick Mailata 91 kg+ N / A Barton ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 McMonagle ( NIR ) W 5 -- 0 Clarke ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance 03 ! Women Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Tasmyn Benny 48 kg N / A Modukanele ( BOT ) W 5 -- 0 O'Hara ( NIR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance 03 ! Alexis Pritchard 57 kg Ranone ( LES ) W RSC Hansika ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 Walsh ( NIR ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance 03 ! Troy Garton 60 kg Bye Kasemang ( BOT ) W 5 -- 0 Stridsman ( AUS ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance 03 ! Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The team of 33 cyclists was named on 17 February 2018 . Jason Christie replaced Alex Frame , and Hayden McCormick replaced Hamish Bond in the road race , leaving Bond to focus solely on the time trial , on 22 March 2018 . Road ( edit ) Men Athlete Event Time Rank Shane Archbold Road race 3 : 57 : 01 6 Jack Bauer 3 : 57 : 22 13 Jason Christie 3 : 57 : 58 16 Sam Gaze 3 : 57 : 04 10 Hayden McCormick 3 : 57 : 01 5 James Oram 3 : 57 : 10 11 Hamish Bond Time trial 48 : 45.45 03 ! James Oram 49 : 40.72 5 Women Athlete Event Time Rank Bryony Botha Road race DNF Rushlee Buchanan 3 : 05 : 40 26 Sharlotte Lucas 3 : 02 : 18 Kate McIlroy 3 : 03 : 32 19 Linda Villumsen 3 : 02 : 43 12 Georgia Williams 3 : 02 : 18 02 ! Rushlee Buchanan Time trial 37 : 39.28 5 Linda Villumsen 36 : 03.01 02 ! Track ( edit ) Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Round 1 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Time Rank Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Rank Eddie Dawkins Men 's sprint 9.704 7 Q Truman ( ENG ) L 10.222 Did not advance Ethan Mitchell 9.654 3 Q Constable ( AUS ) W 10.518 Schmid ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Sam Webster 9.809 12 Q Hindes ( ENG ) W 10.167 Owens ( ENG ) W 10.250 , W 10.188 Sahrom ( MAS ) W 10.334 , W 10.151 Carlin ( SCO ) W 10.123 , W 9.952 01 ! Eddie Dawkins Ethan Mitchell Sam Webster Men 's team sprint 42.822 GR 1 Q N / A England ( ENG ) W 42.877 01 ! Emma Cumming Women 's sprint 11.079 8 Q Stewart ( NIR ) W 11.800 Morton ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Natasha Hansen 10.760 3 Q Coster ( WAL ) W 11.389 Mustapa ( MAS ) W 11.242 , W 11.670 Genest ( CAN ) W 11.317 , L , W 11.672 Morton ( AUS ) L , L 02 ! Olivia Podmore 10.985 5 Q Walsh ( CAN ) W 11.769 McCulloch ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Emma Cumming Natasha Hansen Women 's team sprint 33.321 2 Q N / A Australia ( AUS ) L 33.115 02 ! Keirin Athlete Event Round 1 Repechage Semifinals Final Eddie Dawkins Men 's keirin 1 Q 3 Q 03 ! Bradly Knipe 6 Did not advance Sam Webster 2 Q N / A 1 Q 5 Emma Cumming Women 's keirin 3 Q 11 Natasha Hansen 1 Q N / A 2 Q 03 ! Olivia Podmore 5 1 Q 2 Q 6 Time trial Athlete Event Time Rank Eddie Dawkins Men 's time trial 59.928 02 ! Dylan Kennett 1 : 01.546 7 Zac Williams 1 : 01.132 Ellesse Andrews Women 's time trial 35.850 12 Emma Cumming 34.230 03 ! Natasha Hansen 34.238 Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Final Time Rank Opponent Results Rank Jared Gray Men 's pursuit 4 : 22.752 12 Did not advance Dylan Kennett 4 : 13.414 3 QB Kerby ( AUS ) W 4 : 18.373 03 ! Nicholas Kergozou 4 : 23.429 13 Did not advance Regan Gough Nicholas Kergozou Tom Sexton Campbell Stewart Men 's team pursuit DSQ Did not advance Ellesse Andrews Women 's pursuit 3 : 33.707 6 Did not advance Bryony Botha 3 : 35.394 9 Kirstie James 3 : 29.192 5 Bryony Botha Rushlee Buchanan Kirstie James Racquel Sheath Women 's team pursuit 4 : 22.331 2 Q Australia ( AUS ) L OVL 02 ! Points race Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Regan Gough Men 's point race 28 2 Q 43 9 Campbell Stewart 9 9 Q 69 02 ! Tom Sexton 12 4 Q 43 10 Rushlee Buchanan Women 's points race N / A 10 5 Michaela Drummond 10 Racquel Sheath 0 17 Scratch race Athlete Event Qualification Final Dylan Kennett Men 's scratch race 7 Q 15 Nicholas Kergozou 6 Q 17 Campbell Stewart 6 Q 02 ! Michaela Drummond Women 's scratch race N / A 10 Kirstie James 5 Racquel Sheath 15 Mountain bike ( edit ) Athlete Event Time Rank Anton Cooper Men 's cross-country 1 : 17 : 36 02 ! Sam Gaze 1 : 17 : 36 01 ! Ben Oliver 1 : 18 : 41 Samara Sheppard Women 's cross-country 1 : 23 : 46 9 Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The first five gymnasts were announced on 22 December 2017 . An additional two gymnasts were announced on 5 February 2018 . Artistic ( edit ) Men Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB David Bishop Team N / A 12.500 12.450 13.800 N / A 12.450 N / A Ethan Dick 13.700 Q 11.800 12.650 14.000 13.350 10.800 76.300 16 Q Devy Dyson 11.150 10.200 13.825 Q N / A 12.800 13.200 N / A Kyleab Ellis 13.100 N / A N / A 14.300 Q 13.225 N / A N / A Mikhail Koudinov 13.600 12.350 12.900 13.900 13.750 12.800 79.300 9 Q Total 40.400 36.650 39.375 42.200 40.325 38.450 237.400 6 Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Ethan Dick All - around 13.600 12.850 12.700 13.900 12.500 12.400 77.950 11 Floor 13.500 N / A 13.500 5 Devy Dyson Rings N / A 13.533 N / A 13.533 6 Kyleab Ellis Vault N / A 13.933 N / A 13.933 7 Mikhail Koudinov All - around 12.200 12.850 13.000 13.600 11.950 11.600 75.200 15 Women Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Stella Ashcroft Qualification 13.100 10.000 11.750 10.875 45.725 14 Q Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Stella Ashcroft All - around 12.950 9.900 11.700 11.500 46.050 13 Rhythmic ( edit ) Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Stella Ebert Qualification 10.400 7.400 9.300 7.550 34.650 22 Hockey ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand has qualified both men 's and women 's hockey teams for a total of 36 athletes ( 18 men and 18 women ) . Both teams qualified as being one of the top nine teams in the Commonwealth ( besides the host nation , Australia ) according to their FIH World Rankings as of 31 October 2017 . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Corey Bennett Marcus Child Hugo Inglis Stephen Jenness Richard Joyce Dane Left Devon Manchester Shea McAleese Harry Miskimmin George Muir Dominic Newman Arun Panchia ( c ) Jared Panchia Hayden Phillips Nick Ross Kane Russell Aidan Sarikaya Nic Woods Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 0 16 + 14 12 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 6 + 12 9 Scotland 0 7 14 − 7 5th -- 6th place match Canada 0 12 − 9 7th -- 8th place match 5 South Africa 0 14 − 10 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 6 -- 2 Canada Russell 28 ' Woods 31 ' Muir 41 ' Lett 42 ' Jenness 42 ' Inglis 60 ' Report Kirkpatrick 47 ' Johnston 58 ' Umpires : Hong Zhen Lim ( SGP ) Paul Walker ( GBR ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 16 : 30 New Zealand 6 -- 0 South Africa Russell 4 ' , 25 ' J. Panchia 26 ' Woods 27 ' Muir 50 ' Ross 53 ' Report Umpires : Jamie Hooper ( WAL ) Paul Walker ( ENG ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 5 -- 2 Scotland Russell 3 ' , 30 ' , 34 ' J. Panchia 4 ' Inglis 50 ' Report Forsyth 20 ' , 53 ' Umpires : Anbananthan Rawi ( MAS ) Deepak Joshi ( IND ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 16 : 30 Australia 2 -- 1 New Zealand Whetton 20 ' Mitton 57 ' Report Bennett 59 ' Umpires : David Sweetman ( SCO ) Hong Zhen Lim ( SGP ) Semifinal 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 21 : 45 India 2 -- 3 New Zealand H. Singh 30 ' , 56 ' Report Inglis 7 ' Jenness 13 ' Child 40 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) Gold medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 21 : 15 Australia 2 -- 0 New Zealand Kleinschmidt 21 ' Dawson 28 ' Report Umpires : Sean Rapaport ( RSA ) Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster Sam Charlton Tarryn Davey Frances Davies Madison Doar Shiloh Gloyn Ella Gunson Sam Harrison Pippa Hayward Rose Keddell Anita McLaren Olivia Merry Stacey Michelsen ( c ) Brooke Neal Grace O'Hanlon Amy Robinson Sally Rutherford Kelsey Smith Liz Thompson Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 8 0 + 8 10 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 + 17 8 Canada 5 + 3 5 5th -- 6th place match Scotland 6 8 − 2 7th -- 8th place match 5 Ghana 0 0 27 − 26 0 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 11 : 30 Scotland 1 -- 6 New Zealand Howie 53 ' Report Smith 10 ' Neal 12 ' Gloyn 18 ' , 48 ' Keddell 18 ' , 45 ' Umpires : Ayanna McClean ( USA ) Cookie Tan ( SGP ) 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 16 : 30 New Zealand 12 -- 0 Ghana Doar 10 ' , 50 ' , 53 ' Smith 14 ' Charlton 16 ' Gloyn 28 ' Michelsen 33 ' Merry 35 ' Harrison 43 ' McLaren 49 ' , 59 ' Robinson 51 ' Report Umpires : Catherine Wright ( GBR ) Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 0 -- 0 Canada Report Umpires : Wanri Venter ( RSA ) Nur Hafiza Azman ( MAS ) 9 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 21 : 30 Australia 0 -- 0 New Zealand Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Semifinal 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 19 : 00 England 0 -- 0 New Zealand Report Penalties Danson Bray Martin Toman Pearne - Webb 1 -- 2 Charlton Thompson Harrison Gunson Michelsen Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Gold medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 12 : 45 New Zealand 4 -- 1 Australia Gloyn 28 ' Keddell 34 ' Merry 42 ' McLaren 56 ' Report Kenny 50 ' Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Lawn Bowls ( edit ) Main article : Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC named seven para-bowlers to compete at the games on 22 November 2017 . with the ten able - bodied bowlers named in January 2018 . Men Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Rank Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Match 4 Match 5 Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Shannon McIlroy Singles Newell ( JAM ) W 21 -- 0 Kumar ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 15 Kimani ( KEN ) W 21 -- 12 Paxton ( ENG ) L 18 -- 21 Xalxo ( IND ) W 21 -- 0 1 Q Paxton ( ENG ) L 16 -- 21 Did not advance Shannon McIlroy Blake Signal Pairs Botswana W 27 -- 8 Papua New Guinea W 24 -- 11 Cook Islands W 26 -- 12 Fiji W 18 -- 11 England W 14 -- 12 1 Q Wales L 20 -- 7 Did not advance Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Mike Nagy Triples Singapore W 28 -- 6 Niue W 36 -- 8 Canada W 18 -- 13 Namibia W 28 -- 8 N / A 1 Q Australia L 10 -- 25 Did not advance Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Mike Nagy Blake Signal Fours Cook Islands W 21 -- 4 Papua New Guinea W 20 -- 12 Canada W 21 -- 11 Wales W 11 -- 10 N / A 1 Q England L 2 -- 20 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Rank Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Match 4 Match 5 Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Jo Edwards Singles Pinki ( IND ) W 20 -- 16 Blumsky ( NIU ) W 21 -- 11 Rednall ( ENG ) L 17 -- 21 Tikoisuva ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 10 Saroji ( MAS ) W 21 -- 7 1 Q Saroji ( MAS ) W 21 -- 9 Piketh ( RSA ) W 21 -- 17 Daniels ( WAL ) W 21 -- 17 01 ! Jo Edwards Val Smith Pairs Fiji W 17 -- 16 Tonga W 29 -- 6 Canada L 16 -- 18 Norfolk Island L 11 -- 20 N / A Did not advance Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Katelyn Inch Triples Zambia W 24 -- 12 Namibia W 21 -- 15 Jersey W 24 -- 8 Wales W 19 -- 15 N / A 1 Q Canada L 16 -- 18 Did not advance Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Katelyn Inch Val Smith Fours Jersey W 20 -- 15 Zambia W 21 -- 8 Norfolk Island W 28 -- 5 South Africa L 11 -- 16 N / A 2 Q South Africa L 8 -- 16 Did not advance Para Athlete Event Group stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Sue Curran Ann Muir ( guide ) David Stallard Peter Blick ( guide ) Mixed para pairs Wales W 14 -- 11 South Africa L 12 -- 14 Australia L 11 -- 16 Scotland L 5 -- 23 England W 16 -- 13 5 Did not advance Mark Noble Bruce Wakefield Barry Wynks Open para triples Wales W 26 -- 5 England L 12 -- 13 Scotland W 17 -- 9 South Africa W 19 -- 11 Australia L 11 -- 16 3 Q England W 18 -- 11 Australia L 14 -- 13 02 ! Netball ( edit ) Main article : Netball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand qualified a netball team by virtue of being ranked in the top 11 ( excluding the host nation , Australia ) of the INF World Rankings on 1 July 2017 . The team was announced on 8 February 2018 . Roster Katrina Grant ( c ) Maria Folau ( vc ) Ameliaranne Ekenasio Temalisi Fakahokotau Shannon Francois Kelly Jury Grace Kara Claire Kersten Bailey Mes Te Paea Selby - Rickit Michaela Sokolich - Beatson Samantha Sinclair Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 5 5 0 0 342 202 + 140 10 Semi-finals New Zealand 5 0 292 235 + 57 6 Uganda 5 0 287 248 + 39 6 Classification matches Malawi 5 0 277 284 − 7 6 5 Scotland 5 0 195 289 − 94 6 Wales 5 0 0 5 215 350 − 135 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 11 April 2018 . Source : GC2018 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 18 : 30 Report New Zealand 64 -- 51 Uganda Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Helen George Kate Stephenson Reserve umpire : Gary Burgess Folau 22 / 22 ( 100 % ) Ekenasio 19 / 26 ( 73 % ) Selby - Rickit 13 / 14 ( 93 % ) Mes 10 / 17 ( 59 % ) Proscovia 37 / 42 ( 88 % ) Nanyonga 14 / 16 ( 88 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 13 : 00 Report Wales 44 -- 70 New Zealand Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Theresa Prince Jackie Mizon Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Moseley 21 / 30 ( 70 % ) Lewis 21 / 31 ( 68 % ) Llewelyn 1 / 1 ( 100 % ) Rowe 1 / 2 ( 50 % ) Selby - Rickit 28 / 31 ( 90 % ) Folau 19 / 23 ( 83 % ) Ekenasio 13 / 17 ( 76 % ) Mes 10 / 14 ( 71 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 18 : 30 Report Malawi 57 -- 53 New Zealand Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Joshua Bowring Gary Burgess Reserve umpire : Theresa Prince Kumwenda 41 / 46 ( 89 % ) Chimaliro 16 / 20 ( 80 % ) Folau 31 / 39 ( 79 % ) Selby - Rickit 15 / 17 ( 88 % ) Mes 7 / 12 ( 58 % ) Ekenasio 0 / 2 ( 0 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 20 : 30 Report New Zealand 60 -- 29 Scotland Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Kate Stephenson Michelle Phippard Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Selby - Rickit 33 / 37 ( 89 % ) Folau 27 / 35 ( 77 % ) Goodwin 23 / 28 ( 82 % ) Gallagher 6 / 7 ( 86 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2018 09 : 00 Report New Zealand 45 -- 54 England Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Michelle Phippard Marc Henning Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Folau 30 / 39 ( 77 % ) Selby - Rickit 12 / 19 ( 63 % ) Mes 3 / 4 ( 75 % ) Housby 27 / 32 ( 84 % ) Harten 27 / 31 ( 87 % ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 17 : 00 Report Australia 65 -- 44 New Zealand Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Umpires : Gary Burgess Jackie Mizon Reserve umpire : Kate Stephenson Thwaites 24 / 25 ( 96 % ) Bassett 17 / 18 ( 94 % ) Pettitt 15 / 16 ( 94 % ) Wood 9 / 12 ( 75 % ) Folau 32 / 41 ( 78 % ) Ekenasio 7 / 9 ( 78 % ) Selby - Rickit 3 / 5 ( 60 % ) Mes 2 / 3 ( 67 % ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 11 : 00 Report New Zealand 55 -- 60 Jamaica Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Umpires : Marc Henning Michelle Phippard Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Folau 34 / 44 ( 77 % ) Mes 12 / 20 ( 60 % ) Ekenasio 9 / 13 ( 69 % ) Aiken 24 / 31 ( 77 % ) Fowler - Reid 21 / 22 ( 95 % ) Beckford 15 / 18 ( 83 % ) Rugby Sevens ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The New Zealand men 's side qualified due to their 2016 -- 17 World Rugby Sevens Series ranking , while the New Zealand women 's side qualified due to their 2016 -- 17 World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series ranking . Both the men 's and women 's teams were announced on 21 March 2018 . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Team Kurt Baker Dylan Collier Scott Curry Sam Dickson Trael Joass Vilimoni Koroi Andrew Knewstubb Tim Mikkelson Sione Molia Etene Nanai - Seturo Akuila Rokolisoa Regan Ware Travelling reserve : Teddy Stanaway Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 0 127 14 + 113 9 Semi-finals Kenya 0 80 50 + 30 7 Classification semi-finals Canada 0 64 59 + 5 5 Zambia 0 0 0 148 − 148 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 10 : 37 New Zealand 54 -- 0 Zambia Try : Koroi 1 ' c Nanai - Seturo 4 ' c Molia 7 ' m Mikkelson 8 ' c Rokolisoa 8 ' c Baker 10 ' c Knewstubb 11 ' c Ware 14 ' c Con : Baker ( 2 / 3 ) 1 ' , 8 ' Koroi ( 1 / 1 ) 4 ' Rokolisoa ( 2 / 2 ) 9 ' , 10 ' Knewstubb ( 2 / 2 ) 11 ' , 14 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Damon Murphy ( Australia ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 14 : 17 New Zealand 40 -- 7 Kenya Try : Nanai - Seturo ( 2 ) 1 ' m , 6 ' c Molia 3 ' c Ware 8 ' c Curry 9 ' c Knewstubb 11 ' c Con : Koroi ( 2 / 3 ) 3 ' , 6 ' Baker ( 1 / 1 ) 8 ' Knewstubb ( 2 / 2 ) 10 ' , 11 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Oliech 12 ' c Con : Oliech ( 1 / 1 ) 13 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sam Grove - White ( Scotland ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 20 : 49 New Zealand 33 -- 7 Canada Try : Curry 1 ' m Ware ( 2 ) 3 ' c , 8 ' c Koroi 5 ' c Baker 11 ' c Con : Knewstubb ( 3 / 4 ) 3 ' , 5 ' , 8 ' Baker ( 1 / 1 ) 11 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Cejvanovic 13 ' c Con : Hirayama ( 1 / 1 ) 14 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Craig Evans ( Wales ) Semifinal 15 April 2018 11 : 43 England 12 -- 17 New Zealand ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Rasta Rasivhenge ( South Africa ) Gold medal match 15 April 2018 15 : 01 New Zealand 14 -- 0 Fiji ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Damon Murphy ( Australia ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Team Shakira Baker Michaela Blyde Kelly Brazier Gayle Broughton Theresa Fitzpatrick Sarah Goss Tyla Nathan - Wong Alena Saili Stacey Waaka Niall Williams Tenika Willison Portia Woodman Travelling reserve : Risi Pouri - Lane Pool A Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 0 110 7 + 103 9 Semi-finals Canada 0 60 36 + 24 7 Kenya 0 31 79 − 48 5 Classification semi-finals South Africa 0 0 10 89 − 79 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 16 : 53 New Zealand 45 -- 0 Kenya Try : Woodman ( 3 ) 1 ' m , 8 ' c , 9 ' c Brazier 2 ' c Broughton 7 ' c Williams ( 2 ) 11 ' c , 14 ' m Con : Nathan - Wong ( 5 / 6 ) 3 ' , 7 ' , 8 ' , 9 ' , 11 ' Willison ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Rose LaBreche ( Canada ) 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 19 : 33 New Zealand 41 -- 0 South Africa Try : Goss 1 ' c Woodman ( 2 ) 1 ' m , 8 ' c Blyde 6 ' m Broughton 7 ' m Williams 9 ' c Brazier 12 ' m Con : Nathan - Wong ( 3 / 6 ) 1 ' , 8 ' , 9 ' Willison ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 12 : 49 New Zealand 24 -- 7 Canada Try : Woodman 2 ' m Blyde ( 2 ) 9 ' m , 12 ' c Waaka 14 ' c Con : Nathan - Wong ( 2 / 4 ) 12 ' , 14 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Greenshields 7 ' c Con : Landry ( 1 / 1 ) 7 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Alhambra Nievas ( Spain ) Semifinal 15 April 2018 11 : 21 New Zealand 26 -- 5 England ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Alhambra Nievas ( Spain ) Gold medal match 15 April 2018 14 : 39 Australia 12 -- 17 New Zealand ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced eleven shooters to compete at the Games on 17 January 2018 . Nomination criteria : Men Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Myles Browne - Cole Trap 109 19 Did not advance Owen Robinson Trap 115 12 Did not advance Ryan Taylor 50 m rifle prone 619.4 2 Q 184.1 5 Scott Wilson Double trap 127 11 Did not advance Ricky Zhao 50 m pistol 511 - 3x 14 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Janet Hunt 50 m rifle prone N / A 608.2 10 Sally Johnston N / A 607.8 11 Natalie Rooney Trap 66 + 7 7 Did not advance Chloe Tipple Skeet 68 7 Did not advance Open Queen 's Prize ( full bore ) Athlete Event Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Total Points Points Points Points Rank Brian Carter Individual 105 - 14v 148 - 19v 145 - 9v 398 - 42v 15 John Snowden 105 - 14v 147 - 11v 148 - 10v 400 - 35v 8 Brian Carter John Snowden Pairs 296 - 34v 285 - 16v N / A 581 - 50v 5 Squash ( edit ) Main article : Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The seven - member squash team was announced on 7 February 2018 . Individual Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Paul Coll Men 's singles Bye Ndhlovu ( ZAM ) W 3 -- 1 Yuen ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Selby ( ENG ) W 3 -- 1 Makin ( WAL ) W 3 -- 2 Willstrop ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 02 ! Campbell Grayson Khalil ( GUY ) W 3 -- 0 Moran ( SCO ) W 3 -- 0 Willstrop ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Evan Williams Kelly ( CAY ) W 3 -- 0 Adnan ( MAS ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Joelle King Women 's singles Bye Saffery ( WAL ) W 3 -- 0 Subramaniam ( MAS ) W 3 -- 1 Chinappa ( IND ) W 3 -- 0 David ( MAS ) W 3 - 1 Perry ( ENG ) W 3 - 2 01 ! Amanda Landers - Murphy Bye Methsarani ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Massaro ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Group stage Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Paul Coll Campbell Grayson Men 's doubles Doyle & Snagg ( SVG ) W 2 -- 0 Hindle & Zammit - Lewis ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 1 Q Aslam & Zaman ( PAK ) W 2 -- 0 Alexander & Palmer ( AUS ) L 1 -- 2 Did not advance Lance Beddoes Evan Williams Adnan & Yuen ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Bailey & Wilson ( SVG ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q Selby & Waller ( ENG ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Joelle King Amanda Landers - Murphy Women 's doubles Arnold & Subramaniam ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Cardwell & Nunn ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q N / A Duncalf & Waters ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 Grinham & Urquhart ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 Chinappa & Pallikal Karthik ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 01 ! Paul Coll Joelle King Mixed doubles Vai & Suari ( PNG ) W 2 -- 0 Hindle & Kellas ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 1 Q Best & Simpson ( BAR ) W 2 -- 0 Chinappa & Pal Sandhu ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 Pallikal Karthik & Ghosal ( IND ) L 1 -- 2 Waters & Selby ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 03 ! Zac Millar Amanda Landers - Murphy Duncalf & Waller ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Sultana & Zammit - Lewis ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q Chinappa & Pal Sandhu ( IND ) L 1 -- 2 Did not advance Triathlon ( edit ) Main article : Triathlon at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced five triathletes to compete at the games on 9 November 2017 . Tony Dodds was added on 14 February 2018 . Individual Athlete Event Swim ( 750 m ) Transition 1 Bike ( 20 km ) Transition 2 Run ( 5 km ) Total Rank Tony Dodds Men 's 8 : 57 0 : 35 28 : 04 0 : 25 17 : 28 55 : 29 16 Tayler Reid 8 : 49 0 : 33 27 : 45 0 : 24 16 : 17 53 : 48 11 Ryan Sissons 9 : 01 0 : 36 27 : 57 0 : 25 14 : 50 52 : 49 5 Andrea Hewitt Women 's 9 : 59 0 : 37 31 : 16 0 : 29 18 : 27 1 : 00 : 48 13 Rebecca Spence 9 : 46 0 : 38 30 : 13 0 : 28 18 : 07 59 : 12 10 Nicole van der Kaay 9 : 46 0 : 34 30 : 15 0 : 27 17 : 29 58 : 31 7 Mixed Relay Athletes Event Total Times per Athlete ( Swim 250 m , Bike 7 km , Run 1.5 km ) Total Group Time Rank Nicole van der Kaay Ryan Sissons Andrea Hewitt Tayler Reid Mixed relay 20 : 14 18 : 53 21 : 11 19 : 10 1 : 19 : 28 03 ! Weightlifting ( edit ) Main article : Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced twelve weightlifters to compete at the Games on 24 November 2017 . Nomination criteria : Men Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Ianne Guiñares -- 62 kg 116 145 261 7 Vester Villalon -- 69 kg 118 -- -- DNF Cameron McTaggart -- 77 kg 130 160 290 7 Richie Patterson -- 85 kg -- N / A DNF Stanislav Chalaev -- 105 kg 148 -- -- DNF David Liti + 105 kg 174 229 403 GR 01 ! Women Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Phillipa Patterson -- 53 kg 76 95 171 6 Alethea Boon -- 58 kg 81 100 181 5 Andrea Hams -- 69 kg 95 109 204 6 Bailey Rogers -- 75 kg 88 116 204 Tracey Lambrechs -- 90 kg 93 120 213 5 Laurel Hubbard + 90 kg 120 -- -- DNF Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The seven - member wrestling team was announced on 21 February 2018 . Repechage format Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Brahm Richards Men 's freestyle - 65 kg Bajrang ( IND ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Daniel ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Akash Khullar Men 's freestyle - 74 kg Marianne ( MRI ) W 4 -- 0 Evans ( AUS ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Toby Fitzpatrick Men 's freestyle - 86 kg Bye Eslami ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Sam Belkin Men 's freestyle - 97 kg Erasmus ( RSA ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Verreynne ( AUS ) W 3 -- 1 Steen ( CAN ) L 0 -- 4 Group stage format Athlete Event Group Stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Ana Moceyawa Women 's freestyle - 57 kg Schaefer ( CAN ) L 0 -- 5 Dhanda ( IND ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Nordic format Athlete Event Nordic Round Robin Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Tayla Ford Women 's freestyle - 62 kg Fazzari ( CAN ) L 1 -- 4 Etane Ngolle ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Adeniyi ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Malik ( IND ) L 1 -- 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sophie Pascoe named Commonwealth Games flag bearer '' . Radio New Zealand News . 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Michelsen to lead NZ at closing ceremony '' . RNZ News . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 70 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas on backburner for Sophie Pascoe as she targets Commonwealth Games success '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Wellington swimmer Lewis Clareburt added to Commonwealth Games team '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage divers added to New Zealand 's Commonwealth Games squad '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Valerie Adams leads NZ athletics team for Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff. 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robinson sole NZ track and field para-athlete for Gold Coast Games '' . Radio New Zealand . 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robertson brothers added to Commonwealth Games team '' . New Zealand Herald . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sprinter Joseph Millar added to New Zealand Commonwealth Games team '' . Newshub. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeai added to team for Gold Coast '' . Athletics New Zealand . 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ian ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` New Zealand runner Zane Robertson pulls out of Commonwealth Games on Gold Coast '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton siblings to represent New Zealand at another Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff. 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal list of competing nations in basketball events '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mika Vukona eyes revenge as he leads strong Tall Blacks lineup to Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff.co.nz. 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tall Ferns squad naming completes NZ Commonwealth Games team at 251 athletes '' . Stuff.co.nz. 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TALL FERNS NAMED FOR COMMONWEALTH GAMES '' . Basketball New Zealand . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ women 's beach volleyballers named for Gold Coast '' . Bay of Plenty Times . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two more volleyball players added to Games team '' . Radio New Zealand . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : David Nyika headlines New Zealand 's boxing team for Gold Coast games '' . Newshub . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rowing great Hamish Bond part of New Zealand 's cycling team for Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist added to Games team despite failed appeal '' . Radio New Zealand . 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Misha Koudinov heads five - strong New Zealand Commonwealth Games gymnastics team '' . 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 -- via www.newshub.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` 15 - year - old duo called up to Commonwealth Games gymnastics squad '' . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 -- via www.nzherald.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Arun Panchia to lead Black Sticks hockey team at third Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff.co.nz. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sticks Women name experienced 18 - strong squad for Commonwealth Games '' . TVNZ. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bowls : New Zealand team named for Commonwealth Games '' . New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Uganda to make Commonwealth Games netball debut at Gold Coast 2018 '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dakin , Rebecca ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Competing nations announced for GC2018 Netball Competition '' . www.mygc.com.au/ . myGC . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Netball Federation : 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Silver Ferns name squad for Gold Coastnamed '' . Newhub. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sevens : Commonwealth Games teams named '' . New Zealand Herald . 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie Rooney spearheads NZ Gold Coast Commonwealth Games shooting team '' . Stuff.co.nz. 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games nomination criteria -- Shooting '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Olympic Committee . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Joelle King and Paul Coll headline New Zealand 's tilt at squash glory in the Gold Coast '' . Newshub. 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Triathlon : Commonwealth Games team named '' . The New Zealand Herald . 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodds added to Comm Games triathlon team '' . Radio New Zealand . 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two NZ weightlifters set to make history '' . Radio New Zealand . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games nomination criteria -- Weightlifting '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Olympic Committee . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Seven named in wrestling team for Gold Coast '' . News Zealand Herald . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . 2018 New Zealand Commonwealth Games team Athletics Valerie Adams Alana Barber Camille Buscomb Cameron French Siositina Hakeai Marshall Hall Ben Langton Burnell Brad Mathas Eliza McCartney Olivia McTaggart Joseph Millar Angie Petty Julia Ratcliffe Quentin Rew Jake Robertson Holly Robinson Nick Southgate Tom Walsh Badminton Oliver Leydon - Davis Susannah Leydon - Davis Basketball Tom Abercrombie Jessica Bygate Micaela Cocks Finn Delany Antonia Farnworth Deena Franklin Jordan Hunter Shea Ili Zara Jillings Jarrod Kenny Charlisse Leger - Walker Rob Loe Jordan Ngatai Chevannah Paalvast Alex Pledger Kalani Purcell Derone Raukawa Erin Rooney Ethan Rusbatch Tohi Smith - Milner Josie Stockill Natalie Taylor Reuben Te Rangi Mika Vukona Beach volleyball Ben O'Dea Sam O'Dea Shaunna Polley Kelsie Wills Boxing Tasmyn Benny Troy Garton Richard Hadlow Leroy Hindley Patrick Mailata David Nyika Alexis Pritchard Ryan Scaife Cycling Ellesse Andrews Shane Archbold Jack Bauer Hamish Bond Bryony Botha Rushlee Buchanan Jason Christie Anton Cooper Emma Cumming Eddie Dawkins Michaela Drummond Sam Gaze Regan Gough Jared Gray Natasha Hansen Kirstie James Dylan Kennett Nicholas Kergozou Bradly Knipe Sharlotte Lucas Hayden McCormick Kate McIlroy Ethan Mitchell Ben Oliver James Oram Olivia Podmore Tom Sexton Racquel Sheath Samara Sheppard Campbell Stewart Linda Villumsen Sam Webster Georgia Williams Zac Williams Diving Shaye Boddington Elizabeth Cui Anton Down - Jenkins Yu Qian Goh Liam Stone Gymnastics Stella Ashcroft David Bishop Ethan Dick Devy Dyson Stella Ebert Kyleab Ellis Misha Koudinov Hockey Corey Bennett Sam Charlton Marcus Child Tarryn Davey Frances Davies Madison Doar Shiloh Gloyn Ella Gunson Sam Harrison Pippa Hayward Hugo Inglis Stephen Jenness Richard Joyce Rose Keddell Dane Left Devon Manchester Shea McAleese Anita McLaren Olivia Merry Stacey Michelsen Harry Miskimmin George Muir Brooke Neal Dominic Newman Grace O'Hanlon Arun Panchia Jared Panchia Hayden Phillips Amy Robinson Nick Ross Kane Russell Sally Rutherford Aidan Sarikaya Kelsey Smith Liz Thompson Nic Woods Lawn bowls Peter Blick Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Sue Curran Jo Edwards Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Katelyn Inch Shannon McIlroy Ann Muir Mike Nagy Mark Noble Blake Signal Val Smith David Stallard Bruce Wakefield Barry Wynks Netball Katrina Grant Maria Folau Ameliaranne Ekenasio Temalisi Fakahokotau Shannon Francois Kelly Jury Grace Kara Claire Kersten Bailey Mes Te Paea Selby - Rickit Michaela Sokolich - Beatson Samantha Sinclair Rugby sevens Kurt Baker Shakira Baker Michaela Blyde Kelly Brazier Gayle Broughton Dylan Collier Scott Curry Sam Dickson Theresa Fitzpatrick Sarah Goss Trael Joass Vilimoni Koroi Andrew Knewstubb Tim Mikkelson Sione Molia Etene Nanai - Seturo Tyla Nathan - Wong Alena Saili Ruby Tui Stacey Waaka Regan Ware Joe Webber Niall Williams Tenika Willison Portia Woodman Shooting Myles Browne - Cole Brian Carter Janet Hunt Sally Johnston Owen Robinson Natalie Rooney John Snowden Ryan Taylor Chloe Tipple Scott Wilson Ricky Zhao Squash Lance Beddoes Paul Coll Campbell Grayson Joelle King Amanda Landers - Murphy Zac Millar Evan Williams Swimming Chris Arbuthnott Bradlee Ashby Lewis Clareburt Carina Doyle Celyn Edwards Helena Gasson Bobbi Gichard Daniel Hunter Corey Main Georgia Marris Tupou Neiufi Sophie Pascoe Sam Perry Jesse Reynolds Bronagh Ryan Matthew Stanley Laticia - Leigh Transom Triathlon Tony Dodds Andrea Hewitt Tayler Reid Ryan Sissons Rebecca Spence Nicole van der Kaay Weightlifting Alethea Boon Stanislav Chalaev Ianne Guiñares Andrea Hams Laurel Hubbard Tracey Lambrechs David Liti Cameron McTaggart Phillipa Patterson Richie Patterson Bailey Rogers Vester Villalon Wrestling Sam Belkin Toby Fitzpatrick Tayla Ford Akash Khullar Ana Moceyawa Brahm Richards Chef de Mission : Rob Waddell New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 New Zealand hosted the games in 1950 , 1974 , and 1990 . Associations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Africa Botswana Cameroon Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Americas Bahamas Belize Bermuda Canada Falkland Islands Guyana Saint Helena Asia Bangladesh Brunei India Malaysia Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Europe Cyprus England Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=837106292 '' Categories : New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games 2018 in New Zealand sport Nations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 08 . 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General Hospital cast members

General Hospital cast members - Wikipedia General Hospital cast members Parts of this article ( those related to Recurring cast ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2017 ) General Hospital is an American television soap opera , airing on ABC . Created by Frank and Doris Hursley , the serial premiered on April 1 , 1963 . The longest - running cast member is Leslie Charleson , who has portrayed Dr. Monica Quartermaine since August 17 , 1977 , also making her one of the longest - tenured actors in American soap operas . Former cast member Rachel Ames was previously the series ' longest - running cast member , portraying Audrey Hardy from 1964 to 2007 , and making guest appearances in 2009 and 2013 , the latter for the series ' fiftieth anniversary . Ames made a special appearance on October 30 , 2015 . Actors Genie Francis and Kin Shriner , who portray Laura Spencer and Scott Baldwin , are the second and third longest - running cast members , having joined General Hospital in February and August 1977 , respectively . Actress Jacklyn Zeman -- who portrays Bobbie Spencer -- is the fourth longest - running cast member , joining the serial in December 1977 . Actress Jane Elliot , who joined the serial in June 1978 as Tracy Quartermaine , is the fifth longest - running cast member , joining General Hospital in June 1978 until her departure in May 2017 . Former cast member Anthony Geary , who portrayed Luke Spencer , was the sixth longest - running cast member , having joined General Hospital in November 1978 . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main and recurring cast members , or those who are debuting , departing or returning to the series . Contents 1 Current cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Cast changes 2.1 Debuting 2.2 Departing 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 5 External links Current cast members Main cast Actor Character Duration Maurice Benard Sonny Corinthos 1993 -- Tamara Braun Carly Corinthos 2001 -- 05 , 2014 Kim Nero 2017 -- Steve Burton Jason Morgan 1991 -- 2012 , 2017 -- Matt Cohen Griffin Munro 2016 -- William deVry Julian Jerome 2013 -- Chad Duell Michael Corinthos 2010 -- Michael Easton John McBain 2012 -- 13 Stephen Clay 2013 Silas Clay 2013 -- 15 Hamilton Finn 2016 -- Hayley Erin Kiki Jerome 2015 -- Genie Francis Laura Spencer Collins 1977 -- 84 , 1993 -- 2002 , 2006 , 2008 , 2013 , 2015 -- Nancy Lee Grahn Alexis Davis 1996 -- Elizabeth Hendrickson Margaux Dawson 2018 -- Rebecca Herbst Elizabeth Webber 1997 -- Jessie Brewer 2015 Roger Howarth Todd Manning 2012 -- 13 Franco Baldwin 2013 -- Finola Hughes Anna Devane 1985 -- 91 , 1995 , 2006 -- 08 , 2012 -- Liesl Obrecht 2013 Alex Devane 2017 Lisa LoCicero Olivia Falconeri 2008 -- Eden McCoy Josslyn Jacks 2015 -- Billy Miller Jason Morgan 2014 -- 17 Andrew Cain 2017 -- Kelly Monaco Sam McCall 2003 -- Alicia Montenegro 2005 Emme Rylan Lulu Spencer Falconeri 2013 -- Michelle Stafford Nina Reeves 2014 -- Kirsten Storms Maxie Jones 2005 -- B.J. Jones 2009 Donnell Turner Curtis Ashford 2015 -- Maura West Ava Jerome 2013 -- Laura Wright Carly Corinthos 2005 -- Lena Spencer 2015 Recurring cast Actor Character Duration Lexi Ainsworth Kristina Davis 2009 -- 11 , 2015 -- Bradford Anderson Damian Spinelli 2006 -- Vinessa Antoine Jordan Ashford 2014 -- Patricia Bethune Nurse Mary Pat 2018 -- Casey Biggs Chad Wainwright Dr. Lasaris 2018 -- Sally Brown James West 2018 -- Ryan Carnes Lucas Jones 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- Phil Brewer 2015 Leslie Charleson Monica Quartermaine 1977 -- Derk Cheetwood Max Giambetti 2002 -- Drew Cheetwood Milo Giambetti 2006 -- Patrick Cox Rupert Watson 2018 -- Celesta DeAstis Avery Jerome 2018 Francesca Cavallo 2018 -- James DePaiva David Bensch 2017 -- Risa Dorken Amy Driscoll 2016 -- Sonya Eddy Epiphany Johnson 2006 -- Scarlett Fernandez Charlotte Cassadine 2016 -- Lily Fisher Georgie Spinelli 2017 -- Max Gail Mike Corbin 2018 -- Leif Gantvoort Carson 2018 -- Kathleen Gati Liesl Obrecht 2012 -- Carla Hall Cook II 2018 -- Nathaniel Harris Sergeant Robinson 2006 -- Carolyn Hennesy Diane Miller 2007 -- Lynn Herring Lucy Coe 1986 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2012 -- Cassandra James Terry Randolph 2018 -- Verity Jann Leo Falconeri 2015 -- Wally Kurth Ned Ashton 1991 -- 2007 , 2012 -- Jon Lindstrom Ryan Chamberlain 1992 -- 95 , 2018 -- Kevin Collins 1993 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2013 -- William Lipton Cameron Spencer 2018 -- Christine Lozano Christi Limg 2012 -- Kimberly McCullough Robin Scorpio - Drake 1985 -- 2000 , 2004 -- Donna Mills Madeline Reeves 2014 -- 15 , 2018 -- O'Neill Monahan Rocco Falconeri 2017 -- Anthony Montgomery Aaron 2011 Andre Maddox 2015 -- Haley Pullos Molly Lansing 2009 -- Wes Ramsey Peter August 2017 -- James Read Gregory Chase 2018 -- Tequan Richmond TJ Ashford 2012 -- Tristan Rogers Robert Scorpio 1980 -- 92 , 1995 , 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 16 , 2018 -- Marc Anthony Samuel Felix DuBois 2012 -- Brytni Sarpy Valerie Spencer 2015 -- Owen Saxon Carson 's henchman 2018 -- Ava & Grace Scarola Avery Jerome 2014 -- Brooklyn Rae Silzer Emma Drake 2011 -- Parry Shen Brad Cooper 2013 -- Kin Shriner Scott Baldwin 1977 -- 83 , 1987 -- 93 , 1998 , 2000 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- Suanne Spoke Rita Ferlito 2017 -- Garren Stitt Oscar Nero 2017 -- Deborah Strang Betsy Frank 2017 -- James Patrick Stuart Valentin Cassadine 2016 -- Josh Swickard Harrison Chase 2018 -- Jessica Tuck Cassandra Pierce 2017 -- Chris Van Etten Chet Driscoll 2017 -- Kristina Wagner Felicia Scorpio 1984 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- Robert Palmer Watkins Dillon Quartermaine 2015 -- Vernee Watson - Johnson Stella Henries 2017 -- TK Weaver Danny Morgan 2016 -- Hudson West Jake Spencer 2016 -- John J. York Mac Scorpio 1991 -- James Meadows 1997 -- 98 Jacklyn Zeman Bobbie Spencer 1977 -- 2010 , 2013 -- Cast changes Debuting Actor Character Date Ref . Briana Nicole Henry Jordan Ashford September 2018 Departing Actor Character Date Ref . Vinessa Antoine Jordan Ashford TBA 2018 Tristan Rogers Robert Scorpio See also List of previous General Hospital cast members List of General Hospital characters References Citations Jump up ^ `` Character Monica Quartermaine Biography '' . General Hospital . United States : ABC Daytime . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( August 17 ) '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Ames to appear on GH '' . About.com . New York City : IAC . October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Well , Hello , Audrey ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Publications . 19 ( 45 ) : 11 . November 9 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` RACHEL AMES RETURNS TO GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( February 21 , 1977 ) . `` Frank Plans To Divorce Nancy ; Mac Moves Back With Rachel '' . The Soaps . Toledo Blade . Toledo , Ohio : Block Communications . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hart , Marla ( March 10 , 1993 ) . `` Seeing ` General Hospital ' Through Good Times And Ill '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago : tronc , inc . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Jackie Zeman headed back to General Hospital '' . SoapCentral . United States : Soap Central Live . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jon - Michael ( June 14 , 1978 ) . `` ' Cliff Hangers ' Keeping Viewers Tuned In '' . Star - Banner . Ocala , Florida : New Media Investment Group . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Elliot Set to Leave General Hospital '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Elliot Leaving GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` GH ANNOUNCES JANE ELLIOT 'S FINAL AIRDATE '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ West , Abby ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Geary Reflects on 30 Years of GH '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : EW.com . Time Inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital brings back Genie Francis '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Genie Francis Set For Return To ABC 's ' General Hospital ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Michael ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Laura Returns ! Genie Francis Is Checking Back Into General Hospital '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings , LLC . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Eden McCoy Put on Contract at General Hospital '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Nurse Mary Pat on GENERAL HOSPITAL -- Everything You Need to Know ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital casts Patricia Bethune of ' True Blood ' as Nurse Mary Pat '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Dr. Lasiris on GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cushman , Dustin ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Casting Calls , Auditions & Dayplayer Roles '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` GH BABY NEWS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is Nurse Francesca on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? - Meet Celesta DeAstis ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Who Plays Georgie on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? -- Meet Lily Fisher ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Brings Back Sonny 's Dad -- Find Out Who 's Playing Him '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` That 's Leif Gantvoort as the Villain Holding Anna and Finn Captive on GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Leif Gantvoort joins General Hospital '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Chew 's Carla Hall Guests On GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Cassandra James Joins ' General Hospital ' as Liz 's Old Friend '' . We Love Soaps . United State : Blogger . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Liz Is Shocked Her Childhood Boyfriend Terry Is Now a Woman '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Jon Lindstrom guests on ' Dishing With Digest Podcast ' '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital welcomes back Donna Mills '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Recast : O'Neill Monahan in as General Hospital 's Rocco '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Anthony Montgomery Joins ' General Hospital ' as Dr. Andre Maddox '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` James Read to GH as Finn and Chase 's Dad '' . Michael Fairman TV . United States : The Michael Fairman Company . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` James Read to GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Who Kidnapped Anna on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? -- Meet Owen Saxon '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` GH Taps New Oscar '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Who Plays Curtis ' Aunt Stella on General Hospital ? -- Meet Vernee Watson ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL 's TK Weaver Makes an Unexpected Connection With Fellow Child Star Nicolas Bechtel ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows . `` John Joseph Robert York '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : GH Hires New Jordan ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2018 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Has Found Their New Jordan '' . Michael Fairman TV . United States : The Michael Fairman Company . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vinessa Antoine Off GH ; Jordan to be Recast '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Tristan Rogers Wraps at GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . External links SoapCentral.com GH `` Comings and Goings '' IMDb.com `` Full Cast and Crew for General Hospital '' General Hospital Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew Frank and Doris Hursley Frank Valentini Shelly Altman Chris Van Etten Families Cassadine Corinthos Cramer Hardy / Webber Jerome Lord Quartermaine Scorpio / Jones Spencer Related articles Twist of Fate Port Charles ( spin - off ) Night Shift ( spin - off ) What If ... Port Charles ( setting ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital General Hospital characters Present and future characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Peter August Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Drew Cain Scout Cain Charlotte Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Lucy Coe Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Mike Corbin Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Scorpio Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Andre Maddox Sam McCall Diane Miller Danny Morgan Jason Morgan Griffin Munro Oscar Nero Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Ned Quartermaine Nina Reeves Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Cameron Webber Elizabeth Webber Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Brenda Barrett Nelle Benson Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Kristina Davis Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Levi Dunkleman Dante Falconeri Nora Hanen Buchanan Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Ric Lansing Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Dillon Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Robert Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Holly Sutton - Scorpio Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Heather Webber Lesley Webber Steven Webber Nathan West Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Hospital_cast_members&oldid=856928529 '' Categories : General Hospital Lists of actors by soap opera television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 12 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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Government of Australia

Government of Australia - wikipedia Government of Australia This article describes the federal government of Australia . For a description of other jurisdictions , politics and political institutions , see Politics of Australia . Government of the Commonwealth of Australia Appointer Governor - General Australia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Australia Constitution ( show ) Constitution of Australia Statute of Westminster Adoption Act Australia Act The Crown ( show ) Monarch : Elizabeth II Governor - General : Sir Peter Cosgrove Executive ( show ) Prime Minister : Scott Morrison Deputy Prime Minister : Michael McCormack Federal Executive Council Ministry Current ( 71st ) Cabinet Legislature ( show ) Parliament Senate President : Scott Ryan House of Representatives Speaker : Tony Smith Opposition Leader : Bill Shorten Shadow Ministry Judiciary ( show ) High Court Lower Courts Laws of Australia Elections ( show ) Federal electoral system Electoral divisions Political parties Recent elections Federal : 2016 2013 Federal by - elections Referendums States and territories ( show ) Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State courts State electoral systems Local government ( show ) NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Related topics ( show ) Regions Foreign relations Defence Force Public holidays Republicanism Other countries Atlas The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia ( also referred to as the Australian Government , the Commonwealth Government , the Federal Government , and formally Her Majesty 's Government ) is the government of the Commonwealth of Australia , a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy . The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among six self - governing British colonies , which became the six states . The terms of this contract are embodied in the Australian Constitution , which was drawn up at a Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of the colonies at referendums . The Australian head of state is the Queen of Australia who is represented by the Governor - General of Australia , with executive powers delegated by constitutional convention to the Australian head of government , the Prime Minister of Australia . The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is divided into the executive branch , composed of the Federal Executive Council presided by the Governor - General , which delegates powers to the Cabinet of Australia led by the Prime Minister , the legislative branch composed of the Parliament of Australia 's House of Representatives and Senate , and the judicial branch composed of the High Court of Australia and federal courts . Separation of powers is implied by the structure of the Constitution , the three branches of government being set out in separate chapters ( chapters I to III ) . The Australian system of government combines elements of the Westminster and Washington systems with unique Australian characteristics , and has been characterised as a `` Washminster mutation '' . Contents 1 Structure 2 Legislature 3 Executive 3.1 Head of state 3.2 Executive Council 3.3 Cabinet 3.4 Departments 4 Judiciary 5 Publicly owned entities 5.1 Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament 5.2 Government Business Enterprises 5.3 Other public non-financial corporations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Citations 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The three branches of the federal government of Australia The legislature : Parliament House in Canberra , the seat of the Federal Parliament The Executive : Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull ( left ) representing the Federal Executive Council , and Governor - General Peter Cosgrove ( right ) who by convention follows the Council 's advice The judiciary : The High Court of Australia , the nation 's highest court Section 1 of the Australian Constitution creates a democratic legislature , the bicameral Parliament of Australia which consists of the Queen of Australia , and two houses of parliament , the Senate and the House of Representatives . Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government 's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities ( known as `` heads of power '' ) to the Commonwealth government . All remaining responsibilities are retained by the six States ( previously separate colonies ) . Further , each State has its own constitution , so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments , none of which can encroach on the functions of any other . The High Court of Australia arbitrates on any disputes which arise between the Commonwealth and the States , or among the States , concerning their respective functions . The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution . To become effective , the proposals must be put to a referendum of all Australians of voting age , and must receive a `` double majority '' : a majority of all votes , and a majority of votes in a majority of States . The Commonwealth Constitution also provides that the States can agree to refer any of their powers to the Commonwealth . This may be achieved by way of an amendment to the Constitution via referendum ( a vote on whether the proposed transfer of power from the States to the Commonwealth , or vice versa , should be implemented ) . More commonly powers may be transferred by passing other acts of legislation which authorise the transfer and such acts require the legislative agreement of all the state governments involved . This `` transfer '' legislation may have a `` sunset clause '' , a legislative provision that nullifies the transfer of power after a specified period , at which point the original division of power is restored . In addition , Australia has several `` territories '' , two of which are self - governing : the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) and the Northern Territory ( NT ) . These territories ' legislatures , their Assemblies , exercise powers devolved to them by the Commonwealth ; the Commonwealth Parliament remains able to override their legislation and to alter their powers . Australian citizens in these territories are represented by members of both houses of the Commonwealth Parliament . The territory of Norfolk Island was self - governing from 1979 until 2016 , although it was never represented as such in the Commonwealth Parliament . The other territories that are regularly inhabited -- Jervis Bay , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands -- have never been self - governing . The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution . The House of Representatives is elected on a basis that reflects the differing populations of the States . Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has only five . But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States : all States elect 12 Senators , regardless of population . This was intended to allow the Senators of the smaller States to form a majority and thus be able to amend or reject bills originating in the House of Representatives . The ACT and the NT each elect two Senators . The third level of government after Commonwealth and State / Territory is Local government , in the form of shires , towns and cities . The Councils of these areas are composed of elected representatives ( known as either councillor or alderman , depending on the State ) , usually serving part - time . Their powers are devolved to them by the State or Territory in which they are located . Government at the Commonwealth level and the State / Territory level is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government : Legislature : The Commonwealth Parliament Executive : The Sovereign of Australia , whose executive power is exercisable by the Governor - General , the Prime Minister , Ministers and their Departments Judiciary : The High Court of Australia and subsidiary Federal courts . The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government undertake their activities largely separately from each other : the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills , and provides a legislative framework for the operations of the other two arms ; the sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament , but takes no active role in these matters , except that ( representing the sovereign ) Governors - General , State Governors and Territory Administrators sign enactments into law through providing Royal Assent the Executive administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law , applying both statute law and the common law ; the Australian courts can not give an advisory opinion on the constitutionality of a law , but the High Court of Australia can determine whether an existing law is constitutional the Judiciary is appointed by the sovereign 's representatives , on the advice of the Commonwealth or State / Territory government ; but the Legislature and the Executive should not try to influence its decisions . Until the passage of the Australia Act 1986 , and associated legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , some Australian cases could be referred to the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal . With this act , Australian law was made unequivocally sovereign , and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the highest court of appeal . The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Australia The Australian Senate chamber The Australian House of Representatives chamber The Legislature makes the laws , and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate . The Australian Parliament is bicameral , consisting of the Queen of Australia , a 76 - member Senate and a 150 - member House of Representatives . Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six - year terms , using proportional representation and the single transferable vote ( known in Australia as `` quota - preferential voting '' : see Australian electoral system ) , with half elected every three years . In addition to the state Senators , two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) , while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Jervis Bay Territory ) . Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting , but their term of office is not fixed ; it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends on the day before the next such election . The members of the House of Representatives are elected by majority - preferential voting using the non-proportional Instant - runoff voting system from single - member constituencies allocated among the states and territories . In ordinary legislation , the two chambers have co-ordinate powers , but all proposals for appropriating revenue or imposing taxes must be introduced in the House of Representatives . Under the prevailing Westminster system , the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is invited to form a government and is named Prime Minister . The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament , of which they must , in most circumstances , be members . General elections are held at least once every three years . The Prime Minister has a discretion to advise the Governor - General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time , but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods prescribed in the Constitution . The most recent general election was on 2 July 2016 . The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures operate within the conventions of the Westminster system , with a recognised Leader of the Opposition , usually the leader of the largest party outside the government , and a Shadow Cabinet of Opposition members who `` shadow '' each member of the Ministry , asking questions on matters within the Minister 's portfolio . Although the Government , by virtue of commanding a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature , can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house , the Opposition can considerably delay the passage of legislation and obstruct government business if it chooses . The day - to - day business of the House of Representatives is usually negotiated between the Leader of the House , appointed by the Prime Minister , and the Manager of Opposition Business in the House , appointed by the Leader of the Opposition in the Commonwealth parliament , currently Bill Shorten . Executive ( edit ) Head of state ( edit ) Main articles : Monarchy of Australia and Governor - General of Australia The Australian Constitution dates from 1901 , when the Dominions of the British Empire were not sovereign states , and does not use the term `` head of state '' . As Australia is a constitutional monarchy , government and academic sources describe the Queen as head of state . In practice , the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people , the Queen of Australia and the Governor - General of Australia , who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia . Though in many respects the Governor - General is the Queen 's representative , and exercises various constitutional powers in her name , they independently exercise many important powers in their own right . The governor - general represents Australia internationally , making and receiving state visits . Government House , Canberra The Sovereign of Australia , currently Queen Elizabeth II , is also the Sovereign of fifteen other Commonwealth realms including the United Kingdom . Like the other Dominions , Australia gained legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom by virtue of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which was adopted in Australia in 1942 with retrospective effect from 3 September 1939 . By the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 , the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia , and in 1973 titles with any reference to her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and Defender of the Faith as well were removed , making her Queen of Australia . Section 61 of the Constitution provides that ' The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor ‐ General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth ' . Section 2 of the Australian Constitution provides that a Governor - General shall represent the Queen in Australia . In practice , the Governor - General carries out all the functions usually performed by a head of state , without reference to the Queen . Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor - General 's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers . The Governor - General retains reserve powers similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom . These are rarely exercised , but during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 Governor - General Sir John Kerr used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister . Australia has periodically experienced movements seeking to end the monarchy . In a 1999 referendum , the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution . The proposal would have removed references to the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor - General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister , but subject to the approval of a two - thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament . The proposal was defeated . The Australian Republican Movement continues to campaign for an end to the monarchy in Australia , opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Monarchist League . Further information : Constitutional history of Australia , Australian republicanism , and Australian head of state dispute Executive Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Executive Council ( Australia ) The Federal Executive Council is a formal body which exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet , and to carry out various other functions . All Ministers are members of the Executive Council and are entitled to be styled `` The Honourable '' , a title which they retain for life . The Governor - General usually presides at Council meetings , but in his or her absence another Minister nominated as the Vice-President of the Executive Council presides at the meeting of the Council . Since 20 December 2017 , the Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator Mathias Cormann . There are times when the government acts in a `` caretaker '' capacity , principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election . Cabinet ( edit ) Main articles : Cabinet of Australia and List of Australian Ministers The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior Ministers of the Crown , responsible to the Federal Parliament . The ministers are appointed by the Governor - General , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who serve at the former 's pleasure . Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated . Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers , called Parliamentary secretaries , responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister . The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity ; it exists solely by convention . Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force . However , it serves as the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council , which is Australia 's highest formal governmental body . In practice , the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet . All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council . While the Governor - General is nominal presiding officer , he almost never attends Executive Council meetings . A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the Governor - General . Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet . The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical , and in 1956 Robert Menzies created a two - tier ministry , with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank , also known within parliament as the front bench . This practice has been continued by all governments except the Whitlam Government . When the non-Labor parties are in power , the Prime Minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their own discretion , although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments . When the Liberal Party and its predecessors ( the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party 's members of the Coalition ministry , and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios . When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet . In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus , and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios . This practice was followed until 2007 . Between 1907 and 2007 , Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries , although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence . Prior to the 2007 general election , the then Leader of the Opposition , Kevin Rudd , said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become Prime Minister . His party won the election and he chose the ministry , as he said he would . The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals , most frequently Sydney and Melbourne . Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places , such as major regional cities . There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital , with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street . Departments ( edit ) There are 18 departments of the Australian Government . Attorney - General 's Department Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Department of Communications and the Arts Department of Defence Department of Education and Training Department of Employment Department of the Environment and Energy Department of Finance Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Department of Health Department of Home Affairs Department of Human Services Department of Industry , Innovation and Science Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Department of Social Services Department of the Treasury Department of Veterans ' Affairs Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Australian court hierarchy Courtroom 1 in the High Court in Canberra . As a federation , in Australia judicial power is exercised by both federal and state courts . Federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts created by the Federal Parliament , including the Federal Court of Australia , the Family Court of Australia , and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia . Additionally , unlike in the United States , the federal legislature has the power to enact laws which vest federal jurisdiction in State courts . Since the Australian Constitution requires a separation of powers at the federal level , only courts may exercise federal judicial power ; and conversely , non-judicial functions can not be vested in courts . State judicial power is exercised by each State 's Supreme Court , and such other courts and tribunals created by the State Parliaments . The High Court is the final court of appeal in Australia and has the jurisdiction to hear appeals on matters of both federal and state law . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power of judicial review over laws passed by federal and State parliaments , and has jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution of Australia . Unlike in the United States , there is only one common law of Australia , rather than separate common laws for each State . Publicly owned entities ( edit ) Corporations prescribed by acts of Parliament ( edit ) The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament : Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ) Special Broadcasting Service ( Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 ) Government business Enterprises ( edit ) The following corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises ( GBEs ) by section 5 ( 1 ) of the Public Governance , Performance and Accountability ( PGPA ) Rule : Australian Postal Corporation ( `` Australia Post '' ) Defence Housing Australia The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5 ( 2 ) of the PGPA Rule : ASC Pty Ltd Australian Rail Track Corporation Limited Moorebank Intermodal Company Limited ( ACN 161 635 105 ) NBN Co Limited ( ACN 136 533 741 ) Other public non-financial corporations ( edit ) Airservices Australia Snowy Hydro Limited See also ( edit ) Australian federal budget Australian Public Service Referendums in Australia ( and non-binding plebiscites ) Second Turnbull Ministry References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Prior to 1931 , the junior status of dominions was shown in the fact that it was British ministers who advised the King , with dominion ministers , if they met the King at all , escorted by the constitutionally superior British minister . After 1931 all dominion ministers met the King as His ministers as of right , equal in Commonwealth status to Britain 's ministers , meaning that there was no longer either a requirement for , or an acceptance of , the presence of British ministers . The first state to exercise this both symbolic and real independence was the Irish Free State . Australia and other dominions soon followed . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ House of Representatives , The Australian System of Government ( PDF ) , Australian Government Publishing Service , p. 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2011 , retrieved 10 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` History and Culture : Quick Answers '' . Parliamentary Education Office . Australian Government Publishing Service . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Protocol > Protocol guidelines > The Australian Government '' . Australian Government Publishing Service . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Public Service Commission . `` About the Commission > The Australian experience of public sector reform > The Constitutional and Government framework '' . Australian Government Publishing Service . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Citizenship -- Our Common Bond '' ( PDF ) . Department of Immigration and Citizenship . August 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Elaine ( 1980 ) . `` The `` Washminster '' Mutation `` . Australian Journal of Political Science . 15 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Act 1986 '' . Office of Legislative Drafting , Attorney - General 's Department . Commonwealth of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Australia : Replacing Plurality Rule with Majority - Preferential Voting '' . Palgrave Macmillan Ltd . Jump up ^ `` The first Parliament : Developments in the Parliament of Australia '' . Parliamentary Education Office of the Government of Australia . Jump up ^ The Constitution ( 2012 ) Overview by the Attorney - General 's Department and Australian Government Solicitor ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Governor - General 's Role '' . Office of the Governor - General . 20 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Worsley , Ben ( 11 September 2007 ) . `` Rudd seizes power from factions '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Cutting bureaucracy wo n't hurt services : Rudd '' . News Online . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . archive.org. 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/renamed_depts-21_Sept_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` List of departments and agencies '' . Australian Government . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert French , ' Two Chapters about Judicial Power ' , speech given at the Peter Nygh Memorial Lecture , 15 October 2012 , Hobart , p 3 . Jump up ^ R v Kirby ; Ex parte Boilermakers ' Society of Australia ( 1956 ) 94 CLR 254 . Jump up ^ Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 1997 ) 189 CLR 520 at 563 . 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National Food Security Act, 2013

National food security Act , 2013 - Wikipedia National food security Act , 2013 Jump to : navigation , search National Food Security Act , 2013 Food security and insecurity in India Enacted by Parliament of India Date signed 12 September 2013 Status : In force The National Food Security Act , 2013 ( also Right to Food Act ) is an Act of the Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India 's 1.2 billion people . It was signed into law on 12 September 2013 , retroactive to 5 July 2013 . The National Food Security Act , 2013 ( NFSA 2013 ) converts into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes of the Government of India . It includes the Midday Meal Scheme , Integrated Child Development Services scheme and the Public Distribution System . Further , the NFSA 2013 recognizes maternity entitlements . The Midday Meal Scheme and the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme are universal in nature whereas the PDS will reach about two - thirds of the population ( 75 % in rural areas and 50 % in urban areas ) . Under the provisions of the bill , beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System ( or , PDS ) are entitled to 5 kilograms ( 11 lb ) per person per month of cereals at the following prices : Rice at ₹ 3 ( 4.6 ¢ US ) per kg Wheat at ₹ 2 ( 3.1 ¢ US ) per kg Coarse grains ( millet ) at ₹ 1 ( 1.5 ¢ US ) per kg . Pregnant women , lactating mothers , and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals . The bill has been highly controversial . It was introduced into India 's parliament on 22 December 2011 , promulgated as a presidential ordinance on 5 July 2013 , and enacted into law on 12 September 2013 . Odisha government implemented food security bill in 14 district from 17 November 2015 Assam government implemented Act on 24 December 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Salient features 2 Intent 3 Scope 4 Commentary 4.1 Critics 4.2 Advocates 5 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Official Documents 8.2 Media coverage and comments Salient features ( edit ) Coverage and entitlement under Targeted Public Distribution System ( TPDS ) : Up to 75 % of the rural population and 50 % of the urban population will be covered under TPDS , with uniform entitlement of 5 kg per person per month . However , since Antyodaya Anna Yojana ( AAY ) households constitute poorest of the poor , and are presently entitled to 35 kg per household per month , entitlement of existing AAY households will be protected at 35 kg per household per month . State-wise coverage : Corresponding to the all India coverage of 75 % and 50 % in the rural and urban areas , State-wise coverage will be determined by the Central Government . Planning Commission has determined the State-wise coverage by using the NSS Household Consumption Survey data for 2011 - 12 ... Subsidised prices under TPDS and their revision : Foodgrains under TPDS will be made available at subsidised prices of Rs. 3 / 2 / 1 per kg for rice , wheat and coarse grains for a period of three years from the date of commencement of the Act . Thereafter prices will be suitably linked to Minimum Support Price ( MSP ) . In case , any State 's allocation under the Act is lower than their current allocation , it will be protected up to the level of average offtake under normal TPDS during last three years , at prices to be determined by the Central Government . Existing prices for APL households i.e. Rs. 6.10 per kg for wheat and Rs 8.30 per kg for rice has been determined as issue prices for the additional allocation to protect the average offtake during last three years . Identification of Households : Within the coverage under TPDS determined for each State , the work of identification of eligible households is to be done by States / UTs . Nutritional Support to women and children : Pregnant women and lactating mothers and children in the age group of 6 months to 14 years will be entitled to meals as per prescribed nutritional norms under Integrated Child Development Services ( ICDS ) and Mid-Day Meal ( MDM ) schemes . Higher nutritional norms have been prescribed for malnourished children up to 6 years of age . Maternity Benefit : Pregnant women and lactating mothers will also be entitled to receive maternity benefit of not less than Rs. 6,000 . Women Empowerment : Eldest woman of the household of age 18 years or above to be the head of the household for the purpose of issuing of ration cards . Grievance Redressal Mechanism : Grievance redressal mechanism at the District and State levels . States will have the flexibility to use the existing machinery or set up separate mechanism . Cost of intra-State transportation & handling of foodgrains and FPS Dealers ' margin : Central Government will provide assistance to States in meeting the expenditure incurred by them on transportation of foodgrains within the State , its handling and FPS dealers ' margin as per norms to be devised for this purpose . Transparency and Accountability : Provisions have been made for disclosure of records relating to PDS , social audits and setting up of Vigilance Committees in order to ensure transparency and accountability . Food Security Allowance : Provision for food security allowance to entitled beneficiaries in case of non-supply of entitled foodgrains or meals . Penalty : Provision for penalty on public servant or authority , to be imposed by the State Food Commission , in case of failure to comply with the relief recommended by the District Grievance Redressal Officer . Intent ( edit ) The intent of the National Food Security Bill is spelled out in the Lok Sabha committee report , The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report , which states , `` Food security means availability of sufficient foodgrains to meet the domestic demand as well as access , at the individual level , to adequate quantities of food at affordable prices . '' The report adds , `` The proposed legislation marks a paradigm shift in addressing the problem of food security -- from the current welfare approach to a right based approach . About two thirds ( approx 67 % ) of the population will be entitled to receive subsidized foodgrains under Targeted Public Distribution System . In a country where almost 40 % of children are undernourished the importance of the scheme increases significantly . '' Scope ( edit ) The Indian Ministry of Agriculture 's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices ( CACP ) has referred to the Bill as the `` biggest ever experiment in the world for distributing highly subsidized food by any government through a ' rights based ' approach . '' The Bill extends coverage of the Targeted Public Distribution System , India 's principal domestic food aid program , to two thirds of the population , or approximately 820 million people . Initially , the Lok Sabha Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution estimated a `` total requirement of foodgrains , as per the Bill would be 61.55 million ( metric ) tons in 2012 - 13 . '' The CACP calculated in May 2013 , `` ... the requirement for average monthly PDS offtake is calculated as 2.3 mt for wheat ( 27.6 mt annually ) and 2.8 mt for rice ( 33.6 mt annually ) ... '' When volumes needed for the Public Distribution System and `` Other Welfare Schemes '' were aggregated , the CACP estimated rice and wheat requirements to total an `` annual requirement of 61.2 '' million metric tons . However , the final version of the Bill signed into law includes on page 18 an annex , `` Schedule IV '' , which estimates the total food grain allocation as 54.926 million metric tons . The Standing Committee estimated that the value of additional food subsidies ( i.e. , on top of the existing Public Distribution System ) `` during 2012 - 13 works out to be ... Rs. 2409 crores , '' that is , 24.09 billion rupees , or about $446 million at the then - current exchange rate , for a total expenditure of 1.122 trillion rupees ( or between $20 and $21 billion ) . However , the Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices ( CACP ) calculated , `` Currently , the economic cost of FCI for acquiring , storing and distributing foodgrains is about 40 percent more than the procurement price . '' The Commission added , The stated expenditure of Rs 1 , 20,000 crore annually in NFSB is merely the tip of the iceberg . To support the system and the welfare schemes , additional expenditure is needed for the envisaged administrative set up , scaling up of operations , enhancement of production , investments for storage , movement , processing and market infrastructure etc . The existing Food Security Complex of Procurement , Stocking and Distribution - which NFSB perpetuates - would increase the operational expenditure of the Scheme given its creaking infrastructure , leakages & inefficient governance . The Commission concluded that the total bill for implementation of the Bill `` ... may touch an expenditure of anywhere between Rs 125,000 to 150,000 crores , '' i.e. , 1.25 to 1.5 trillion rupees . As of the implementation deadline of 4 October 2014 , only 11 states had either implemented the Act or declared readiness to do so . On 28 November 2014 , the Indian government announced , `` Allocation of foodgrains to 11 States / Union Territories ( UTs ) namely , Bihar , Chandigarh , Chhattisgarh , Delhi , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Punjab and Rajasthan has started under the Act ... '' and that the `` remaining 25 States / UTs have not completed the preparatory measures required for implementation of the Act . '' The Indian government extended the deadline for implementation of the Act `` by another six months , i.e. till 04.04. 2015 . '' Commentary ( edit ) Critics ( edit ) Criticism of the National Food Security Bill includes accusations of both political motivation and fiscal irresponsibility . One senior opposition politician , Murli Manohar Joshi , went so far as to describe the bill as a measure for `` vote security '' ( for the ruling government coalition ) rather than food security . Another political figure , Mulayam Singh Yadav , declared , `` It is clearly being brought for elections ... Why did n't you bring this bill earlier when poor people were dying because of hunger ? ... Every election , you bring up a measure . There is nothing for the poor . '' The report of the 33rd meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy stated , `` ... Food prices are still elevated and the food security bill will aggravate food price inflation as it will tilt supply towards cereals and away from other farm produce ( proteins ) , which will raise food prices further ... Members desired that the Reserve Bank impress on the government the need to address supply side constraints which are causing inflationary pressure , especially on the food front . '' Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla warned , `` The food security bill ... if implemented honestly , will cost 3 per cent of the GDP in its very first year . '' The writer Vivek Kaul noted , The government 's estimated cost of food security comes at 11.10 % ... of the total receipts . The CACP 's estimated cost of food security comes at 21.5 % ... of the total receipts . Bhalla 's cost of food security comes at around 28 % of the total receipts ... Once we express the cost of food security as a percentage of the total estimated receipts of the government , during the current financial year , we see how huge the cost of food security really is . The Indian Ministry of Agriculture 's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices warned that enactment of the Bill could be expected to `` induce severe imbalance in the production of oilseeds and pulses , '' and `` ... will create demand pressures , which will inevitably spillover to market prices of food grains . Furthermore , the higher food subsidy burden on the budget will raise the fiscal deficit , exacerbating macro level inflationary pressures . '' The Commission argued further that the Bill would restrict private initiative in agriculture , reduce competition in the marketplace due to government domination of the grain market , shift money from investments in agriculture to subsidies , and continue focus on cereals production when shifts in consumer demand patterns indicate a need to focus more on protein , fruits and vegetables . Advocates ( edit ) The bill was very widely viewed as a `` pet project '' of Indian National Congress ( INC ) President , Sonia Gandhi . Gandhi addressed Parliament the night of the August 2013 Lok Sabha vote on the bill , saying its passage would be a `` chance to make history '' . Former National Advisory Council member and development economist Professor Jean Drèze , reputedly one of the architects of the original , 2011 version of the bill , wrote , `` ... the Bill is a form of investment in human capital . It will bring some security in people 's lives and make it easier for them to meet their basic needs , protect their health , educate their children , and take risks . '' Professor Drèze dismissed opposition from business interests , saying , `` Corporate hostility does not tell us anything except that the Food Bill does not serve corporate interests . Nobody is claiming that it does , nor is that the purpose of the Bill . '' Minister of Consumer Affairs , Food , and Public Distribution K.V. Thomas stated in an interview , This is no mean task , a task being accomplished in the second most populated country in the world . All the while , it has been a satisfying journey . The responsibility is not just of the Central Government but equally of the States / ( Union Territories ) . I am sure together we can fulfill this dream . The day is not far off , when India will be known the world over for this important step towards eradication of hunger , malnutrition and resultant poverty ... By providing food security to 75 percent of the rural and 50 percent of the urban population with focus on nutritional needs of children , pregnant and lactating women , the National Food Security Bill will revolutionize food distribution system . In a rebuttal to Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla , three economists responded , `` ... the food subsidy bill should roughly double and come to around 1.35 % of GDP , which is still way less than the numbers he put out . '' Chhattisgarh food security Act ( edit ) The Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 law was enacted by the Chhattisgarh government . It was passed on 21 December 2012 , by the State Assembly unopposed to ensure `` access to adequate quantity of food and other requirements of good nutrition to the people of the State , at affordable prices , at all times to live a life of dignity . ' ' . The Act divides households into four groups -- Antodaya , Priority , General and Excluded households . The priority households will have monthly public distribution system ( PDS ) entitlement of 35 kg rice , wheat flour , pulses , gram and iodised salt at subsidised price . `` The new act will make the acclaimed PDS more comprehensive . Nearly 90 % of the provisions incorporated in the Act were already covered under the PDS '' , the chief minister Raman Singh said. The new initiative will put a burden of Rs. 2311 crore on the state exchequer . The act will not cover those who are income tax payees , own over 4 hectares of irrigated or 8 hectares of non-irrigated land in non-scheduled areas and who are liable to pay property tax in urban areas . The Act benefits 42 lakh families living here . It will also cover families headed by a destitute , a widow or a differently abled person . It will also take care of poor , children living in hostels / ashrams , pregnant women as well as those hit by disaster . See also ( edit ) Right to food Public distribution system Food Security Bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Govt defers promulgation of ordinance on Food Security Bill '' . Times of India . 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Food Security Bill , 2013 Receives the Assent of the President , Published in the Gazette of India as Act No. 20 of 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Food Security Act To Be Implemented From July 5 '' . Bloomberg TV India . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013 , GAIN Report IN3037 , 11 April 2013 Jump up ^ National Food Security Ordinance , No. 7 of 2013 , 5 July 2013 Jump up ^ http://dfpd.nic.in/Salient-features-National-Food-Security-Act.htm ^ Jump up to : Ashok Gulati & Surbhi Jain ( May 2013 ) . `` Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB : Concepts , Empirics , and Policy Implications '' ( PDF ) . Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , Ministry of Agriculture , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution ( 2012 - 13 ) , Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution ( Department Of Food and Public Distribution ) ( January 2013 ) . `` The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report '' ( PDF ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` National Food Security Bill , Registered No . DL - ( N ) 04 / 0007 / 2003 - 13 , as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice , September 10 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Ashok Gulati ; et al. ( December 2012 ) . `` National Food Security Bill , Challenges and Options , Discussion Paper No. 2 '' ( PDF ) . Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , Ministry of Agriculture , Government of India . Jump up ^ Dipak K Dash ( 8 Oct 2014 ) . `` Food security deadline for states expires without extension '' . Times of India . The eleven states as of 4 October 2014 , were reportedly Assam , Uttarakhand , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Punjab , Bihar , Delhi , Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka . Jump up ^ `` States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shekhar Iyer ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` This is n't food security , it 's vote security , says BJP '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Shweta Punj ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Digestion pangs '' . Business Today . Jump up ^ `` Food bill : Experts seek proper selection , revamped PDS '' . Times of India , 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Praful Bidwai ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` Food Bill is a first step '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ `` Food Security Bill passed in Lok Sabha after nine - hour debate '' . FirstPost. 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ RBI Committee meeting cautions the government against Food Security Bill Jump up ^ RBI releases Minutes of 24 July 2013 Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy Jump up ^ `` Manmonia 's FSB : 3 % of GDP '' . Indian Express . 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Vivek Kaul ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Food Bill is the biggest mistake India might have made till date '' . Firstpost . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha passes Sonia Gandhi 's ambitious Food Bill '' . moneycontrol.com ( CNBC ) . 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament clears Sonia 's pet Food Security Bill , Cong eyes poll gain '' . CNN - IBN. 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Edited by Deepshikha Ghosh ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Sonia Gandhi fine , ' relieved ' that Food Bill was passed , Narendra Modi wishes her good health '' . NDTV . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Why The Food Bill Is Sound Economics '' . Tehelka. 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Revati Laul ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` ' The Food Security Bill Can Help To Protect The People From Poverty And Insecurity ' , '' . Tehelka . Jump up ^ Milind Murugkar ; Ashok Kotwal ; Bharat Ramaswami ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Correct costs of the Food Security Bill '' . Ideas for India . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/food-security-act-should-centre-emulate-chhattisgarh-yes/article4249370.ece External links ( edit ) Official Documents ( edit ) The National Food Security Bill , 2011 ; Bill No. 132 of 2011 ( original bill as submitted in 2011 ) Report of the Expert Committee on National Food Security Bill , Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister , Government of India , January 2011 Gulati , Ashok , et al , National Food Security Bill , Challenges and Options , Discussion Paper No. 2 , Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , December 2012 Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs And Public Distribution ( 2012 - 13 ) , Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Ministry Of Consumer Affairs , Food And Public Distribution ( Department Of Food And Public Distribution ) , The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report , January 2013 Joshi , Pramod K. , `` National Food Security Bill and need for a stronger implementation strategy , '' Government Knowledge Centre Think Pieces , 7 March 2013 U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013 , GAIN Report IN3037 , 11 April 2013 National Food Security Bill , 2013 ( version of April 2013 ) Press Information Bureau , Government of India , Amendments in the National Food Security Bill Introduced in the Lok Sabha , 2 May 2013 Gulati , Ashok , and Surbhi Jain , Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB : Concepts , Empirics , and Policy Implications , Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , May 2013 National Food Security Ordinance , No. 7 of 2013 , 5 July 2013 The National Food Security Bill , 2013 , Bill No. 109 of 2013 , as introduced in Lok Sabha The National Food Security Bill , 2013 , Bill No. 109 - C of 2013 , as passed by Lok Sabha on 26 August 2013 National Food Security Bill , Registered No . DL - ( N ) 04 / 0007 / 2003 - 13 , as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice , 10 September 2013 CHHATTISGARH FOOD SECURITY ACT , 2012 U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , National Food Security Bill Becomes Law , GAIN Report IN3105 , 16 September 2013 `` State Food Ministers meet to discuss implementation of National Food Security Act , '' Press Information Bureau , Government of India , press release , 27 September 2013 `` A Novel Approach to Food Security '' , by Avinash Kishore , P.K. Joshi , and John Hoddinott , Chapter 3 of 2013 Global Food Policy Report , Washington : IFPRI , 2014 `` States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act , '' Press Information Bureau , Government of India , press release , 28 November 2014 Media coverage and comments ( edit ) Drèze , Jean , `` Summary Of The National Food Security Bill 2013 '' , Tehelka , 22 March 2013 Sugden , Joanna , `` Q&A : Pros and Cons of The Food Security Bill , '' Wall Street Journal , 8 May 2013 ( interview with Dr. P.K. Joshi of the International Food Policy Research Institute office in New Delhi ) `` How much will food security bill cost exchequer ? '' , moneycontrol.com ( CNBC ) , 8 June 2013 ( `` Ashok Gulati chairman of the commission on agricultural costs and prices , T Nanda Kumar , former agriculture secretary and Sonal Varma chief economist at Nomura discuss the nuances of the Food Security Bill on Indianomics . '' ) Drèze , Jean , `` The Food Security Debate in India '' , New York Times blog , 9 July 2013 Kumar , Ashok , `` The Anatomy of the National Food Security Act 2013 '' , NewsYaps , 14 March 2014 ( hide ) Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transportation Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Food_Security_Act,_2013&oldid=833538951 '' Categories : Welfare in India 2013 in India Acts of the Parliament of India 2013 Food security Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 05 : 37 . 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Good Morning America

Good Morning America - Wikipedia Good Morning America Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese rock band , see Good Morning America ( band ) . Good Morning America Genre Morning news and talk Created by Donald L. Perris William F. Baker Presented by Robin Roberts George Stephanopoulos Lara Spencer Michael Strahan Amy Robach Ginger Zee ( See full list ) Theme music composer Marvin Hamlisch ( 1975 -- 87 ) Frank Gari ( 1988 -- 92 ) Non-Stop Music ( 1992 -- 96 ) Michael Whalen ( 1997 -- 99 ) Desmond Child ( 1999 -- 2004 ) VideoHelper ( 2004 -- 06 ) DreamArtists Studios ( 2007 -- ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 41 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Corn ( 2014 -- present ) , Roxanna Sherwood ( 2017 - Present ) Location ( s ) ABC News Headquarters , New York , New York ( 1975 -- 99 ) Times Square Studios New York , New York ( 1999 -- ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 120 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC News Productions Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2005 ) 1080i / 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2005 -- ) Original release November 3 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by AM America ( 1975 ) Related shows America This Morning External links Website gma.yahoo.com Good Morning America ( GMA ) is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC . It debuted on November 3 , 1975 , and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3 , 1993 . The Sunday edition was canceled in 1999 ; weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4 , 2004 . The weekday program airs from 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 a.m. in all U.S. time zones ( live in the Eastern Time Zone and on tape delay elsewhere across the country ) . The Saturday and Sunday editions are one hour long and are transmitted to ABC 's stations live at 7 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time , although stations in some markets air them at different times . Viewers in the Pacific Time Zone receive an updated feed with a specialized opening and updated live reports . A third hour of the weekday broadcast aired from 2007 to 2008 , exclusively on ABC News Now . The program features news , interviews , weather forecasts , special - interest stories , and feature segments such as `` Pop News '' ( featuring pop culture and entertainment news , and viral videos ) , the `` GMA Heat Index '' ( featuring a mix of entertainment , lifestyle and human - interest stories ) and `` Play of the Day '' ( featuring a selected viral video or television program clip ) . It is produced by ABC News and broadcasts from the Times Square Studios in New York City 's Times Square district . The primary anchors are Robin Roberts , George Stephanopoulos , Lara Spencer and Michael Strahan along with newsreader Amy Robach and weather anchor Ginger Zee . Good Morning America has been the most watched morning show in total viewers and key demos each year since Summer 2012 . GMA generally placed second in the ratings , behind NBC 's Today from 1995 to 2012 . It overtook its rival for a period from the early to mid-1980s with anchors David Hartman and Joan Lunden , from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s with Charles Gibson and Lunden , and in April 2012 with Roberts and Stephanopoulos . Good Morning America won the first three Daytime Emmy Awards for `` Outstanding Morning Program '' , sharing the inaugural 2007 award with Today and winning the 2008 and 2009 awards outright . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1975 : The inaugural year 1.2 1976 -- 89 : Growth and change 1.3 1990 -- 98 : Rise and decline 1.4 January 1999 -- May 2005 : Gibson -- Sawyer 1.5 May 2005 -- June 2006 : Gibson -- Sawyer -- Roberts 1.6 June 2006 -- December 2009 : Sawyer -- Roberts 1.7 December 2009 -- April 2014 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos 1.8 April 2014 -- September 2016 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer 1.9 September 2016 -- present : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer -- Strahan 2 Spin - off 2.1 Good Afternoon America 2.2 GMA Wake Up Call 2.3 GMA Lunch Break 2.4 GMA Deals 3 On - air staff ( weekday editions ) 3.1 Anchors 3.2 Contributors and correspondents 3.3 Former on - air staff 3.3. 1 Co-Anchors 3.3. 2 News anchors 3.3. 3 Weather anchors 3.3. 4 Contributors and correspondents 4 Weekend editions 4.1 On - air staff ( weekend editions ) 4.1. 1 Anchors 4.1. 2 Former on - air staff 4.1. 2.1 Anchors 4.1. 2.2 Weather anchors 5 International broadcasts 6 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 1975 : the inaugural year ( edit ) On January 6 , 1975 , ABC launched AM America in an attempt to compete with NBC 's Today . The program was hosted by Bill Beutel and Stephanie Edwards , with Peter Jennings and Robert Kennedy reading the news . Because the show could not find an audience against Today ( and its anchor team of Jim Hartz and Barbara Walters ) , ABC sought a new approach . The network found that one of its affiliates , WEWS in Cleveland , Ohio , had been pre-empting AM America in favor of airing a locally produced show called The Morning Exchange . Unlike AM America and Today , The Morning Exchange featured an easygoing and less dramatic approach by offering news and weather updates only at the top and bottom of every hour and used the rest of the time to discuss general - interest / entertainment topics . The Morning Exchange also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields , including health , entertainment , consumer affairs and travel . Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows , The Morning Exchange was not broadcast from a newsroom set but instead one that resembled a suburban living room . In the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source , ABC also began looking at another local show , Good Morning ! , which was produced by Boston ABC affiliate WCVB - TV . Good Morning ! was very similar in format to The Morning Exchange , but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather . In fact , once the revamped ABC morning show took to the air late in 1975 under the title Good Morning America , WCVB station manager Bob Bennett accused ABC entertainment president Fred Silverman of deliberately stealing the title of Good Morning ! ; no legal cease and desist action was finalized against ABC in the matter , however . The launch of Good Morning America did result in the Boston morning show changing its name -- to Good Day ! . ABC took an episode of The Morning Exchange and used it as a pilot episode . After very positive reviews for the pilot , the format replaced AM America in November 1975 as Good Morning America . The first host of the new program was David Hartman , featuring Nancy Dussault as his co-host . Dussault was replaced in 1977 by Sandy Hill . For the first seven years , weather forecasts were presented by John Coleman , former chief meteorologist for ABC owned - and - operated station WLS - TV in Chicago , who would leave GMA in 1982 to start The Weather Channel with Landmark Communications CEO Frank Batten . Dave Murray ( now chief meteorologist at KTVI in St. Louis ) provided the forecasts for both Good Morning America and ABC 's early morning news program ABC News This Morning from 1983 to 1986 . In August 1986 , he was replaced by Spencer Christian , who worked at WABC - TV in New York City and served as fill - in meteorologist for both Coleman and Murray whenever they were away on vacation or assignment . 1976 -- 89 : growth and change ( edit ) The program 's ratings climbed slowly , but steadily throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s while Today experienced a slight slump in viewership , especially with Walters ' decision to leave NBC for a job at ABC News . On August 30 , 1976 , Tom Brokaw began anchoring Today while the program began a search for a female co-host . Within a year , Today managed to beat back the Good Morning America ratings threat with Brokaw and new co-host Jane Pauley , featuring art and entertainment contributor Gene Shalit . Good Morning America continued to threaten Today 's ratings dominance into the 1980s , especially after Brokaw left the latter program to become co-anchor of NBC Nightly News with Roger Mudd for 17 months before being named sole anchor of that program . For the first time , Good Morning America became the highest - rated morning news program in the United States as Today fell to second place . At the outset , Good Morning America was a talk program with a main host , Hartman , who was joined by a sidekick co-host ; Dussault and Hill were scripted as less - than - equal hosts . In 1980 , an exasperated Hill left Good Morning America after run - ins with Hartman , who was said to have `` had a problem with strong women . '' She was replaced by Joan Lunden , then a reporter at ABC 's New York City flagship station WABC - TV . Hartman and Lunden led the show through several years of success . Lunden 's popularity led to her promotion to co-anchor in 1986 , and to more equal footing with Hartman than any woman before her . The partnership ended on February 20 , 1987 , when Hartman retired after 3,189 broadcasts . After Hartman 's departure , Lunden was paired with ABC News correspondent Charles Gibson on February 23 , 1987 , which ultimately resulted in ratings for the program skyrocketing . The team of Lunden and Gibson became the most popular news partnership on television in the late 1980s and early 1990s , and for the first time Good Morning America regularly won the ratings against Today . At one point prior to Spencer Christian 's arrival in 1986 , forecasts on the program were provided by WXYZ - TV chief meteorologist Jerry Hodak via a split screen between the WXYZ studios in Detroit and the Good Morning America set in New York City . 1990 -- 98 : rise and decline ( edit ) Good Morning America entered the 1990s with continued overwhelming ratings success . Gibson and Lunden became a hard team to beat ; however , the program stumbled from its top spot in late 1995 , falling to second place behind Today ( in what would begin a 16 - year streak as the top - rated morning news program for that show , which began the week of December 11 , 1995 ) . Lunden began to discuss working less and mentioned to network executives that the morning schedule is the hardest in the business . ABC executives promised Lunden that a prime time program ; Behind Closed Doors would premiere on the network in 1996 . On September 5 , 1997 , Lunden decided to step down as host of Good Morning America after 17 years and was replaced by ABC News correspondent Lisa McRee . The pairing of Gibson and McRee fared well in the ratings . However , ratings sharply declined when Gibson also left the show to make way for Kevin Newman on May 1 , 1998 . With McRee and Newman as anchors , longtime viewers of Good Morning America switched to Today , whose ratings skyrocketed . January 1999 -- May 2005 : Gibson -- Sawyer ( edit ) To improve Good Morning America 's ratings performance , which briefly fell to third place among the morning shows in January 1999 , ABC News management selected Shelley Ross from the field of executive producer candidates . As part of Rossʼs proposed changes , Ross ousted the McRee - Newman team and lobbied to bring in Diane Sawyer and team her with Charles Gibson , who had been reluctant to return . On January 18 , 1999 , the Gibson - Sawyer team paired by Ross debuted on - air , which during the first full season resulted in a dramatic increase in viewership while all other network news franchises saw losses . 2002 -- 2006 logo The show moved from the ABC News headquarters in Manhattan 's Lincoln Square district to its present home at the Times Square Studios on September 13 , 1999 . The new location made it possible for the program to feature a live audience inside the studio , similar to the `` Window on the World '' set used by Today . Under Ross , Good Morning America became a competitive 24 / 7 news operation with more exclusive bookings , news and live stock market updates for West Coast viewers and new on - screen graphics that included a news ticker . Good Morning America began originating entire shows from unique locations , which , according to Nielsen Media Research , resulted in more people watching the program and for longer periods of time . GMA became the first to originate a live show from an aircraft carrier during wartime ( the U.S.S. Enterprise ) , from The White House ( after the Columbine shootings ) , from The Pentagon ( for the reopening of the wing damaged during the September 11 attacks in 2001 ) , from The Vatican ( for the 25th anniversary of John Paul II 's election as Pope ) , and from the Tower of London ( on the 50th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth ʼs accession to the throne ) . Viewership during this time increased by nearly 1 million households , and revenue soared . Although Today remained the top - rated morning news show , the Sawyer , Gibson and Ross team inched close , creating a viable rival . According to Linda McLoof , executive director of news research at ABC News from 2001 to 2009 , `` When Shelley left , her viewing momentum was initially sustained , but a season later , the audience began to decline . It is like passing the baton in a relay race . '' Antonio Mora served as newsreader for the program until March 18 , 2002 , when he left to become an anchor at CBS owned - and - operated station WBBM - TV in Chicago . He was replaced by former ESPN anchor and correspondent Robin Roberts . May 2005 -- June 2006 : Gibson -- Sawyer -- Roberts ( edit ) On May 23 , 2005 , ABC News announced that Robin Roberts would be promoted from newsreader to co-anchor of Good Morning America , joining Gibson and Sawyer . Roberts had previously served as a regular substitute for Gibson and Sawyer when either of them were on vacation or on assignment . On November 3 , 2005 , Good Morning America celebrated its 30th anniversary with retrospectives on and clips from the show 's history and by decorating Times Square . Former co-hosts Hartman and Lunden , along with former meteorologist Spencer Christian , were among the guests of honor . Hartman signed off the show that day with his trademark close : `` From all of us , make it a good day . '' That same day , Good Morning America became the first network morning news program to begin broadcasting in high definition . On December 2 , 2005 , weather anchor Tony Perkins left the program after six years . The last ten minutes of that day 's edition were dedicated to Perkins , during which he gave thanks to one of the show 's producers and a heartfelt goodbye to anchors Gibson , Roberts and Sawyer . Perkins left the program to return to his family in Washington , D.C. and join Fox owned - and - operated station WTTG , where he previously served as a weather anchor . He affectionately said to his young son on - air , `` Connor , if you 're watching , daddy 's comin ' home . '' Perkins was replaced by Mike Barz , former weekday morning sports anchor at WGN - TV in Chicago . Gibson left Good Morning America for the second time on June 28 , 2006 . That day 's edition was dedicated to his 19 years as anchor of the program and celebrated his new role as anchor of ABC World News . Gibson ended his tenure at GMA by stating , `` For nineteen years , my mornings have been not just good -- they 've been great . '' June 2006 -- December 2009 : Sawyer -- Roberts ( edit ) There had been speculation that Sawyer would leave Good Morning America when her contract expired in 2007 to assume the anchor position at ABC World News that was given to Gibson . In August 2006 , Chris Cuomo was named news anchor while continuing his anchoring duties on the newsmagazine Primetime and serving as ABC News 's senior legal correspondent . Meanwhile , Sam Champion , longtime evening meteorologist at WABC - TV , was named as the new weather anchor for the program and as weather editor for ABC News . Both Cuomo and Champion began their respective duties on the program on September 5 , 2006 , when Good Morning America instituted a new graphics package and new news area for Cuomo to report headlines . The following week , on September 13 , 2006 , the program introduced a new logo -- this time with gold Avant Garde font on a blue background , which bears a resemblance to the original Good Morning America logo that was used up to early 1987 . On June 29 , 2007 , the program 's longtime film critic Joel Siegel died of complications from colon cancer at age 63 . The July 9 edition of GMA was dedicated to Siegel , with former hosts Hartman , Hill , Lunden , Newman , Christian , Perkins and Gibson all appearing to share their memories . One month later , on July 31 , 2007 , Robin Roberts announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer after discovering a lump in her breast during a self - examination while preparing the Siegel tribute episode . Roberts remained as anchor while undergoing chemotherapy and completed radiation treatments on March 28 , 2008 . On October 22 , 2007 , Good Morning America introduced a new on - air graphics package . Using much of the design features of its former graphics , it went from a basic blue background to a more orangish - gold setting . The program 's opening changed from the camera 's zooming in on the hosts while introducing the host to an opening with new music ( by the New York City - based music production company DreamArtists Studios ) and a background with the Good Morning America logo descending onto the frame . It also changed its news ticker and time - and - temperature bug for the first time in years . The ticker featured an orange background with a modified ABC News logo as a breakpoint for each headline . The bug still featured the time and current local temperature to the left , but with an orange backdrop with an alternate `` GMA '' logo and the ABCNews.com logo to the right . On January 15 , 2008 , during an interview with Diane Sawyer on the program , actress Diane Keaton commented on Sawyer 's physical attractiveness , stating that if she had lips like Sawyer 's , `` then I would n't have worked on my ( expletive ) personality ! '' Keaton quickly apologized for the remark and Sawyer jokingly threatened to have her mother `` work on your personality with soap in your mouth . '' Officials with the Federal Communications Commission declined to take action for the fleeting expletive . Following the death of Michael Jackson , Charles Gibson returned to the Good Morning America anchor desk with Roberts on June 26 , 2009 , while Sawyer was away . In September 2008 , Good Morning America 's anchors rode an Amtrak train to tour the United States as part of ABC News 's `` 50 States in 50 Days '' event , for which the program was broadcast from different locations around the U.S. each day throughout that month . The tour 's first telecast stop was in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . December 2009 -- April 2014 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos ( edit ) On September 2 , 2009 , ABC announced that Sawyer would replace Gibson as anchor of ABC World News at the end of that year . Speculation had abounded that either George Stephanopoulos , news anchor Chris Cuomo , weekend anchor Bill Weir , or World News Saturday anchor David Muir would replace Sawyer on the program . Representatives for ABC News stated that it wanted to return the show to the original male - female anchor format . On December 10 , 2009 , Stephanopoulos was announced as Sawyer 's replacement , with Juju Chang replacing Cuomo as newsreader ; the changes took effect four days later on December 14 . In April 2010 , the anchor desk in the studio was relocated back in front of the window overlooking Times Square , where it had been when Good Morning America moved to the Times Square Studios facility in 1999 ; the news desk was also moved in front of a window . On May 3 , 2010 , the program debuted new `` light blue and sunny '' graphics , and new theme music by DreamArtists Studios . An entirely new set for the program was introduced on January 31 , 2011 ; the monitor used for national weather segments ( used mainly during the 7 : 00 a.m. hour only ) was moved closer to the anchor desk while the news desk remained in the same place . This was the first major set change since the show upgraded to high definition in November 2005 . On March 17 , 2011 , ABC News President Ben Sherwood announced that former GMA national correspondent Lara Spencer would be rejoining the program in a newly created lifestyle anchor position . On March 29 , 2011 , ESPN anchor Josh Elliott was named news anchor of the program following the departure of Juju Chang . In the summer of 2011 , Good Morning America decided to vacate the second floor of the Times Square studios , which overlooked Times Square , due to cost issues . On September 6 , 2011 , the program began broadcasting from an entirely new studio set located on the first floor ( ground level ) of the Times Square studios . The main `` window '' behind the presenters in the new set , which also shows a view overlooking Times Square from an above - ground level , is actually a back - projection , although there are several real windows used in other parts of the set . Amid declining ratings at Today in the aftermath of reports of Matt Lauer 's alleged role in Ann Curry 's departure as co-host ( though ratings had been in a steady decline for that program during Curry 's co-hosting tenure ) , viewership for Good Morning America increased starting in 2012 . The program beat Today for the first time in 16 years during the week of April 9 , 2012 , ending that program 's streak of 852 consecutive weeks as the most - watched network morning news program , by a margin of 31,000 more viewers than the NBC program . Good Morning America beat Today once again during the week of April 16 , 2012 , by a much larger margin of 166,000 viewers . During the week of April 1 , 2012 , ABC News special correspondent Katie Couric , who had recently joined the network as part of a deal to host a syndicated talk show distributed by corporate sister Disney - ABC Domestic Television , filled for Robin Roberts on Good Morning America . Couric had hosted the rival NBC morning program Today from 1991 to 2006 ; her Good Morning America stint marked her return to morning news after six years . On August 30 , 2012 , Roberts went on medical leave after undergoing a bone marrow transplant ( donated by her sister and fellow news anchor SallyAnn Roberts ) following her diagnosis with myelodysplastic syndrome . GMA correspondent Amy Robach and 20 / 20 anchor Elizabeth Vargas served as the primary substitutes , typically alternating every other week . Others , including some celebrities , also served as special guest anchors during this time such as Kelly Ripa , Jessica Simpson , Barbara Walters and Elisabeth Hasselbeck . On January 14 , 2013 , Roberts announced that she hoped to return to the program sometime that February ; Roberts performed dry run rehearsals during the week of January 21 in preparation for her return ; she and her doctors evaluated her body 's reaction to the makeup , the lighting , her hair , and the number of people she comes in contact with to avoid compromising her then - gradually - improving health . Roberts returned to Good Morning America part - time on February 20 , 2013 ; she announced in August 2013 that she would return to full - time hosting duties on September 3 of that year . In 2013 , GMA won its first May sweeps ratings period in 18 years . On December 4 , 2013 , weather anchor Sam Champion departed Good Morning America and ABC News after seven years on the program to join The Weather Channel , where he became primary anchor of the competing morning program America 's Morning Headquarters ( which debuted in March 2014 ) . He was succeeded the following day by Ginger Zee , who had been serving as meteorologist for the weekend editions of GMA and was also appointed to Champion 's former position as weather editor for ABC News . On March 30 , 2014 , news anchor Josh Elliott left ABC News after three years as news anchor of GMA to become a correspondent for NBC Sports , amid reports that contract negotiations to increase his annual salary ( from $1.2 million to $8 million ) broke down ; Elliott was replaced as news anchor by Amy Robach later that week . The program continued to dominate over the competition , even with the loss of two major co-hosts in Champion and Elliott . In early April 2014 , several media reports speculated that Michael Strahan would be joining GMA as a contributing anchor , while maintaining his co-host duties on Live ! with Kelly and Michael ( which is also syndicated by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ) . Strahan 's new position was confirmed on April 15 , 2014 , when he was introduced to the audience as the new contributing anchor on the program . April 2014 -- September 2016 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer ( edit ) On April 18 , 2014 , Lara Spencer was promoted to co-anchor effective immediately , receiving top billing on the program alongside Roberts and Stephanopoulos . In September 2014 , former NFL player Tim Tebow was announced to be joining the program as a part - time correspondent to help launch the new segment , `` Motivate Me Mondays '' . He made his debut on the program on September 15 , 2014 . On November 19 , 2015 , the program celebrated its 40th anniversary , with all the main anchors and most of the news and weather anchors returning to join the celebration and share their stories . Clips from all 40 years were shown . On April 19 , Strahan announced that he would be leaving Live ! with Kelly and Michael to join Good Morning America full - time . September 2016 -- present : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer -- Strahan ( edit ) On September 6 , 2016 , Michael Strahan began his run as official full - time co-host of the program along with Roberts , Stephanopoulos , and Spencer . A new title sequence was debuted not including Spencer 's name . The first hour focuses on the news of the morning anchored by Roberts , Stephanopulos , and Strahan . Zee does segments of the weather and Robach reads the morning headlines . The second hour is in the second floor studio and is taped in front of a live studio audience . It focuses on `` soft news '' and entertainment . It is anchored by the four main co-anchors and features guests and talk show panel discussion . Spin - off ( edit ) Good Afternoon America ( edit ) The title card for Good Afternoon America , which aired for a nine - week period . A special summer afternoon edition of Good Morning America , titled Good Afternoon America , premiered on July 9 , 2012 , as a temporary replacement for the canceled talk / lifestyle show The Revolution in the 2 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time weekday slot . Good Afternoon America was taped immediately after the morning program and focused on lighter fare , with the exception of the July 20 edition , which provided live coverage of the Aurora Century 16 theater shooting . Like its morning counterpart , Good Afternoon America originated from Times Square Studios . The limited - run program , which ended on September 7 , 2012 , was hosted by then Good Morning America news anchor Josh Elliott and lifestyle anchor Lara Spencer . GMA Wake up Call ( edit ) GMA Wake Up Call is a pre-morning show hosted by Ginger Zee . Substitute hosts include Rob Marciano . This spin - off is a lead in to the actual GMA program airing live stream on social media outlets . The show airs between 6 : 45 and 6 : 50am ET and runs for 10 -- 15 minutes . GMA lunch Break ( edit ) GMA Lunch Break is a half - hour afternoon show airing on social media outlets between Noon and 1pm also hosted by Zee . This focuses on a featured lunch recipe . GMA deals ( edit ) GMA Deals airs on social media outlets on select days at 8 : 30am . Hosted by Zee and Tory Johnson , this focuses on deals and steals . On - air Staff ( weekday editions ) ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Anchors ( edit ) Robin Roberts co-anchor ; 2002 -- George Stephanopoulos co-anchor ; 2009 -- Lara Spencer co-anchor ; 2013 -- Michael Strahan co-anchor ; 2016 -- Amy Robach news anchor ; 2014 -- Ginger Zee chief meteorologist ; 2013 -- Contributors and correspondents ( edit ) Name Role Debut Dr. Tim Johnson medical correspondent Brian Ross investigative reporter Emeril Lagasse food contributor David Muir correspondent & fill - in anchor 2005 Becky Worley technology editor 2005 Mellody Hobson financial contributor 2006 Sara Moulton food contributor 2006 Cameron Mathison features correspondent 2009 Abbie Boudreau Los Angeles bureau correspondent Dan Abrams legal analyst 2011 Rachel Smith features correspondent 2012 Amy Atkins T.J. Holmes correspondent & fill - in anchor 2014 Sara Haines popular culture contributor 2013 Rebecca Jarvis Chief Business , Technology and Economics Correspondent 2013 Former on - air staff ( edit ) Co-Anchors ( edit ) David Hartman ( 1975 -- 1987 ) Nancy Dussault ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Sandy Hill ( 1977 -- 1980 ) Joan Lunden ( 1980 -- 1997 ) Charles Gibson ( 1987 -- 1998 & 1999 -- 2006 ) Lisa McRee ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Kevin Newman ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Diane Sawyer ( 1999 -- 2009 ) News anchors ( edit ) Name Duration Note Steve Bell 1975 -- 1986 retired Kathleen Sullivan 1986 -- 1987 retired Jed Duvall 1987 -- 1988 retired Forrest Sawyer 1988 -- 1989 retired Paula Zahn 1988 -- 1990 Mike Schneider 1989 -- 1993 Morton Dean 1993 -- 1996 Elizabeth Vargas 1996 -- 1997 now on 20 / 20 Kevin Newman 1997 -- 1998 Antonio Mora 1998 -- 2002 Robin Roberts 2002 -- 2005 became co-host Chris Cuomo 2006 -- 2009 now co-anchor of CNN 's New Day Juju Chang 2009 -- 2011 went to co-anchor of Nightline Josh Elliott 2011 -- 2014 later anchor at CBSN Weather anchors ( edit ) Name Duration Note John Coleman 1975 -- 1982 retired Spencer Christian 1986 -- 1998 chief meteorologist at KGO - TV in San Francisco Tony Perkins 1999 -- 2005 anchor at WTTG - TV in Washington , DC Mike Barz 2005 -- 2006 anchor at KDVR / KWGN in Denver Sam Champion 2006 -- 2013 went to The Weather Channel Contributors and correspondents ( edit ) Name Role Duration Note Jack Anderson commentator 1975 -- 1984 deceased Pat Collins film correspondent 1975 -- 1981 retired Katie Couric contributing correspondent 2011 -- 2013 now with Yahoo News Don Dahler national correspondent 1999 -- 2007 now with CBS News Hattie Kauffman special correspondent and substitute anchor 1987 -- 1990 Elisabeth Leamy consumer correspondent 2005 -- 2013 correspondent at The Dr. Oz Show Reena Ninan correspondent 2012 -- 2015 now with CBS News Geraldo Rivera correspondent 1975 -- 1977 now with Fox News Channel Dr. Nancy Snyderman medical correspondent 1987 -- 2002 Returned to teaching Joel Siegel movie critic 1981 -- 2007 deceased Jake Tapper political correspondent 2003 -- 2012 now with CNN Lara Spencer correspondent & lifestyle anchor 1999 -- 2003 & 2011 -- 14 became co-host Robin Roberts sports contributor 1995 -- 2002 became co-host Tony Reali contributor , Social Square 2014 Dr. Richard Besser senior medical and health correspondent 2009 - 2017 became CEO of Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Jesse Palmer contributor 2015 - 2017 now at Daily Mail TV Weekend editions ( edit ) Good Morning America Weekend Genre Morning news and talk show Created by Donald L. Perris William F. Baker Presented by Dan Harris Paula Faris Ron Claiborne Rob Marciano Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 17 No. of episodes 1,560 ( as of September 2012 ) Production Location ( s ) ABC Television Center , Lincoln Square , Manhattan ( most broadcasts ) Times Square Studios , Times Square ( special events ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 44 minutes Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1993 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2009 ) , 1080i / 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2009 -- present ) Original release January 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 03 ) ( original Sunday edition ) September 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) ( current incarnation ) -- present External links Website gma.yahoo.com The first weekend edition of Good Morning America premiered on January 3 , 1993 , airing only on Sundays ; it was hosted at various points by Willow Bay , Aaron Brown , John Hockenberry , Dana King , Lisa McRee , Antonio Mora , Kevin Newman and Bill Ritter . The program was cancelled on February 28 , 1999 . In August 2010 , Bill Weir left the weekend edition to become co-anchor of Nightline ; Marysol Castro left the show the following month . While Dan Harris officially took over as Weir 's replacement that October , meteorologists from various ABC affiliates across the country filled in to provide the national weather segments for over a year after Castro 's departure ; eventually in November 2011 , Ginger Zee , who previously served as a meteorologist at NBC O&O WMAQ - TV in Chicago , was appointed as weather anchor for the weekend editions . After Zee was promoted to weather anchor of the weekday edition of Good Morning America in December 2013 , the program returned to having ABC affiliate meteorologists to substitute on the Saturday and Sunday editions , until ABC announced the appointment of Rob Marciano ( a former CNN meteorologist who had recently departed as co-host of Entertainment Tonight ) as full - time weekend weather anchor in July 2014 , effective that September . In July 2014 , Bianna Golodryga announced she would be leaving ABC to take a correspondent role at Yahoo News . Paula Faris ( who previously substituted for Golodryga in the spring of 2012 , while she was on maternity leave ) was named as Golodryga 's replacement as weekend co-anchor . Most weeks , the GMA Weekend shows originate from the main ABC News set at the ABC Television Center in Manhattan 's Lincoln Square neighborhood rather than Times Square Studios ; the set 's large rear - projection screen is used to project the Times Square background seen in the background of the weekday GMA to provide continuity . Previously the weekend edition of `` GMA '' was also aired from the Times Square Studio but was moved to the ABC News set to cut costs . On September 10 , 2016 , Sara Haines left the program as lifestyle anchor to take a full - time position as co-host of ABC 's The View . On - air staff ( weekend editions ) ( edit ) Anchors ( edit ) Dan Harris -- anchor ( 2010 -- present ) Paula Faris -- anchor ( 2014 -- present ) Ron Claiborne -- news anchor ( 2004 -- present ) Rob Marciano -- weather anchor ( 2014 -- present ) Adrienne Bankert -- entertainment anchor ( 2017 - present ) Former on - air staff ( edit ) Anchors ( edit ) Bill Ritter ( 1993 -- 1994 and 1997 -- 1998 ; now at WABC - TV in New York City ) Dana King ( 1993 ; retired from journalism ) Lisa McRee ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Willow Bay ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Antonio Mora ( 1994 -- 1995 ; now at Al - Jazeera America ) John Hockenberry ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Kevin Newman ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Aaron Brown ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Bill Weir ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at CNN ) Kate Snow ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at NBC News ) Bianna Golodryga ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Rachel Smith -- lifestyle anchor ( 2012 -- 2014 ; remains with GMA as features correspondent and as substitute weekend lifestyle anchor ) Sara Haines -- lifestyle anchor ( 2013 -- 2016 ; remains with ABC as co-host of The View and contributor for GMA weekday ) Weather anchors ( edit ) Marysol Castro ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at WPIX in New York City ) Ginger Zee ( 2011 -- 2013 ; now weather anchor of the program 's weekday editions ) International broadcasts ( edit ) In Australia , Nine Network broadcasts Good Morning America on its stations in metropolitan areas , and regional affiliates SC9 and NBN , on a one - day delay ( by way of Australia and the United States being on different ends of the International Date Line ) each Tuesday through Friday from 3.30 to 5 : 00 , Saturdays from 4.30 to 6 : 00 and Monday mornings from 4 : 00 to 5 : 00 a.m. ( Nine does not air the Saturday edition of the program ) . The Nine broadcasts features a map providing forecasts for Australia in place of national U.S. weather map ( which itself is also , in a separate feature within the main weather segment , used as a cutaway to weather updates provided by local ABC affiliates ) . Although it airs at the same time as Seven Network and Network Ten 's broadcasts of NBC 's Today and CBS This Morning , Good Morning America 's broadcasts by Nine is unchallenged ratings-wise in some regions where other affiliates preempt their networks ' U.S. breakfast programs with paid and religious programming . OSN airs Good Morning America on OSN First HD live each weekday at 5 : 00 UAE / 4 : 00 KSA in the Middle East and North Africa Countries . Accolades ( edit ) In 1992 and 1993 , Good Morning America won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk / Service Show . In 2010 , the program was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for `` Outstanding TV Journalism Segment '' for the segment `` Total Transformation : Why Chaz Bono Decided to Change '' . See also ( edit ) ABC News Breakfast television List of years in television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alyssa Bernstein ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Corn Named Senior EP of GMA ; Almin Karamehmedovic Named EP of World News '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GMA profile '' . Deadline.com . August 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Morning Show Ratings : ' Today ' Makes It 14 Years at # 1 '' . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Bill Beutel , 75 , Dies ; Longtime Anchor of ' Eyewitness News ' in New York '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Evening News -- Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Hartman 's Silent Partner No More , Joan Lunden Wins New Status on Good Morning America : People.com '' . www.people.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ David Bauder ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` NBC 's ' Today ' show streak hits 15 years '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Gibson ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Charlie 's Goodbye -- An Emotional Tribute to Friends and Co-Workers '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brooks Boliek ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` Diane Keaton Swears on TV , FCC Stammers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : Gibson Retiring , Sawyer Will Be Anchor '' . Yahoo ! News . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( December 10 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` ABC Appoints Chris Cuomo To Be GMA Host '' . Google News . Associated Press . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News President Ben Sherwood announces the addition of Lara Spencer to Good Morning America as `` Lifestyle Anchor '' `` . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Juju Chang Out , Josh Elliott In at Good Morning America '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Ariens ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` New Director , Upgrades to Times Square Studio for ' Good Morning America ' '' . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musical chairs at ' Good Morning America ' '' . NewscastStudio . September 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' GMA ' Weeklong Win Over ' Today ' Confirmed ; First Win in 16 Years '' . The Wrap . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' GMA ' is # 1 for Week of April 23rd by 166,000 Total Viewers -- Takes 2 of Last 3 Weeks '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It / Tribune Media . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Couric Makes ' Good Morning America ' Guest - Hosting Debut , Visits ' Dancing With the Stars ' Set ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Morning America 's ' Robin Roberts to take medical leave for bone marrow transplant '' . Fox News . Associated Press . July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` With Roberts Back , ' Good Morning America ' Looks to Widen Ratings Gap Over ' Today ' '' . The New York Times . February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Roberts Plans to Return Full Time to ' Good Morning America ' '' . The New York Times . August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Morning Show Ratings : Week of May 20 and May Sweeps '' . TVNewser . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion exits ABC for Weather Channel '' . CNNMoney.com . December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion Reveals Name of New Weather Channel Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion Leaving ABC for The Weather Channel '' . TVNewser . December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's Josh Elliott leaving ' Good Morning America ' for NBC Sports '' . CNNMoney.com . March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Morning America ' shake - up : Amy Robach succeeds Josh Elliott '' . The Washington Post . March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlton , Jordan ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Lara Spencer Named Co-Host of ' Good Morning America ' '' . TVNewser . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Little , Lyneka ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Tebow Signs On With ' Good Morning America ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Strahan Joins ' Good Morning America ' Full - Time , Leaving ' Live ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Block ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Good Morning America ' Afternoon Spinoff Might Tap Different Hosts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Names Josh Elliott And Lara Spencer To Host ' Good Afternoon America ' Run '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Barz '' . kdvr.com . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Richard Besser Exiting ABC News As Chief Health And Medical Editor '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News Hires Two Anchors from NBC Station in Chicago '' . TVNewser . November 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alyssa Bernstein ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Marciano Joins ABC News as Senior Meteorologist '' . ABC News ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Jordan Chariton ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Bianna Golodryga Leaving ' GMA ' for Yahoo ! ; Paula Faris Promoted to Co-Anchor '' . TVNewser . Jump up ^ http://www.osn.com/en/find-watch/osn-schedules.aspx Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . 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Vitamin K

Vitamin K - wikipedia Vitamin K This article is about the family of vitamers . For vitamin K , the form usually used as a supplement , see Phytomenadione . Vitamin K Drug class Vitamin K structures . MK - 4 and MK - 7 are both subtypes of K . Class identifiers Use Vitamin K deficiency , Warfarin overdose ATC code B02BA Biological target Gamma - glutamyl carboxylase Clinical data Drugs.com Medical Encyclopedia External links MeSH D014812 In Wikidata Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar , fat - soluble vitamins that the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation ( K from Koagulation , Danish for `` coagulation '' ) and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues . The vitamin K - related modification of the proteins allows them to bind calcium ions , which they can not do otherwise . Without vitamin K , blood coagulation is seriously impaired , and uncontrolled bleeding occurs . Preliminary clinical research indicates that deficiency of vitamin K may weaken bones , potentially leading to osteoporosis , and may promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues . Chemically , the vitamin K family comprises 2 - methyl - 1 , 4 - naphthoquinone ( 3 - ) derivatives . Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers : vitamin K and vitamin K. Vitamin K , in turn , consists of a number of related chemical subtypes , with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms . Vitamin K , also known as phylloquinone , is made by plants , and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis . It may be thought of as the plant form of vitamin K. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K , including its activity in the production of blood - clotting proteins . Animals may also convert it to vitamin K . Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K into vitamin K ( menaquinone ) . In addition , bacteria typically lengthen the isoprenoid side chain of vitamin K to produce a range of vitamin K forms , most notably the MK - 7 to MK - 11 homologues of vitamin K. All forms of K other than MK - 4 can only be produced by bacteria , which use these forms in anaerobic respiration . The MK - 7 and other bacterially derived forms of vitamin K exhibit vitamin K activity in animals , but MK - 7 's extra utility over MK - 4 , if any , is unclear and is a matter of investigation . Because a synthetic form of vitamin K , vitamin K ( menadione ) , may be toxic by interfering with the function of glutathione , it is no longer used to treat vitamin K deficiency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health effects 1.1 Osteoporosis 1.2 Cardiovascular health 1.3 Cancer 1.4 Warfarin overdose and Coumadin poisoning 2 Side effects 3 Interactions 4 Chemistry 4.1 Conversion of vitamin K to vitamin K 4.2 Vitamin K 5 Physiology 6 Absorption and dietary need 7 Dietary recommendations 8 Food sources 8.1 Vitamin K 9 Deficiency 10 Biochemistry 10.1 Function in animals 10.2 Gamma - carboxyglutamate proteins 10.3 Methods of assessment 10.4 Function in bacteria 11 Injection in newborns 11.1 United States 11.2 United Kingdom 11.3 Controversy 12 History 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Health effects ( edit ) Osteoporosis ( edit ) A review of 2014 concluded that there is positive evidence that monotherapy using MK - 4 , one of the forms of Vitamin K , reduces fracture incidence in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis , and suggested further research on the combined use of MK - 4 with bisphosphonates . In contrast , an earlier review article of 2013 concluded that there is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation helps prevent osteoporosis or fractures in postmenopausal women . A Cochrane systematic review of 2006 suggested that supplementation with Vitamin K and with MK4 reduces bone loss ; in particular , a strong effect of MK - 4 on incident fractures among Japanese patients was emphasized . A review article of 2016 suggested to consider , as one of several measures for bone health , increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamins K and K . Cardiovascular Health ( edit ) Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening , but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease . One 10 - year population study , the Rotterdam Study , did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone ( mainly MK - 4 from eggs and meat , and MK - 8 and MK - 9 from cheese ) and cardiovascular disease and all - cause mortality in older men and women . Cancer ( edit ) Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth ; however , no good medical evidence supports such claims . Warfarin overdose and Coumadin poisoning ( edit ) Vitamin K is one of the treatments for bleeding events caused by overdose of the anticoagulant drug warfarin ( Coumadin ® ) . Vitamin K is also part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide ( coumarin poisoning ) . Side effects ( edit ) Although allergic reaction from supplementation is possible , no known toxicity is associated with high doses of the phylloquinone ( vitamin K ) or menaquinone ( vitamin K ) forms of vitamin K , so no tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) has been set . Blood clotting ( coagulation ) studies in humans using 45 mg per day of vitamin K ( as MK - 4 ) and even up to 135 mg per day ( 45 mg three times daily ) of K ( as MK - 4 ) , showed no increase in blood clot risk . Even doses in rats as high as 250 mg / kg , body weight did not alter the tendency for blood - clot formation to occur . Unlike the safe natural forms of vitamin K and vitamin K and their various isomers , a synthetic form of vitamin K , vitamin K ( menadione ) , is demonstrably toxic at high levels . The U.S. FDA has banned this form from over-the - counter sale in the United States because large doses have been shown to cause allergic reactions , hemolytic anemia , and cytotoxicity in liver cells . Interactions ( edit ) Phylloquinone ( K ) or menaquinone ( K ) are capable of reversing the anticoagulant activity of the anticoagulant warfarin ( tradename Coumadin ) . Warfarin works by blocking recycling of vitamin K , so that the body and tissues have lower levels of active vitamin K , and thus a deficiency of vitamin K . Supplemental vitamin K ( for which oral dosing is often more active than injectable dosing in human adults ) reverses the vitamin K deficiency caused by warfarin , and therefore reduces the intended anticoagulant action of warfarin and related drugs . Sometimes small amounts of vitamin K are given orally to patients taking warfarin so that the action of the drug is more predictable . The proper anticoagulant action of the drug is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose , and due to differing absorption must be individualized for each patient . The action of warfarin and vitamin K both require two to five days after dosing to have maximum effect , and neither warfarin or vitamin K shows much effect in the first 24 hours after they are given . The newer anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban have different mechanisms of action that do not interact with vitamin K , and may be taken with supplemental vitamin K . Chemistry ( edit ) Vitamin K ( menaquinone ) . In menaquinone , the side chain is composed of a varying number of isoprenoid residues . The most common number of these residues is four , since animal enzymes normally produce menaquinone - 4 from plant phylloquinone . A sample of phytomenadione for injection , also called phylloquinone The three synthetic forms of vitamin K are vitamins K ( menadione ) , K , and K , which are used in many areas , including the pet food industry ( vitamin K ) and to inhibit fungal growth ( vitamin K ) . Conversion of vitamin K to vitamin K ( edit ) Vitamin K ( phylloquinone ) -- both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain . Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain . The MK - 4 form of vitamin K is produced by conversion of vitamin K in the testes , pancreas , and arterial walls . While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation , the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria , as it occurs in germ - free rats and in parenterally administered K in rats . In fact , tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK - 4 have a remarkable capacity to convert up to 90 % of the available K into MK - 4 . There is evidence that the conversion proceeds by removal of the phytyl tail of K to produce menadione as an intermediate , which is then condensed with an activated geranylgeranyl moiety ( see also prenylation ) to produce vitamin K in the MK - 4 ( menatetrenone ) form . Vitamin K ( edit ) Main article : Vitamin K Vitamin K ( menaquinone ) includes several subtypes . The two most studied ones are menaquinone - 4 ( menatetrenone , MK - 4 ) and menaquinone - 7 ( MK - 7 ) . Physiology ( edit ) Vitamin K , the precursor of most vitamin K in nature , is a stereoisomer of phylloquinone , an important chemical in green plants , where it functions as an electron acceptor in photosystem I during photosynthesis . For this reason , vitamin K is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic tissues of plants ( green leaves , and dark green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce , kale , and spinach ) , but it occurs in far smaller quantities in other plant tissues ( roots , fruits , etc . ) . Iceberg lettuce contains relatively little . The function of phylloquinone in plants appears to have no resemblance to its later metabolic and biochemical function ( as `` vitamin K '' ) in animals , where it performs a completely different biochemical reaction . Vitamin K ( in animals ) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) residues . The modified residues are often ( but not always ) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains . Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium , and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins . At this time , 17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered , and they play key roles in the regulation of three physiological processes : Blood coagulation : prothrombin ( factor II ) , factors VII , IX , and X , and proteins C , S , and Z Bone metabolism : osteocalcin , also called bone Gla protein ( BGP ) , matrix Gla protein ( MGP ) , periostin , and the recently discovered Gla - rich protein ( GRP ) . Vascular biology : growth arrest - specific protein 6 ( Gas6 ) Unknown function : proline - rich γ - carboxyglutamyl proteins ( PRGPs ) 1 and 2 , and transmembrane γ - carboxy glutamyl proteins ( TMGs ) 3 and 4 . Like other lipid - soluble vitamins ( A , D , and E ) , vitamin K is stored in the fatty tissue of the human body . Absorption and dietary need ( edit ) Previous theory held that dietary deficiency is extremely rare unless the small intestine was heavily damaged , resulting in malabsorption of the molecule . Another at - risk group for deficiency were those subject to decreased production of K by normal intestinal microbiota , as seen in broad - spectrum antibiotic use . Taking broad - spectrum antibiotics can reduce vitamin K production in the gut by nearly 74 % in people compared with those not taking these antibiotics . Diets low in vitamin K also decrease the body 's vitamin K concentration . Those with chronic kidney disease are at risk for vitamin K deficiency , as well as vitamin D deficiency , and particularly those with the apoE4 genotype . Additionally , the elderly have a reduction in vitamin K . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) The U.S. Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) updated Estimated Average Requirements ( EARs ) and Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for vitamin K in 1998 . The IOM does not distinguish between K and K -- both are counted as vitamin K . At that time , t sufficient information was not available to establish EARs and RDAs for vitamin K . In instances such as these , the board sets Adequate Intakes ( AIs ) , with the understanding that at some later date , AIs will be replaced by more exact information . The current AIs for adult women and men ages 19 and up are 90 and 120 μg / day , respectively . AI for pregnancy is 90 μg / day . AI for lactation is 90 μg / day . For infants up to 12 months , the AI is 2.0 - 2.5 μg / day ; for children ages 1 -- 18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75 μg / day . As for safety , the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels ( known as ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . Vitamin K has no UL , as human data for adverse effects from high doses are inadequate . Collectively , the EARs , RDAs , AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values , with Population Reference Intake ( PRI ) instead of RDA , and Average Requirement instead of EAR . AI and UL are defined the same as in United States . For women and men over age 18 the AI is set at 70 μg / day . AI for pregnancy is 70 μg / day , ad for lactation 70 μg / day . For children ages 1 -- 17 years , the AIs increase with age from 12 to 65 μg / day . These AIs are lower than the U.S. RDAs . The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and reached the same conclusion as in United States - that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for vitamin K . For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes , the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For vitamin K labeling purposes , 100 % of the Daily Value was 80 μg , but as of May 27 , 2016 , it was revised upwards to 120 μg , to bring it into agreement with the AI . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28 , 2018 , but on September 29 , 2017 , the FDA released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1 , 2020 for large companies and January 1 , 2021 for small companies . Food sources ( edit ) See also : Vitamin K2 § Dietary sources Vitamin K ( edit ) Food Serving size Vitamin K ( μg ) Food Serving size Vitamin K ( μg ) Kale , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 531 Parsley , raw ​ ⁄ cup 246 Spinach , cooked ​ ⁄ cup , 77g 444 Spinach , raw 1 cup 145 Collards , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 418 Collards , raw 1 cup 184 Swiss chard , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 287 Swiss chard , raw 1 cup 299 Mustard greens , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 210 Mustard greens , raw 1 cup 279 Turnip greens , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 265 Turnip greens , raw 1 cup 138 Broccoli , cooked 1 cup 220 Broccoli , raw 1 cup 89 Brussels sprouts , cooked 1 cup 219 Endive , raw 1 cup 116 Cabbage , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 82 Green leaf lettuce 1 cup 71 Asparagus 4 spears 48 Romaine lettuce , raw 1 cup 57 Table from `` Important information to know when you are taking : Warfarin ( Coumadin ) and Vitamin K '' , Clinical Center , National Institutes of Health Drug Nutrient Interaction Task Force . Vitamin K is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach , swiss chard , lettuce and Brassica vegetables ( such as cabbage , kale , cauliflower , broccoli , and brussels sprouts ) and often the absorption is greater when accompanied by fats such as butter or oils . Some fruits , such as avocados , kiwifruit and grapes , also contain vitamin K. Some vegetable oils , notably soybean oil , contain vitamin K , but at levels that would require relatively large calorie consumption to meet the recommended amounts . The tight binding of vitamin K to thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts makes it less bioavailable . For example , cooked spinach has a 5 % bioavailability of phylloquinone , however , fat added to it increases bioavailability to 13 % due to the increased solubility of vitamin K in fat . Deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Vitamin K deficiency Average diets are usually not lacking in vitamin K , and primary deficiency is rare in healthy adults . Newborn infants are at an increased risk of deficiency . Other populations with an increased prevalence of vitamin K deficiency include those who suffer from liver damage or disease ( e.g. alcoholics ) , cystic fibrosis , or inflammatory bowel diseases , or have recently had abdominal surgeries . Secondary vitamin K deficiency can occur in people with bulimia , those on stringent diets , and those taking anticoagulants . Other drugs associated with vitamin K deficiency include salicylates , barbiturates , and cefamandole , although the mechanisms are still unknown . Vitamin K deficiency can result in coagulopathy , a bleeding disorder . Symptoms of K deficiency include anemia , bruising , nosebleeds and bleeding of the gums in both sexes , and heavy menstrual bleeding in women . Osteoporosis and coronary heart disease are strongly associated with lower levels of K ( menaquinone ) . Vitamin K ( as menaquinones MK - 4 through MK - 10 ) intake level is inversely related to severe aortic calcification and all - cause mortality . Biochemistry ( edit ) Function in animals ( edit ) Mechanism of action of vitamin K . The function of vitamin K in the animal cell is to add a carboxylic acid functional group to a glutamate ( Glu ) amino acid residue in a protein , to form a gamma - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) residue . This is a somewhat uncommon posttranslational modification of the protein , which is then known as a `` Gla protein '' . The presence of two − COOH ( carboxylic acid ) groups on the same carbon in the gamma - carboxyglutamate residue allows it to chelate calcium ions . The binding of calcium ions in this way very often triggers the function or binding of Gla - protein enzymes , such as the so - called vitamin K - dependent clotting factors discussed below . Within the cell , vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone , catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase ( VKOR ) . Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla ; this enzyme is called gamma - glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K - dependent carboxylase . The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time . The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled . Vitamin K epoxide is then reconverted to vitamin K by VKOR . The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle . Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K because , in part , vitamin K is continuously recycled in cells . Warfarin and other 4 - hydroxycoumarins block the action of VKOR . This results in decreased concentrations of vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in tissues , such that the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by the glutamyl carboxylase is inefficient . This results in the production of clotting factors with inadequate Gla . Without Gla on the amino termini of these factors , they no longer bind stably to the blood vessel endothelium and can not activate clotting to allow formation of a clot during tissue injury . As it is impossible to predict what dose of warfarin will give the desired degree of clotting suppression , warfarin treatment must be carefully monitored to avoid overdose . Gamma - carboxyglutamate proteins ( edit ) Main article : Gla domain The following human Gla - containing proteins ( `` Gla proteins '' ) have been characterized to the level of primary structure : blood coagulation factors II ( prothrombin ) , VII , IX , and X , anticoagulant proteins C and S , and the factor X-targeting protein Z . The bone Gla protein osteocalcin , the calcification - inhibiting matrix Gla protein ( MGP ) , the cell growth regulating growth arrest specific gene 6 protein ( Gas6 ) , and the four transmembrane Gla proteins ( TMGPs ) , the function of which is at present unknown . Gas6 can function as a growth factor to activate the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulate cell proliferation or prevent apoptosis in some cells . In all cases in which their function was known , the presence of the Gla residues in these proteins turned out to be essential for functional activity . Gla proteins are known to occur in a wide variety of vertebrates : mammals , birds , reptiles , and fish . The venom of a number of Australian snakes acts by activating the human blood - clotting system . In some cases , activation is accomplished by snake Gla - containing enzymes that bind to the endothelium of human blood vessels and catalyze the conversion of procoagulant clotting factors into activated ones , leading to unwanted and potentially deadly clotting . Another interesting class of invertebrate Gla - containing proteins is synthesized by the fish - hunting snail Conus geographus . These snails produce a venom containing hundreds of neuroactive peptides , or conotoxins , which is sufficiently toxic to kill an adult human . Several of the conotoxins contain two to five Gla residues . Methods of assessment ( edit ) Vitamin K status can be assessed by : The prothrombin time ( PT ) test measures the time required for blood to clot . A blood sample is mixed with citric acid and put in a fibrometer ; delayed clot formation indicates a deficiency . This test is insensitive to mild deficiency , as the values do not change until the concentration of prothrombin in the blood has declined by at least 50 % . Undercarboxylated prothrombin ( PIVKA - II ) ; in a study of 53 newborns , found `` PT ( prothrombin time ) is a less sensitive marker than PIVKA II '' , and as indicated above , PT is unable to detect subclinical deficiencies that can be detected with PIVKA - II testing . Plasma phylloquinone was found to be positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in elderly British women , but not men , but an article by Schurgers et al. reported no correlation between responses in a food frequency questionnaire and plasma phylloquinone . Urinary γ - carboxyglutamic acid responds to changes in dietary vitamin K intake . Several days are required before any change can be observed . In a study by Booth et al. , increases of phylloquinone intakes from 100 μg to between 377 and 417 μg for five days did not induce a significant change . Response may be age - specific . Undercarboxylated osteocalcin ( UcOc ) levels have been inversely correlated with stores of vitamin K and bone strength in developing rat tibiae . Another study following 78 post-menopausal Korean women found a supplement regimen of vitamins K and D , and calcium , but not a regimen of vitamin D and calcium , was inversely correlated with reduced UcOc levels . Function in bacteria ( edit ) Many bacteria , such as Escherichia coli found in the large intestine , can synthesize vitamin K ( menaquinone - 7 or MK - 7 , up to MK - 11 ) , but not vitamin K ( phylloquinone ) . In these bacteria , menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules , during oxygen - independent metabolic energy production processes ( anaerobic respiration ) . For example , a small molecule with an excess of electrons ( also called an electron donor ) such as lactate , formate , or NADH , with the help of an enzyme , passes two electrons to menaquinone . The menaquinone , with the help of another enzyme , then transfers these two electrons to a suitable oxidant , such fumarate or nitrate ( also called an electron acceptor ) . Adding two electrons to fumarate or nitrate converts the molecule to succinate or nitrite plus water , respectively . Some of these reactions generate a cellular energy source , ATP , in a manner similar to eukaryotic cell aerobic respiration , except the final electron acceptor is not molecular oxygen , but fumarate or nitrate . In aerobic respiration , the final oxidant is molecular oxygen ( O ) , which accepts four electrons from an electron donor such as NADH to be converted to water . E. coli , as facultative anaerobes , can carry out both aerobic respiration and menaquinone - mediated anaerobic respiration . Injection in newborns ( edit ) The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30 -- 60 % that of adult values ; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts . Human milk contains 1 -- 4 μg / L of vitamin K , while formula - derived milk can contain up to 100 μg / L in supplemented formulas . Vitamin K concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant 's life is estimated at 0.25 -- 1.7 % , with a prevalence of 2 -- 10 cases per 100,000 births . Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin , so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency . Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe , leading to hospitalization , blood transfusions , brain damage , and death . Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn . Intramuscular administration ( known as the Vitamin K shot ) is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration . United States ( edit ) As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding , the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0.5 -- 1 mg of vitamin K be administered to all newborns shortly after birth . United kingdom ( edit ) In the UK , vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours . This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second - line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month . Controversy ( edit ) Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice , when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer . However , poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies , and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two . Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013 , after treating children for serious bleeding problems . They cited lack of newborn vitamin K administration as the reason that the problems occurred , and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose . History ( edit ) In 1929 , Danish scientist Henrik Dam investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol - depleted diet . He initially replicated experiments reported by scientists at the Ontario Agricultural College ( OAC ) . McFarlane , Graham and Richardson , working on the chick feed program at OAC , had used chloroform to remove all fat from chick chow . They noticed that chicks fed only fat - depleted chow developed hemorrhages and started bleeding from tag sites . Dam found that these defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet . It appeared that -- together with the cholesterol -- a second compound had been extracted from the food , and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin . The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal , in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin . Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University did much of the research that led to the discovery of the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K. Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K ( K and K ) published in 1939 . Several laboratories synthesized the compound ( s ) in 1939 . For several decades , the vitamin K - deficient chick model was the only method of quantifying vitamin K in various foods : the chicks were made vitamin K - deficient and subsequently fed with known amounts of vitamin K - containing food . The extent to which blood coagulation was restored by the diet was taken as a measure for its vitamin K content . Three groups of physicians independently found this : Biochemical Institute , University of Copenhagen ( Dam and Johannes Glavind ) , University of Iowa Department of Pathology ( Emory Warner , Kenneth Brinkhous , and Harry Pratt Smith ) , and the Mayo Clinic ( Hugh Butt , Albert Snell , and Arnold Osterberg ) . The first published report of successful treatment with vitamin K of life - threatening hemorrhage in a jaundiced patient with prothrombin deficiency was made in 1938 by Smith , Warner , and Brinkhous . The precise function of vitamin K was not discovered until 1974 , when three laboratories ( Stenflo et al. , Nelsestuen et al. , and Magnusson et al . ) isolated the vitamin K - dependent coagulation factor prothrombin ( factor II ) from cows that received a high dose of a vitamin K antagonist , warfarin . It was shown that , while warfarin - treated cows had a form of prothrombin that contained 10 glutamate ( Glu ) amino acid residues near the amino terminus of this protein , the normal ( untreated ) cows contained 10 unusual residues that were chemically identified as γ - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) . The extra carboxyl group in Gla made clear that vitamin K plays a role in a carboxylation reaction during which Glu is converted into Gla . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vitamin K '' . Micronutrient Information Center , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR . July 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K Overview '' . University of Maryland Medical Center . Jump up ^ Hamidi , M. S. ; Gajic - Veljanoski , O. ; Cheung , A. M. ( 2013 ) . `` Vitamin K and bone health '' . Journal of Clinical Densitometry ( Review ) . 16 ( 4 ) : 409 -- 413 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jocd. 2013.08. 017 . PMID 24090644 . 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PMID 22280352 . Jump up ^ Thane , C. W. ; Bates , C. J. ; Shearer , M. J. ; Unadkat , N ; Harrington , D. J. ; Paul , A . A. ; Prentice , A. ; Bolton - Smith , C. ( Jun 2002 ) . `` Plasma phylloquinone ( vitamin K ) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people '' . British Journal of Nutrition. 87 ( 6 ) : 615 -- 622 . doi : 10.1079 / BJNBJN2002582 . PMID 12067432 . Jump up ^ McKeown , N. M. ; Jacques , P. F. ; Gundberg , C. M. ; Peterson , J. W. ; Tucker , K. L. ; Kiel , D. P. ; Wilson , P. W. ; Booth , SL ( Jun 2002 ) . `` Dietary and nondietary determinants of vitamin K biochemical measures in men and women '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Nutrition. 132 ( 6 ) : 1329 -- 1334 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 132.6. 1329 . PMID 12042454 . Jump up ^ Yamano , M. ; Yamanaka , Y. ; Yasunaga , K. ; Uchida , K. ( Sep 1989 ) . `` Effect of vitamin K deficiency on urinary gamma - carboxyglutamic acid excretion in rats '' . Nihon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 52 ( 6 ) : 1078 -- 1086 . PMID 2588957 . Jump up ^ Matsumoto , T. ; Miyakawa , T. ; Yamamoto , D. ( Mar 2012 ) . `` Effects of vitamin K on the morphometric and material properties of bone in the tibiae of growing rats '' . Metabolism. 61 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 414 . doi : 10.1016 / j. metabol. 2011.07. 018 . PMID 21944271 . Jump up ^ Je , S. - H. ; Joo , N. - S. ; Choi , B. - H. ; Kim , K. - M. ; Kim , B. - T. ; Park , S. - B. ; Cho , D. - Y. ; Kim , K. - N. ; Lee , D. - J. ( Aug 2011 ) . `` Vitamin K supplement along with vitamin D and calcium reduced serum concentration of undercarboxylated osteocalcin while increasing bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women over sixty - years - old '' . Journal of Korean Medical Science . 26 ( 8 ) : 1093 -- 1098 . doi : 10.3346 / jkms. 2011.26. 8.1093 . PMC 3154347 . PMID 21860562 . Jump up ^ Bentley , R. ; Meganathan , R. ( Sep 1982 ) . `` Biosynthesis of vitamin K ( menaquinone ) in bacteria '' ( PDF ) . Microbiological Reviews . 46 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 280 . PMC 281544 . PMID 6127606 . Jump up ^ Haddock , B. A. ; Jones , C. W. ( Mar 1977 ) . `` Bacterial respiration '' ( PDF ) . Bacteriological Reviews . 41 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 99 . PMC 413996 . PMID 140652 . Jump up ^ Shearer , M. J. ( Jan 1995 ) . `` Vitamin K '' . Lancet . 345 ( 8944 ) : 229 -- 234 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 95 ) 90227 - 9 . PMID 7823718 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K Shot -- Essential in Preventing Serious Bleeding in Newborns '' . www.cdc.gov. 2017 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Greer , J. P. ; Foerster , J. ; Lukens , J. N. ; Rodgers , G. M. ; Paraskevas , F. ; Glader , B. ( eds . ) . Wintrobe 's Clinical Hematology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Lippincott , Williams and Wilkens . ^ Jump up to : American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn . ( Jul 2003 ) . `` Controversies concerning vitamin K and the newborn . American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn '' ( PDF ) . Pediatrics. 112 ( 1.1 ) : 191 -- 192 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 112.1. 191 . PMID 12837888 . Jump up ^ Logan , S. ; Gilbert , R. ( 1998 ) . `` Vitamin K For Newborn Babies '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Postnatal care : Routine postnatal care of women and their babies ( CG37 ) '' . www.nice.org.uk . NICE . Jul 2006 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ Parker , L. ; Cole , M. ; Craft , A. W. ; Hey , E. N. ( 1998 ) . `` Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England : retrospective case - control study '' . BMJ ( Clinical Research Ed . ) . 316 ( 7126 ) : 189 -- 193 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 316.7126. 189 . PMC 2665412 . PMID 9468683 . Jump up ^ McMillan , D. D. ( 1997 ) . `` Routine administration of vitamin K to newborns '' . Paediatric Child Health . 2 ( 6 ) : 429 -- 431 . Jump up ^ `` Newborns get rare disorder after parents refused shots '' . Having four cases since February just at Vanderbilt was a little bit concerning to me Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 1935 ) . `` The Antihaemorrhagic Vitamin of the Chick : Occurrence And Chemical Nature '' . Nature . 135 ( 3417 ) : 652 -- 653 . doi : 10.1038 / 135652b0 . Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 1941 ) . `` The discovery of vitamin K , its biological functions and therapeutical application '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Prize Laureate Lecture . Jump up ^ McAlister , V. C. ( 2006 ) . `` Control of coagulation : a gift of Canadian agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Clinical and Investigative Medicine . 29 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 377 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ MacCorquodale , D. W. ; Binkley , S. B. ; Thayer , S. A. ; Doisy , E. A. ( 1939 ) . `` On the constitution of Vitamin K '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 61 ( 7 ) : 1928 -- 1929 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01876a510 . Jump up ^ Fieser , L.F. ( 1939 ) . `` Synthesis of Vitamin K '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 61 ( 12 ) : 3467 -- 3475 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01267a072 . Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 12 Dec 1946 ) . `` The discovery of vitamin K , its biological functions and therapeutical application '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Prize lecture . Jump up ^ Warner , E. D. ; Brinkhous , K. M. ; Smith , H. P. ( 1938 ) . `` Bleeding Tendency of Obstructive Jaundice '' . Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine . 37 ( 4 ) : 628 -- 630 . doi : 10.3181 / 00379727 - 37 - 9668P . Jump up ^ Stenflo , J ; Fernlund , P. ; Egan , W. ; Roepstorff , P. ( Jul 1974 ) . `` Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 71 ( 7 ) : 2730 -- 2733 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 71.7. 2730 . PMC 388542 . PMID 4528109 . Jump up ^ Nelsestuen , G. L. ; Zytkovicz , T. H. ; Howard , J. B. ( Oct 1974 ) . `` The mode of action of vitamin K. Identification of gamma - carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 249 ( 19 ) : 6347 -- 6350 . PMID 4214105 . Jump up ^ Magnusson , S. ; Sottrup - Jensen , L. ; Petersen , T. E. ; Morris , H. R. ; Dell , A. ( Aug 1974 ) . `` Primary structure of the vitamin K - dependent part of prothrombin '' . FEBS Letters. 44 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 193 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 5793 ( 74 ) 80723 - 4 . PMID 4472513 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rhéaume - Bleue , Kate ( 2012 ) . Vitamin K and the Calcium Paradox . John Wiley & Sons , Canada . ISBN 1 - 118 - 06572 - 7 . External links ( edit ) `` Vitamin K : Another Reason to Eat Your Greens '' . Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble α - Carotene β - Carotene Retinol Tretinoin Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) Calcitroic acid Dihydroergocalciferol D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone ( K ) Menaquinones ( K ) Menadione ( K ) ‡ Menadiol ( K ) Water soluble Thiamine B analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine Riboflavin Niacin Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol Biotin Folic acid Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Methylcobalamin Choline Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Enzyme cofactors Active forms vitamins TPP / ThDP ( B ) FMN , FAD ( B ) NAD , NADH , NADP , NADPH ( B ) Coenzyme A ( B ) PLP / P5P ( B ) Biotin ( B ) THFA / H FA , DHFA / H FA , MTHF ( B ) AdoCbl , MeCbl ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( C ) Phylloquinone ( K ) , Menaquinone ( K ) Coenzyme F420 non-vitamins ATP CTP SAMe PAPS GSH Coenzyme B Cofactor F430 Coenzyme M Coenzyme Q Heme / Haem ( A , B , C , O ) Lipoic Acid Methanofuran Molybdopterin / Molybdenum cofactor PQQ THB / BH THMPT / H MPT metal ions Ca Cu Fe , Fe Mg Mn Mo Ni Zn Base forms vitamins : see vitamins Antihemorrhagics ( B02 ) Antihemorrhagics ( coagulation ) Systemic Vitamin K Phytomenadione ( K ) Menadione ( K ) Coagulation factors intrinsic : IX / Nonacog alfa VIII / Moroctocog alfa / Turoctocog alfa extrinsic : VII / Eptacog alfa common : X II / Thrombin I / Fibrinogen XIII / Catridecacog combinations : Prothrombin complex concentrate ( II , VII , IX , X , protein C and S ) Other systemic Etamsylate Carbazochrome Batroxobin thrombopoietin receptor agonist ( Romiplostim Avatrombopag Eltrombopag Lusutrombopag ) Local Absorbable gelatin sponge Oxidized cellulose Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester Thrombin Collagen Calcium alginate Epinephrine / Adrenalone Antifibrinolytics amino acids ( Aminocaproic acid Tranexamic acid Aminomethylbenzoic acid ) serpins ( Aprotinin Alfa1 antitrypsin C1 - inhibitor Camostat ) NDL : 00576745 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K&oldid=849063857 '' Categories : Vitamin K Vitamins Antihemorrhagics 1 , 4 - Naphthoquinones Terpenes and terpenoids Vitamers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2013 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 07 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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Edwardian era

Edwardian era - wikipedia Edwardian era This article is about the reign of King Edward VII in the 20th century . For use of the term Edwardian in medieval English history , see Edward I of England . Edwardian era 1901 -- 1914 King Edward VII by Fildes ( c. 1901 ) Preceded by Victorian era Followed by First World War Monarch ( s ) Edward VII George V Leader ( s ) Lord Salisbury Arthur Balfour Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman H.H. Asquith Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1820 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1919 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline The Edwardian era or Edwardian period of British history covers the brief reign of King Edward VII , 1901 to 1910 , and is sometimes extended in both directions to capture long - term trends from the 1890s to the First World War . The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era . The new king Edward VII was already the leader of a fashionable elite that set a style influenced by the art and fashions of continental Europe . Samuel Hynes described the Edwardian era as a `` leisurely time when women wore picture hats and did not vote , when the rich were not ashamed to live conspicuously , and the sun really never set on the British flag ' '' . The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms . Below the upper class , the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that were largely excluded from wielding power in the past , such as common labourers . Women became increasingly politicised . Contents ( hide ) 1 Perceptions 2 Politics 2.1 Conservative Party 2.2 Liberal Party 2.3 Labour Party 2.4 Boer War 2.5 The Liberal reforms 3 Foreign relations 3.1 Diplomatic ties with France and Russia against Germany 3.2 Naval race with Germany 4 Economy 5 Social change and improved health 5.1 Rising status of women 5.1. 1 Women 's suffrage 5.1. 2 Birth control 5.1. 3 Poverty among working - class women 5.1. 4 Female servants 5.2 Fashion 5.3 Newspapers 6 The arts 6.1 Literature 6.2 Music 6.3 Performing arts 6.4 Architecture 6.5 Film 7 Science and technology 8 Sport 8.1 Football 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Primary sources and year books Perceptions ( edit ) The Edwardian period is sometimes portrayed as a romantic golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties , basking in a sun that never sets on the British Empire . This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia , looking back to their childhoods across the abyss of the Great War . The Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war . Since 2000 historiographical assessments emphasise the great differences between the wealthy and the poor during this period and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life . Historian Lawrence James has argued that the leaders felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany , Russia , and the United States . The sudden arrival of world war in summer 1914 was completely unexpected ; only the Royal Navy was prepared for war . Politics ( edit ) There was a growing political awareness of the working - class , leading to a rise in trade unions , the Labour movement and demands for better working conditions . The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices . Conservative Party ( edit ) Main article : History of the Conservative Party ( UK ) The Conservatives -- at the time called `` Unionists '' -- were the dominant political party from the 1890s until 1906 . The party had many strengths , appealing to voters supportive of imperialism , tariffs , the Church of England , a powerful Royal Navy , and traditional hierarchical society . There was a powerful leadership base in the landed aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England , plus strong support from the Church of England and military interests . Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working - class districts . They had an appeal as well to the better - off element of traditional working - class Britons in the larger cities . In rural areas , the national headquarters made highly effective use of paid traveling lecturers , with pamphlets , posters , and especially lantern slides , who were able to communicate effectively with rural voters -- particularly the newly enfranchised agricultural workers . In the first years of the twentieth century , the Conservative government , with Arthur Balfour as Prime Minister , had numerous successes in foreign policy , defence , and education , as well as solutions for the issues of alcohol licensing and land ownership for the peasants of Ireland . Nevertheless , the weaknesses were accumulating , and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to complete power until 1922 . The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm , especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain . There was a bitter split on `` tariff reform '' ( that is , imposing tariffs or taxes on all imports ) , that drove many of the free traders over to the Liberal camp . Tariff reform was a losing issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to . Support among the top tier of the working - class , and in lower middle - class weakened , and there was dissatisfaction among the intellectuals . The 1906 general election was a landslide victory for the Liberal Party , which saw its total vote share increase by 25 % , while the Conservative total vote held steady . Liberal Party ( edit ) Main article : Liberal Party ( UK ) The Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906 . It contained numerous contradictory and hostile factions , such as imperialists and supporters of the Boers ; near - socialists and laissez - faire classical liberals ; suffragettes and opponents of women 's suffrage ; antiwar elements and supporters of the military alliance with France . Non-Conformist Dissenters -- Protestants outside the Anglican fold -- were a powerful element , dedicated to opposing the established church in terms of education and taxation . However , the Dissenters were losing support and society at large and played a lesser and lesser role in party affairs after 1900 . The Party , furthermore , also included Irish Catholics , and secularists from the labour movement . The middle - class business , professional and intellectual communities were generally strongholds , although some old aristocratic families played important roles as well . The working - class element was moving rapidly toward the newly emerging Labour Party . One uniting element was widespread agreement on the use of politics and Parliament as a device to upgrade and improve society and to reform politics . Labour Party ( edit ) Main article : History of the Labour Party ( UK ) The Labour Party was emerging from the rapidly growing trade union movement after 1890 . In 1903 it entered the Gladstone -- MacDonald pact with the Liberals , allowing for cross-party support in elections , and the emergence of a small Labour contingent in Parliament . It was a temporary arrangement until the 1920s , when the Labour Party was strong enough to act on its own , and the Liberals were in an irreversible decline . Subtle social changes in the working - class were producing a younger generation that wanted to act independently . Michael Childs argues that the younger generation had reason to prefer Labour over Liberal political styles . Social factors included secularised elementary education ( with a disappearing role for Dissenting schools that inculcated Liberal viewpoints ) ; the `` New Unionism '' after 1890 brought unskilled workers into a movement previously dominated by the skilled workers ; and new leisure activities , especially the music hall and sports , involved youth while repelling the older generation of Liberal voters . Boer War ( edit ) Main article : Opposition to the Second Boer War The government entered the Second Boer War with great confidence , little expecting that the two small rural Boer republics in southern Africa with a combined White population less than London would hold off the concentrated power of the British Empire for two and half years , and take 400,000 Imperial troops to secure victory . The war split the Liberal Party into anti - and pro-war factions . Great orators , such as Liberal David Lloyd George , who spoke against the war , became increasingly influential . Nevertheless Liberal Unionist Joseph Chamberlain , who was largely in charge of the war , maintained his hold on power . When General Kitchener took command in 1900 , he initiated a scorched earth policy in order to foil Boer guerilla tactics . Captured Boer combatants were transported overseas to other British possessions as prisoners of war . However he relocated noncombatant Boers -- mostly women and children -- into heavily guarded internment camps . The internment camps were overcrowded with bad sanitation and meagre food rations . Contagious diseases such as measles , typhoid and dysentery were endemic . Many of the internees died . Emily Hobhouse visited the camps and brought the conditions to the attention of the British public . Public outcry resulted in the Fawcett Commission which corroborated Hobhouse 's report and eventually led to improved conditions . The Boers surrendered and the Boer Republics were annexed by the British Empire . Jan Smuts -- a leading Boer general -- became a senior official of the new government and even became a top British official in the World War . In 1901 , the six British self - governing colonies of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , and Western Australia united to form the Commonwealth of Australia , with almost complete control of its internal affairs , but with foreign policy and defence handled by London . Edmund Barton was the first prime minister . The Liberal reforms ( edit ) Further information : Liberal welfare reforms Liberal poster c. 1905 -- 10 The Liberal Party under Henry Campbell - Bannerman rallied Liberals around the traditional platform of free trade and land reform and led them to the greatest electoral victory in Liberal Party history . The Prime Minister was overshadowed by his frontbench , most notably H.H. Asquith at the Exchequer , Edward Grey at the Foreign Office , Richard Burdon Haldane at the War Office and David Lloyd George at the Board of Trade . Campbell - Bannerman retired in 1908 and was succeeded by Asquith . He stepped up the government 's radicalism , especially in the `` People 's Budget '' of 1909 that proposed to fund expanded social welfare programmes with new taxes on land and high incomes . It was blocked by the Conservative - dominated House of Lords , but eventually became law in April 1910 . H.H. Asquith Almost half of the Liberal MPs elected in 1906 were supportive of the ' New Liberalism ' , which advocated government action to improve people 's lives . `` Wild Fare '' . Cartoonist John Bernard Partridge depicts Lloyd George as a giant with a cudgel labelled `` Budget '' in reference to his People 's Budget ; Asquith cowers beneath the table . Punch 28 April 1909 Liberals in 1906 -- 1911 passed major legislation designed to reform politics and society , such as the regulation of working hours , National Insurance and the beginnings of the welfare state , as well as curtailing the power of the House of Lords . Women 's suffrage was not on the Liberal agenda . There were numerous major reforms helping labour , typified by the Trade Boards Act 1909 that set minimum wages in certain trades with the history of `` sweated '' or `` sweatshop '' rates of especially low wages , because of surplus of available workers , the presence of women workers , or the lack of skills . At first it applied to four industries : chain - making , ready - made tailoring , paper - box making , and the machine - made lace and finishing trade . It was later expanded to coal mining and then to other industries with preponderance of unskilled manual labour by the Trade Boards Act 1918 . Under the leadership of David Lloyd George Liberals extended minimum wages to farm workers . Conservative peers in the House of Lords tried to stop the People 's Budget . The Liberals passed the Parliament Act 1911 to sharply reduce the power of the House of Lords to block legislation . The cost was high , however , as the government was required by the king to call two general elections in 1910 to validate its position and ended up frittering away most of its large majority , with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Parliamentary Party members . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main articles : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) , Causes of World War I , and Timeline of British diplomatic history Diplomatic ties with France and Russia against Germany ( edit ) Main articles : France -- United Kingdom relations and Germany -- United Kingdom relations Germany 's Chancellor Otto von Bismarck dominated European diplomacy from 1872 - 1890 , with the determination to use the balance of power to keep the peace . There were no wars . Bismarck was removed by an aggressive young Kaiser Wilhelm in 1890 , effectively decentralizing the Bismarckian Order that had been shrewdly managed and empowering French efforts to isolate Germany . With the formation of the Triple Entente , Germany began to feel encircled : to the West lay France , with whom rivalry was awakening after a generation of dormancy following the Franco - Prussian War , to the East sat Russia , whose rapid industrialization worried leaders across the Continent , and in the seas , British primacy threatened a unified Germany 's efforts to develop its ports and maintain its new global empire . Joseph Chamberlain , who played a major role in foreign policy in the late 1890s under the Salisbury government , repeatedly tried to open talks with Germany about some sort of an alliance . Germany was not interested . Meanwhile Paris went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain . Key markers were the Franco - Russian Alliance of 1894 , the 1904 Entente Cordiale linking France and Great Britain , and finally the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 which became the Triple Entente . France thus had a formal alliance with Russia , and an informal alignment with Britain , against Germany and Austria . By 1903 good relations had been established with the United States and Japan . Britain abandoned the policy of holding aloof from the continental powers , so called `` Splendid Isolation '' , in the 1900s after being isolated during the Boer War . Britain concluded agreements , limited to colonial affairs , with her two major colonial rivals : the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904 and the Anglo - Russian Entente of 1907 . Britain 's alignment a reaction to an assertive German foreign policy and the buildup of its navy from 1898 which led to the Anglo - German naval arms race . British diplomat Arthur Nicolson argued it was `` far more disadvantageous to us to have an unfriendly France and Russia than an unfriendly Germany '' . The impact of the Triple Entente was to improve British relations with France and its ally Russia and to demote the importance to Britain of good relations with Germany . After 1905 , foreign policy was tightly controlled by The Liberal foreign minister Edward Grey ( 1862 - 1933 ) , who seldom consulted with his party leadership . Grey shared the strong Liberal policy against all wars and against military alliances that would force Britain to take a side in war . However , in the case of the Boer War , Grey held that the Boers had committed an aggression that it was necessary to repulse . The Liberal party split on the issue , with a large faction strongly opposed to the war in Africa The Triple Entente between Britain , France and Russia is often compared to the Triple Alliance between Germany , Austria -- Hungary and Italy , but historians caution against the comparison . The Entente , in contrast to the Triple Alliance or the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defence and Britain therefore felt free to make her own foreign policy decisions in 1914 . The Liberals were highly moralistic , and by 1914 they have been increasingly convinced that German aggression violated international norms , and specifically that its invasion of neutral Belgium was completely unacceptable in terms of morality , Britain and Germany 's obligations under the Treaty of London , and in terms of British policy against any one power controlling the continent of Europe . Until the last few weeks before it started in August 1914 , almost no one saw a world war coming . The expectation among the generals was that because of industrial advances any future war would produce a quick victory for the side that was better - prepared , better armed , and faster to move . No one saw that the innovations of recent decades -- high explosives , long - range artillery and machine guns -- were defensive weapons that practically guaranteed defeat of massed infantry attacks with very high casualties . Naval race with Germany ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - German naval arms race The British Dreadnought ( 1906 ) made all battleships obsolete because it had ten long - range 12 - inch big guns , mechanical computer - like range finders , high speed turbine engines that could make 21 knots , and armour plates 11 inches thick . After 1805 the dominance of Britain 's Royal Navy was unchallenged ; in the 1890s Germany decided to match it . Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz ( 1849 -- 1930 ) dominated German naval policy from 1897 until 1916 . Before the Germany Empire formed in 1871 , Prussia never had a real navy , nor did the other German states . Tirpitz turned the modest little fleet into a world - class force that could threaten the British Royal Navy . The British responded with new technology typified by the Dreadnought revolution . It made every battleship obsolete and , supplemented by the global network of coaling stations and telegraph cables , enabled Britain to stay well in the lead in naval affairs . Apart from a determination to retain a strong naval advantage , the British lacked a military strategy or plans for a major war . Economy ( edit ) The Edwardian era stands out as a time of peace and prosperity . There were no severe depressions , and prosperity was widespread . Britain 's growth rate , manufacturing output and GDP ( but not GDP per capita ) fell behind its rivals , the United States and Germany , but the nation still led the world in trade , finance and shipping , and had strong bases in manufacturing and mining . The industrial sector was slow to adjust to global changes , and there was a striking preference for leisure over entrepreneurship among the elite . However , major achievements should be underlined . London was the financial centre of the world -- far more efficient and wide - ranging than New York , Paris or Berlin . Britain had built up a vast reserve of overseas credits in its formal Empire , as well as in its informal empire in Latin America and other nations . It had huge financial holdings in the United States , especially in railways . These assets proved vital in paying for supplies in the first years of the World War . The amenities , especially in urban life , were accumulating -- prosperity was highly visible . The working classes were beginning to protest politically for a greater voice in government , but the level of industrial unrest on economic issues was not high until about 1908 . Social change and improved health ( edit ) By the late - 1880s , the Industrial Revolution had created new technologies that changed the way people lived . The growth of industry shifts in manufacturing factories , special - purpose machinery and technological innovations , which led to increased productivity . Gender roles shifted as women made use of the new technology to upgrade their lifestyle and their career opportunities . Mortality declined steadily in urban England and Wales 1870 -- 1917 . Robert Millward and Frances N. Bell looked statistically at those factors in the physical environment ( especially population density and overcrowding ) that raised death rates directly , as well as indirect factors such as price and income movements that affected expenditures on sewers , water supplies , food , and medical staff . The statistical data show that increases in the incomes of households and increases in town tax revenues helped cause the decline of mortality . The new money permitted higher spending on food , and also on a wide range of health - enhancing goods and services such as medical care . The major improvement in the physical environment was the quality of the housing stock , which rose faster than the population ; its quality was increasingly regulated by central and local government . Infant mortality fell faster in England and Wales than in Scotland . Clive Lee argues that one factor was the continued overcrowding in Scotland 's housing . During the First World War , infant mortality fell sharply across the country . J.M. Winter attributes this to the full employment and higher wages paid to war workers . Rising status of women ( edit ) For housewives , sewing machines enabled the production of ready made clothing and made it easier for women to sew their own clothes ; more generally , argues Barbara Burman , `` home dressmaking was sustained as an important aid for women negotiating wider social shifts and tensions in their lives . '' Increased literacy in the middle - class gave women wider access to information and ideas . Numerous new magazines appealed to her tastes and help define femininity . The inventions of the typewriter , telephone , and new filing systems offered middle - class women increased employment opportunities . So too did the rapid expansion of the school system , and the emergence of the new profession of nursing . Education and status led to demands for female roles in the rapidly expanding world of sports . Women were very active in church affairs , including attendance at services , Sunday school teaching , fund raising , pastoral care , social work and support for international missionary activities . They quietly submitted to their almost complete exclusion from practically all leadership roles . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom As middle - class women rose in status they increasingly supported demands for a political voice . There was significant support for woman suffrage in all the parties , but the Liberal Party was in control after 1906 and a handful of its leaders , especially H.H. Asquith , blocked it . There were numerous organisations which did their work quietly . After 1897 they were increasingly linked together by the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) led by Millicent Fawcett . However front page publicity was seized by the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) . Founded in 1903 , it was tightly controlled by the three Pankhursts , Emmeline Pankhurst ( 1858 -- 1928 ) , and her daughters Christabel Pankhurst ( 1880 -- 1958 ) and Sylvia Pankhurst ( 1882 -- 1960 ) . It specialized in highly visible publicity campaigns such as large parades . This had the effect of energizing all dimensions of the suffrage movement . While there was a majority of support for suffrage in parliament , the ruling Liberal Party refused to allow a vote on the issue ; the result of which was an escalation in the suffragette campaign . The WSPU , in dramatic contrast to its allies , embarked on a campaign of violence to publicize the issue , even to the detriment of its own aims . Birth control ( edit ) Although abortion was illegal , it was nevertheless the most widespread form of birth control in use . Used predominantly by working - class women , the procedure was used not only as a means of terminating pregnancy , but also to prevent poverty and unemployment . Those who transported contraceptives could be legally punished . Contraceptives became more expensive over time and had a high failure rate . Unlike contraceptives , abortion did not need any prior planning and was less expensive . Newspaper advertisements were used to promote and sell abortifacients indirectly . Not all of society was accepting of contraceptives or abortion , and the opposition viewed both as part of one and the same sin . Abortion was much more common among the middle - classes than among those living in rural areas , where the procedure was not readily available . Women were often tricked into purchasing ineffective pills . In addition to fearing legal reprimands , many physicians did not condone abortion because they viewed it as an immoral procedure potentially endangering a woman 's life . Because abortion was illegal and physicians refused to perform the procedure , local women acted as abortionists , often using crochet hooks or similar instruments . Feminists of the era focused on educating and finding jobs for women , leaving aside the controversial issues of contraceptives and abortion , which in popular opinion were often related to promiscuity and prostitution . The Church condemned abortion as immoral and a form of rebellion against the child - bearing role women were expected to assume . Many considered abortion to be a selfish act that allowed a woman to avoid personal responsibility , contributing to a decline in moral values . Abortion was often a solution for women who already had children and did not want more . Consequently , the size of families decreased drastically . Poverty among working - class women ( edit ) The 1834 Poor Law defined who could receive monetary relief . The act reflected and perpetuated prevailing gender conditions . In Edwardian society , men were the source of wealth . The law restricted relief for unemployed , able - bodied male workers , due to the prevailing view that they would find work in the absence of financial assistance . However , women were treated differently . After the Poor Law was passed , women and children received most of the aid . The law did not recognise single independent women , and lumped women and children into the same category . If a man was physically disabled , his wife was also treated as disabled under the law . Unmarried mothers were sent to the workhouse , receiving unfair social treatment such as being restricted from attending church on Sundays . During marriage disputes women often lost the rights to their children , even if their husbands were abusive . At the time , single mothers were the poorest sector in society , disadvantaged for at least four reasons . First , women had longer lifespans , often leaving them widowed with children . Second , women 's work opportunities were few , and when they did find work , their wages were lower than male workers ' wages . Thirdly , women were often less likely to marry or remarry after being widowed , leaving them as the main providers for the remaining family members . Finally , poor women had deficient diets , because their husbands and children received disproportionately large shares of food . Many women were malnourished and had limited access to health care . Female servants ( edit ) Edwardian Britain had large numbers of male and female domestic servants , in both urban and rural areas . Middle and upper - class women relied on servants to run their homes smoothly . Servants were provided with food , clothing , housing , and a small wage , and lived in a self - enclosed social system inside the mansion . The number of domestic servants fell in the Edwardian era due to a declining number of young people willing to be employed in this area . Fashion ( edit ) Main article : 1900s in fashion cartoon in Punch ( 1911 ) compares changes in fashion between 1901 and 1911 . `` The dowdy voluminous clothes of the earlier date , making the grandmother an old lady and the mother seem plain , had been replaced by much simpler looser wear producing a sense of release for all three females . '' The upper - classes embraced leisure sports , which resulted in rapid developments in fashion , as more mobile and flexible clothing styles were needed . During the Edwardian era , women wore a very tight corset , or bodice , and dressed in long skirts . The Edwardian era was the last time women wore corsets in everyday life . According to Arthur Marwick , the most striking change of all the developments that occurred during the Great War was the modification in women 's dress , `` for , however far politicians were to put the clocks back in other steeples in the years after the war , no one ever put the lost inches back on the hems of women 's skirts '' . The Edwardians developed new styles in clothing design . While the Victorian Era is associated with large , ankle - length , heavy , dark velvet gowns and bustles for the classes that could afford them , the Edwardian era favored more tightly fitting skirts and dresses made of lightweight fabrics designed for a more active lifestyle . The 2 pieces dress came into vogue . Skirts hung tight at the hips and flared at the hem , creating a trumpet of lily - like shape . Skirts in 1901 had decorated hems with ruffles of fabric and lace . Some dresses and skirts featured trains . Tailored jackets , first introduced in 1880 , increased in popularity and by 1900 , tailored suits became popular . By 1904 , skirts became fuller and less clingy . In 1905 , skirts fell in soft folds that curved in , then flared out near the hemlines . From 1905 -- 1907 , waistlines rose . In 1901 , the hobble skirt was introduced ; a tight fitting skirt that restricted a woman 's stride . Lingerie dresses , or tea gowns made of soft fabrics , festooned with ruffles and lace were worn indoors . Around 1913 women 's dresses acquired a lower and sometimes V - shaped neckline in opposition to the high collars a generation before . This was considered a scandal and caused an outrage among the clergy throughout Europe . Newspapers ( edit ) The turn of the century saw the rise of popular journalism aimed at the lower middle class and tending to deemphasise highly detailed political and international news , which remain the focus of a handful of low - circulation prestige newspapers . They were family - owned and operated , and were primarily interested not in profits but in influence on the nation 's elite by their control of the news and editorials on serious topics . The new press they reached vastly larger audiences by emphasis on sports , crime , sensationalism , and gossip about famous personalities . Detailed accounts of major speeches and complex international events were not printed . Alfred Harmsworth , 1st Viscount Northcliffe was the chief innovator. . He used his Daily Mail and Daily Mirror to transform the media along the American model of `` Yellow Journalism '' . Lord Beaverbrook said he was `` the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street '' . Harmsworth made a great deal of money , but during the First World War he also wanted political power . For that he purchased the highest prestige newspaper , The Times . P.P. Catterall and Colin Seymour - Ure conclude that : More than anyone ( he ) ... shaped the modern press . Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central : broad contents , exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices , aggressive marketing , subordinate regional markets , independence from party control . The arts ( edit ) Peter Pan statue , Kensington Gardens The Edwardian era corresponds to the French Belle Époque . Despite its brief pre-eminence , the period is characterised by its own unique architectural style , fashion , and lifestyle . Art Nouveau had a particularly strong influence . Artists were influenced by the development of the automobile and electricity , and a greater awareness of human rights . In November 1910 , Roger Fry organised the exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries , London . This exhibition was the first to prominently feature Gauguin , Manet , Matisse , and Van Gogh in England and brought their art to the public . He followed it up with the Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition in 1912 . George Frampton 's statue of Peter Pan , `` erected in Hyde Park in 1912 ... immediately became a source of contention , sparking debate about the role of public statuary and its role in spaces of recreation . '' Literature ( edit ) In fiction , some of the best - known names are J.M. Barrie , Arnold Bennett , G.K. Chesterton , Joseph Conrad , E.M. Forster , John Galsworthy , Kenneth Grahame , M.R. James , Rudyard Kipling , James Joyce , D.H. Lawrence , Edith Nesbit , Beatrix Potter , Saki , George Bernard Shaw , H.G. Wells , and P.G. Wodehouse . Apart from these famous writers , this was a period when a great number of novels and short stories were being published , and a significant distinction between `` highbrow '' literature and popular fiction emerged . Among the most famous works of literary criticism was A.C. Bradley 's Shakespearean Tragedy ( 1904 ) . Music ( edit ) Live performances , both amateur and professional , were popular . Henry Wood , Edward Elgar , Gustav Holst , Arnold Bax , George Butterworth , Ralph Vaughan Williams , and Thomas Beecham were all active . Military and brass bands often played outside in parks during the summer . The new technology of wax cylinders played on phonographs , made live performances permanently available for repetition at any time . Performing arts ( edit ) Cinema was primitive and audiences preferred live performances to picture shows . Music hall was very popular and widespread ; influential performers included male impersonator Vesta Tilley and comic Little Tich . The most successful playwright of the era was W. Somerset Maugham . In 1908 , he had four plays running simultaneously in London , and Punch published a cartoon of Shakespeare biting his fingernails nervously as he looked at the billboards . Maugham 's plays , like his novels , usually had a conventional plot structure , but the decade also saw the rise of the so - called New Drama , represented in plays by George Bernard Shaw , Harley Granville Barker , and Continental imports by Henrik Ibsen and Gerhardt Hauptmann . The actor / manager system , as managed by Sir Henry Irving , Sir George Alexander , and Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree , was in decline . Architecture ( edit ) See also : Edwardian architecture Notable architects included Edwin Lutyens , Charles Rennie Mackintosh , and Giles Gilbert Scott . In spite of the popularity of Art Nouveau in Europe , the Edwardian Baroque style of architecture was widely favoured for public structures and was a revival of Christopher Wren -- inspired designs of the late 17th and early 18th centuries . The change or reversal in taste from the Victorian eclectic styles corresponded with the historical revivals of the period , most prominently earlier Georgian and Neoclassical styles of the late 18th and early 19th centuries . White City Stadium for the 1908 Summer Olympics was the first Olympic Stadium in the UK . Built on the site of the Franco - British Exhibition , it had a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908 . It was the largest structure of its type in the world , and was designed to be awesome and enhance the love of large - scale spectacle that characterised Edwardian London . Film ( edit ) Filmmakers Mitchell and Kenyon documented many scenes from Britain and Ireland from 1900 -- 1907 , sports , parades , factory exits , parks , city streets , boating and the like . Their films have fortunately survived in very good quality restored from the original negatives . Science and technology ( edit ) The period featured many innovations . Ernest Rutherford published his studies on radioactivity . The first transatlantic wireless signals were sent by Guglielmo Marconi , and the Wright brothers flew for the first time . By the end of the era , Louis Blériot had crossed the English Channel by air ; the largest ship in the world , RMS Olympic , had sailed on its maiden voyage and her larger sister RMS Titanic was under construction ; automobiles were common ; and the South Pole was reached for the first time by Roald Amundsen 's and then Robert Falcon Scott 's teams . Sport ( edit ) 1908 Summer Olympics in London : The water jump in the steeplechase The 1908 Summer Olympic Games were held in London . Popularity of sports tended to conform to class divisions , with tennis and yachting popular among the very wealthy and football favoured by the working class . Football ( edit ) Aston Villa maintained their position as the pre-eminent football team of the era , winning the FA Cup for the fourth time in 1904 -- 05 and their sixth League title in 1909 -- 10 . The club colours of claret and sky blue were adopted by Burnley as a tribute to their success in 1910 . Sunderland achieved their fourth league title in 1901 -- 02 . The era also saw Liverpool ( 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 ) , Newcastle United ( 1904 -- 05 , 1906 -- 07 , 1908 -- 09 ) and Manchester United ( 1907 -- 08 ) winning their first league titles . See also ( edit ) Historiography of the United Kingdom Progressive Era , for the United States around the same time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Manor House '' PBS ^ Jump up to : Roy Hattersley , The Edwardians ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 , 288 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Battiscombe , Georgina ( 1969 ) . Queen Alexandra . London : Constable . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 456560 - 0 . Jump up ^ G.R. 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'' International Review of History and Political Science 12.3 ( 1975 ) : 17 -- 48 . Jump up ^ John F. Glaser , `` English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism , '' American Historical Review 63 # 2 ( 1958 ) , pp. 352 -- 363 in JSTOR Jump up ^ R.C.K. Ensor , England 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) pp 384 -- 420 . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) , pp 185 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Michael Childs , `` Labour Grows Up : The Electoral System , Political Generations , and British Politics 1890 -- 1929 . '' Twentieth Century British History 6 # 2 ( 1995 ) : 123 -- 144 . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( Oxford UP , 20040 pp 275 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Jenny De Reuck , `` Social suffering and the politics of pain : Observations on the concentration camps in the Anglo - Boer War 1899 - 1902 . '' English in Africa ( 1999 ) 26 # 2 : 69 - 88 . in JSTOR ; another copy Jump up ^ Chris Wrigley ( 2002 ) . Winston Churchill : A Biographical Companion . p. 311 . Jump up ^ Helen Irving , To Constitute a Nation : A Cultural History of Australia 's Constitution ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Goldman , Lawrence . `` Oxford DNB theme : The general election of 1906 '' online Jump up ^ Rosemary Rees ( 2003 ) . Britain , 1890 -- 1939 . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Ian Packer , Liberal government and politics , 1905 -- 15 ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Sheila Blackburn , `` Ideology and social policy : the origins of the Trade Boards Act . '' The Historical Journal 34 # 1 ( 1991 ) : 43 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Alin Howkins and Nicola Verdon . `` The state and the farm worker : the evolution of the minimum wage in agriculture in England and Wales , 1909 -- 24 . '' Agricultural history review 57.2 ( 2009 ) : 257 -- 274 . online Jump up ^ Samuel R. Williamson Jr. , `` German Perceptions of the Triple Entente after 1911 : Their Mounting Apprehensions Reconsidered '' Foreign Policy Analysis 7 # 2 ( 2011 ) : 205 - 214 . Jump up ^ H.W. Koch , `` The Anglo ‐ German Alliance Negotiations : Missed Opportunity or Myth ? . '' History 54 # 182 ( 1969 ) : 378 - 392 . Jump up ^ G.P. Gooch , Before the war : studies in diplomacy ( 1936 ) , pp 87 - 186 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 345 , 403 -- 26 Jump up ^ Strachan , Hew ( 2005 ) . The First World War . Jump up ^ Christopher Clark , The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 ( 2014 ) p. 324 Jump up ^ Keith Robbins , `` Grey , Edward , Viscount Grey of Fallodon ( 1862 -- 1933 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , ( 2004 ; online edition , 2011 ) accessed 5 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ K.A. Hamilton , `` Great Britain and France , 1911 - 1914 '' in F.H. Hinsley , ed. , British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey ( 1977 ) online p 324 Jump up ^ Gerd Krumeich , `` The War Imagined : 1890 -- 1914 . '' in John Horne , ed . A Companion to World War I ( 2012 ) pp 1 - 18 . Jump up ^ Michael Epkenhans , Tirpitz : Architect of the German High Seas Fleet ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search , pp 23 - 62 Jump up ^ Margaret Macmillan , The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 ( 2013 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Thomas Hoerber , `` Prevail or perish : Anglo - German naval competition at the beginning of the twentieth century , '' European Security ( 2011 ) 20 # 1 , pp. 65 -- 79 . abstract Jump up ^ Matthew S. Seligmann , `` Failing to Prepare for the Great War ? The Absence of Grand Strategy in British War Planning before 1914 '' War in History ( 2017 ) 24 # 4 414 - 37 . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Dormois and Michael Dintenfass , eds. , The British Industrial Decline ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Arthur J Taylor , `` The Economy '' , in Simon Nowell - Smith , ed. , Edwardian England : 1901 -- 1914 ( 1964 ) pp. 105 -- 138 Jump up ^ Robert Millward and Frances N. Bell , `` Economic factors in the decline of mortality in late nineteenth century Britain , '' European Review of Economic History 2 # 3 ( 1998 ) pp. 263 -- 288 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Clive H. Lee , `` Regional inequalities in infant mortality in Britain , 1861 -- 1971 : patterns and hypotheses . '' Population Studies 45.1 ( 1991 ) : 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ J.M. Winter , `` Aspects of the impact of the First World War on infant mortality in Britain . '' Journal of European Economic History 11.3 ( 1982 ) : 713 . Jump up ^ Barbara Burman , `` Made at Home by Clever Fingers : Home Dressmaking in Edwardian England , '' in Barbara Burman , ed . The Culture of Sewing : Gender , Consumption , and Home Dressmaking ( 1999 ) p 34 Jump up ^ Margaret Beetham , A magazine of her own ? : domesticity and desire in the woman 's magazine , 1800 -- 1914 ( Routledge , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Guerriero R. Wilson , `` Women 's work in offices and the preservation of men 's ' breadwinning'jobs in early twentieth - century Glasgow . '' Women 's History Review 10 # 3 ( 2001 ) : 463 -- 482 . Jump up ^ Gregory Anderson , The white - blouse revolution : female office workers since 1870 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Carol Dyhouse , Girls growing up in late - Victorian and Edwardian England ( Routledge , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Cartriona M. Parratt , `` Athletic ' Womanhood ' : Exploring sources for female sport in Victorian and Edwardian England . '' Journal of Sport History 16 # 2 ( 1989 ) : 140 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Roger Ottewill , `` ' Skilful and Industrious ' : Women and Congregationalism in Edwardian Hampshire 1901 -- 1914 . '' Family & Community History 19 # 1 ( 2016 ) : 50 - 62 . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , Women 's suffrage in Britain , 1867 -- 1928 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ June Purvis , `` Gendering the Historiography of the Suffragette Movement in Edwardian Britain : some reflections . '' Women 's History Review 22 # 4 ( 2013 ) : 576 - 590 . Jump up ^ Martin Roberts ( 2001 ) . Britain , 1846 - 1964 : The Challenge of Change . Oxford UP . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Jane Marcus , Suffrage and the Pankhursts ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ England , Historic . `` The Struggle for Suffrage Historic England '' . historicengland.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Melanie Phillips , The Ascent of Woman : A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas behind it ( Abacus , 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Patricia ( 1977 ) . `` Women and Abortion in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . History Workshop. 4 : 57 -- 68 . doi : 10.1093 / hwj / 4.1. 57 . ^ Jump up to : McLaren , Angus ( 1977 ) . `` Abortion in England 1890 -- 1914 '' . Victorian Studies : 379 -- 400 . ^ Jump up to : Thane , Pat ( 1978 ) . `` Women and the Poor Law in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . History Workshop : 29 -- 51 . doi : 10.1093 / hwj / 6.1. 29 . JSTOR 4288190 . Jump up ^ Benson , John ( 2007 ) . `` One Man and His Woman : Domestic Service in Edwardian England '' . Labour History Review . 72 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Lenore ( 1973 ) . `` Mastered for Life : Servant and Wife in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . Society for the Study of Labour History . 73 ( 27 ) : 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Pooley , Sian ( 2008 ) . `` Domestic Servants and Their Urban Employers : A Case Study of Lancaster 1880 -- 1914 '' . The Economic History Review . 62 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 429 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2008. 00459. x . Jump up ^ Donald Read , Edwardian England 1901 - 15 : society and politics ( 1972 ) pp 257 - 58 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Constanzo , `` ' One Ca n't Shake Off the Women ' : Images of Sport and Gender in Punch , 1901 -- 10 . '' The International journal of the history of sport 19 # 1 ( 2002 ) : 31 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sarah Cosbey , Mary Lynn Damhorst , and Jane Farrell - Beck . `` Diversity of daytime clothing styles as a reflection of women 's social role ambivalence from 1873 through 1912 . '' Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 21 # 3 ( 2003 ) : 101 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Marwick , Arthur ( 1991 ) . The Deluge . British Society and the First World War ( Second ed . ) . Basingstoke : Macmillan . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 54846 - 9 . Jump up ^ Olian , JoAnne ( 1998 ) . Victorian and Edwardian fashions from `` La Mode Illustrée '' . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486297118 . Jump up ^ Ann Beth Presley , `` Fifty years of change : Societal attitudes and women 's fashions , 1900 -- 1950 . '' Historian 60 # 2 ( 1998 ) : 307 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Kristina Harris , Victorian & Edwardian Fashions for Women , 1840 to 1919 ( Schiffer Publishing , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Sarah Edwards , `` ' Clad in Robes of Virgin White ' : The Sexual Politics of the ' Lingerie'Dress in Novel and Film Versions of The Go - Between . '' Adaptation 5 # 1 ( 2012 ) : 18 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Alison Gernsheim ( 1963 ) . Victorian & Edwardian Fashion : A Photographic Survey . Courier Corporation . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24205 - 7 . Jump up ^ R.C.K. Ensor , England , 1870 - 1914 ( 1936 ) pp 309 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lord Beaverbrook , Politicians and the War , 1914 -- 1916 ( 1928 ) 1 : 93 . Jump up ^ J. Lee Thompson , `` Fleet Street Colossus : The Rise and Fall of Northcliffe , 1896 -- 1922 . '' Parliamentary History 25.1 ( 2006 ) : 115 - 138 . Jump up ^ P.P. Catterall and Colin Seymour - Ure , `` Northcliffe , Viscount . '' in John Ramsden , ed . The Oxford Companion to Twentieth - Century British Politics ( 2002 ) p. 475 . Jump up ^ Linkof , Ryan . review of The Edwardian Sense : Art , Design , and Performance in Britain , 1901 -- 1910 , ( review no . 1121 ) , Institute of Historical Research Jump up ^ Priestley , J.B. ( 1970 ) . The Edwardians . London : Heinemann . pp. 176 -- 178 . ISBN 0 - 434 - 60332 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 132 -- 139 . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 172 -- 176 . Jump up ^ A.S. Gray , Edwardian Architecture : A Biographical Dictionary ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ David Littlefield , `` White City : The Art of Erasure and Forgetting the Olympic Games . '' Architectural Design 82 # 1 ( 2012 ) : 70 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Toulmin and Simon Popple , eds. , The Lost World of Mitchell and Kenyon : Edwardian Britain on Film ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ see for example `` The Lost World Of Mitchell And Kenyon -- Episode 1 -- 4 / 6 '' Jump up ^ A.R. Ubbelohde , `` Edwardian Science and Technology : Their Interactions '' , British Journal for the History of Science ( 1963 ) 1 # 3 pp. 217 -- 226 in JSTOR Jump up ^ James Anthony Mangan , ed . A sport - loving society : Victorian and Edwardian middle - class England at play ( Routledge , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Tony Mason , `` ' Our Stephen and our Harold ' : Edwardian footballers as local heroes . '' The International Journal of the History of Sport 13 # 1 ( 1996 ) : 71 -- 85 . Further reading ( edit ) 1911 Michelin Guide Black , Mark . Edwardian Britain : A Very Brief History ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Brooks , David . The Age of Upheaval : Edwardian Politics , 1899 - 1914 ( 1995 ) Delap , Lucy . `` The Superwoman : Theories of Gender and Genius in Edwardian Britain '' , Historical Journal ( 2004 ) 47 # 1 pp. 101 -- 126 in JSTOR Dyhouse , Carol . Girls growing up in late Victorian and Edwardian England ( Routledge , 2012 ) . Elton , G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485 -- 1945 : A Critical Bibliography 1945 -- 1969 ( 1969 ) , annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic , plus book reviews and major scholarly articles . online Ensor , R.C.K. England 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) , scholarly survey . Field , Clive D . `` ' The Faith Society ' ? Quantifying Religious Belonging in Edwardian Britain , 1901 -- 1914 . '' Journal of Religious History 37.1 ( 2013 ) : 39 -- 63 . Gray , Anne ( 2004 ) . The Edwardians : Secrets and Desires . National Gallery of Australia . ISBN 978 - 0642541499 . Halévy , Elie . History of the English People , 1905 -- 1914 ( 1934 ) , 686pp . Hamlett , Jane . At Home in the Institution : Material Life in Asylums , Lodging Houses and Schools in Victorian and Edwardian England ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 ) Hattersley , Roy . The Edwardians ( 2005 ) , excerpt Hawkins , Alun . `` Edwardian Liberalism '' , History Workshop ( 1977 ) # 4 pp. 143 -- 61 Hearnshaw , F.J.C. , ed . Edwardian England AD 1901 -- 1910 ( 1933 ) online 294pp ; 10 essays by scholars . Heffer , Simon . The Age of Decadence : Britain 1880 to 1914 ( 2017 ) , wide - ranging scholarly survey . Heller , Michael . London Clerical Workers , 1880 -- 1914 ( Pickering & Chatto , 2011 ) Holland , Evangeline . Pocket Guide to Edwardian England ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Horrall , Andrew . Popular culture in London c. 1890 -- 1918 : The transformation of entertainment ( Manchester UP , 2001 ) . Hughes , Michael . `` Archbishop Davidson , the ' Edwardian Crisis , ' and the Defense of the National Church . '' Journal of Church and State 57 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 217 -- 242 . Jenkins , Roy . Asquith : portrait of a man and an era ( 1964 ) Liddington , Jill . Rebel Girls : How votes for women changed Edwardian lives ( Hachette UK , 2015 ) Meacham , Standish . A life apart : The English working class , 1890 -- 1914 ( Harvard UP , 1977 ) , scholarly social history . Nowell - Smith , Simon , ed . Edwardian England , 1901 -- 14 ( 1964 ) , 620pp ; 15 wide - ranging essays by scholars . Ottewill , Roger Martin . `` Faith and good works : congregationalism in Edwardian Hampshire 1901 -- 1914 '' ( PhD . Diss . University of Birmingham , 2015 ) online . Bibliography pp 389 -- 417 . Prior , Christopher . Edwardian England and the Idea of Racial Decline : An Empire 's Future ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 ) Read , Donald . Edwardian England ( 1972 ) 288pp ; survey by scholar . Roberts , Clayton , and David F. Roberts . A History of England , Volume 2 : 1688 to the present ( 2013 ) university textbook ; 1985 edition online Ross , Ellen . `` ' Fierce Questions and Taunts ' : Married Life in Working - Class London , 1870 -- 1914 . '' Feminist Studies 8.3 ( 1982 ) : 575 -- 602 . in JSTOR Russell , A.K. Liberal landslide : the general election of 1906 ( 1973 ) . Searle , G.R. A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , wide - ranging survey , 952 pp . Spender , J.A. Great Britain : empire and commonwealth , 1886 - 1935 ( 1936 ) pp 159 -- 401 , Focus on UK politics Sutherland , Gillian . `` Self - education , class and gender in Edwardian Britain : women in lower middle class families . '' Oxford Review of Education 41 # 4 ( 2015 ) : 518 -- 533 . Thackeray , David , `` Rethinking the Edwardian Crisis of Conservatism '' , Historical Journal ( 2011 ) 54 # 1 pp. 191 -- 213 in JSTOR Thompson , Paul . The Edwardians : The Remaking of British Society ( 2nd ed. 1992 ) online Trumble , Angus , and Andrea Wolk Rager , eds . Edwardian Opulence : British Art at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century ( 2012 ) . Ubbelohde , A.R. `` Edwardian Science and Technology : Their Interactions '' , British Journal for the History of Science ( 1963 ) 1 # 3 pp. 217 -- 226 in JSTOR Primary sources and year books ( edit ) Annual Register 1901 Annual Register 1902 Annual Register 1903 Annual Register 1906 Annual Register 1907 Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom annual 1901 -- 1909 , online The Liberal Year Book : 1908 . 1907 . , 370pp United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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Copperhead (politics)

Copperhead ( Politics ) - wikipedia Copperhead ( Politics ) Copperhead Democrats Historical leaders Clement Vallandigham Alexander Long Founded 1860 ( 1860 ) Dissolved 1868 ( 1868 ) Ideology Anti-abolitionism Anti-Civil War Jacksonianism Traditionalism National affiliation Democratic Party Politics of United States Political parties Elections In the 1860s , the Copperheads were a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates . Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats `` Copperheads '' , likening them to the venomous snake . Those Democrats accepted the label , reinterpreting the copper `` head '' as the likeness of Liberty , which they cut from Liberty Head large cent coins and proudly wore as badges . By contrast , Democratic supporters of the war were called War Democrats . The Copperheads represented the more extreme wing of the Northern Democrats . Notable Copperheads included two Democratic Congressmen from Ohio : Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long . Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864 . Copperheadism was a highly contentious grass - roots movement . It had its strongest base in the area just north of the Ohio River as well as in some urban ethnic wards . Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party and that it looked back to Jacksonian democracy for inspiration . Weber ( 2006 ) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by opposing conscription ( the `` draft '' ) , encouraging desertion and forming conspiracies , but other historians say that the draft was already in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons . Historians such as Wood Gray and Jennifer Weber argue that the Copperheads were inflexibly rooted in the past and were naive about the refusal of the Confederates to return to the Union . Convinced that the Republicans were ruining the traditional world they loved , they were obstructionist partisans . In turn , the Copperheads became a major target of the National Union Party in the 1864 presidential election , where they were used to discredit the main Democratic candidates . Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly and decreased when they won great victories . After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864 , Union military success seemed assured and Copperheadism collapsed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Agenda 2 Newspapers 3 Copperhead resistance 4 Characteristics 5 Historiography 6 Notable Peace Democrats 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Agenda ( edit ) Copperhead pamphlet from 1864 by Charles Chauncey Burr , a magazine editor from New York City During the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , the Copperheads nominally favored the Union and strongly opposed the war , for which they blamed abolitionists and they demanded immediate peace and resisted draft laws . They wanted President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans ousted from power , seeing the President as a tyrant destroying American republican values with despotic and arbitrary actions . Some Copperheads tried to persuade Union soldiers to desert . They talked of helping Confederate prisoners of war seize their camps and escape . They sometimes met with Confederate agents and took money . The Confederacy encouraged their activities whenever possible . Newspapers ( edit ) The Copperheads had numerous important newspapers , but the editors never formed an alliance . In Chicago , Wilbur F. Storey made the Chicago Times into Lincoln 's most vituperative enemy . The New York Journal of Commerce , originally abolitionist , was sold to owners who became Copperheads , giving them an important voice in the largest city . A typical editor was Edward G. Roddy , owner of the Uniontown , Pennsylvania Genius of Liberty . He was an intensely partisan Democrat who saw African Americans as an inferior race and Lincoln as a despot and dunce . Although he supported the war effort in 1861 , he blamed abolitionists for prolonging the war and denounced the government as increasingly despotic . By 1864 , he was calling for peace at any price . John Mullaly 's Metropolitan Record was the official Catholic newspaper in New York City . Reflecting Irish American opinion , it supported the war until 1863 before becoming a Copperhead organ . In the spring and summer of 1863 , the paper urged its Irish working - class readers to pursue armed resistance to the draft passed by Congress earlier in the year . When the draft began in the city , working class European Americans , largely Irish , responded with violent riots from July 13 to 16 , lynching , beating and hacking to death more than 100 black New Yorkers and burning down black - owned businesses and institutions , including an orphanage for 233 black children . On August 19 , 1864 , John Mullaly was arrested for inciting resistance to the draft . Even in an era of extremely partisan journalism , Copperhead newspapers were remarkable for their angry rhetoric . Wisconsin newspaper editor Marcus M. Pomeroy of the La Crosse Democrat referred to Lincoln as `` Fungus from the corrupt womb of bigotry and fanaticism '' and a `` worse tyrant and more inhuman butcher than has existed since the days of Nero ( ... ) The man who votes for Lincoln now is a traitor and murderer ( ... ) And if he is elected to misgovern for another four years , we trust some bold hand will pierce his heart with dagger point for the public good '' . Copperhead resistance ( edit ) Clement Vallandigham , leader of the Copperheads , coined the slogan : `` To maintain the Constitution as it is , and to restore the Union as it was '' The Copperheads sometimes talked of violent resistance and in some cases started to organize . However , they never actually made an organized attack . As war opponents , Copperheads were suspected of disloyalty and their leaders were sometimes arrested and held for months in military prisons without trial . One famous example was General Ambrose Burnside 's 1863 General Order Number 38 , issued in Ohio , which made it an offence ( to be tried in military court ) to criticize the war in any way . The order was used to arrest Ohio congressman Clement L. Vallandigham when he criticized the order itself . However , Lincoln commuted his sentence while requiring his exile to the Confederacy . Probably the largest Copperhead group was the Knights of the Golden Circle . Formed in Ohio in the 1850s , it became politicized in 1861 . It reorganized as the Order of American Knights in 1863 and again in early 1864 as the Order of the Sons of Liberty , with Vallandigham as its commander . One leader , Harrison H. Dodd , advocated violent overthrow of the governments of Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky and Missouri in 1864 . Democratic Party leaders and a Federal investigation , thwarted his conspiracy . In spite of this Copperhead setback , tensions remained high . The Charleston Riot took place in Illinois in March 1864 . Indiana Republicans then used the sensational revelation of an antiwar Copperhead conspiracy by elements of the Sons of Liberty to discredit Democrats in the 1864 House elections . The military trial of Lambdin P. Milligan and other Sons of Liberty revealed plans to set free the Confederate prisoners held in the state . The culprits were sentenced to hang , but the Supreme Court intervened in ex parte Milligan , saying they should have received civilian trials . Most Copperheads actively participated in politics . On May 1 , 1863 , former Congressman Vallandigham declared the war was being fought not to save the Union , but to free the blacks and enslave Southern whites . The army then arrested him for declaring sympathy for the enemy . He was court - martialed by the Army and sentenced to imprisonment , but Lincoln commuted the sentence to banishment behind Confederate lines . The Democrats nevertheless nominated him for governor of Ohio in 1863 . He campaigned from Canada , but lost after an intense battle . He operated behind the scenes at the 1864 Democratic convention in Chicago . This convention adopted a largely Copperhead platform and selected Ohio Representative George Pendleton ( a known Peace Democrat ) as the vice presidential candidate . However , it chose a pro-war presidential candidate , General George B. McClellan . The contradiction severely weakened the party 's chances to defeat Lincoln . Characteristics ( edit ) The values of the Copperheads reflected the Jacksonian democracy of an earlier agrarian society . The Copperhead movement attracted Southerners who had settled north of the Ohio River , the poor and merchants who had lost profitable Southern trade . They were most numerous in border areas , including southern parts of Ohio , Illinois and Indiana ( in Missouri , comparable groups were avowed Confederates ) . The movement has scattered bases of support outside the lower Midwest . There was a Copperhead element in Connecticut that dominated the Democratic Party there . The Copperhead coalition included many Irish American Catholics in eastern cities , mill towns and mining camps ( especially in the Pennsylvania coal fields ) . They were also numerous in German Catholic areas of the Midwest , especially Wisconsin Historian Kenneth Stampp has captured the Copperhead spirit in his depiction of Congressman Daniel W. Voorhees of Indiana : There was an earthy quality in Voorhees , `` the tall sycamore of the Wabash . '' On the stump his hot temper , passionate partisanship , and stirring eloquence made an irresistible appeal to the western Democracy ( i.e. the Democratic Party ) . His bitter cries against protective tariffs and national banks , his intense race prejudice , his suspicion of the eastern Yankee , his devotion to personal liberty , his defense of the Constitution and State 's rights faithfully reflected the views of his constituents . Like other Jacksonian agrarians , he resented the political and economic revolution then in progress . Voorhees idealized a way of life which he thought was being destroyed by the current rulers of his country . His bold protests against these dangerous trends made him the idol of the Democracy of the Wabash Valley . Historiography ( edit ) Two central questions have run through the historiography of the Copperheads , i.e. `` How serious a threat did they pose to the Union war effort and hence to the nation 's survival ? '' and `` to what extent and with what justification did the Lincoln administration and other Republican officials violate civil liberties to contain the perceived menace ? '' . The first book - length scholarly treatment of the Copperheads appeared in 1942 . In The Hidden Civil War , Wood Gray decried the `` defeatism '' of the Copperheads . He argued they deliberately served the Confederacy 's war aims . Also in 1942 , George Fort Milton published Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column , which likewise condemned the traitorous Copperheads and praised Lincoln as a model defender of democracy . Gilbert R. Tredway , a professor of history , in his 1973 study Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana found most Indiana Democrats were loyal to the Union and desired national reunification . He documented Democratic counties in Indiana having outperformed Republican counties in the recruitment of soldiers . Tredway found that Copperhead sentiment was uncommon among the rank - and - file Democrats in Indiana . The chief historians who favored the Copperheads are Richard O. Curry and Frank L. Klement . Klement devoted most of his career to debunking the idea that the Copperheads represented a danger to the Union . Klement and Curry have downplayed the treasonable activities of the Copperheads , arguing the Copperheads were traditionalists who fiercely resisted modernization and wanted to return to the old ways . Klement argued in the 1950s that the Copperheads ' activities , especially their supposed participation in treasonous anti-Union secret societies , were mostly false inventions by Republican propaganda machines designed to discredit the Democrats at election time . Curry sees Copperheads as poor traditionalists battling against the railroads , banks and modernization . In his standard history Battle Cry of Freedom ( 1988 ) , James M. McPherson asserted Klement had taken `` revision a bit too far . There was some real fire under that smokescreen of Republican propaganda '' . Jennifer Weber 's Copperheads ( 2006 ) agrees more with Gray and Milton than with Klement . She argues that first . Northern antiwar sentiment was strong , so strong that Peace Democrats came close to seizing control of their party in mid-1864 . Second , she shows the peace sentiment led to deep divisions and occasional violence across the North . Third , Weber concluded that the peace movement deliberately weakened the Union military effort by undermining both enlistment and the operation of the draft . Indeed , Lincoln had to divert combat troops to retake control of New York City from the anti-draft rioters in 1863 . Fourth , Weber shows how the attitudes of Union soldiers affected partisan battles back home . The soldiers ' rejection of Copperheadism and their overwhelming support for Lincoln 's reelection in 1864 was decisive in securing the Northern victory and the preservation of the Union . The Copperheads ' appeal , she argues , waxed and waned with Union failures and successes in the field . Notable Peace Democrats ( edit ) Jesse D. Bright of Indiana Henry Clay Dean of Virginia Alexander Long of Ohio Edson B. Olds of Ohio George Pendleton of Ohio Horatio Seymour of New York Fernando Wood of New York Clement Vallandigham of Ohio Daniel W. Voorhees of Indiana Marcus M. Pomeroy of Wisconsin Wilbur F. Storey of Illinois William Taylor Davidson of Illinois Lewis W. Ross of Illinois See also ( edit ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Bixby letter Bourbon Democrat Copperhead ( 2013 film ) Doughface Knights of the Golden Circle Opposition to the American Civil War Red Strings War Democrat Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benjamin P. Thomas , Abraham Lincoln : A Biography ( 1952 ) p. 377 . Jump up ^ Wertheim , ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew L. Slap ; Michael Thomas Smith ( 2013 ) . This Distracted and Anarchical People : New Answers for Old Questions about the Civil War - Era North . Fordham UP . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Joseph George Jr. , `` ' Abraham Africanus I ' : President Lincoln Through the Eyes of a Copperhead Editor , '' Civil War History ( 1968 ) 14 # 3 pp. 226 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Calhoun , `` The Fire in the Rear '' , Reviews in American History ( 2007 ) 35 # 4 , pp. 530 -- 537 10.1353 / rah. 2007.0078 online . Jump up ^ William A. Tidwell , April ' 65 : Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War . Kent State University Press . 1995 . pp. 155 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Walsh ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , A Dangerous Stir : Fear , Paranoia , And the Making of Reconstruction ( 2009 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ George Henry Porter ( 1911 ) . Ohio Politics During the Civil War Period . Columbia UP . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Michael Kent Curtis , `` Lincoln , Vallandigham , and Anti-War Speech in the Civil War . '' William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal 7 ( 1998 ) pp. 105 + . Jump up ^ Frank L. Klement , The Copperheads in the Middle West . Jump up ^ Frank L. Klement , `` Clement L. Vallandigham 's Exile in the Confederacy , May 25 - June 17 , 1863 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1965 ) : 149 -- 163 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , et al . A People and a Nation , A History of the United States '' Vol I , ( Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2001 ) pp. 393 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Eugene H. Roseboom , `` Southern Ohio and the Union in 1863 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1952 ) : 29 -- 44 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert H. Abzug , `` The Copperheads : Historical Approaches to Civil War Dissent in the Midwest . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1970 ) : 40 -- 55 . online . Jump up ^ Joanna D. Cowden , `` The Politics of Dissent : Civil War Democrats in Connecticut . '' New England Quarterly ( 1983 ) : 538 -- 554 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Weber , Copperheads ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Stampp ( 1949 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Calhoun , `` The Fire in the Rear , '' Reviews in American History 35.4 ( 2007 ) , pp - 530 -- 537 online at Project Muse . Jump up ^ Gilbert R. Tredway , Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana . Indianapolis , Indiana : Indiana Historical Bureau , 1973 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Calhoun , Charles W . `` The Fire in the Rear , '' Reviews in American History ( 2007 ) 35 # 4 pp. 530 -- 537 10.1353 / rah. 2007.0078 online ; Historiography . Cowden , Joanna D . `` The Politics of Dissent : Civil War Democrats in Connecticut , '' The New England Quarterly , Vol. 56 , No. 4 ( December 1983 ) , pp. 538 -- 554 in JSTOR . Curry , Richard O. `` Copperheadism and Continuity : the Anatomy of a Stereotype '' Journal of Negro History ( 1972 ) 57 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . in JSTOR . Curry , Richard O . `` The Union as it Was : a Critique of Recent Interpretations of the ' Copperheads . ' '' Civil War History 1967 13 ( 1 ) : 25 - 39 . George , Joseph , Jr . `` ' Abraham Africanus I ' : President Lincoln Through the Eyes of a Copperhead Editor . '' Civil War History 1968 14 ( 3 ) : 226 - 239 . George , Joseph , Jr . `` ' A Catholic Family Newspaper ' Views the Lincoln Administration : John Mullaly 's Copperhead Weekly . '' Civil War History 1978 24 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 132 . Gray , Wood . The Hidden Civil War : The Story of the Copperheads ( 1942 ) , emphasizes treasonous activity . Hershock , Martin J. `` Copperheads and Radicals : Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era , 1860 -- 1865 , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 1992 ) 18 # 1 pp. 28 -- 69 . Kleen , Michael , `` The Copperhead Threat in Illinois : Peace Democrats , Loyalty Leagues , and the Charleston Riot of 1864 , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 2012 ) , 105 # 1 pp. 69 -- 92 . Klement , Frank L. The Copperheads in the Middle West ( 1960 ) . Klement , Frank L. The Limits of Dissent : Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War ( 1998 ) . Klement , Frank L. Lincoln 's Critics : The Copperheads of the North ( 1999 ) . Klement , Frank L. Dark Lanterns : Secret Political Societies , Conspiracies , and Treason Trials in the Civil War ( 1984 ) . Landis , Michael Todd . Northern Men with Southern Loyalties : The Democratic Party and the Sectional Crisis . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 2014 . Lendt , David L. Demise of the Democracy : The Copperhead Press in Iowa . ( 1973 ) . Lendt , David L. `` Iowa and the Copperhead Movement . '' Annals of Iowa 1970 40 ( 6 ) : 412 -- 426 . Manber , Jeffrey , Dahlstrom , Neil . Lincoln 's Wrath : Fierce Mobs , Brilliant Scoundrels and a President 's Mission to Destroy the Press ( 2005 ) . Milton , George F. Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column ( 1942 ) . Nevins , Allan . The War for the Union ( 4 vol. 1959 -- 1971 ) , the standard scholarly history of wartime politics and society . Rodgers , Thomas E. `` Copperheads or a Respectable Minority : Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War - Era Democrats . '' Indiana Magazine of History 109 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 114 -- 146 . in JSTOR ; historiography focused on Klement , Weber and Silbey . Silbey , Joel H. A Respectable Minority : The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era , 1860 -- 1868 ( 1977 ) online edition . Stampp , Kenneth M. Indiana Politics during the Civil War ( 1949 ) online edition . Smith , Adam . No Party Now : Politics in the Civil War North ( 2006 ) , excerpt and text search . Tidwell , William A. April ' 65 : Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War . ( 1995 ) . Walsh , Justin E. `` To Print the News and Raise Hell : Wilbur F. Storey 's Chicago ' Times . ' '' Journalism Quarterly ( 1963 ) 40 # 4 pp. 497 -- 510 . doi : 10.1177 / 107769906304000402 . Weber , Jennifer L. Copperheads : The Rise and Fall of Lincoln 's Opponents in the North ( 2006 ) . Wertheim , Lewis J. `` The Indianapolis Treason Trials , the Elections of 1864 and the Power of the Partisan Press . '' Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85 ( 3 ) : 236 -- 250 . Wubben , Hubert H. Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement ( 1980 ) . External links ( edit ) The Old Guard -- a Copperhead magazine 1863 -- 1867 is online at Making of America Ohio Copperhead History An Anti-Copperhead Broadside Denouncing Former President Franklin Pierce As A Traitor . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . hide American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. 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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For the song , see Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) . For other uses , see Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( disambiguation ) . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Cover of one of the books of the Robert L. May story by Maxton Publishers , Inc . First appearance 1939 Created by Robert L. May Voiced by Billie Mae Richards ( TV series , 1964 -- 2010 ) Kathleen Barr ( movie ) Information Nickname ( s ) Rudolph in Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie : Red , Rudy , Rudy the Red nosed Reject , Neon - nose . Species Reindeer Gender Male Title The Red Nosed Reindeer Family Donder ( father in 1964 film ) Mrs. Donder ( mother in 1964 film ) Blitzen ( father in 1998 film ) Mitzi ( mother in 1998 film ) Rusty ( brother in Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ) Arrow ( cousin in 1998 film ) Comet , Cupid and Dasher ( uncles in 1998 film ) Leroy , the Redneck Reindeer ( cousin from the Joe Diffie song of the same name , on the album , Mr. Christmas ) Spouse ( s ) Clarice ( in 1964 film and 2001 film ) / Zoey in Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie Children Robbie ( son in the Robbie the Reindeer films ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , popularly known as `` Santa 's ninth reindeer '' , is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May . Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa 's sleigh on Christmas Eve , though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose . Though he receives scrutiny for it , the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team 's path through harsh winter weather . Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward , the department store . The story is owned by The Rudolph Company , LP and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song , the iconic 1964 television special and sequels , and a feature film and sequel . Character Arts , LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company , LP . In many countries , Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore . 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character and the 50th anniversary of the television special . A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 The story 3 In media 3.1 Theatrical cartoon short ( 1948 ) 3.2 Song ( 1949 ) 3.3 Comic books ( beginning in 1950 ) 3.4 Children 's book ( 1958 ) 3.5 Stop - motion animation television special ( 1964 ) and sequels ( 1976 -- 79 ) 3.6 Animated feature - length films 3.7 Other 4 Homages in media 4.1 Film 4.2 Games 4.3 Music 4.4 Television and webisodes 5 Relatives in different adaptations 5.1 Parents 5.2 Offspring 5.3 Siblings 5.4 Aunts , uncles , and cousins 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago - based Montgomery Ward . The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money . May considered naming the reindeer `` Rollo '' or `` Reginald '' before deciding upon using the name `` Rudolph . '' In its first year of publication , Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph 's story . The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter , the same meter as `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' ( also known as `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' ) . Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC . While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer , while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago , a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view -- giving him a flash of inspiration . `` Suddenly I had it ! '' he recalled . `` A nose ! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight . '' The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story 's publication . In 1930 's popular culture , a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards , so the story idea was initially rejected . May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward , Denver Gillen , to draw `` cute reindeer '' , using zoo deer as models . The alert , bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea . Maxton Books published the first mass - market edition of Rudolph in 1947 and a sequel , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Shines Again , in 1954 . In 1992 , Applewood Books published Rudolph 's Second Christmas , an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947 . In 2003 , Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp . Penguin also reprinted May 's sequels , Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph 's Second Christmas ( now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue ) . The story ( edit ) The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph , a youthful reindeer buck ( male ) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose . Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait , Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph 's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening . Rudolph agrees and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment . In media ( edit ) Theatrical cartoon short ( 1948 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film ) Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948 , in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May 's original story than Marks ' song , which had not yet been written . It was reissued in 1951 with the song added . Song ( 1949 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) May 's brother - in - law , Johnny Marks , adapted the story of Rudolph into a song . Gene Autry 's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949 . Autry 's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year , eventually selling a total of 25 million , and it remained the second best - selling record of all time until the 1980s . Comic books ( beginning in 1950 ) ( edit ) DC Comics , then known as National Periodical Publications , published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962 . Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories . In 1972 , DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format . Subsequently , they published six more in that format : Limited Collectors ' Edition C - 24 , C - 33 , C - 42 , C - 50 and All - New Collectors ' Edition C - 53 , C - 60 . Additionally , one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC # 4 ( March -- April 1980 ) . The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer . Children 's book ( 1958 ) ( edit ) In 1958 , Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook , adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry . The book , similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short , is no longer in print , but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972 . Stop - motion animation television special ( 1964 ) and sequels ( 1976 -- 79 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) Young Rudolph ( right ) and Hermey the Elf as seen in the 1964 TV special . Perhaps the most well - known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is the Rankin / Bass Productions version of 1964 . Filmed in Japan , with all sound recordings done in Toronto , Canada , the show premièred on NBC . As the producers of the special only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book , they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song , one that differed from the book . This re-telling chronicles Rudolph 's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home . Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey , who skipped elf practice to become a dentist , along with a loud , boisterous , eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth . Additional original characters include Rudolph 's love interest , Clarice ; the antagonistic `` Abominable Snow Monster '' ; and , as narrator , the living Sam the Snowman , voiced by Burl Ives . In the 1964 stop - motion movie , Rudolph is born to Donder the Reindeer and Donder 's wife . He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny , glowing red nose . Donder , regardless of Rudolph 's defect , trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the `` Abominable Snow Monster '' , a giant , furry white beast . To hide Rudolph 's nose , Donder puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating . This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent , as told by the Rudolph 's peers . A short time later , Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games , where he meets Fireball , who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head , and Clarice , a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph . Clarice 's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying , but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose , revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him ; this distraction , in turn , prompts the coach ( Comet ) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games . Clarice remains loyal to him , only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with `` a red - nosed reindeer . '' Rudolph soon runs into Hermey , an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole 's toy factory ; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry . They come to the conclusion that they 're both misfits and decide to run away together . On their aimless journey , they run into Yukon Cornelius , the self - described `` greatest prospector of the North '' who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold , and attempt to stay away from the Bumble , a huge abominable snow monster . Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys , where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners . King Moonracer , the winged lion that lords over the Island , refuses to let them stay there permanently , instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys ' plight , in exchange for one night 's stay on the island . Rudolph refuses the offer and , fearing for his friends ' life , runs off alone . A now older Rudolph , still unable to find a place in the world , returns home to the North Pole , only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble . With the help of Hermey and Yukon ( who arrived separately ) , they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey ( with dental skills he has acquired by reading books ) to remove his sharp teeth . Everyone eventually returns to Santa 's workshop , where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled . Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph 's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team , which he happily accepts . After the story 's initial broadcast , its closing credits were revised . Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa 's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below , where they were found by children who loved them . The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy . The special now airs annually on CBS , rather than NBC , and is hailed as a classic by many . The special 's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status , and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special 's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing . The sequel Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( premier air date December 10 , 1976 ) continued the reindeer 's journeys , and the series was made into a trilogy with the 1979 feature - length film Christmas in July , which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin / Bass 's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman . Animated feature - length films ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) is an animated feature film . It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video . Its inclusion of a villain , a love interest , a sidekick , and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin / Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song ( the characters of Stormella , Zoey , Arrow , Slyly , and Leonard parallel the Rankin / Bass characters of the Bumble , Clarice , Fireball , Hermey , and Yukon , respectively ) . The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph 's harassment by his schoolmates ( primarily his cousin Arrow ) during his formative years . Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys GoodTimes Entertainment , the producers of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie , brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) . Unlike the previous film , the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin / Bass special ( as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin / Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use ) . Role Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) Director William R. Kowalchuk Producer Writer Michael Aschner Composer Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd Bruce Roberts and Diana B Editor Tom Hok Lennie Nelson Production Companies GoodTimes Entertainment Golden Books Family Entertainment Tundra Productions Distributor Legacy Releasing GoodTimes Entertainment Running Time 80 minutes 74 minutes Release Date October 6 , 1998 October 30 , 2001 Other ( edit ) A live - action version of Rudolph ( complete with glowing nose ) along with Donder and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special , `` Last Christmas '' which was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2014 . In this special , Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose . Nathaniel Dominy , an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College ( Robert L. May 's alma mater ) , published a scholarly paper on Rudolph 's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015 . In the paper , Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans , allowing them to see ultraviolet light ; ultraviolet light , however , is much more easily scattered in fog , which would blind reindeer . Thus , Rudolph 's red nose , emitting longer - wavelength red light , would penetrate the fog more easily . A summary of Dominy 's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22 . Homages in media ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) Film ( edit ) In the film remake of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , The Grinch disguises his dog , Max , as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville , to stop Christmas from coming . He also changes Rudolph 's story saying , he hates Christmas and is gon na steal it . He then yells `` Action ! '' through a megaphone . But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him . In the film Fred Claus ( 2007 ) , Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen , although his red nose is not glowing . Fred ( Vince Vaughn ) is filling in for his injured brother Nick ( Paul Giamatti ) delivering the toys on Christmas Eve . While en route , he crashes the sleigh through a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola featuring Santa Claus and tells Rudolph to `` shake it off '' . There are quick edits of Fred flying through the night making his deliveries . Willie the elf says , `` Fred , I have a bad feeling about this '' , followed by a shot of the full moon . The sleigh zips by and turns to go head on into the camera . Here , you can see Rudolph leading the pack . In slow motion , you can clearly count nine reindeer . Games ( edit ) Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two ( 2008 ) during a tutorial video about the use of the game 's Aggro feature . In Guild Wars Nightfall ( 2006 ) , player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest . Music ( edit ) Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys ' song `` Little Saint Nick '' ( 1963 ) in the following lyric : `` Now haulin ' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead . '' `` Run Rudolph Run '' ( 1958 ) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music ( ASCAP ) . The song was released as a single on Chess Records ( label no . 1714 ) and has since been covered by numerous other artists , sometimes under the title `` Run , Run , Rudolph '' . The song is a 12 - bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry 's popular and recognizable song , `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1958 ) ; it is also melodically identical to Berry 's `` Little Queenie '' ( 1959 ) . In Ray Stevens ' novelty song `` Santa Claus Is Watching You '' ( 1962 ) , Rudolph is replaced on Santa 's team by `` Clyde the Camel '' , a character from Steven 's earlier hit , `` Ahab the Arab '' . In the original version , aimed at children in a similar fashion to `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' , Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during `` a twist contest '' ; a later version , warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching , has Rudolph on a `` stakeout at ( the lover 's ) house '' . Television and webisodes ( edit ) In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode , `` Songtaran Carols '' ( 2012 ) , the Sontaran warrior - nurse - detective , Strax , stated : `` Rudolph the red - nosed reindeer , had a very shiny nose . It proved to be a tactical disadvantage , because it enabled me to punch him in the dark . '' Rudolph along with Donder and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special , Last Christmas . The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper , a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve , who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose . However his background and story is otherwise very different . MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin - Bass special called Raging Rudolph . Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose , and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius ( a hitman in the special ) to kill and decapitate Santa . Rudolph then takes over the North Pole . A sequel to the skit , The Reinfather , shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman 's death in a nod to The Godfather . Relatives in different adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Santa Claus 's reindeer § Additional reindeer Parents ( edit ) Robert L. May 's original book does not name Rudolph 's parents . The animated specials produced by both Rankin / Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents : In Rankin / Bass 's holiday special , he is Donder 's son , and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donder . In GoodTimes ' retelling , Rudolph 's father is Blitzen , and his mother is named Mitzi . Offspring ( edit ) Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph 's son , Robbie the Reindeer . However , Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name ( references are replaced by the first and second films ' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase , `` Do n't say that name ! '' , or something similar , presumably for copyright reasons . ) Siblings ( edit ) Rudolph is also given a younger brother , Rusty Reindeer , in the American special , Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ( 2006 ) . Unlike in the `` Robbie the Reindeer '' cartoons , Rudolph 's name is mentioned in the film . Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedge comic strips : an overweight , emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph , the Infra - Red nosed Reindeer , who is referred to as Rudolph 's older brother . Ralph 's red nose is good for defrosting Santa 's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles ; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph 's publicity and his own anonymity . Aunts , uncles , and cousins ( edit ) Rudolph has a cousin , Leroy , in Joe Diffie 's 1995 song , `` Leroy the Redneck Reindeer '' ( 1995 ) , which tells the story of Leroy 's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph , who was ill . In GoodTimes ' retelling , three of Santa 's reindeer ( Dasher , Comet , and Cupid ) are his uncles , and Cupid 's son Arrow is Rudolph 's cousin and rival . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Santa Claus Santa Claus 's reindeer Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer video game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ; Mikkelson , David P. ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramer , Holly ; Talbot , Toby ( photo ) ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Scrapbook tells how Rudolph went down in history '' . Hanover , NH : Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Yule Laugh , Yule Cry : 10 Things You Did n't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrella , Andrew ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` From The Archives : Rudolph Turns 75 '' . New Hampshire Public Radio . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CBS News . December 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph all red - nosed over stamp of approval '' . United States Postal Service . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the nation 's longest - running and highest - rated Christmas television special ' went down in history ' to receive its stamp of approval today . The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph , Hermey , Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964 . Jump up ^ http://www.altogetherchristmas.com/traditions/rudolph.html Jump up ^ `` Old Fashioned Christmas '' . University Place / Wisconsin Historical Society . December 12 , 2010 . 0 : 28 minutes in . Wisconsin Public Television . Jump up ^ Moreau , Jennifer ( December 24 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph 's Burnaby roots '' . Burnaby Now . p . A11 . Jump up ^ Powell , J. Mark . `` The Jewish man who created a Christmas classic '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Chow , Wanda ( December 2010 ) . `` How Rudolph the reindeer came to be '' . Burnaby Now : A3 . Jump up ^ https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=3289176038&tab=1&searchurl= ^ Jump up to : `` Library of Congress Unveils Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Restoration '' . Animation World Network . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. Jackson ; Markoe , Karen ; Markoe , Arnie ( 1998 ) . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . Simon and Schuster . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Alex ( 2010 ) . `` 1950s '' . In Dolan , Hannah . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . DC began an annual tradition of producing a Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Christmas special . Following the success of the famous song ( released in 1949 ) , DC licensed the character and put Rudolph at the center of a series of lighthearted adventures ... The Christmas Special would continue until 1962 , and then return from 1972 -- 1977 . Jump up ^ Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer at the Grand Comics Database and Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Annual at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Markstein , Don . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Limited Collectors ' Edition # C - 20 , # C - 24 , # C - 33 , # C - 42 , and # C - 50 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ All - New Collectors ' Edition # C - 53 and # C - 60 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ `` The Best of DC # 4 '' . Grand Comics Database. 1980 . Jump up ^ Markstein , Don ( 2006 ) . `` Sheldon Mayer '' . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . ( Mayer ) also worked on several tabloid - formatted comic books for DC in the mid-1970s , including the company 's first use of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer since the early 60s . Jump up ^ Arnold , Mark ( December 2012 ) . `` You Know Dasher and Dancer : Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 61 ) : 7 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who '' . BBC . December 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . In the North Pole the Doctor and Clara are joined by a familiar figure ... and his reindeer ! Jump up ^ Ramer , Holly ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Rudolph 's shiny red nose may be tied to eyes that glow blue '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Little Saint Nick '' Lyrics `` . Lyricsfreak.com . n.d. Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . Manuscript of the Montgomery Ward book Official Licensor for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Official CBS website for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 ) Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 ) Full Film ( public domain footage ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer on IMDb Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( Jam Handy ) at The Big Cartoon DataBase Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( Rankin / Bass ) at The Big Cartoon DataBase Preceded by `` Mule Train '' by Frankie Laine U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single January 7 , 1950 ( Gene Autry ) Succeeded by `` I Can Dream , Ca n't I '' by The Andrews Sisters Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Music `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Run Rudolph Run '' Film and television adaptations Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film short ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1964 TV special ) Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 TV special ) Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 TV film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 made - for - video film ) Related Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) Santa Claus 's reindeer Robert L. 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List of Lucifer episodes

List of Lucifer episodes - wikipedia List of Lucifer episodes Lucifer is an American fantasy police procedural comedy - drama television series developed by Tom Kapinos that premiered on Fox on January 25 , 2016 . It features a character created by Neil Gaiman , Sam Kieth , and Mike Dringenberg taken from the comic book series The Sandman , which later became the protagonist of the spin - off comic book series Lucifer written by Mike Carey , both published by DC Comics ' Vertigo imprint . On May 11 , 2018 , Fox canceled the series after three seasons . On June 15 , 2018 , it was announced that Netflix had picked the series up for a fourth season of ten episodes , which is set to be released in 2019 . As of May 28 , 2018 , 57 episodes of Lucifer have aired , concluding the third season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.4 Season 4 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) Fox 18 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 26 October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 10 2019 ( 2019 ) Netflix Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Len Wiseman Tom Kapinos January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 276096 7.16 Lucifer Morningstar , the retired ruler of Hell , owns a high - end night club in Los Angeles . When the pop star he tries to help is murdered in front of him by a drug dealer , he uses his powers of persuasion to assist Detective Chloe Decker in apprehending the true culprit behind the murder . All the while , he must deal with his brother , the dark - winged angel Amenadiel , who is putting pressure on him from their father to return to running Hell . `` Lucifer , Stay . Good Devil . '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 4X6502 6.00 Lucifer and Chloe work together again to solve a homicide , this time that of a movie star 's son who was killed by an overeager paparazzo who frequently created volatile situations in order to get the `` first scoop '' on the story . `` The Would - Be Prince of Darkness '' Louis Milito Jason Ning & Jenn Kao February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 4X6510 5.47 When a football star whom Lucifer convinced to lose his virginity is arrested for the murder of the girl with whom he had sex , Lucifer works to prove his innocence . `` Manly Whatnots '' Matt Earl Beesley Ildy Modrovich February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 4X6503 5.13 Chloe and Lucifer investigate a missing persons case involving a girl , Lindsay Jolson , who was involved with a pick - up artist . The investigation is complicated by Lucifer 's repeated attempts to seduce Chloe in an effort to better understand her . Meanwhile , Amenadiel confronts a reluctant Mazikeen about Lucifer . At Lucifer 's encouragement , Chloe shoots him in the leg . To Lucifer 's bewilderment , he feels pain and bleeds . 5 5 `` Sweet Kicks '' Tim Matheson Sheri Elwood February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 4X6504 4.86 Chloe begs Lucifer to help her in a case involving an artist / high - end shoe designer who was once in a street gang . In doing so , Lucifer knowingly puts himself in danger , finding it exciting to test his mortality . He and Chloe are ultimately rescued from a hostile situation by Mazikeen . Meanwhile , Amenadiel surprises Dr. Martin by showing up at her office after hours , stating he is a fellow psychotherapist , who has just moved into the office next door . The two agree to have drinks and openly discuss patients . 6 6 `` Favorite Son '' David Paymer Jason Ning February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X6505 3.91 When a warehouse is robbed and the security guard murdered , it turns out that the stolen container belongs to Lucifer . He and Chloe then work to find the culprit , which Lucifer sees as protecting his reputation in the city . Meanwhile , Lucifer continues to struggle with his identity and Amenadiel continues to try to use Dr. Martin to get to Lucifer . It is revealed that the stolen shipping container holds Lucifer 's wings . 7 7 `` Wingman '' Eriq La Salle Alex Katsnelson March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 4X6506 4.24 Lucifer continues the search for his wings and turns to Amenadiel for help . Amenadiel rejects at first , so Lucifer enlists Chloe to assist him . Meanwhile , Chloe asks Dan for help in investigating the Palmetto case in the hopes that she can find something to confirm her suspicions against Malcolm , the cop who is in coma . The wings are apparently about to be sold at an auction . Lucifer goes to the auction where Amenadiel shows up to help Lucifer . Lucifer regains his wings , but burns them to anger Amenadiel and halt his own return to his former throne as the King of Hell . Whereas , Chloe and Dan find a new lead on the Palmetto case . 8 8 `` Et Tu , Doctor ? '' Eagle Egilsson Jenn Kao March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X6507 3.86 Feeling reborn , Lucifer celebrates his `` rebirthday '' at the Lux . And Malcolm , who wakes up from his coma , also celebrates his coming back . Chloe and Lucifer investigate the murder of a controversial therapist who advocates adultery as a means of saving relationships . Meanwhile , Lucifer shoehorns his own therapist , Dr. Linda Martin , into the case in an attempt to `` solve '' Chloe 's issue with Dan . While solving the murder case , Lucifer realizes what is happening to him . Malcolm meets Chloe to explain that whoever shot him dead clearly does not have a problem shooting cops . Chloe and Lucifer then look for Malcolm 's partner but find him dead with a suicide note , while Dan mysteriously meets with Malcolm . 9 9 `` A Priest Walks into a Bar '' David Frazee Chris Rafferty March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 4X6508 3.82 Lucifer and Chloe investigate when a priest asks for Lucifer 's help in stopping a drug ring he believes is being headed by the counselor at a local youth center . However , a problem arises when the youth counselor is found dead and suspicion quickly falls on the priest . Meanwhile , Amenadiel meets with Malcolm to discuss the reason he brought him back from Hell , which is to kill someone . 10 10 `` Pops '' Tara Nicole Weyr Alex Katsnelson & Mike Costa March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4X6509 3.76 Chloe and Lucifer investigate the poisoning death of the owner / chef at an upscale Mexican restaurant whom Lucifer admires . Suspicion falls on the owner 's estranged son , a recovering drug addict , and the sous - chef , Anne , who would assume control of the restaurant if the son were out of the picture . The investigation is complicated by the surprise arrival of Chloe 's mother , Penelope Decker , whom Lucifer also much admires . At home , Chloe and Penelope argue about Trixie , causing Trixie to run away to find Lucifer , but she ends up making friends with Mazikeen . Meanwhile , Malcolm reveals to Dan his plan to kill Lucifer , as directed by Amenadiel , and Mazikeen starts visiting Dr. Martin as a patient . Dan meets with Malcolm again saying that he could not let Malcolm kill Lucifer , so they end up fighting and Dan is knocked unconscious . 11 11 `` St. Lucifer '' Mairzee Almas Sheri Elwood & David McMillan April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 4X6511 3.44 Lucifer finds doing charitable work thrilling and begins to explore it by donating to a local charity in honor of its murdered founder , Tim Dunlear . Amenadiel finds unlikely companionship . Meanwhile , Dan , held captive by Malcolm , tries to escape and warn Lucifer before Malcolm gets to him . Also , Lucifer learns something new about his mortality . 12 12 `` # TeamLucifer '' Greg Beeman Ildy Modrovich April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 4X6512 3.81 When a member of a satanic church is killed , Lucifer is greatly disturbed that anyone would kill in his name . When it turns out that Malcolm is the one killing those people to honor him , Lucifer threatens torment but then he is interrupted by Amenadiel , which allows Malcolm to run away . They start fighting each other until they are stopped by Mazikeen . Later , Chloe stops by the Lux to talk to Lucifer , but instead finds the dead body of the street preacher who was seen arguing with Lucifer on TV . Elsewhere , Lucifer 's realization that Chloe makes him physically vulnerable leads to him becoming paranoid . 13 13 `` Take Me Back to Hell '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 4X6513 3.89 Amenadiel saves Lucifer from being arrested by Chloe and they go to Amenadiel 's office to talk . Dr. Martin shows up and advises the brothers . They go looking for Malcolm while Mazikeen helps Chloe hunt for Lucifer . Amenadiel finds Malcolm , they fight and Malcolm wounds Amenadiel with one of Mazikeen 's daggers . Mazikeen saves the dying Amenadiel with the feather she kept from Lucifer 's wings . Dan turns himself in clearing Lucifer of the murder . Chloe seizes Malcolm 's money and he kidnaps Trixie to force her to give it back . At the exchange , Lucifer is fatally shot when he intervenes to try and save Chloe and Trixie . Lucifer prays to God offering to return to work for him if he saves Chloe . God restores Lucifer 's powers and they kill Malcolm . A worried Lucifer tells Amenadiel that God has asked him to hunt for a soul who has escaped from Hell , their mother . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Everything 's Coming Up Lucifer '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) T13. 20051 4.36 As Lucifer helps Chloe with a murder case involving a stand - in for a popular teen show actress , he becomes convinced that his mother 's soul is occupying the body of the murderer to torment him . Lucifer tells Dr. Martin the story of how the union of his father and mother created the universe , but his mother was ultimately banished to Hell forever . Chloe tells Lucifer that she has some of his blood from the shooting and plans to test it to either prove or disprove his claims of being the devil . When Amenadiel finds out about this , he makes up a story for Chloe that portrays Lucifer as delusional , but human . Like Lucifer , Amenadiel starts to show signs of losing his angelic powers on Earth . Dan is reinstated to the police force , but gets demoted . Maze also returns from her absence , saying that she went to see a friend and wants to figure out how she fits into this world . At the end of the episode , Lucifer 's mother shows up at his door , seeking help . 15 `` Liar , Liar , Slutty Dress on Fire '' Louis Milito Ildy Modrovich October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) T13. 20052 3.67 Lucifer 's mother is shown awakening in her new body in pain , finding a screwdriver lodged in her neck . She explains her story to Lucifer and they return to the hotel room that she last remembers being in , finding two murdered bodies . Lucifer is convinced his mother committed the crimes and gets Chloe and Dan to investigate . Lucifer later learns that the body his mother occupies is that of Charlotte Richards , a law firm 's managing partner who had been having an affair with the man she recently promoted to senior partner . Cocaine is also found hidden in Charlotte 's home , giving the team more suspects . The investigation ultimately shows that Charlotte was a victim and Charlotte was not the murderer . With the crime solved , Lucifer chastises Charlotte for abandoning him when he was banished to Hell . She replies that God initially wanted to end Lucifer 's existence , but she convinced God to send him to Hell instead . Lucifer seems to accept the explanation and walks away , after which Charlotte looks to the sky with a sly grin . 16 `` Sin - Eater '' Mairzee Almas Alex Katsnelson October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20053 3.67 Chloe and Dan bring Lucifer in on a case involving a serial killer , whose methods of torturing victims bother Lucifer because he sees it as someone usurping his role . They find a connection to an online video - sharing company headed by Leila Simms , as the murder victims are revealed to have shot and posted videos of other people being humiliated . Back at the precinct , Chloe and Dan discuss their effect on Trixie , with Dan finally saying they need to get a divorce . Charlotte insists that Lucifer let her see her other son , Amenadiel . Although Lucifer refuses to help , Charlotte manages to speak to Amenadiel at Lux while she is there alone . Lucifer walks in on the discussion and comes to a decision on the punishment he will give his mother for escaping Hell : she will be sentenced to live among the humanity that she so despises . 17 `` Lady Parts '' Ben Bray Sheri Elwood October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20054 3.63 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer investigate a young woman 's dead body found discarded in the woods . The woman has a triangle - shaped stamp on her wrist which becomes a key clue when they find another female victim with the same stamp . With Chloe depressed over her pending divorce , Maze , Dr. Martin , and Ella take her to a bar for girls night . Chloe sees a man who has the triangle stamp on his wrist and soon learns the stamp comes from an underground sex club . They discover a man named Yuri had a connection to both victims and photos on his phone help them find the killer . Elsewhere , Charlotte struggles to adjust to her domestic life , while Amenadiel agonizes over his diminishing angelic powers . He then learns of Lucifer 's deal with God : return Charlotte to Hell in exchange for sparing Chloe 's life . Amenadiel says Lucifer 's punishment of Charlotte does not fulfill the deal and wonders if God will take back his half of the bargain . Just then , Chloe is shown driving when a car smashes into hers . 18 5 `` Weaponizer '' Karen Gaviola Jason Ning October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) T13. 20055 3.55 Chloe 's car accident is revealed to have been caused by Uriel , Lucifer 's and Amenadiel 's brother who has the special ability to foresee patterns . Chloe is not badly hurt and she goes right back to work , starting the case of murdered action star Wesley Cabot . Uriel tells Lucifer that the accident was a message : return Charlotte to Hell within 24 hours or Chloe will die . Lucifer visits Charlotte , telling her Uriel is a sign of God 's anger and that others will come to take her to Hell if she does not go willingly . Charlotte refuses . Amenadiel and Uriel soon get in a fight . With Amenadiel 's weakness and Uriel anticipating his moves , Uriel easily wins . Lucifer finally sees that Amenadiel has lost his powers . Lucifer then confronts Uriel and sees him with Azrael 's dagger , acquired from the angel of death . Realizing Uriel intends to use the dagger to end Charlotte 's existence permanently , Lucifer fights with his brother and loses . Maze arrives to battle with Uriel and , in the scuffle , Uriel loses hold of the dagger . Lucifer retrieves the instrument and plunges the blade into Uriel , which kills him for good , but not before he says something in Lucifer 's ear . 19 6 `` Monster '' Eagle Egilsson Chris Rafferty October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) T13. 20056 3.42 At a zombie - themed wedding , shots from an unseen source wound the groom and kill the bride . Chloe and Dan investigate and Lucifer later arrives hung over , still shaken from exterminating Uriel . Chloe reluctantly agrees to let Maze take Trixie out trick - or - treating so she can continue working the case . Maze reveals part of her true face to Trixie and Trixie thinks it is a costume . Amenadiel visits Charlotte , who praises the way he has always done what his Father asked . Amenadiel then starts to criticize God for allowing everything that has happened to the family . Chloe tracks the wedding sniper to a pharmaceutical company and Lucifer steps in front of the man 's next intended victim , hoping to be shot himself . Chloe then ambushes the shooter and arrests him without incident . Lucifer visits Dr. Martin and confesses to killing his brother . He says he has always been a punisher , but never killed anyone before . As Lucifer tells the story , Dr. Martin interrupts , asking him to stop speaking in metaphors and insisting he be honest . Lucifer then reveals his true face to Dr. Martin to prove he is not lying , leaving her in a state of shock . 20 7 `` My Little Monkey '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jenn Kao November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20057 3.52 Chloe gets a case that hits close to home , when she learns the man convicted of killing Officer John Decker , her father , is being released from prison under supervision to attend his granddaughter 's Christening . When the prisoner and his driver / guard subsequently end up murdered , Chloe and Dan reinvestigate and learn that the wrong man was in prison . During the case , Lucifer , still disgusted with himself , tries to look and act like Dan to feel more useful . Elsewhere , Dr. Martin says she has to drop Maze as a friend upon learning that she is a demon . Maze , meanwhile , is searching for a profession to fulfill her existence on earth . When she helps Chloe and the team find Deputy Warden Perry Smith , the man who ordered the killing of John Decker , Maze decides she will be a bounty hunter . 21 8 `` Trip to Stabby Town '' Nathan Hope Jeff Lieber November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20058 3.87 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer take on the case of a female stabbing victim , who is revealed to have been a member of a yoga group that borders on a cult . Lucifer also asks Ella for help in his own case : finding out who stole Azrael 's dagger from Uriel 's grave . Ella helps lead Lucifer to Charlotte 's law firm . When confronted , Charlotte reveals she released the dagger into the world to get God 's attention . Chloe 's and Lucifer 's cases cross when several members of the yoga group are found stabbed to death with Azrael 's blade resting in the final victim . Dan briefly holds the blade and threatens Lucifer for ruining his family , but Dan manages to break free of the blade 's hold through sheer willpower . Later , Amenadiel tells Lucifer he wants things back in their proper places with Lucifer in Hell and Charlotte in Heaven , but Charlotte says she wants her entire family back in Heaven . Lucifer says he despised living in Hell , but the thought of Heaven is even worse . He says the only place he feels respected is on Earth . Meanwhile , Lucifer resumes his sessions with Dr. Martin , who begins to realize Lucifer is like a lot of her therapy patients : a damaged individual from a dysfunctional family . 22 9 `` Homewrecker '' Greg Beeman Mike Costa November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20059 3.63 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer tackle the murder of a wealthy real estate mogul who owned the entire block that includes Lux . Their investigation turns up multiple people with motives , including the victim 's son , his fiancée who comes from modest means , and a rival real estate developer who wants to tear down the whole block , including Lux , to put up a shopping mall . The developer is about to get her wish until Chloe manages to get the building that houses Lux declared a historic landmark . Meanwhile , Charlotte becomes friendly with Dan and starts to strongly believe that Chloe is the reason Lucifer wants to stay on Earth . Charlotte meets with a bomb maker and plans to blow up Chloe when she steps into her car . 23 10 `` Quid Pro Ho '' Nathan Hope Ildy Modrovich & Julia Fontana November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20060 4.09 Charlotte 's attempt to kill Chloe is stopped by Amenadiel , who convinces her that eliminating Chloe would only cause Lucifer to be relentless in finding her killer . Lucifer later learns Charlotte tried to kill Chloe , but his thoughts soon turn to the trial of John Decker 's murder , with Charlotte assigned to defend Warden Smith . Lucifer takes the stand as a witness and testifies that Chloe was first on the scene , putting a conviction at risk because Chloe provides reasonable doubt . Charlotte tries to convince Chloe to lie on the stand and paint Lucifer 's testimony as false , which is the only way the warden could be convicted , but Chloe instead says Lucifer told the truth . Amenadiel later meets Chloe 's mother Penelope , who is distraught over her husband 's killer being set free . Amenadiel remembers meeting Penelope and John Decker 35 years ago , when he was sent by God to assist in a miracle , allowing Penelope to get pregnant . He then meets with Charlotte , telling her the story and stating that Lucifer 's coming to Earth and meeting Chloe was predestined . 24 11 `` Stewardess Interruptus '' Greg Beeman Sheri Elwood January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) T13. 20061 3.97 When the only apparent connection between two murder victims is the fact that they 'd once shared Lucifer 's bed , Chloe interviews all of his lovers ( male and female ) from the past two months to try and find the culprit . Lucifer comes to the uncomfortable realization that he was never more to them than they were to him , in the process derailing his confidence in pursuing his burgeoning affections towards Chloe . Meanwhile , the actual connection in the murders is a mysterious figure for whom the victims were smuggling an unknown but deadly substance , which goes undiscovered by the police . Mazikeen continues to search for her own identity and learns a valuable truth from Dr. Linda , while Amenadiel tries to manipulate Lucifer towards Chloe at their mother 's behest . In the end , Lucifer decides to stop pursuing Chloe , telling her that she is special and he is not worthy of her . His extolling of the things that make her special makes Chloe see that he has come to care for her as more than just a conquest and she kisses him . 25 12 `` Love Handles '' Karen Gaviola Alex Katsnelson January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) T13. 20062 4.17 Lucifer is a bit confused when Chloe acts more carefree and relaxed in his presence , exchanging barbs with him . Lucifer and Chloe keep trying to track down the owner of the mysterious package after a college student is found dead due to an unknown poison . Clues lead them to Professor Carlisle , who had been chastised for saving himself and his dissertation from a burning vehicle , leaving the driver to die . Carlisle is conducting morbid `` experiments '' to prove all humans would make the choice he did . Meanwhile , Maze hears about Chloe 's birth story from Charlotte , and agrees to meet with Lucifer to tell him the truth , in the very bar where Amenadiel met Penelope 35 years ago . As Maze changes her mind , Lucifer sees a photo of Amenadiel and a younger Penelope on the bar wall , and Charlotte confirms that Chloe is a miracle ordered by God . Lucifer goes to confront Chloe , and sees she has the symptoms of Carlisle 's poison . 26 13 `` A Good Day to Die '' Alrick Riley Joe Henderson & Chris Rafferty January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) T13. 20063 4.19 Lucifer and Chloe desperately search for an antidote to save her , learning that the Professor sourced the ingredients for his poisons from an amateur artist . Chloe collapses and is hospitalized , while Dan and Lucifer learn that the formula for the antidote was known only to Carlisle . With no other options , Lucifer has Maze and Linda stop his heart , allowing him to enter Hell and find Carlisle 's soul , which is now eternally tormented by a recreation of the car accident . Lucifer offers him a chance at absolution in exchange for the formula , but Carlisle fails to assuage his guilt sufficiently . While waiting to be revived , however , Lucifer stumbles upon an illusion of Uriel , who forces Lucifer to kill him again and again . Charlotte sends herself to Hell to free him , but ends up succumbing to her own guilt , forcing Lucifer to drag her away . Upon being revived , Lucifer meets up with Dan and Ella , who have retrieved the ingredients , and creates the antidote . Charlotte tries to reconnect with her son , but he disowns her for deceiving him . When Chloe visits Lux later , she is shocked to find it closed for business with Lucifer nowhere to be found . 27 14 `` Candy Morningstar '' Claudia Yarmy Jenn Kao May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) T13. 20064 3.41 Lucifer returns to Los Angeles after two weeks and introduces his wife Candy to Chloe and Dan . Chloe becomes upset , both with Lucifer 's cavalier attitude and his decision to marry . When Ash Corrigan , a musician in a local band , turns up dead , Lucifer tries to help Chloe , but she pushes him away . Meanwhile , Amenadiel and Charlotte also discover that Lucifer is married and Charlotte suspects that Lucifer is planning some sort of revenge . When Maze suggests that Chloe needs a mediator , Chloe impersonates Candy as a means of getting an appointment with the mediator Ash saw for his divorce . Amenadiel confronts Lucifer for hurting Chloe 's feelings . Lucifer tells him he is not trying to hurt her ; rather , he is protecting her . The two discover that Doug , the drummer of Ash 's band , is the murderer and take him into custody . Lucifer and Chloe agree to become partners again . It is revealed that Lucifer never married Candy , who turns out to be an actress who helped Lucifer in return for his saving her life in Las Vegas . 28 15 `` Deceptive Little Parasite '' Brad Tanenbaum Mike Costa & Julia Fontana May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) T13. 20065 3.25 Lucifer retrieves Azrael 's blade , which turns out to be the Flaming Sword that once guarded Eden and can cut through the Gates of Heaven , allowing Charlotte to return home . As the Lightbringer , Lucifer is the only one who can reignite the blade , but fails to do so as it can only be triggered by extreme emotion . Chloe and Dan investigate the murder of an admissions officer at a prestigious elementary school ; despite uncovering embezzlement by the assistant dean , they are unable to find any leads . Chloe and Maze pose as a married couple and attend a party in honor of the deceased , where the real murderer , a teacher whose affair was discovered by the victim , is caught and subdued by Maze . Linda suggests to Lucifer that his inability to use the blade may be because he suppresses all of the pain and heartbreak in his life and , by channeling pain instead of anger , he is able to briefly ignite the Sword . It is revealed then that Charlotte is desperate to return to Heaven because her human form is weakening . 29 16 `` God Johnson '' Sherwin Shilati Jason Ning May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) T13. 20066 3.05 Lucifer and Chloe investigate the murder of an orderly at a mental institution . The suspect is a patient calling himself `` God Johnson '' who proves to be immune to Lucifer 's powers and knows to call him Samael . Ella identifies the man as Earl Johnson , a businessman who was committed after giving away all his wealth . Lucifer feigns insanity to get himself committed . Upon seeing Johnson heal a woman that would have been the killer 's second victim , Lucifer believes that he is God . Learning that Johnson has no knowledge of Charlotte escaping Hell , Lucifer and Linda break him out and set up a surprise date between the two . Amenadiel reveals to Maze that Lucifer is returning to Heaven , leaving her behind . Johnson and Charlotte begin to reconcile , but Chloe takes him and Lucifer back to the hospital . Lucifer and Johnson are then abducted by the real killer , one of the nurses , and make peace with one another . After being rescued , Lucifer discovers that Johnson 's belt buckle was part of Azrael 's Blade and that Johnson was filled with the knowledge and power of God while wearing it . Realizing that his real Father would never reconcile with him , his hatred becomes even stronger . 30 17 `` Sympathy for the Goddess '' Louis Milito Joe Henderson May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) T13. 20067 3.03 Lucifer , Amenadiel , and Charlotte cut a deal with a smuggler for the last piece of the Blade . However , the smuggler is robbed and murdered before he can turn over the piece . Lucifer gets Chloe assigned to the case , who discovers that the killer is Chet Ruiz , one of Charlotte 's clients and a powerful crime lord . Amenadiel and Dan bond over feeling unable to compete with Lucifer . Linda is stripped of her medical license for ethics violations and Lucifer unintentionally botches her appeal by revealing his sexual arrangement with her . Maze attacks Lucifer for manipulating her during their time on Earth . Charlotte is coerced into stealing Chet 's phone from the police , but Chloe finds out . She also learns that Charlotte is the `` ex-wife of Lucifer 's dad '' and gets her to take part in a sting operation . The piece turns out to be a rare tome that only Amenadiel can read . Maze forces the chairman of the ethics board to restore Linda 's license and Charlotte accidentally kills Chet by exposing him to divine light after he stabs her . Lucifer and Amenadiel discover that the latter 's necklace contains the third piece of the Blade and that Amenadiel is their Father 's favorite son . 31 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Crispy '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) T13. 20068 3.31 Linda attempts to conceal Charlotte 's wound but Lucifer recognizes that her body will soon burst . He sends Maze to find Amenadiel while he covers up Chet 's murder . Ella finds the cleaners Charlotte hired and Chloe confronts Lucifer about letting his personal problems interfere with work . Amenadiel refuses to reassemble the Blade , citing renewed loyalty to his Father . Charlotte escapes , apparently kills one of the cleaners , and forces Linda to reveal Lucifer 's plan . She then threatens to kill Chloe unless the last piece of the Blade , which is in Dan 's possession , is delivered to her . While Amenadiel stops time for Maze to help Linda , Chet 's brother , the cleaner 's real killer , attempts to shoot Lucifer and Charlotte . Lucifer ignites the Blade and opens a rift leading outside the universe , where his mother can create her own world free from God 's influence , and throws the Blade through with her . Later , the real Charlotte is revived , having no memory of the time her body was inhabited . At the hospital , Linda encourages Lucifer to reveal his true nature to Chloe . Before he can , however , he is knocked out cold and wakes up to find himself in the desert with his wings restored . Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 32 `` They 're Back , Are n't They ? '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T13. 20751 3.92 Lucifer encounters a fleeing criminal and steals his clothes before getting the police to return him to Los Angeles . He asks Linda to remove his wings , but she refuses . Chloe brings him onto a new case , a dehydrated corpse found in the desert where Lucifer woke up , while overseen by her new lieutenant , Marcus Pierce . The body turns out to be that of a wealthy man and his close friend reveals that he paid `` kidnappers '' to prank the victim . While attempting to restore his wings , Amenadiel discovers a severed pair from Lucifer . Lucifer tries to show Chloe his true `` devilface , '' but can not . To lure out the `` kidnappers , '' Pierce instructs Dan to get himself kidnapped , which Lucifer arranges . However , he makes himself the target at the last moment because he suspects the kidnappers to be behind his own abduction . He interrogates them and learns that the dead man was turned over to another kidnapper . The man reveals that he was hired by the Sinnerman , a mysterious crime boss , to abduct Lucifer . Lucifer , whose wings grew back after he cut them off again , initially suspects that God restored his wings as punishment for sending Charlotte to a void , but eventually comes to believe that it is `` something darker '' connected to Sinnerman . 33 `` The One with the Baby Carrot '' Louis Milito Joe Henderson October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T13. 20752 3.33 After failing to connect a recent murder to the Sinnerman , Lucifer is told by Chloe that he has to either bring her evidence that he exists or allow the case to die . Pierce assigns them a new case : a murdered comedian who accused his rival , Bobby Lowe , of stealing his jokes . Amenadiel asks Linda to help him destroy Lucifer 's severed wings . While attending one of Bobby 's shows , Lucifer storms the stage and accidentally shoots him with a gun hidden in a hand puppet . It turns out that Bobby did steal the jokes and wanted to be fired from the show . Pierce warns Lucifer that the Sinnerman is real and killed someone close to him during his previous posting in Chicago . Lucifer and Dan run a sting operation , netting an old friend of Bobby 's who reveals that the dead man was working on a new set with Sheila , Bobby 's warm - up act . They find and arrest her and Pierce makes an agreement with Lucifer to help find the Sinnerman so long as he keeps Chloe out of it . Inspired by something Sheila said , Lucifer decides to focus not on his regrowing wings or the loss of his `` devilface , '' but on his skill as a granter of favors . 34 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mazikeen Smith '' Tara Nicole Weyr Joe Henderson & Alex Katsnelson October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T13. 20069 3.19 Bored with her life , Maze decides to hunt a more challenging target : a serial killer named Ben Rivers , who has evaded every attempt at capture . Tracking him to Canada , she eventually finds a witness and blackmails him into revealing the location of Rivers ' girlfriend . Lucifer and Chloe question Rivers ' former attorney and learn that he is a master manipulator . Against Chloe 's concerns that Maze might be in trouble , Lucifer sends her the bounty 's address . Rivers then reveals that he used to work as a bounty hunter for Lt. Herrera , the cop who sent Maze to catch him , and the two form an unlikely bond . Dan arrives at Chloe 's request , but Rivers escapes to avoid being returned to police custody . With Lucifer 's help , Chloe proves Rivers to be innocent , allowing them to bring Herrera , the real murderer , to justice . Despite her feelings for him , Maze decides to leave Rivers behind and return home . Rivers warns her that Herrera was working for someone very powerful and that she is likely now in danger . A shadowy figure is then shown placing a file on Maze into a drawer filled with files on all the protagonists . 35 `` What Would Lucifer Do ? '' Eagle Egilsson Jason Ning October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T13. 20753 3.26 When Amenadiel shares his insights with Lucifer , the latter suggests that Amenadiel needs to `` walk in his shoes '' in order to understand him . Marcus assigns Chloe a new case . The victim , a counselor who worked with troubled kids , is shown to have been murdered with a tool belonging to a missing resident . Lucifer calls in a favor , finds the resident , and brings him back to the station . He turns out to be innocent , despite Lucifer 's insistence that juveniles are incapable of reform . To prove his point , he sets up a marijuana distribution ring with the other kids , inadvertently providing Chloe with a lead that uncovers the murder weapon . Amenadiel gets arrested after assaulting a pimp , but Dan bails him out . The two talk and Amenadiel realizes that Lucifer 's excessive lifestyle just covers up how lonely he is . As Pierce and Chloe track the new murder suspect , Pierce is shot by the man while protecting Chloe . Lucifer , angered , tracks down the shooter and nearly kills him , but Amenadiel intervenes . Based on his experiences , Amenadiel concludes that his `` test '' is to have Lucifer 's back . Lucifer rebukes him , enraged by the thought that his feelings for Chloe are responsible for what he has become . 36 5 `` Welcome Back , Charlotte Richards '' Nathan Hope Chris Rafferty October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) T13. 20754 3.37 Simon Fisher , a chemist at a pudding company , is found dead in one of his vats and the company 's owner turns out to be represented by Charlotte Richards , for whom Lucifer still has conflicting feelings . He and Chloe learn that the dead man wanted to sell his secret formula to a rival company and identify a fixer who had been spying on him . An encounter with Dan inspires Charlotte to visit Lucifer for help filling in her missing memories ; however , she mistakenly believes that they were romantically involved . After Lucifer clears things up , he discovers that she was trapped in Hell while his mother inhabited her body . He encourages her to confess her sins , which include withholding crucial evidence from Chloe . Using it , Ella determines that the pudding 's ingredients can cause renal failure and that Simon committed suicide to expose the company 's wrongdoing . Overwhelmed with guilt , Charlotte has a breakdown and holds the owner , fixer , and rival owner hostage to force them to reveal who killed Simon . Lucifer talks her down and Chloe uses a recording he made to charge them with endangering public health . Lucifer meets Charlotte and admits that she is not to blame for his mother 's actions ; the two agree to start a professional relationship . 37 6 `` Vegas with Some Radish '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich & Sheri Elwood November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) T13. 20072 3.48 At Chloe 's birthday celebration , Lucifer receives word that Candy , his fake wife , has disappeared . Without telling Chloe , he and Ella travel to Las Vegas , where they find a woman dressed as Candy murdered in her apartment . Lucifer suspects that a loan shark who once tried to seize Candy 's father 's club was responsible , but he turns up dead as well . While investigating the loan shark 's wife , a pit boss at a nearby casino , Ella is caught counting cards at blackjack and she and Lucifer are thrown out . Candy , who had been posing as a waitress while following the same lead , admits that the dead woman was a friend of hers . Lucifer and Ella set a trap at the club and discover that Jedd , the bartender , was the killer ; Ella subdues him and they return home . Entering his apartment , Lucifer discovers that Chloe , Dan , and Linda threw a party and attempted unsuccessfully to break into his safe . After admitting to Chloe that he was wrong not to tell her why he was leaving , he opens the safe and presents her with a gift : a necklace made from the bullet she shot him with when they first started working together . 38 7 `` Off the Record '' Eduardo Sánchez Story by : Jen Graham Imada Teleplay by : Chris Rafferty & Mike Costa November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) T13. 20071 3.58 After waking up from a coma , Linda 's estranged husband Reese Getty , an investigative reporter , discovers her affair with Lucifer . Enraged , he decides to write an exposé to ruin his reputation . Lucifer and Chloe investigate a serial killer and Linda serves Reese with divorce papers . Lucifer confronts Reese and persuades him to drop his investigation ; just as Reese accepts that Lucifer is right , he witnesses him use his Devil face to obtain a confession . A year later , a nearly deranged Reese is asked by Chloe to assist in the still - ongoing investigation and decides to kill Lucifer , shooting him in the middle of a therapy session . Linda explains that she knows Lucifer 's true nature and considers him her friend , but Reese storms out . He then tracks down the killer and gets him to target Lucifer , but an innocent woman is killed instead . Reese blames Lucifer for his actions . Lucifer counters that humans like Reese are responsible for damning themselves . After attacking Linda in a rage , Reese uses himself as bait to lure the killer out , accepting his fate . It is then revealed that the whole episode was Reese 's damned soul seeking redemption , trapped in a time loop in Hell . 39 8 `` Chloe Does Lucifer '' Louis Milito Julia Fontana November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) T13. 20755 3.26 Lucifer grows concerned when Amenadiel calls him `` boring '' sets out to prove him wrong . A woman named Kim Jones is murdered and Chloe traces the last call she made to Top Meet , a popular dating app . Chloe attends the company 's mixer and adopts Lucifer 's mannerisms to blend in . She and Dan locate a man who reveals that Kim was about to receive a large sum of money . It turns out that Kim founded Top Meet and wanted to make it more accessible , and that Mac , whom she chose as CEO , killed her to preserve the app 's exclusivity . While planning her ex-husband's funeral , Linda has an existential crisis , and reveals that Reese 's passing has made her fear death . Amenadiel manages to calm her by explaining that he once had a similar crisis , and they manage to fix their friendship . Wanting to avoid damnation , Charlotte lies to Ella about wanting to study forensics , giving her an excuse to follow the latter around . When Ella points out that being `` good '' means not just words , but actions , Charlotte decides to leave her practice and join the district attorney 's office . Lucifer briefly contemplates whether being boring is for him , before deciding it is not . 40 9 `` The Sinnerman '' Marisol Adler Jenn Kao December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) T13. 20756 3.39 Pierce rejects Chloe 's request for a personal day . Joey Pileggi , who asked Lucifer for a favor months before , winds up murdered . Lucifer reveals the favor was getting him work as a mob courier . Maze becomes uneasy about Linda and Amenadiel growning closer . Charlotte , as a prosecutor , joins Chloe and Lucifer as they question Frankie Ferrante , the mobster who mentored Joey , and learn that his death was not mob - related . Another body turns up , which Lucifer recognizes as another client . Ella identifies the killer as the Sinnerman , who lures Lucifer into an abandoned building and traps him inside . With Charlotte 's help , Chloe manipulates Frankie into going after the Sinnerman , but Charlotte feels hurt that Chloe did n't tell her the plan . Maze finds Lucifer and forces him to acknowledge her feelings before freeing him . Pierce tells Chloe that he plans to get revenge against the Sinnerman for murdering his brother . The Sinnerman ambushes Frankie , but Chloe and Pierce manage to capture him . Maze asks Linda to stop seeing Amenadiel . Dan comforts Charlotte and tells her being `` good '' takes time and commitment . Lucifer tries using his powers on the Sinnerman , but the latter gouges his own eyes out before he can do so . 41 10 `` The Sin Bin '' Greg Beeman Sheri Elwood December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) T13. 20757 3.36 The Sinnerman claims that a woman will soon be drowned in a spot only he knows . Chloe tracks a possible lead , which takes them to the woman 's car and a planted bomb . Realizing the only option , Chloe has Ella help her smuggle the Sinnerman out . Trixie encourages Charlotte to be a better mother . Pierce and Chloe manage to save the woman , but Lucifer and the Sinnerman vanish . The woman apparently owed the Sinnerman a debt , and set up her own kidnapping . The Sinnerman wakes up in Lucifer 's private estate , where Maze proceeds to torture him close to death . Despite a celestial rule dictating that angels may not take human lives , Lucifer concludes that killing him is the only solution . Maze abandons him in disgust . Lucifer realizes that the Sinnerman 's true desire is to die by his hand . Pierce arrives with Chloe and shoots the Sinnerman dead . Trixie gets Charlotte to go on a date with Dan . After deducing that the Sinnerman was working for someone more powerful , Lucifer calls Pierce to Lux . It is revealed that Pierce is in fact the immortal Cain , the world 's first murderer who is destined to wander the earth forever . 42 11 `` City of Angels ? '' Mark Tonderai Jason Ning & Jenn Kao January 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) T13. 20070 3.11 In 2011 , Lucifer leaves Hell for Los Angeles . His brother Amenadiel demands that he return to Hell , but Lucifer talks him into delaying their departure . Amenadiel is shot and his necklace is stolen . Knowing the danger of exposing humans to divinity , he persuades Lucifer to help him find it in return for a favor . Meanwhile , beat cop Chloe Decker and her husband , Det. Dan Espinoza , investigate the murder of MMA fighter Aiden Scott . Lucifer abducts the promoter who tried to fix Aiden 's last fight , summoning his demon torturer Mazikeen to interrogate him . Chloe visits the promoter 's lawyer , Charlotte Richards , and pressures her into setting up a sting operation with her client . Lucifer sets up a fight with Amenadiel to show that they are the same . Amenadiel dominates the fight , but allows Lucifer to win by submission to prove that , unlike Lucifer , he can control his pride . The sting nets Aiden 's mentor Gil , but Lucifer and Amenadiel snatch him up and force him to confess to murder and theft before leaving him to be arrested . Lucifer uses his favor to get Amenadiel to leave him on Earth . He takes over the promoter 's club and has Maze cut off his wings . 43 12 `` All About Her '' Tara Nicole Weyr Alex Katsnelson January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) T13. 20758 3.77 Lucifer accuses Pierce of working for God , but he denies it . A surfer 's body is found on a private beach . Chloe , furious with Lucifer for going behind her back , blocks him from the investigation . Charlotte chastises Pierce for yelling at Ella , and Amenadiel learns , falsely , that he has contracted chlamydia . Linda advises Lucifer to pay more attention to Chloe 's needs and Dan tells him to be helpful without getting in her way . Chloe suspects that a surfer gang may have been involved in the murder , sending Dan to go undercover and work their leader , Wild Child . After learning that Pierce intends to skip town , Lucifer discovers that he wishes to die , and had previously put himself and Chloe in danger hoping to be killed after learning that Lucifer is vulnerable around Chloe . Wild Child tells Dan that the gang had nothing to do with the murder , and Chloe deduces that the `` owners '' of the beach were framing them to cover up their illegal acquisition of the land . Linda tells Amenadiel that she is not comfortable dating him due to Maze 's objections , but they kiss , and Maze sees them . Lucifer makes a deal with Pierce to end his life . 44 13 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' Sherwin Shilati Mike Costa January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) T13. 20759 3.67 Pierce loses faith in Lucifer 's lack of progress . Maze theorizes that he must have an exploitable weakness . Murdered woman , June Lee , turns out to be a criminal named Sandra Jiang , whose death is found to be connected to her role cooking ecstasy . Lucifer collects the mobster who once employed Sandra . He agrees to cooperate with the investigation in return for one of Sandra 's recipes . To prove that Sandra was selling her product independently , Chloe decides to have Lucifer and Pierce pose as a married couple in order to infiltrate her neighborhood . Dan and Charlotte go on their first date , but Maze crashes it due to her attraction to Charlotte 's pain . The cops learn that a `` watchdog '' who has been terrorizing the neighborhood is connected Sandra 's death . Lucifer lures him out , but he turns out be innocent . His wife turns out to be the killer , having mistakingly believed Sandra to be having an affair with her husband . Charlotte decides that she needs some time away from relationships in order to refocus . Pierce notes that as much as Lucifer wants to help him , he is more interested in using him to get revenge on his father . 45 14 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' Claudia Yarmy Joe Henderson & Jason Ning February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) T13. 20760 3.71 Lucifer , realizing that he understands nothing about Cain 's Mark , decides to ask Amenadiel for help , but he refuses . Ella 's older brother , Jay Lopez , disappears after a man he was meeting with is murdered . Chloe asks Ella to recuse herself from the investigation , but she and Maze go off to find him anyway . Charlotte is turned down by Linda when she asks for a consultation , as she still fears her . The victim is tied to a jewelry store heist , and Lucifer and Chloe check with the owner , who reveals that the `` robbery '' was actually insurance fraud . Pierce tracks down Amenadiel , who he knows gave him the mark , and assaults him in anger . Chloe and Dan confirm that Jay was , in fact , hired to `` clean '' the stolen diamonds . Jay flees , and goes after the real killer , the store 's investigator , but gets captured . Pierce points out that he and Amenadiel both tried to kill their brothers , but that Amenadiel 's failure makes him worse . Maze eliminates the killer and saves Jay . Linda decides to treat Charlotte . Lucifer catches Jay stealing the diamonds , and vows to punish him if he ever commits a crime again . Amenadiel decides that he will do whatever it takes to protect his brother from Pierce . 46 15 `` High School Poppycock '' Louis Milito Chris Rafferty & Jen Graham Imada February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) T13. 20761 3.18 Lucifer has a nightmare about Chloe dying . On his quest to help Pierce , Lucifer uses murdered author Kathleen Pike 's latest work to overcome his lack of ideas . Linda and Amenadiel continue their romance in secret , unaware that Maze already knows . Chloe learns that the characters in Kathleen 's books are based on people from her high school days . Lucifer agrees to go undercover with her at an upcoming reunion to find the killer . Maze intentionally sets up Linda and Amenadiel on blind dates with herself and Todd , the man Lucifer impersonates at the reunion , as revenge for their deception . Maze angrily storms out after Linda defends her actions . Chloe and Lucifer discover that all of the party attendees have an alibi except for Todd , who explains that Kathleen had a different ending for her book from what her editor wanted . Chloe uses that information to set a trap for him . Lucifer has a breakdown when he realizes that Kathleen 's work was destroyed , and leaves . Linda breaks up with Amenadiel for Maze 's sake . Lucifer throws Chloe the prom she never had and also has an epiphany : to break Pierce 's curse , he has to prevent the circumstances that caused it . 47 16 `` Infernal Guinea Pig '' Eagle Egilsson Jenn Kao & Julia Fontana March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) T13. 20762 3.13 To break Pierce 's curse , Lucifer proposes resurrecting Abel from Hell . However , the plan goes awry when Abel is revived in the body of Bree Garland , the assistant to B movie producer Alexa Lee , whose office was recently blown up by a bomb . Based on information provided by Maze , Lucifer and Pierce track Abel to a pool party . Amenadiel arrives and tries to persuade Abel to commit suicide by claiming he is still in Hell . Chloe 's investigation uncovers links between Alexa 's film studio and a Bolivian drug cartel , and she realizes that Bree , who had been aware of her employer 's crimes , was trying to expose her . Abel encounters Pierce and shoots him , but he is unharmed . Chloe takes Bree and Lucifer to Alexa 's office for evidence , where they narrowly manage to defuse another bomb . Using a recovered fingerprint , Chloe has Alexa arrested for money laundering . Charlotte makes progress in therapy with Linda , while Amenadiel , after fighting with Maze , calls her childish for ruining his chance at romance . Abel , having somewhat reconciled with his brother , asks for some space to figure himself out . Lucifer , concerned about Chloe 's safety , informs Pierce that he is ending their partnership and Abel is killed by an ambulance . 48 17 `` Let Pinhead Sing ! '' Alrick Riley Ildy Modrovich & Sheri Elwood March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) T13. 20763 2.97 Pop singer Axara sees her life threatened when one of her backup dancers ( wearing a mask and the same outfit as Axara ) gets killed by a high - powered firework . Chloe investigates without much help from Lucifer , who is still worried about putting Chloe in danger and tries to avoid her . He does offer to quarantine Axara at Lux until the killer is found , though . Suspicion falls on a crazed fan , who is soon found dead himself , then to Axara 's manager , before evidence ultimately leads Chloe to Axara 's former high school friend and current tour manager , Cece . Elsewhere , Pierce is dejected over Lucifer backing off on helping him die and the fact that Abel could not kill him either . Ella convinces him to talk to Dan , which does no good , and Pierce also has a conversation with Amenadiel that seems to help . Pierce starts to believe again that Chloe is the key , and he asks her out on a date in full view of Lucifer . Meanwhile , Linda tries to reconcile her friendship with Maze , even getting Charlotte to mediate their dispute , but Maze will not budge off her high horse . 49 18 `` The Last Heartbreak '' Hanelle Culpepper Alex Katsnelson & Mike Costa March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) T13. 20764 3.23 In 1958 , Pierce , an LAPD detective , is assigned to investigate a serial murderer known as the `` Broken Hearts Killer '' . In the present , two new victims are found that match the killer 's MO . Lucifer tries to get between what he suspects is a growing romance between Chloe and Pierce . Dan tells a drunken Maze to pull herself together for Chloe 's sake . More victims turn up , validating Pierce 's belief that a copycat is responsible . Amenadiel runs into Charlotte , and Linda advises him to keep his distance . Pierce visits the granddaughter of his partner in 1958 , getting back his files on the case . Maze and Dan argue , and Maze ends up insulting Trixie unaware that she is behind her . Using a radio call - in show to set up a sting , Chloe and Pierce pose as a cheating couple and lure out the killer , who turns out to be a man who found the original killer 's journals and became obsessed with them . Charlotte persuades Amenadiel to reveal the truth to her . Pierce decides to pursue a relationship with Chloe , with Lucifer 's blessing . 50 19 `` Orange Is the New Maze '' Nathan Hope Jenn Kao March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) T13. 20765 3.19 Maze asks Lucifer to send her back to Hell ; Lucifer refuses and suggests that she needs to blow off some steam . Linda warns Charlotte not to see Amenadiel again . Security footage of a new murder seems to implicate Maze as the killer , and Chloe learns that the victim was one of her bounties . Maze subsequently turns herself in , claiming guilt , and even hands over the murder weapon . However , when Chloe presses her , it becomes clear that Maze only wants to take the fall . Charlotte forces Lucifer to tell her about his mother . Maze escapes custody , and Chloe determines that someone is framing her . Pierce becomes increasingly jealous of the `` special relationship '' between Lucifer and Chloe . A conversation with a former bounty leads them to a wealthy winery owner , who blames Maze for getting her son killed . Chloe persuades Maze to spare the owner 's life ; instead , she stabs her in the foot . Lucifer , prompted by Amenadiel , reveals his true self to Charlotte . When Lucifer tries to persuade her to stay , Maze , angry that he refuses to consider her feelings , prepares to leave town . However , Pierce stops her , and promises to help her if she helps him . 51 20 `` The Angel of San Bernardino '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jason Ning April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) T13. 20766 3.18 A man is killed during a home invasion , but the homeowner survives due to the intervention of a `` guardian angel '' . A news story then surfaces of a guardian angel rescuing a victim in San Bernardino , leading Lucifer to wonder whether he could be responsible , even though he has no memory of the deeds . Pierce 's relationship with Chloe is strained by her refusal to let him meet Trixie . Linda suggests that Lucifer may not be aware of his actions because he is unconsciously trying to distract himself ; both he and Amenadiel suspect that God is responsible . Charlotte starts behaving outlandishly , as she believes that she will end up in Heaven no matter what she does . Chloe finds a video of a fight involving the victim , which leads them to an actor who was hired to keep him from breaking his addiction to heroin . Lucifer 's refusal to sleep interferes with his work , and Chloe accuses him of being jealous . Lucifer forces the murderer to confess , after which Maze visits him and reveals that she is the `` angel '' , having done so to keep Lucifer from figuring out Pierce 's plan to use Chloe . However , Pierce changes his mind and dumps Chloe , breaking her heart in the process . Furious , Lucifer attacks Pierce , whose mark has vanished , rendering him mortal . 52 21 `` Anything Pierce Can Do I Can Do Better '' Jim Vickers Alex Katsnelson April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) T13. 20767 2.82 Pierce contemplates suicide , but realizes he truly loves Chloe . Seeing a chance for a normal life where he can grow old with her and die , he tries to win her back . A new murder case comes in : Reina Markova , a prima ballerina who was strangled while practicing . Lucifer decides that the only way to get Chloe back is to outshine Pierce in every way . Pierce reneges on his plan to frame Lucifer for his murder , which angers Maze . Reina 's former understudy reveals that she was set to host a reality competition show , but ultimately backed out ; it then turns out that the show 's creator was blackmailed into offering her the job . Amenadiel recruits Charlotte to help him expose Pierce as the Sinnerman . Lucifer and Chloe uncover an affair between Reina and the ballet company chairman , while Charlotte is caught trying to follow Pierce and attempts to seduce him , but fails . Ella and Dan deduce that Reina 's partner Miguel was behind the blackmail and killed her to protect himself . Pierce and Lucifer both invite Chloe to have dinner with them , but Pierce makes the decision to tell Chloe how he feels and proposes to her , just as Lucifer arrives to do the same thing . 53 22 `` All Hands on Decker '' Eduardo Sánchez Sheri Elwood April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) T13. 20768 2.84 Ella plans Chloe 's bachelorette party . Lucifer and Dan investigate the murder of a dog trainer , with Lucifer taking the lead to `` understand '' Chloe better . Pierce 's Mark reappears , which Maze interprets as a sign that Chloe is unsure of her love . Amenadiel recruits Charlotte to break off the engagement . Dan enters a gambling den in search of a suspect , before Lucifer stages a surprise police raid . Maze intentionally throws a boring party , and Linda , Ella , and Charlotte hire a party bus instead . Amenadiel tries to persuade Pierce against losing his immortality . The murder suspect reveals that he is an amateur trainer , and that his purebred mastiff is expecting puppies which could fetch high prices . Ella figures out that Maze and Charlotte are both trying to manipulate Chloe , and stops the party . A drunken Chloe rides off in the bus , while Dan and Lucifer deduce that the victim 's partner is the killer and arrest him . Maze learns that Pierce 's Mark is fake and tries to kill him , but he uses Trixie to force her to leave . Dan expresses his feelings for Charlotte , and they begin a real relationship . Chloe ends her engagement and resumes working with Lucifer , to Pierce 's anger . 54 23 `` Quintessential Deckerstar '' Claudia Yarmy Ildy Modrovich May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) T13. 20769 2.90 Charlotte continues to have nightmares of Hell . Lucifer struggles to tell Chloe how he feels . Retired baseball player Forest Clay 's wife is murdered . Charlotte identifies him as the killer , revealing that she destroyed evidence of another murder for him years before . Amenadiel tries to restore his wings . Ella discredits Clay 's alibi , and Chloe discovers that both he and his wife were cheating on each other . Pierce and Maze plan to kill Amenadiel so Pierce can get his Mark back . Charlotte stages a distraction while Amenadiel steals information from her former law firm , which leads them to a murder matching Charlotte 's version of events . Chloe contemplates her feelings for Lucifer . Charlotte assists Chloe in apprehending Clay . When Maze turns on Pierce , he sedates her and shoots at Amenadiel , only to kill Charlotte when she shields him . Lucifer confesses his feelings and that he is the Devil to Chloe , who says he is not , at least not to her , and they kiss . A grieving Amenadiel regains his wings , using them to bring Charlotte 's soul to Heaven as Lucifer and Chloe receive a phone call , leading to Chloe , Lucifer , and Dan arriving at the crime scene where they find Charlotte 's body . 55 24 `` A Devil of My Word '' Eagle Egilsson Joe Henderson May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) T13. 20770 3.20 Pierce takes control of the investigation into Charlotte 's death . Dan finds Charlotte 's notes on Pierce , and informs Chloe and Lucifer that Pierce is the killer . Pierce arranges for one of the criminals Charlotte was prosecuting to be framed for her murder . Dan has Ella tip off Pierce on their progress , prompting him to send a hitman for Dan , but the hitman is captured . Believing that Linda is in danger , Maze escapes Pierce 's men to find her . Maze and Linda reconcile . Lucifer tells Ella that he suspects Amenadiel is right ; God is not responsible for changing him , he is . The captured hitman gives Chloe information that leads her and Lucifer into an ambush . Chloe is shot and Lucifer uses his wings to shield her . He carries her to safety before using his wings to subdue Pierce 's henchmen . Pierce confronts Lucifer with one of Maze 's daggers , but Lucifer kills Pierce with it instead . Pierce believes that he will be going to Heaven as he feels no regrets , but Lucifer reveals that Pierce will be haunted by the murder of Charlotte for eternity in Hell . The anger Lucifer feels causes his devil face to return , allowing Chloe to see his true nature . Bonus episodes 56 25 `` Boo Normal '' Lisa Demaine Jen Graham Imada May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) T13. 20771 2.42 As Ella contemplates moving back to Detroit , she assists on the case of a murdered psychologist . While doing so , she is visited by Rae - Rae , a `` ghost '' who first appeared to Ella when she survived a car crash at the age of 8 . However , Ella had not seen or heard from Rae - Rae since leaving Detroit five years ago , and she tries to figure out why she has reappeared . After hearing the story , Lucifer realizes that Rae - Rae is Azrael , the Angel of Death . In a conversation between the two , Azrael tells Lucifer that she was behind Ella moving to California and working for the LAPD . She explains that because she could not be in either one 's lives , she wanted to ensure her `` favorite brother and favorite human '' would be together in the same place . 57 26 `` Once Upon a Time '' Kevin Alejandro Story by : Ricardo Lopez Jr . Teleplay by : Ildy Modrovich & Joe Henderson May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) T13. 20772 2.42 God narrates events in an alternate timeline , where Chloe 's father , John Decker , survived the shooting that was supposed to take his life . Thus , Chloe is not inspired to become a cop and has instead remained an actress . The story ponders if Chloe and Lucifer would have still found each other . They do when Chloe 's friend , a stunt man in her current film , is murdered at Lux , and both Chloe and Lucifer become interested in finding the killer . They manage to solve the case with the help of Ella ( who in this reality is a professional carjacker and mechanic ) , and John confesses that while he is proud of his daughter , he does not want her to follow her dream of joining the police because of his fear that she would be in harm 's way . Nevertheless , Chloe decides that she wants to consider the possibility , and Lucifer jokes that perhaps they will get to work together again . The episode ends with God reflecting on the fact that , despite being in completely different circumstances , Chloe and Lucifer are destined to be together as in the original timeline . Season 4 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 58 `` Everything 's Okay '' Sherwin Shilati Joe Henderson 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA 59 `` Somebody 's Been Reading Dante 's Inferno '' Sam Hill Ildy Modrovich 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA 60 `` O , Ye Of Little Faith , Father '' Jessika Borsiczky Jason Ning 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' January 25 , 2016 2.4 / 7 7.16 1.4 3.63 3.8 10.78 `` Lucifer , Stay . Good Devil . '' February 1 , 2016 2.0 / 6 6.00 1.1 3.30 3.1 9.30 `` The Would - Be Prince of Darkness '' February 8 , 2016 1.7 / 5 5.47 1.1 3.00 2.8 8.46 `` Manly Whatnots '' February 15 , 2016 1.6 / 4 5.13 1.1 2.97 2.7 8.10 5 `` Sweet Kicks '' February 22 , 2016 1.5 / 4 4.86 1.1 2.97 2.6 7.83 6 `` Favorite Son '' February 29 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.91 1.1 3.00 2.4 6.91 7 `` Wingman '' March 7 , 2016 1.3 / 4 4.24 1.0 2.80 2.3 7.04 8 `` Et Tu , Doctor ? '' March 14 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.86 1.1 3.05 2.3 6.91 9 `` A Priest Walks into a Bar '' March 21 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.82 1.1 3.04 2.3 6.86 10 `` Pops '' March 28 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.76 1.1 2.94 2.3 6.68 11 `` St. Lucifer '' April 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.44 1.0 2.86 2.1 6.28 12 `` # TeamLucifer '' April 18 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.81 0.9 2.68 2.2 6.49 13 `` Take Me Back to Hell '' April 25 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.89 0.9 2.68 2.2 6.57 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Everything 's Coming Up Lucifer '' September 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 4.36 0.9 2.75 2.2 7.11 `` Liar , Liar , Slutty Dress on Fire '' October 3 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.67 0.9 2.69 2.0 6.37 `` Sin - Eater '' October 10 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.67 0.9 2.63 1.9 6.30 `` Lady Parts '' October 17 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.63 0.7 2.30 1.8 5.92 5 `` Weaponizer '' October 24 , 2016 1.0 / 4 3.55 0.8 2.26 1.8 5.81 6 `` Monster '' October 31 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.42 0.9 2.40 1.8 5.82 7 `` My Little Monkey '' November 7 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.52 0.8 2.51 1.8 6.03 8 `` Trip to Stabby Town '' November 14 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.87 0.7 2.26 1.8 6.13 9 `` Homewrecker '' November 21 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.63 0.8 2.24 1.8 5.87 10 `` Quid Pro Ho '' November 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 4.09 0.7 2.13 1.8 6.22 11 `` Stewardess Interruptus '' January 16 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.97 0.8 2.28 1.9 6.25 12 `` Love Handles '' January 23 , 2017 1.2 / 4 4.17 0.7 2.23 1.9 6.40 13 `` A Good Day to Die '' January 30 , 2017 1.2 / 4 4.19 0.7 2.01 1.9 6.20 14 `` Candy Morningstar '' May 1 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.41 0.7 2.09 1.7 5.50 15 `` Deceptive Little Parasite '' May 8 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.25 0.7 1.91 1.6 5.16 16 `` God Johnson '' May 15 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.05 0.7 2.05 1.5 5.10 17 `` Sympathy for the Goddess '' May 22 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.03 0.7 2.07 1.5 5.10 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Crispy '' May 29 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.31 0.7 2.00 1.6 5.30 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` They 're Back , Are n't They ? '' October 2 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The One with the Baby Carrot '' October 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.33 0.6 1.82 1.5 5.16 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mazikeen Smith '' October 16 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.19 N / A 1.71 N / A 4.90 `` What Would Lucifer Do ? '' October 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.26 N / A 1.87 N / A 5.13 5 `` Welcome Back , Charlotte Richards '' October 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Vegas with Some Radish '' November 6 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.48 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Off the Record '' November 13 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.58 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Chloe Does Lucifer '' November 20 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.26 0.5 1.73 1.4 4.99 9 `` The Sinnerman '' December 4 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.39 N / A 1.87 N / A 5.26 10 `` The Sin Bin '' December 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` City of Angels ? '' January 1 , 2018 0.7 / 2 3.11 0.7 N / A 1.4 N / A 12 `` All About Her '' January 22 , 2018 0.9 / 3 3.77 0.6 1.73 1.5 5.51 13 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' January 29 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' February 5 , 2018 1.0 / 4 3.71 N / A 1.73 N / A 5.44 15 `` High School Poppycock '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.18 0.5 1.67 1.3 4.85 16 `` Infernal Guinea Pig '' March 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.13 0.5 1.65 1.2 4.77 17 `` Let Pinhead Sing ! '' March 12 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.97 0.5 1.69 1.2 4.66 18 `` The Last Heartbreak '' March 19 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.23 0.4 1.58 1.2 4.69 19 `` Orange Is the New Maze '' March 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` The Angel of San Bernardino '' April 16 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.18 N / A 1.52 N / A 4.70 21 `` Anything Pierce Can Do I Can Do Better '' April 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.82 N / A 1.55 N / A 4.37 22 `` All Hands on Decker '' April 30 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.84 N / A 1.49 N / A 4.33 23 `` Quintessential Deckerstar '' May 7 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.90 N / A 1.49 N / A 4.39 24 `` A Devil of My Word '' May 14 , 2018 0.8 / 4 3.20 0.4 1.35 1.2 4.56 25 `` Boo Normal '' May 28 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A 26 `` Once Upon a Time '' May 28 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Before the series was cancelled , co-showrunner Ildy Modrovich stated that two episodes produced for the third season were set to be moved to a potential fourth season . Both episodes were broadcast on Fox on May 28 , 2018 as a singular two - hour bonus episode . Jump up ^ Season 2 episodes 14 -- 17 were broadcast one day earlier in Canada . Jump up ^ Of the third season , episodes 1 - 4 , 15 and 18 - 24 were broadcast one day earlier in Canada . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Nabs DC Entertainment ' Lucifer ' Drama From Tom Kapinos As Put Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Idol , ' ' New Girl ' get Fox winter premiere dates '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turchiano , Danielle ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' Canceled After Three Seasons at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Lucifer Resurrected ! Netflix Picks Up Season 4 of Cancelled Fox Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ingham , Alexandria ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` FOX and Netflix 's reasons behind Lucifer decisions show something needs to change '' . HiddenRemote.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ildy Modrovich ( @ Ildymojo ) ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Season finale was directed by @ eagleegilsson actually ! The last two episodes produced will air next season ... WHEN we get it . Right ? ? ? Everyone cross fingers . @ LuciferDaily # lucifer '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` FOX to Air Two `` Bonus '' Episodes of `` Lucifer '' on Monday `` . The Futon Critic . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' X-Files , ' ' Lucifer ' and ' The Bachelor ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Grammys and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Conviction , Timeless , Kevin and Scorpion all adjust down , Big Bang and Voice adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Conviction , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' adjusts up ; ' Gotham ' , ' Lucifer ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' and ABC adjust down ; Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV on Twitter : `` It 's not your typical high school reunion . Catch # Lucifer on a new day tonight at 8 / 9mt ... `` '' . twitter . February 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv mar 17 - 23 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv mar 24 - 30 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 14 - 20 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 21 - 27 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 28 - may 4 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv may 5 - 11 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv may 12 - 18 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lucifer , ' ' The Bachelor , ' everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup adjusts up , ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 401 is `` Everything 's Okay '' . Written by the incomparable @ Henderson_Joe , directed by the great @ sherwinshilati and on @ netflix ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 402 is `` Somebody 's Been Reading Dante 's Inferno '' . Written by the incredible @ Ildymojo and directed by the excellent @ SamHill_KinoEye ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 403 is `` O , Ye Of Little Faith , Father '' . Written by the great @ jkning and directed by the talented @ JessikaBTweets ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 -- June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Designated Survivor ' Returns with Biggest Percentage Lifts ; ' The Good Doctor ' , ' This is Us ' Deliver Biggest Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Designated Survivor ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Flash ' , ' iZombie ' Among Largest Percentage Gainers '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : All Three of NBC 's ' Chicago ' Dramas in the Top - 8 of Raw Time - Shifted Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Scandal ' Series Finale on ABC Ranks 7th Among Broadcast Network Prime Time Telecasts in Adults 18 - 49 Raw Lifts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Timeless ' Season Finale on NBC Ranks in Broadcast Top Ten for Total Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lucifer_episodes&oldid=857123989 '' Categories : Lucifer ( TV series ) Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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New Zealand dollar

New Zealand dollar - Wikipedia New Zealand dollar Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand dollar New Zealand dollar ( English ) Tāra o Aotearoa ( Māori ) $5 banknote obverse $1 coin reverse ISO 4217 Code NZD Number 554 Exponent Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ cent Nickname kiwi Banknotes $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Coins 10c , 20c , 50c , $1 , $2 Demographics User ( s ) New Zealand 5 territories ( show ) Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) , alongside Cook Islands dollar Niue ( New Zealand ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) Issuance Central bank Reserve Bank of New Zealand Website www.rbnz.govt.nz Printer Note Printing Australia ( provides base polymer note material ) Website www.noteprinting.com Valuation Inflation 0.2 % ( New Zealand only ) Source Reserve Bank of New Zealand , November 2016 Pegged by Cook Islands dollar , Niue dollar and Pitcairn Islands dollar ( all at par ) The New Zealand dollar ( sign : $ ; code : NZD ) ( Māori : Tāra o Aotearoa ) is the currency and legal tender of New Zealand , the Cook Islands , Niue , the Ross Dependency , Tokelau , and a British territory , the Pitcairn Islands . Within New Zealand , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with `` NZ $ '' sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . In the context of currency trading , it is often informally called the `` Kiwi '' , since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi . Introduced in 1967 , the dollar is subdivided into 100 cents . Altogether there are ten denominations -- five coins and five banknotes -- with the smallest being the 10 - cent coin . Formerly there were lower denominations , but those were discontinued due to inflation and production costs . The New Zealand dollar is consistently one of the 10 most - traded currencies in the world , being approximately 2.0 % of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Exchange rate 2 Coins 2.1 History 2.2 Current circulating coins 3 Banknotes 3.1 History 3.2 Current circulating banknotes 4 History of NZ $ foreign exchange rates in foreign countries 5 Global foreign exchange market 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Prior to the introduction of the New Zealand dollar in 1967 , the New Zealand pound was the currency of New Zealand , which had been distinct from the pound sterling since 1933 . The pound used the £ sd system , in which the pound was divided into 20 shillings and one shilling was divided into 12 pence , which by the 1950s was considered complicated and cumbersome . Switching to decimal currency had been proposed in New Zealand since the 1930s , although only in the 1950s did any plans come to fruition . In 1957 , a committee was set up by the Government to investigate decimal currency . The idea fell on fertile ground , and in 1963 , the Government decided to decimalise New Zealand currency . The Decimal Currency Act was passed in 1964 , setting the date of transition to 10 July 1967 . Words such as `` fern '' , `` kiwi '' and `` zeal '' were proposed to avoid confusion with the word `` dollar '' , which many people at the time associated with the United States dollar . In the end , the word `` dollar '' was chosen anyway , and an anthropomorphic dollar note cartoon character called `` Mr. Dollar '' became the symbol of transition in a huge publicity campaign . On Monday 10 July 1967 ( `` Decimal Currency Day '' ) , the New Zealand dollar was introduced to replace the pound at a rate of two dollars to one pound ( one dollar to ten shillings , ten cents to one shilling , ⁄ cent to a penny ) . Some 27 million new banknotes were printed and 165 million new coins were minted for the changeover . Exchange rate ( edit ) The New Zealand dollar was initially pegged to the US dollar at US $1.43 = NZ $1 . This rate changed on 21 November of the same year to US $1.12 = NZ $1 after the devaluation of the British pound ( see Bretton Woods system ) , although New Zealand devalued more than the UK . In 1971 the US devalued its dollar relative to gold , leading New Zealand on 23 December to peg its dollar at US $1.216 with a 4.5 % fluctuation range , keeping the same gold value . From 9 July 1973 to 4 March 1985 the dollar 's value was determined from a trade - weighted basket of currencies . The NZ $ was floated on 4 March 1985 at the initial rate of US $0.4444 . Since then the dollar 's value has been determined by the financial markets , and has been in the range of about US $0.39 to 0.88 . The dollar 's post-float low was US $0.3922 on 22 November 2000 , and it reached a post-float high on 9 July 2014 of US $0.8821 . Much of this medium - term variation in the exchange rate has been attributed to differences in interest rates . The New Zealand dollar 's value is often strongly affected by currency trading , and is among the 10 most - traded currencies . On 11 June 2007 the Reserve Bank sold an unknown worth of New Zealand dollars for nine billion USD in an attempt to drive down its value . This is the first intervention in the markets by the Bank since the float in 1985 . Two suspected interventions followed , but they were not as successful as the first : the first appeared to be initially effective , with the dollar dropping to approximately US $0.7490 from near US $0.7620 . However , within little more than a month it had risen to new post-float highs , reaching US $0.8103 on 23 July 2007 . After reaching its post-float record high in early 2008 , the value of the NZ $ plummeted throughout much of the 2nd half of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 as a response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from `` riskier '' currencies such as the NZ $ . The NZ $ bottomed out at approximately US $0.50 on 6 March 2009 . However , it rebounded strongly as the year progressed , reaching the US $0.75 range by November 2009 . By late 2012 , the dollar was holding above 80 US cents , occasionally reaching 85c , prompting calls from the Green Party for quantitative easing . Unions also called on the Government and the Reserve Bank to take action , but as of February 2013 both had declined . As of early June , 2017 , the NZD was trading at approximately US $0.71 . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the New Zealand dollar History ( edit ) On the introduction of the dollar , coins came in denominations of 1c , 2c , 5c , 10c , 20c , and 50c . The 1c and 2c coins were bronze , the others were cupro - nickel . To ease transition , the 5c , 10c and 20c were the same size as the sixpence , shilling and florin that they respectively replaced . Until 1970 the 10c coin bore the additional legend `` One Shilling '' . The obverse designs of all the coins featured Arnold Machin 's portrait of Queen Elizabeth II , with the legend ELIZABETH II NEW ZEALAND ( date ) . The reverse sides of coins introduced in 1967 did not follow the designs that were originally intended for them . Those modern art and sculpture themed designs were leaked to a newspaper and met a very negative public reaction . The final releases were given more conservative designs in line with public expectations . In 1986 , New Zealand adopted Raphael Maklouf 's new portrait of the Queen . The 1c and 2c coins were last minted for circulation in 1987 , with collector coins being made for 1988 . The coins were demonetised on 30 April 1990 . The lack of 1c and 2c coins meant that cash transactions were normally rounded to the nearest 5c ( 10c from 2006 ) , a process known as Swedish rounding . On 11 February 1991 , aluminium - bronze $1 and $2 coins were introduced to replace existing $1 and $2 notes . In 1999 , Ian Rank - Broadley 's portrait of the Queen was introduced and the legend rearranged to read NEW ZEALAND ELIZABETH II . On 11 November 2004 the Reserve Bank announced that it proposed to take the 5c coin out of circulation and to make the 50c , 20c and 10c coins smaller and use plated steel to make them lighter . After a three - month public submission period that ended on 4 February 2005 , the Reserve Bank announced on 31 March that it would go ahead with the proposed changes . The changeover period started on 31 July 2006 , with the old coins usable until 31 October 2006 . The old 50c , 20c , 10c and 5c pieces are now no longer legal tender , but are still redeemable at the Reserve Bank . Prior to the change over these coins were similar , save for the legend and reverse artwork , to international ( mainly Commonwealth ) coins of the same British - derived sizes , which led to coins from other currencies , particularly older coins , being accepted by vending machines and many retailers . Current circulating coins ( edit ) The reverse designs of the current circulating New Zealand dollar coins . Image by Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Value Technical Parameters Description Date of issue Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 10c 20.50 mm 1.58 mm 3.30 g Copper - plated steel Plain Queen Elizabeth II A Māori koruru , or carved head . 31 July 2006 20c 21.75 mm 1.56 mm 4.00 g Nickel - plated steel `` Spanish flower '' Queen Elizabeth II Māori carving of Pukaki , a chief of the Ngati Whakaue iwi 31 July 2006 50c 24.75 mm 1.70 mm 5.00 g Plain HM Bark Endeavour and Mount Taranaki $1 23.00 mm 2.74 mm 8 g Aluminium bronze Intermittent milling Queen Elizabeth II Kiwi and silver fern 11 February 1991 $2 26.50 mm 2.70 mm 10 g Grooved Kotuku ( great egret ) These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre . For table standards , see the coin specification table . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Banknotes of the New Zealand dollar History ( edit ) In 1967 , notes were introduced in denominations of $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 and $100 , with all except the $5 replacing their pound predecessors . The original series of dollar notes featured on the obverse a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II wearing Queen Alexandra 's Kokoshnik tiara , King George 's VI festoon necklace , and Queen Mary 's floret earrings , while the reverse featured native birds and plants . The notes were changed slightly in 1981 due to a change of printer ( from De La Rue to Bradbury , Wilkinson & Co . ) - the most noticeable difference being the portrait based upon a photograph by Peter Grugeon , in which Queen Elizabeth II is wearing Grand Duchess Vladimir 's tiara and Queen Victoria 's golden jubilee necklace . The $50 note was added in 1983 to fill the long gap between the $20 and the $100 notes . $1 and $2 notes were discontinued in 1991 after being replaced with coins . A new series of notes was introduced in 1992 . The obverse of each note featured a notable New Zealander , while the reverse featured a native New Zealand bird and New Zealand scenery . In 1999 , polymer notes replaced the paper notes . The designs remained much the same , but were changed slightly to accommodate new security features , with the most obvious changes being the two transparent windows . New banknotes are being printed in New Zealand at the moment . The new notes are the same sizes and denominations as the older banknotes , and they will continue to be made of the same flexible plastic material . The themes of the notes remain the same , with the same respected New Zealanders , the Queen , and flora and fauna remaining central to the designs . The $5 and $10 notes were released in October 2015 , with the $20 , $50 and $100 notes set to release in April 2016 . The old New Zealand banknotes and the new ' Brighter Money ' banknotes can be used interchangeably for the time being . Since the older banknotes were first issued in 1999 , security features and the technology for designing and printing banknotes have all advanced considerably . And while counterfeiting rates in New Zealand are low compared to the rest of the world , the New Zealand public and government agree that it is in the best interest to `` stay one step ahead of the game '' , hence the new notes . Current circulating banknotes ( edit ) New Zealand $5 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $10 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $20 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $50 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $100 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand 's five - dollar note has been named the banknote of the year for 2015 , a `` clear winner '' among nearly 40 eligible designs from a record 20 countries . The Reserve Bank of New Zealand released the new $5 and $10 notes in October as part of its Brighter Money range . The $5 shows mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary facing the South Island 's Aoraki / Mount Cook , and , on the other side , a rare yellow - eyed penguin and local flora . Value Main Colour Description Date of issue Obverse Reverse Watermark $5 135 mm × 66 mm Orange Sir Edmund Hillary Aoraki / Mount Cook Massey Ferguson tractor Hoiho ( yellow - eyed penguin ) Campbell Island scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $5 ( 1 ) 135 mm × 66 mm Orange Sir Edmund Hillary Aoraki / Mount Cook Kaokao patterning Hoiho ( yellow - eyed penguin ) Campbell Island Campbell Island Daisy The number 5 2015 $10 140 mm × 68 mm Blue Kate Sheppard White camellia flowers Whio ( blue duck ) River scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $10 ( 2 ) 140 mm × 68 mm Blue Kate Sheppard White camellia flowers Mangaroa ( purapura whetu ) patterning Whio ( blue duck ) with ducklings Pineapple Scrub New Zealand Kiokio The number 10 2015 $20 145 mm × 70 mm Green Queen Elizabeth II New Zealand Parliament Buildings Kārearea ( New Zealand falcon ) New Zealand alpine scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $20 ( 3 ) 145 mm × 70 mm Green Queen Elizabeth II New Zealand Parliament Buildings Poutama patterning Kārearea ( New Zealand falcon ) Tapuae - o - Uenuku / Mount Tapuaenuku Marlborough rock daisy The number 20 2016 $50 150 mm × 72 mm Purple Sir Āpirana Ngata Porourangi Meeting House Kōkako ( blue wattled crow ) Conifer broadleaf forest scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $50 ( 4 ) 150 mm × 72 mm Purple Sir Āpirana Ngata Porourangi Meeting House Poutama patterning Kōkako ( blue wattled crow ) Pureora Forest Park Sky - blue mushroom The number 50 2016 $100 155 mm × 74 mm Red Lord Rutherford of Nelson Nobel Prize medal Mohua ( yellowhead ) South Island lichen moth ( Declana egregia ) Beech forest scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $100 ( 5 ) 155 mm × 74 mm Red Lord Rutherford of Nelson Nobel Prize medal Whakaaro Kotahi patterning Mohua ( yellowhead ) South Island lichen moth ( Declana egregia ) Eglinton Valley ( in Fiordland National Park ) The number 100 2016 History of NZ $ foreign exchange rates in foreign countries ( edit ) With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 , both Australia and New Zealand converted the mostly - fixed foreign exchange regimes to a moving peg against the US dollar . In September 1974 , Australia moved to a peg against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index ( TWI ) in an effort to reduce fluctuations associated with its peg to the US dollar . The peg to the TWI was changed to a moving peg in November 1976 , causing the actual value of the peg to be periodically adjusted . Since the late 1990s , and certainly since the end of the Cold War the US dollar has had less and less overall influence over the value of both the NZ $ and A $ against other currencies . Current NZD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY Global foreign exchange market ( edit ) Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover Rank Currency ISO 4217 code ( symbol ) % daily share ( April 2016 ) United States dollar USD ( $ ) 80.6 % Euro EUR ( € ) 37.4 % Japanese yen JPY ( ¥ ) 21.6 % Pound sterling GBP ( £ ) 12.8 % 5 Australian dollar AUD ( A $ ) 6.9 % 6 Canadian dollar CAD ( C $ ) 5.1 % 7 Swiss franc CHF ( Fr ) 4.8 % 8 Renminbi CNY ( 元 ) 4.0 % 9 Swedish krona SEK ( kr ) 2.2 % 10 New Zealand dollar NZD ( NZ $ ) 2.1 % 11 Mexican peso MXN ( $ ) 1.9 % 12 Singapore dollar SGD ( S $ ) 1.8 % 13 Hong Kong dollar HKD ( HK $ ) 1.7 % 14 Norwegian krone NOK ( kr ) 1.7 % 15 South Korean won KRW ( ₩ ) 1.7 % 16 Turkish lira TRY ( ₺ ) 1.4 % 17 Russian ruble RUB ( ₽ ) 1.1 % 18 Indian rupee INR ( ₹ ) 1.1 % 19 Brazilian real BRL ( R $ ) 1.0 % 20 South African rand ZAR ( R ) 1.0 % Other 7.1 % Total 200.0 % The New Zealand dollar contributes greatly to the total global exchange market - far in excess of New Zealand 's relative share of population or global GDP . According to the Bank for International Settlements , the New Zealand dollar 's share of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2016 was 2.1 % ( up from 1.6 % in 2010 ) giving it a rank of 11th . Trading in the currency has climbed steadily since the same survey in 1998 when the NZD 's ranking was 17th and the share of turnover was just 0.2 % . See also ( edit ) Economy of New Zealand Cook Islands dollar History of Chatham Islands numismatics Postal orders of the Chatham Islands Postal orders of New Zealand Pitcairn Islands dollar Australian dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Dollar ( NZD ) Profile Foreign Exchange Conversion - Money Calculator '' . currency7.com . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jazial Crossley ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Currency Kiwi Follows Aussie Dollar Down '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triennial Central Bank Survey , April 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Bank for International Settlements . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ( pg. 10 of PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Explaining New Zealand 's currency '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Decimal Currency Act 1964 No 27 ( as at 01 February 1990 ) , Public Act Contents -- New Zealand Legislation '' . www.legislation.govt.nz . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand adopts decimal currency '' . nzhistory.govt.nz . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand dollar '' . Global Exchange . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Film Archive . `` Decimal Currency , Mr. Dollar '' . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ New Zealand official yearbook. 72 . New Zealand Department of Statistics . 1967 . p. 1126 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` New Zealand Dollar ( USD per NZD ) '' . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Victoria Batchelor and Chris Young , Cullen Says N.Z. Dollar Has ' Peaked , ' Expects Decline ( Update1 ) 2 August 2007 Bloomberg ( access date 10 February 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : 23 , 8 May : 00PM GMT . `` New Zealand Dollar : CURRENCY : NZD quotes & news - Google Finance '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Greens call for quantitative easing '' . 3 News NZ. 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labour sees merit in Green call to print cash '' . NZ Herald . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Govt rejects call to print money '' . 3 News NZ. 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.xe.com/currencytables/?from=NZD&date=2017-06-01 ^ Jump up to : History of New Zealand Coinage , Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Accessed 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Tim Watkin , Figure of unity , NZ Listener , 13 -- 19 November 2004 , Vol 196 , No 3366 . Accessed 14 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` New Zealand '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , CA : www.BanknoteNews.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.brightermoney.co.nz/ Jump up ^ `` Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Basel , Switzerland : Bank for International Settlements. 11 December 2016 . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The total sum is 200 % because each currency trade always involves a currency pair . External links ( edit ) ANZ New Zealand -- View the current exchange rate graphs of NZ $ / inr Reserve bank of New Zealand - Money issuing Authority Historical New Zealand Trading bank notes -- Old extremely rare banknotes of New Zealand Images of historic and modern New Zealand bank notes Current and historical banknotes of New Zealand ( in English ) ( in German ) Preceded by : New Zealand pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of New Zealand 10 July 1967 -- Succeeded by : Current Economy of New Zealand History Head tax , 1881 IC&A Act , 1894 Wool boom , 1951 Black Budget , 1958 Think Big , 1979 -- 84 Rogernomics , 1984 -- 90 Ruthanasia , 1990 -- 93 Mother of all Budgets , 1991 Leaky homes crisis , 2000s Finance company collapses , 2006 -- 12 Currency New Zealand dollar Dollar banknotes twenty Dollar coins one Twenty - cent coin New Zealand pound Government Taxation New Zealand Treasury New Zealand budget New Zealand Trade and Enterprise Reserve Bank of New Zealand Official Cash Rate Overseas Investment Office Commerce Commission KiwiSaver Industry Agriculture New Zealand Meat Producers Board New Zealand Dairy Board New Zealand Wool Board Beer Fishing Aquaculture Whaling Forestry Woodchipping Kauri gum Licensing trust Mining Tourism Wine Economic conditions Social class Income Poverty International rankings Agreements Closer Economic Relations Free trade agreements Malaysia China Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification Unions and lobbyists Campaign Against Foreign Control of Aotearoa New Zealand Business Roundtable New Zealand Council of Trade Unions The New Zealand Institute Currencies named dollar or similar Circulating Australian dollar Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar Brunei dollar Canadian dollar Cayman Islands dollar Cook Islands dollar Eastern Caribbean dollar Fijian dollar Guyanese dollar Hong Kong dollar Jamaican dollar Kiribati dollar Liberian dollar Namibian dollar New Zealand dollar Samoan tālā Singapore dollar Solomon Islands dollar Surinamese dollar New Taiwan dollar Trinidad and Tobago dollar Tuvaluan dollar United States dollar Circulating , but renamed Chinese yuan Ethiopian birr Malaysian ringgit Obsolete Antigua dollar British Columbia dollar British North Borneo dollar British West Indies dollar Ceylonese rixdollar Confederate States dollar Continental dollar Danish rigsdaler Danish West Indian daler Danish West Indian rigsdaler Dominican dollar Dutch rijksdaalder Greenlandic rigsdaler Grenadan dollar Hawaiian dollar Japanese occupation dollar Kiautschou dollar Malaya and British Borneo dollar Malayan dollar Mauritian dollar Mongolian dollar Nevisian dollar New Brunswick dollar Newfoundland dollar Norwegian rigsdaler Norwegian speciedaler Nova Scotian dollar Penang dollar Prince Edward Island dollar Puerto Rican dollar Rhodesian dollar Saint Kitts dollar Saint Lucia dollar Saint Vincent dollar Sarawak dollar Sierra Leonean dollar Slovenian tolar Spanish dollar Straits dollar Sumatran dollar Swedish riksdaler Old Taiwan dollar Texas dollar Trinidadian dollar Tobagan dollar Zimbabwean dollar Noncirculating Marshall Islands dollar Nauru dollar Niue dollar Palau dollar Pitcairn Islands dollar Conceptual Eurodollar Petrodollar Geary -- Khamis dollar Virtual Linden dollar Project Entropia Dollar Fictional Angus Bucks Private Antarctican dollar Arizona dollar Calgary dollar Canadian Tire money Disney dollar Liberty dollar Salt Spring dollar Toronto dollar Bristol Pound See also Dollar sign Half dollar Holey dollar Thaler Tolar Trade dollar Zimbabwean bond coins Zimbabwean bond notes Currencies of Oceania Australia Australian dollar ( Norfolk Island ) Melanesia CFP franc ( New Caledonia ) Fijian dollar Papua New Guinean kina Solomon Islands dollar Vanuatu vatu Micronesia Australian dollar ( Kiribati , Nauru ) Kiribati dollar U.S. dollar ( Guam , Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands , Northern Mariana Islands , Palau , United States Minor Outlying Islands ) Polynesia Australian dollar ( Tuvalu ) CFP franc ( French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna ) Chilean peso ( Easter Island ) Cook Islands dollar New Zealand dollar ( Cook Islands , Niue , Pitcairn Islands , Tokelau ) Pitcairn Islands dollar Samoan tālā Tongan paʻanga Tuvaluan dollar U.S. dollar ( American Samoa , Hawaii ) ( hide ) New Zealand currency Coins 10c 20c 50c $1 $2 Banknotes $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Withdrawn Coins : 1c 2c 5c Banknotes : $1 $2 Historic ( before 1967 ) Pound sterling ( UK ) New Zealand pound Related topics Banks : Reserve Bank of New Zealand Currencies : AUD , NZD Transactions : Swedish rounding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_dollar&oldid=801550496 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Dollar Currencies of Oceania Circulating currencies Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations Currencies of New Zealand Currencies of British Overseas Territories Currency introduced in 1967 1967 in New Zealand Currencies of the Cook Islands Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2011 Use New Zealand English from March 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Use dmy dates from March 2011 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles containing Māori - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Коми Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 10 : 46 . 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Mount Shasta

Mount Shasta - wikipedia Mount Shasta Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the volcano in California . For the town , see Mount Shasta , California . For other peaks named Shasta , see List of peaks named Shasta . Mount Shasta Aerial view of Mount Shasta from the west Highest point Elevation 14,179 ft ( 4,322 m ) NAVD88 Prominence 9,772 ft ( 2,979 m ) Isolation 335 mi ( 539 km ) Parent peak North Palisade Listing World most prominent peaks 96th North America highest peaks 48th North America prominent peak 18th US most prominent peaks 11th North America isolated peaks 28th US highest major peaks 34th California highest major peaks 5th California fourteeners 5th California county high points 5th Coordinates 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.409196033 ° N 122.194888358 ° W  / 41.409196033 ; - 122.194888358 Coordinates : 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.409196033 ° N 122.194888358 ° W  / 41.409196033 ; - 122.194888358 Geography Location Siskiyou County , California Parent range Cascade Range Topo map USGS Mount Shasta Geology Age of rock About 593,000 years Mountain type Stratovolcano Volcanic arc Cascade Volcanic Arc Last eruption 1786 Climbing First ascent 1854 by E.D. Pearce and party Easiest route Avalanche Gulch ( `` John Muir '' ) route : talus / snow climb U.S. National Natural Landmark Designated 1976 Mount Shasta ( Karuk : Úytaahkoo or `` White Mountain '' ) is a potentially active volcano at the southern end of the Cascade Range in Siskiyou County , California . At an elevation of 14,179 feet ( 4321.8 m ) , it is the second - highest peak in the Cascades and the fifth - highest in the state . Mount Shasta has an estimated volume of 85 cubic miles ( 350 km ) , which makes it the most voluminous stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc . The mountain and surrounding area are part of the Shasta -- Trinity National Forest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Religion and legends 3 Geology 3.1 Volcanic status 4 Climbing 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Description ( edit ) Mount Shasta is connected to its satellite cone of Shastina , and together they dominate the landscape . Shasta rises abruptly to tower nearly 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) above its surroundings . On a clear winter day , the mountain can be seen from the floor of the Central Valley 140 miles ( 230 km ) to the south . The mountain has attracted the attention of poets , authors , and presidents . The mountain consists of four overlapping volcanic cones that have built a complex shape , including the main summit and the prominent satellite cone of 12,330 ft ( 3,760 m ) Shastina , which has a visibly conical form . If Shastina were a separate mountain , it would rank as the fourth - highest peak of the Cascade Range ( after Mount Rainier , Rainier 's Liberty Cap , and Mount Shasta itself ) . Mount Shasta 's surface is relatively free of deep glacial erosion except , paradoxically , for its south side where Sargents Ridge runs parallel to the U-shaped Avalanche Gulch . This is the largest glacial valley on the volcano , although it does not now have a glacier in it . There are seven named glaciers on Mount Shasta , with the four largest ( Whitney , Bolam , Hotlum , and Wintun ) radiating down from high on the main summit cone to below 10,000 ft ( 3,000 m ) primarily on the north and east sides . The Whitney Glacier is the longest , and the Hotlum is the most voluminous glacier in the state of California . Three of the smaller named glaciers occupy cirques near and above 11,000 ft ( 3,400 m ) on the south and southeast sides , including the Watkins , Konwakiton , and Mud Creek glaciers . History ( edit ) The oldest - known human settlement in the area dates to about 7,000 years ago . At the time of Euro - American contact in the 1820s , the Native American tribes who lived within view of Mount Shasta included the Shasta , Okwanuchu , Modoc , Achomawi , Atsugewi , Karuk , Klamath , Wintu , and Yana tribes . The historic eruption of Mount Shasta in 1786 may have been observed by Lapérouse , but this is disputed . Although perhaps first seen by Spanish explorers , the first reliably reported land sighting of Mount Shasta by a European or American was by Peter Skene Ogden ( a leader of a Hudson 's Bay Company trapping brigade ) in 1826 . In 1827 , the name `` Sasty '' or `` Sastise '' was given to nearby Mount McLoughlin by Ogden . The name was transferred to present - day Mount Shasta in 1841 , partly as a result of work by the United States Exploring Expedition . Mount Shasta as seen from a small farm south of Weed , California Beginning in the 1820s , Mount Shasta was a prominent landmark along what became known as the Siskiyou Trail , which runs at Mount Shasta 's base . The Siskiyou Trail was on the track of an ancient trade and travel route of Native American footpaths between California 's Central Valley and the Pacific Northwest . The California Gold Rush brought the first Euro - American settlements into the area in the early 1850s , including at Yreka , California and Upper Soda Springs . The first recorded ascent of Mount Shasta occurred in 1854 ( by Elias Pearce ) , after several earlier failed attempts . In 1856 , the first women ( Harriette Eddy , Mary Campbell McCloud , and their party ) reached the summit . Clarence King exploring the Whitney Glacier in 1870 . This was the first glacier in the continental United States discovered and named . It was named for Josiah Whitney , head of the California Geological Survey . By the 1860s and 1870s , Mount Shasta was the subject of scientific and literary interest . A book by California pioneer and entrepreneur James Hutchings , titled Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California , contained an account of an early summit trip in 1855 . The summit was achieved ( or nearly achieved ) by John Muir , Josiah Whitney , Clarence King , and John Wesley Powell . In 1877 , Muir wrote a dramatic popular article about his surviving an overnight blizzard on Mount Shasta by lying in the hot sulfur springs near the summit . This experience was inspiration to Kim Stanley Robinson 's short story `` Muir on Shasta '' . The 1887 completion of the Central Pacific Railroad , built along the line of the Siskiyou Trail between California and Oregon , brought a substantial increase in tourism , lumbering , and population into the area around Mount Shasta . Early resorts and hotels , such as Shasta Springs and Upper Soda Springs , grew up along the Siskiyou Trail around Mount Shasta , catering to these early adventuresome tourists and mountaineers . In the early 20th century , the Pacific Highway followed the track of the Siskiyou Trail to the base of Mount Shasta , leading to still more access to the mountain . Today 's version of the Siskiyou Trail , Interstate 5 , brings thousands of people each year to Mount Shasta . From February 13 -- 19 , 1959 , the Mount Shasta Ski Bowl obtained the record for the most snowfall during one storm in the U.S. , with a total of 15.75 feet ( 480 cm ) . Mount Shasta was declared a National Natural Landmark in December 1976 . Religion and legends ( edit ) Main article : Legends of Mount Shasta Sunrise on Mount Shasta The lore of some of the Klamath Tribes in the area held that Mount Shasta is inhabited by the Spirit of the Above - World , Skell , who descended from heaven to the mountain 's summit at the request of a Klamath chief . Skell fought with Spirit of the Below - World , Llao , who resided at Mount Mazama by throwing hot rocks and lava , probably representing the volcanic eruptions at both mountains . Italian settlers arrived in the early 1900s to work in the mills as stonemasons and established a strong Catholic presence in the area . Many other faiths have been attracted to Mount Shasta over the years -- more than any other Cascade volcano . Mount Shasta City and Dunsmuir , California , small towns near Shasta 's western base , are focal points for many of these , which range from a Buddhist monastery ( Shasta Abbey , founded by Houn Jiyu - Kennett in 1971 ) to modern - day Native American rituals . A group of Native Americans from the McCloud River area practice rituals on the mountain . Mount Shasta has also been a focus for non-Native American legends , centered on a hidden city of advanced beings from the lost continent of Lemuria . The legend grew from an offhand mention of Lemuria in the 1880s , to a description of a hidden Lemurian village in 1925 . In 1931 , Wisar Spenle Cerve wrote Lemuria : the lost continent of the Pacific , published by the Rosicrucians , about the hidden Lemurians of Mount Shasta that cemented the legend in many readers ' minds . In August 1987 , believers in the spiritual significance of the Harmonic Convergence described Mount Shasta as one of a small number of global `` power centers '' . Mount Shasta remains a focus of `` New Age '' attention . Geology ( edit ) Satellite ( Landsat 8 ) view of Mount Shasta About 593,000 years ago , andesitic lavas erupted in what is now Mount Shasta 's western flank near McBride Spring . Over time , an ancestral Mount Shasta stratovolcano was built to a large but unknown height ; sometime between 300,000 and 360,000 years ago the entire north side of the volcano collapsed , creating an enormous landslide or debris avalanche , 6.5 cu mi ( 27 km ) in volume . The slide flowed northwestward into Shasta Valley , where the Shasta River now cuts through the 28 - mile - long ( 45 km ) flow . What remains of the oldest of Mount Shasta 's four cones is exposed at Sargents Ridge on the south side of the mountain . Lavas from the Sargents Ridge vent cover the Everitt Hill shield at Mount Shasta 's southern foot . The last lavas to erupt from the vent were hornblende - pyroxene andesites with a hornblende dacite dome at its summit . Glacial erosion has since modified its shape . The next cone to form is exposed south of Mount Shasta 's current summit and is called Misery Hill . It was formed 15,000 to 20,000 years ago from pyroxene andesite flows and has since been intruded by a hornblende dacite dome . Nearby Black Butte from Weed , California There are many buried glacial scars on the mountain which were created in recent glacial periods ( `` ice ages '' ) of the present Wisconsinian glaciation . Most have since been filled in with andesite lava , pyroclastic flows , and talus from lava domes . Shastina , by comparison , has a fully intact summit crater indicating Shastina developed after the last ice age . Shastina has been built by mostly pyroxene andesite lava flows . Some 9,500 years ago , these flows reached about 6.8 mi ( 10.9 km ) south and 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) north of the area now occupied by nearby Black Butte . The last eruptions formed Shastina 's present summit about a hundred years later . But before that , Shastina , along with the then forming Black Butte dacite plug dome complex to the west , created numerous pyroclastic flows that covered 43 sq mi ( 110 km ) , including large parts of what is now Mount Shasta , California and Weed , California . Diller Canyon ( 400 ft ( 120 m ) deep and 0.25 mi ( 400 m ) wide ) is an avalanche chute that was probably carved into Shastina 's western face by these flows . The last to form , and the highest cone , the Hotlum Cone , formed about 8,000 years ago . It is named after the Hotlum glacier on its northern face ; its longest lava flow , the 500 - foot - thick ( 150 - metre ) Military Pass flow , extends 5.5 mi ( 8.9 km ) down its northeast face . Since the creation of the Hotlum Cone , a dacite dome intruded the cone and now forms the summit . The rock at the 600 - foot - wide ( 180 - metre ) summit crater has been extensively hydrothermally altered by sulfurous hot springs and fumaroles there ( only a few examples still remain ) . In the last 8,000 years , the Hotlum Cone has erupted at least eight or nine times . About 200 years ago the last significant Mount Shasta eruption came from this cone and created a pyroclastic flow , a hot lahar ( mudflow ) , and three cold lahars , which streamed 7.5 mi ( 12.1 km ) down Mount Shasta 's east flank via Ash Creek . A separate hot lahar went 12 mi ( 19 km ) down Mud Creek . This eruption was thought to have been observed by the explorer La Pérouse , from his ship off the California coast , in 1786 , but this has been disputed . Volcanic status ( edit ) During the last 10,000 years , Mount Shasta has erupted an average of every 800 years , but in the past 4,500 years the volcano has erupted an average of every 600 years . The last significant eruption on Mount Shasta may have occurred about two centuries ago . Diller Canyon on Shastina from Weed Mount Shasta can release volcanic ash , pyroclastic flows or dacite and andesite lava . Its deposits can be detected under nearby small towns . Mount Shasta has an explosive , eruptive history . There are fumaroles on the mountain , which show Mount Shasta is still alive . The worst - case scenario for an eruption is a large pyroclastic flow , such as what occurred in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Since there is ice , such as Whitney Glacier and Mud Creek Glacier , lahars would also result . Ash would probably blow inland , perhaps as far as eastern Nevada . There is a small chance an eruption could result in a collapse of the mountain , as happened when Mount Mazama in Oregon collapsed to form what is now called Crater Lake , but this is of much lower probability . The United States Geological Survey monitors Mount Shasta and rates it as a very high - threat volcano . Climbing ( edit ) Mount Shasta 's west face , June 2009 Many climbers attempt the summit of Mount Shasta . The summer climbing season runs from late April until October , although many attempts are made in the winter . In winter , Sargents Ridge and Casaval Ridge , to the east and west of Avalanche Gulch , respectively , become the most traveled routes , to avoid avalanche danger . Mount Shasta is also a popular destination for backcountry skiing . Many of the climbing routes can be descended by experienced skiers , and there are numerous lower - angled areas around the base of the mountain . The most popular route on Mount Shasta is Avalanche Gulch route , which begins at the Bunny Flat Trailhead and gains about 7,300 feet ( 2,200 m ) of elevation in approximately 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) round trip . The crux of this route is considered to be to climb from Lake Helen , at approximately 10,443 feet ( 3,183 m ) , to the top of Red Banks . The Red Banks are the most technical portion of the climb , as they are usually full of snow / ice , are very steep , and top out at around 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) before the route heads to Misery Hill . The Casaval Ridge route is a steeper , more technical route on the mountain 's southwest ridge best climbed when there 's a lot of snow pack . This route tops out to the left ( north ) of the Red Banks , directly west of Misery Hill . So the final sections involve a trudge up Misery Hill to the summit plateau , similar to the Avalanche Gulch route . Mount Shasta 's west face as seen from Hidden Valley high on the mountain . The west face gulley is an alternate climbing route to the summit . No quota system currently exists for climbing Mount Shasta , and reservations are not required . However , climbers must obtain a summit pass and a wilderness permit to climb the mountain . Permits and passes are available at the ranger station in Mount Shasta and the ranger station in McCloud , or climbers can obtain self - issue permits and passes at any of the trailheads 24 hours a day . See also ( edit ) List of mountain peaks of California List of highest points in California by county List of Ultras of the United States List of volcanoes in the United States Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Shasta , California '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MT SHASTA '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Volcanism Program - Shasta '' . volcano.si.edu . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Selters , Andy ; Michael Zanger ( 2006 ) . The Mount Shasta Book ( 3rd ed . ) . Wilderness Press . ISBN 0 - 89997 - 404 - X . Jump up ^ Bright , William ; Susan Gehr . `` Karuk Dictionary and Texts '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ The origin of the name `` Shasta '' is vague , perhaps from Russian ( Чистая , meaning `` white , clean , pure '' or Счастье , meaning `` happiness , luck , fortune , felicity '' ) ; the name might have been given to the mountain by the early Russian settlers in California . Jump up ^ Dan Dzurisin ; Peter H. Stauffer ; James W. Hendley II ; Sara Boore ; Bobbie Myers ; Susan Mayfield ( 1997 ) . `` Living with Volcanic Risk in the Cascades '' ( PDF ) . USGS . USGS . p. 2 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Orr , Elizabeth L. ; William N. Orr ( 1996 ) . Geology of the Pacific Northwest . New York : The McGraw - Hill Companies . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 048018 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta and Vicinity , California '' . USGS . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ In 1878 the Coast and Geodetic Survey triangulated between heliotropes atop Mount Shasta and Mount St. Helena , 192 miles ( 309 km ) south . Jump up ^ Miller , Joaquin ; Malcolm Margolin ; Alan Rosenus ( January 1996 ) ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history . Berkeley : Urion Press ( distributed by Heyday Books ) . ISBN 0 - 930588 - 79 - 7 . Jump up ^ Muir , John 1838 - 1914 . Letters , 1874 - 1888 , of a personal nature , about Mount Shasta . In : Bade , William Frederic . The Life and Letters of John Muir . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1923 . Vol. II , pp. 29 - 41 , 49 - 50 , 82 - 85 , 219 . Two Volumes . Cited at Mount Shasta Collection MS176 Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore 1858 - 1919 . Letter to Harrie Cassie Best , dated Nov. 12 , 1908 , White House . In : James , George Wharton 1858 - 1923 . Harry Cassie Best : Painter of the Yosemite Valley , California Oaks , and California Mountains. 1930 ? p. 18 . Cited at Mount Shasta Collection MS1032 Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sargents Ridge '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://www.siskiyous.edu/library/shasta/documents/upshasta.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California , ( 1862 ) by James M. Hutchings Jump up ^ `` Snow - Storm on Mount Shasta '' ( PDF ) . siskiyous.edu . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Snowfall '' . Welcome to the Storm King . Mic Mac Publishing . 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . NPS : Nature & Science '' National Natural Landmarks . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` History of Crater Lake '' . Oregon Explorer . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` In The Light of Reverence '' . POV . Public Broadcasting Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Origin of the Lemurian Legend '' . Folklore of Mount Shasta . College of the Siskiyous . Jump up ^ `` Harmonic Convergence '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Legends : Ascended Masters '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sigurdsson , Haraldur ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Volcanoes . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 643140 - X . Jump up ^ http://www.siskiyous.edu/shasta/his/ Jump up ^ Program , Volcano Hazards . `` USGS : Volcano Hazards Program CalVO Mount Shasta '' . volcanoes.usgs.gov . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Assessment of Volcanic Threat and Monitoring Capabilities in the United States : NVEWS Framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System '' ( PDF ) . USGS. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Gulch '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Gulch '' . Mount Shasta Avalanche Center . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Casaval Ridge '' . SummitPost . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta Wilderness Permits and Summit Passes '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Sources ( edit ) Crandell , D.R. ; C.D. Miller ; H.X. Glicken ; R.L. Christiansen ; C.G. Newhall ( March 1984 ) . `` Catastrophic debris avalanche from ancestral Mount Shasta volcano , California '' . Geology. 12 ( 3 ) : 143 -- 146 . Bibcode : 1984Geo ... 12 ... 143C . ISSN 0091 - 7613 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1984 ) 12 < 143 : CDAFAM > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Crandell , D.R. ; Nichols , D.R. ( 1987 ) . Volcanic hazards at Mount Shasta , California . Reston , Va. : U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . Harris , Stephen L. ( 2005 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes ( 3rd ed . ) . Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 511 - X . `` Mount Shasta Collection '' . College of the Siskiyous Library . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Miesse , William C. ( June 17 , 2005 ) . `` Mount Shasta Fact Sheet '' . College of the Siskiyous Library . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 11 . Miesse , William C. `` The Name ' Shasta ' '' . Mount Shasta Annotated Bibliography . College of the Siskiyous Library . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 11 . Peterson , Robyn ; Miesse , William C. ( 2008 ) . Sudden and solitary : Mount Shasta and its artistic legacy , 1841 - 2008 . Redding , California : Turtle Bay Exploration Park . ISBN 1 - 59714 - 088 - 0 . `` Peninsula Geological Society and Stanford GES - 052Q combined field trip , Mount Shasta - Klamathnorthern Coast Range area , NW California , 05 / 17 - 05 / 20 / 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Peninsula Geological Society . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Wood , Charles A. ; Kienle , Jürgen , eds. ( 1990 ) . Volcanoes of North America . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43811 - X . Zanger , Michael ( 1992 ) . Mount Shasta : History , Legend , Lore . Celestial Arts . ISBN 0 - 89087 - 674 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Mount Shasta ( category ) `` Mount Shasta Webcam '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Live webcam '' . SnowCrest Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Sisson Museum '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Mount Shasta '' . SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . `` Geology of Mount Shasta '' . College of the Siskiyous . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Summiting the Volcano '' . Vimeo.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Land of the Giants '' . Vimeo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Mount Shasta Climbing Above Red Banks '' . Timberline Trails . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Rainier Volcán Tajumulco Mount Fairweather Chirripó Grande Gunnbjørn Fjeld Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Waddington Mount Marcus Baker Pico Duarte Mount Lucania Mount Whitney Popocatépetl Mount Shasta Monarch Mountain Shishaldin Volcano Mount Robson Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier Nevado de Colima Mount Vancouver Mount Sir Sandford Mount Baker Mount Torbert Pic la Selle Barbeau Peak San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Skihist Mountain Mount Hubbard Mount Ratz Mount Odin Mount Isto Mount Monashee Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Columbia Mount Queen Bess Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Mount Cooper Wheeler Peak Ulysses Mountain Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Blue Mountain Peak Wedge Mountain Otter Mountain Mount Griggs Nevado de Toluca Kwatna Peak Outlook Peak Mount Foraker Golden Hinde White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Stauning Alper Cerro Teotepec Scud Peak Keele Peak Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Razorback Mountain Mount Vsevidof Mount Odin Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Hesperus Picacho del Diablo Mount Farnham Palup Qaqa HP Mount Bona Oscar Peak Pic Macaya Montaña de Santa Bárbara Mount Assiniboine Mount Jancowski Cerro Las Minas Mount Drum Gladsheim Peak Milne Land HP Mount Dawson Payers Tinde Beitstad Peak Mount Chiginagak Mount Edith Cavell Alsek Peak Mount Valpy Perserajoq Mount Cairnes The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America Denali Gunnbjørn Fjeld Pico de Orizaba Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Pico Duarte Chirripó Grande Shishaldin Volcano Barbeau Peak Mount Caubvick Volcán Tajumulco Melville Island HP La Grande Soufrière Tanaga Volcano Avannaarsua HP Mount Isto Cerro San Rafael Mathiassen Mountain Mount Logan Angilaaq Mountain Signal Hill Mount Odin Cerro el Potosí Mount Waddington Melville Hills HP Keele Peak Mount Shasta Perserajoq Mealy Mountains HP Peary Land HP The Cabox Volcán Everman Greenland Ice Sheet HP Gannett Peak Mont Yapeitso Mount Robson Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Ulysses Mountain Cerro de Punta Cerro Gordo Pico San Juan Mont Jacques - Cartier Nevado de Colima Sukkertoppen Humphreys Peak Haffner Bjerg Victoria Island HP Wheeler Peak Revaltoppe Kisimngiuqtuq Peak Mount Vsevidof Mont Forel Beitstad Peak Hahn Land HP Pico La Laguna Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes Isla Guadalupe HP Mount Veniaminof Picacho del Diablo Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Ratz Hall Island HP Dillingham HP Mount Paatusoq Petermann Bjerg Spruce Knob Blue Mountain Peak Kings Peak Outlook Peak Sierra Blanca Peak Devon Ice Cap HP Point 1740 San Gorgonio Mountain Manuel Peak Katahdin Peak 4030 Howson Peak Mount Baldy Borah Peak Sierra Fría Cloud Peak Cerro Mohinora Fox Mountain Cap Mountain Sierra la Madera Black Elk Peak Mount Frank Rae Mount Nirvana Slide Mountain Durham Heights Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Pico Turquino Pic Macaya Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mont Raoul - Blanchard Mount Marcus Baker Mount Hayes Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather The 46 highest major summits of California Mount Whitney Mount Williamson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Shasta Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Darwin Mount Kaweah Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Mount Tom Mount Dubois Mount Pinchot Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain Mount Lyell Mount Dana Mount Conness Needham Mountain Twin Peaks Olancha Peak Eagle Peak Tower Peak Mount Patterson San Joaquin Mountain Leavitt Peak Kern Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Sonora Peak Waucoba Mountain Glass Mountain Keynot Peak Telescope Peak Mammoth Mountain Highland Peak Freel Peak Mount Hoffmann San Jacinto Peak Lassen Peak Round Top Mount San Antonio Pyramid Peak Peak 9980 Sugarloaf Mountain Eagle Peak California Fourteeners Mount Whitney Mount Williamson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Shasta Mount Sill Mount Russell Split Mountain Mount Langley Mount Tyndall Mount Muir Middle Palisade Glaciers of Mount Shasta Bolam Hotlum Konwakiton Mud Creek Watkins Whitney Wintun Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Volcano Mount Meager Mount Cayley Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music `` Myth '' Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Districts Congressional delegations Healthcare History Law Landmarks State Historic Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Elections People Protected areas State parks State symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Tech Coast Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - 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Rise of the Planet of the Apes

Rise of the Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Rise of the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search Rise of the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Wyatt Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle Starring James Franco Freida Pinto John Lithgow Brian Cox Tom Felton Andy Serkis Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Conrad Buff Mark Goldblatt Production company Chernin Entertainment Dune Entertainment Big Screen Productions Ingenious Film Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $481.8 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , David Oyelowo , and Andy Serkis . Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver , it is 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the Planet of the Apes series , intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films . Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , but it is not a direct remake of that film . Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis 's performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting . A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 , and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Apes 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 4.4 Awards 5 Sequels 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Will Rodman , a scientist at the San Francisco biotech company Gen - Sys , is testing the viral - based drug ALZ - 112 on chimpanzees to find a cure for Alzheimer 's disease . ALZ - 112 is given to a chimp named Bright Eyes , greatly increasing her intelligence . But then , during Will 's presentation for the drug , Bright Eyes is forced from her cage , goes on a rampage , and is shot to death . Will 's boss Steven Jacobs terminates the project and has the chimps slaughtered . However , Will 's assistant Robert Franklin discovers that the reason for Bright Eyes ' rampage was that she had recently given birth to an infant chimp . Will reluctantly agrees to take in the chimp , who is named Caesar . Will learns that Caesar has inherited his mother 's intelligence and decides to raise him . Three years later , Will introduces Caesar to the redwood forest at Muir Woods National Monument . Meanwhile , Will treats his dementia - suffering father Charles with ALZ - 112 , which seems to restore his cognitive ability . Five years later , when Caesar reaches adolescence and sees a dog on a leash like his own , he questions his identity and learns of his origins from Will . Meanwhile , Charles 's condition returns as he becomes resistant to ALZ - 112 . Caesar injures a neighbor , Douglas Hunsiker , while defending a confused Charles . As a result , he is placed in a primate shelter where he is tormented by a chimp named Rocket and the chief guard , Dodge Landon , but also where he befriends an orangutan named Maurice who came from a circus . Caesar learns how to unlock his cage , gaining free access to the common area . With the assistance of a gorilla named Buck , he confronts the sanctuary 's alpha , Rocket and claims that position . Meanwhile , Jacobs clears development of a more powerful , gaseous version of the drug -- ALZ - 113 -- when Will tells him it can also improve intelligence . Will takes the drug home to try to save his father , but Charles declines further treatment and dies overnight . After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba , Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ - 113 and becomes ill . Attempting to warn Will at his home , he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead . Will attempts to reclaim Caesar , but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes . Instead , he escapes from the facility and returns to Will 's house , where he takes canisters of the ALZ - 113 . Upon returning , Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes . When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage , Caesar speaks for the first time , yelling `` No ! '' and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge 's death . The apes flee the facility , release the remaining chimps from Gen - Sys , and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way . A battle ensues as the ape army fights their way past a police blockade on the Golden Gate Bridge to escape into the redwood forest . Buck sacrifices himself to save Caesar by jumping into the helicopter in which Jacobs is riding . The helicopter crashes onto the bridge , trapping Jacobs in the wreckage . Koba seizes his chance for revenge and sends Jacobs falling to his death in the bay below . As the apes find their way into the forest , Will arrives and warns Caesar that the humans will hunt them down , and begs him to return home . In response , Caesar hugs him and says that , `` Caesar is home . '' Will , realizing that this is indeed their last goodbye , respects Caesar 's wishes . The apes embrace their new lifestyle in the forest . In a mid-credits scene , an infected Hunsiker leaves his house for work as an airline pilot , arriving at San Francisco International Airport for his flight to Paris . His nose begins to drip blood onto the floor . A graphic traces the spread of the humanity - ravaging virus around the globe via international flight routes . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) James Franco as Dr. William `` Will '' Rodman , a biologist who is trying to discover a cure for his father 's Alzheimer 's disease by testing ALZ - 112 on chimps . He is a father figure to Caesar . James Franco was cast after talks with Tobey Maguire broke down . Freida Pinto as Caroline Aranha , a primatologist who starts a relationship with Will and grows attached to Caesar . John Lithgow as Charles Rodman , Will 's Alzheimer 's - afflicted father and a former music teacher who improves after Will gives him the ALZ - 112 and forms a grandfatherly bond with Caesar . Brian Cox as John Landon , manager of the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar is confined for a time . His full name is a reference to one of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . Tom Felton as Dodge Landon , John 's son and an animal caretaker at the shelter , who abuses the apes for sport . His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . David Oyelowo as Steven Jacobs , Will 's arrogant boss . His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs , the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series . Tyler Labine as Robert Franklin , a chimp handler at Gen - Sys and one of Will 's friends . His surname is a reference to Franklin Schaffner , the director of the original film . Jamie Harris as Rodney , a caretaker and a nightwatchman who is much kinder to the apes at the sanctuary and is regularly mocked by Dodge for this . David Hewlett as Douglas Hunsiker , Will 's hot - headed neighbor . Chelah Horsdal as Irena , a nurse who is looking after Charles . Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , a common chimpanzee whose intelligence is increased from inheriting ALZ - 112 from his mother during her pregnancy , and who is raised by Will for eight years . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who was retired from the circus and knows sign language ; he becomes Caesar 's closest ally . Konoval also cameos as the court clerk whom Will briefly argues with about his appeal . His name is a reference to Maurice Evans who portray Dr. Zaius in the original Planet of the Apes . Terry Notary as Rocket , the dominant common chimpanzee at the ape sanctuary , until Caesar overthrows him . Notary also plays Bright Eyes , Caesar 's mother who was captured in Africa . Richard Ridings as Buck , a Western lowland gorilla who pledges his allegiance to Caesar after he is freed by him . Devyn Dalton as Cornelia , a female common chimpanzee in the ape sanctuary . Jay Caputo as Alpha , the dominant male common chimpanzee of Bright Eyes ' troop and Caesar 's father . Christopher Gordon as Koba , a scarred and aggressive bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans . Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) In 2006 , screenwriter - producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea . As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping , one about pet chimpanzees that become troublesome to their owners and heartbroken for not adapting well to the human environment intrigued him . As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the Planet of the Apes series , he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution , and then the couple started developing the character of Caesar . Jaffa indicated that `` it 's a reinvention '' and if he had to pick between calling it a prequel or a reboot he would say it is a reboot : `` It 's a different story of who Caesar is , and how he came to be . So it 's really kind of hard to put a label on it . We are hopefully rebooting it . '' He went on to say that `` we tried really hard to create a story that would stand on its own and yet also pay homage and honor the movies that came before us . '' Jaffa and Silver then wrote a script and sold it to Fox , producers of the Apes franchise . The script added other elements which the couple had researched , such as genetic engineering . Several tributes to specific scenes , characters , and cast and crew from the previous Apes film series were added in the script . In particular , Caesar 's treatment at the primate sanctuary parallels Taylor 's treatment as a captive in the original film . In a segment of a video blog post , director Rupert Wyatt commented on the originality of the plot : `` This is part of the mythology and it should be seen as that . It 's not a continuation of the other films ; it 's an original story . It does satisfy the people who enjoy those films . The point of this film is to achieve that and to bring that fan base into this film exactly like Batman Begins . '' In a 2009 interview , Wyatt said , `` We 've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , in terms of how the apes begin to revolt , but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film ... Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries ... This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes , and there 's a lot more stories to tell after this . I imagine the next film will be about the all - out war between the apes and humans . '' Mark Bomback did an uncredited rewrite of the script . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in July 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming also happened in San Francisco , California ( the primary setting of the film ) , and around Oahu , Hawaii , which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa . Visual effects ( edit ) As the apes in Rise were meant to be actual apes , the producers decided not to use actors in ape suits . After considering real apes , instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through performance capture . Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment , affording the film - makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors , as opposed to the confines of a soundstage . The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight , employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle . A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured , with larger ape crowds using fully digital animals animated using Weta 's move library . The Golden Gate Bridge set used both a physical set which was extended digitally , and a fully computer - generated model of the bridge that also included the ocean and nearby hills . After shooting the actors playing humans interacting with others wearing the motion capture suits , a clean plate was shot with actors for extra reference . Actor - stuntman Terry Notary guided the actors on realistic ape movement , while Weta studied the chimps in the Wellington Zoo for reference . The digital apes also received detailed models with skeletons , muscles and nerve tissue layers for accurate animation . Cast models of apes ' heads and limbs helped the texture department replicate skin details such as wrinkles and pores . Given the difference between human and chimpanzee facial muscles , the animators tweaked the performance through a new facial muscle system adding dynamics , ballistics , and secondary motion . As the silent performance required expressive eyes , a new eye model was made to depict both greater accuracy in muscle movement in and around the eyes , and also tears , pupil dilation , and light refraction . While Andy Serkis was the primary performer for Caesar , as the effects team considered that at times `` Andy overcame the character , '' other motion capture team actors were also used , especially Devyn Dalton , whose height matched that of a chimpanzee . Along with that , they used Notary to play Caesar in stunt - filled scenes such as the Golden Gate Bridge scene . Music ( edit ) The score for the film was written by Patrick Doyle and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by James Shearman . The main concern was to have the music help progress the plot in the scenes without dialogue , for instance , conveying the emotions of Caesar 's relationships with Will and Charles . To turn the score into a `` driving force that keeps audiences paying attention , '' Doyle employed an African - American chorus and focused on percussion and `` low and deep '' orchestra sounds . Doyle collaborated closely with the sound department to make the music complement the sound effects , including writing a recurring theme based on their recording of a chimpanzee . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81 % based on 252 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Led by Rupert Wyatt 's stylish direction , some impressive special effects , and a mesmerizing performance by Andy Serkis , Rise of the Planet of the Apes breathes unlikely new life into a long - running franchise . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a `` wonderfully executed character '' and `` one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin , but Serkis and / or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie . '' Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars , Joe Neumaier of Daily News labelled Rise of the Planet of the Apes as the summer 's best popcorn flick . Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice wrote , `` Caesar 's prison conversion to charismatic pan-ape revolutionist is near - silent filmmaking , with simple and precise images illustrating Caesar 's General - like divining of personalities and his organization of a group from chaos to order . '' Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel wrote , `` Audacious , violent and disquieting , `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' is a summer sequel that 's better than it has any right to be . '' He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film by saying , `` Precisely the kind of summer diversion that the studios have such a hard time making now . It 's good , canny - dumb fun . '' She also gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed `` twists lifted from 1972 's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999 's Deep Blue Sea '' . Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes made its debut in the United States and Canada on roughly 5,400 screens within 3,648 theaters . It grossed $19,534,699 on opening day and $54,806,191 in its entire opening weekend , making it # 1 for that weekend as well as the fourth - highest - grossing August opening ever . The film held on to the # 1 spot in its second weekend , dropping 49.2 % , and grossing $27,832,307 . Rise of the Planet of the Apes crossed the $150 million mark in the United States and Canada on its 26th day of release . Entertainment Weekly said that this was quite an accomplishment for the film since the month of August is a difficult time for films to make money . The film ended its run at the box office on December 15 , 2011 , with a gross of $176,760,185 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $305,040,864 internationally , for a total of $481,801,049 worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on Blu - ray Disc , DVD , and Digital Copy on December 13 , 2011 . Awards ( edit ) Award Recipient Result 84th Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , R. Christopher White and Daniel Barrett Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Annie Awards Character Animation in a Live Action Production Eric Reynolds Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Action Film Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Technical Achievement Won IGN Best of 2011 Best Movie Nominated Best Sci - Fi Movie Won Best Movie Actor Andy Serkis ( also for The Adventures of Tintin ) Nominated Best Movie Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated IGN Summer Movie Awards Best Summer Movie Nominated Funniest Line `` Why cookie Rocket ? '' Nominated Best All - Out Brawl Apes vs. Humans on the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Favorite Kill Helicopter Pushed Over the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Coolest Creature Caesar Won Favorite Hero Caesar -- Andy Serkis Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Won London Film Critics Circle Technical Achievement Joe Letteri Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Jeff Capogreco , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Won Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Writing Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Nominated Best Special Effects Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White , and Daniel Barrett Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Cyndi Ochs , Kurt Williams Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Caesar -- Daniel Barrett , Florian Fernandez , Matthew Muntean , Eric Reynolds Won Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Thelvin Cabezas , Mike Perry , R. Christopher White , Erik Winquist Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Jean - Luc Azzis , Quentin Hema , Simon Jung , Christoph Salzmann Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and War for the Planet of the Apes Regarding the story setting up possible sequels , director Rupert Wyatt commented : `` I think we 're ending with certain questions , which is quite exciting . To me , I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film , but this is just the beginning . '' Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise of the Planet of the Apes would feature several clues as to future sequels : `` I hope that we 're building a platform for future films . We 're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth . '' On May 31 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film ; he was replaced by Cloverfield director Matt Reeves . Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen the screenplay , with rewrites from Scott Z . Burns and Mark Bomback . Taking place ten years after Rise , Dawn follows Caesar 's growing nation of evolved apes threatened by human survivors that put both sides in the brink of war . Andy Serkis , Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprised their roles as Caesar , Rocket and Maurice . James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a `` cameo via video '' . Judy Greer and Toby Kebbell replace Devyn Dalton and Christopher Gordon as Cornelia and Koba , respectively . Filming of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes started on North Vancouver Island in April 2013 . The film was released July 11 , 2014 . On January 6 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , with a planned July 2016 release . In January 2015 , Fox delayed the release to July 14 , 2017 . On May 14 , 2015 , the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes , later re-titled to War for the Planet of the Apes . See also ( edit ) Uplift ( science fiction ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Apes ' will rise above ' Change - Up ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Collider Visits The Set of RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ; Plus Video Blog '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco plays lead in Apes prequel '' . CBC.ca . May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Spider - Man lost the lead role in ' Rise Of The Apes ' to the Green Goblin '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Zaki ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Writers Amanda Silver and Rick Jaffa '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Mythology of the Apes '' , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' : 21 nods to classic ' Apes ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi Magazine ( August 2011 ) '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Tapped for ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Felton Begins Shooting `` Rise of the Apes , '' Stars in Ashley Greene Film `` . OnTheRedCarpet.com . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rupert Wyatt audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray ^ Jump up to : `` A New Generation of Apes , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis : ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes was a challenge ' '' . Blockbuster.co.uk . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Hail Caesar : Motion - Capturing Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Lead Simian '' Wired.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Breaking Motion Capture Boundaries , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Weta Digital Monkey Business '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Andy Serkis , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Patrick Doyle ) '' . Filmtracks. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Composing the Score with Patrick Doyle , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , '' Rotten Tomatoes . Accessed June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' review : James Franco and Freida Pinto star in best flick of summer '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Simian Disobedience '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore 's review of `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes `` '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manohla Dargis 's review of Rise of the Planet of the apes '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 2011 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : ' Apes ' Rise '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Hail the Conquering ' Apes ' '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Cling to Top Spot , ' Help ' Cleans Up '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' crosses $100 million at box office ; ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' climbs past $150 million '' . InsideMovies.EW.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 EDA Awards Nominees -- Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Annie Awards '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Blog 17th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2012 ) '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominees '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` IGN Summer Movie Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` award listings '' . Las Vegas Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Select Top Films for 2011 '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Nominees International Press Academy '' . Satellite Award . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES and SUPER 8 lead Saturn Awards with 3 awards each . '' . saturnawards.org . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards Nominees Visual Effects Society '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Critics Winners : THE ARTIST , George Clooney , Michelle Williams , THE SKIN I LIVE IN '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Director Rupert Wyatt on ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' and The End of Cinema '' . FilmSchoolProjects.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Another Fox Shocker : Is Rupert Wyatt Exiting ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ? ' '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' Writer Tapped to Pen ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Andy Serkis Closes Big ' Planet Of The Apes ' Deal ; Should Fox Campaign For Oscar ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No One Bothered Telling James Franco He 's In Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . CinemaBlend.com. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell River gets ready for ape invasion '' . CTV News . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 . '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rise of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Rupert Wyatt The Escapist ( 2008 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Gambler ( 2014 ) Captive State ( 2018 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. 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Coriolis force

Coriolis force - wikipedia Coriolis force Jump to : navigation , search For the psychophysical perception effect , see Coriolis effect ( perception ) . In the inertial frame of reference ( upper part of the picture ) , the black ball moves in a straight line . However , the observer ( brown dot ) who is standing in the rotating / non-inertial frame of reference ( lower part of the picture ) sees the object as following a curved path due to the Coriolis and centrifugal forces present in this frame . In physics , the Coriolis force is an inertial force that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame . In a reference frame with clockwise rotation , the force acts to the left of the motion of the object . In one with anticlockwise rotation , the force acts to the right . Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis force is called the Coriolis effect . Though recognized previously by others , the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard - Gustave de Coriolis , in connection with the theory of water wheels . Early in the 20th century , the term Coriolis force began to be used in connection with meteorology . Newton 's laws of motion describe the motion of an object in an inertial ( non-accelerating ) frame of reference . When Newton 's laws are transformed to a rotating frame of reference , the Coriolis force and centrifugal force appear . Both forces are proportional to the mass of the object . The Coriolis force is proportional to the rotation rate and the centrifugal force is proportional to its square . The Coriolis force acts in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis and to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to the object 's speed in the rotating frame ( more precisely , to the component of its velocity that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation ) . The centrifugal force acts outwards in the radial direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of the rotating frame . These additional forces are termed inertial forces , fictitious forces or pseudo forces . They allow the application of Newton 's laws to a rotating system . They are correction factors that do not exist in a non-accelerating or inertial reference frame . In popular ( non-technical ) usage of the term `` Coriolis effect '' , the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth . Because the Earth spins , Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects . The Earth completes one rotation per day , so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces ; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time , such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean . Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth , so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important . This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right ( with respect to the direction of travel ) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere . The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles , since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there , and decreases to zero at the equator . Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure , as they would in a non-rotating system , winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it . This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones ( see Coriolis effects in meteorology ) . For an intuitive explanation of the origin of the Coriolis force , consider an object moving northward in the northern hemisphere . Viewed from outer space , the object does not appear to go due north , but has an eastward motion ( it rotates around toward the right along with the surface of the Earth ) . The further north you go , the smaller the `` horizontal diameter '' of the Earth , and so the slower the eastward motion of its surface . As the object moves north , to higher latitudes , it has a tendency to maintain the eastward speed it started with ( rather than slowing down to match the reduced eastward speed of local objects on the Earth 's surface ) , so it veers east ( i.e. to the right of its initial motion ) . Though not obvious from this example , which considers northward motion , the horizontal deflection occurs equally for objects moving east or west ( or any other direction ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Formula 3 Causes 4 Length scales and the Rossby number 5 Simple cases 5.1 Cannon on turntable 5.1. 1 Trajectory in the inertial frame 5.1. 1.1 Accelerations 5.1. 1.1. 1 Components of acceleration 5.1. 1.1. 2 Producing accelerations 5.2 Tossed ball on a rotating carousel 5.3 Bounced ball 6 Applied to the Earth 6.1 Intuitive explanation 6.2 Rotating sphere 6.3 Meteorology 6.3. 1 Flow around a low - pressure area 6.3. 2 Inertial circles 6.3. 3 Other terrestrial effects 6.4 Eötvös effect 6.4. 1 Intuitive example 6.5 Draining in bathtubs and toilets 6.6 Ballistic trajectories 7 Visualization of the Coriolis effect 8 Coriolis effects in other areas 8.1 Coriolis flow meter 8.2 Molecular physics 8.3 Gyroscopic precession 8.4 Insect flight 8.5 Lagrangian point stability 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Further reading 10.1. 1 Physics and meteorology 10.1. 2 Historical 11 External links History ( edit ) Image from Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus ( 1674 ) of C.F.M. Dechales , showing how a cannonball should deflect to the right of its target on a rotating Earth , because the rightward motion of the ball is faster than that of the tower . Image from Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus ( 1674 ) of C.F.M. Dechales , showing how a ball should fall from a tower on a rotating Earth . The ball is released from F. The top of the tower moves faster than its base , so while the ball falls , the base of the tower moves to I , but the ball , which has the eastward speed of the tower 's top , outruns the tower 's base and lands further to the east at L . Italian scientist Giovanni Battista Riccioli and his assistant Francesco Maria Grimaldi described the effect in connection with artillery in the 1651 Almagestum Novum , writing that rotation of the Earth should cause a cannonball fired to the north to deflect to the east . In 1674 Claude François Milliet Dechales described in his Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus how the rotation of the earth should cause a deflection in the trajectories of both falling bodies and projectiles aimed toward one of the planet 's poles . Riccioli , Grimaldi , and Dechales all described the effect as part of an argument against the heliocentric system of Copernicus . In other words , they argued that the Earth 's rotation should create the effect , and so failure to detect the effect was evidence for an immobile Earth . The Coriolis acceleration equation was derived by Euler in 1749 and the effect was described in the tidal equations of Pierre - Simon Laplace in 1778 . Gaspard - Gustave Coriolis published a paper in 1835 on the energy yield of machines with rotating parts , such as waterwheels . That paper considered the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference . Coriolis divided these supplementary forces into two categories . The second category contained a force that arises from the cross product of the angular velocity of a coordinate system and the projection of a particle 's velocity into a plane perpendicular to the system 's axis of rotation . Coriolis referred to this force as the `` compound centrifugal force '' due to its analogies with the centrifugal force already considered in category one . The effect was known in the early 20th century as the `` acceleration of Coriolis '' , and by 1920 as `` Coriolis force '' . In 1856 , William Ferrel proposed the existence of a circulation cell in the mid-latitudes with air being deflected by the Coriolis force to create the prevailing westerly winds . The understanding of the kinematics of how exactly the rotation of the Earth affects airflow was partial at first . Late in the 19th century , the full extent of the large scale interaction of pressure gradient force and deflecting force that in the end causes air masses to move ' along ' isobars was understood . Formula ( edit ) See also : Fictitious force In non-vector terms : at a given rate of rotation of the observer , the magnitude of the Coriolis acceleration of the object is proportional to the velocity of the object and also to the sine of the angle between the direction of movement of the object and the axis of rotation . The vector formula for the magnitude and direction of the Coriolis acceleration is derived through vector analysis and is a C = − 2 Ω × v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 \ , ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) ) where ( here and below ) a C ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) ) is the acceleration of the particle in the rotating system , v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) \ , ) is the velocity of the particle with respect to the rotating system , and Ω is the angular velocity vector having magnitude equal to the rotation rate ω , with direction along the axis of rotation of the rotating reference frame , and the × ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ times ) ) ) symbol represents the cross product operator . The equation may be multiplied by the mass of the relevant object to produce the Coriolis force : F C = − 2 m Ω × v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 \ , m \ , ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) ) . See fictitious force for a derivation . The Coriolis effect is the behavior added by the Coriolis acceleration . The formula implies that the Coriolis acceleration is perpendicular both to the direction of the velocity of the moving mass and to the frame 's rotation axis . So in particular : if the velocity is parallel to the rotation axis , the Coriolis acceleration is zero . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving north or south relative to Earth 's surface . ) if the velocity is straight inward to the axis , the acceleration is in the direction of local rotation . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator falling downward , as in the Dechales illustration above , where the falling ball travels further to the east than does the tower . ) if the velocity is straight outward from the axis , the acceleration is against the direction of local rotation . ( In the tower example , a ball launched upward would move toward the west . ) if the velocity is in the direction of local rotation , the acceleration is outward from the axis . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving east relative to Earth 's surface . It would move upward as seen by an observer on the surface . This effect ( see Eötvös effect below ) was discussed by Galileo Galilei in 1632 and by Riccioli in 1651 . ) if the velocity is against the direction of local rotation , the acceleration is inward to the axis . ( On Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving west , which would deflect downward as seen by an observer . ) Causes ( edit ) The Coriolis force exists only when one uses a rotating reference frame . In the rotating frame it behaves exactly like a real force ( that is to say , it causes acceleration and has real effects ) . However , the Coriolis force is a consequence of inertia , and is not attributable to an identifiable originating body , as is the case for electromagnetic or nuclear forces , for example . From an analytical viewpoint , to use Newton 's second law in a rotating system , the Coriolis force is mathematically necessary , but it disappears in a non-accelerating , inertial frame of reference . For example , consider two children on opposite sides of a spinning roundabout ( Merry - go - round ) , who are throwing a ball to each other . From the children 's point of view , this ball 's path is curved sideways by the Coriolis force . Suppose the roundabout spins anticlockwise when viewed from above . From the thrower 's perspective , the deflection is to the right . From the non-thrower's perspective , deflection is to the left . For a mathematical formulation see Mathematical derivation of fictitious forces . In meteorology , a rotating frame ( the Earth ) with its Coriolis force provides a more natural framework for explanation of air movements than a non-rotating , inertial frame without Coriolis forces . In long - range gunnery , sight corrections for the Earth 's rotation are based upon the Coriolis force . These examples are described in more detail below . The acceleration entering the Coriolis force arises from two sources of change in velocity that result from rotation : the first is the change of the velocity of an object in time . The same velocity ( in an inertial frame of reference where the normal laws of physics apply ) is seen as different velocities at different times in a rotating frame of reference . The apparent acceleration is proportional to the angular velocity of the reference frame ( the rate at which the coordinate axes change direction ) , and to the component of velocity of the object in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation . This gives a term − Ω × v ( \ displaystyle - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) ) . The minus sign arises from the traditional definition of the cross product ( right hand rule ) , and from the sign convention for angular velocity vectors . The second is the change of velocity in space . Different positions in a rotating frame of reference have different velocities ( as seen from an inertial frame of reference ) . For an object to move in a straight line , it must accelerate so that its velocity changes from point to point by the same amount as the velocities of the frame of reference . The force is proportional to the angular velocity ( which determines the relative speed of two different points in the rotating frame of reference ) , and to the component of the velocity of the object in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation ( which determines how quickly it moves between those points ) . This also gives a term − Ω × v ( \ displaystyle - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) ) . Length scales and the Rossby number ( edit ) Further information : Rossby number The time , space and velocity scales are important in determining the importance of the Coriolis force . Whether rotation is important in a system can be determined by its Rossby number , which is the ratio of the velocity , U , of a system to the product of the Coriolis parameter , f = 2 ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle f = 2 \ omega \ sin \ varphi \ , ) , and the length scale , L , of the motion : R o = U f L . ( \ displaystyle Ro = ( \ frac ( U ) ( fL ) ) . ) The Rossby number is the ratio of inertial to Coriolis forces . A small Rossby number indicates a system is strongly affected by Coriolis forces , and a large Rossby number indicates a system in which inertial forces dominate . For example , in tornadoes , the Rossby number is large , in low - pressure systems it is low , and in oceanic systems it is around 1 . As a result , in tornadoes the Coriolis force is negligible , and balance is between pressure and centrifugal forces . In low - pressure systems , centrifugal force is negligible and balance is between Coriolis and pressure forces . In the oceans all three forces are comparable . An atmospheric system moving at U = 10 m / s ( 22 mph ) occupying a spatial distance of L = 1,000 km ( 621 mi ) , has a Rossby number of approximately 0.1 . A baseball pitcher may throw the ball at U = 45 m / s ( 100 mph ) for a distance of L = 18.3 m ( 60 ft ) . The Rossby number in this case would be 32,000 . Baseball players do n't care about which hemisphere they 're playing in . However , an unguided missile obeys exactly the same physics as a baseball , but can travel far enough and be in the air long enough to experience the effect of Coriolis force . Long - range shells in the Northern Hemisphere landed close to , but to the right of , where they were aimed until this was noted . ( Those fired in the Southern Hemisphere landed to the left . ) In fact , it was this effect that first got the attention of Coriolis himself . Simple cases ( edit ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( March 2014 ) Cannon on turntable ( edit ) This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Fictitious force § Crossing a carousel Cannon at the center of a rotating turntable . To hit the target located at position 1 on the perimeter at time t = 0 s , the cannon must be aimed ahead of the target at angle θ . That way , by the time the cannonball reaches position 3 on the periphery , the target is also at that position . In an inertial frame of reference , the cannonball travels a straight radial path to the target ( curve y ) . However , in the frame of the turntable , the path is arched ( curve y ) , as also shown in the figure . Successful trajectory of cannonball as seen from the turntable for three angles of launch θ . Plotted points are for the same equally spaced times steps on each curve . Cannonball speed v is held constant and angular rate of rotation ω is varied to achieve a successful `` hit '' for selected θ . For example , for a radius of 1 m and a cannonball speed of 1 m / s , the time of flight t = 1 s , and ωt = θ → ω and θ have the same numerical value if θ is expressed in radians . The wider spacing of the plotted points as the target is approached show the speed of the cannonball is accelerating as seen on the turntable , due to fictitious Coriolis and centrifugal forces . Acceleration components at an earlier time ( top ) and at arrival time at the target ( bottom ) Coriolis acceleration , centrifugal acceleration and net acceleration vectors at three selected points on the trajectory as seen on the turntable . The animation at the top of this article is a classic illustration of Coriolis force . Another visualization of the Coriolis and centrifugal forces is this animation clip . Given the radius R of the turntable in that animation , the rate of angular rotation ω , and the speed of the cannonball ( assumed constant ) v , the correct angle θ to aim so as to hit the target at the edge of the turntable can be calculated . The inertial frame of reference provides one way to handle the question : calculate the time to interception , which is t = R / v . Then , the turntable revolves an angle ω t in this time . If the cannon is pointed an angle θ = ω t = ω R / v , then the cannonball arrives at the periphery at position number 3 at the same time as the target . No discussion of Coriolis force can arrive at this solution as simply , so the reason to treat this problem is to demonstrate Coriolis formalism in an easily visualized situation . Trajectory in the inertial frame ( edit ) The trajectory in the inertial frame ( denoted A ) is a straight line radial path at angle θ . The position of the cannonball in ( x , y ) coordinates at time t is : r A ( t ) = v t ( cos ⁡ θ , sin ⁡ θ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( A ) ( t ) = vt \ \ left ( \ cos \ theta , \ \ sin \ theta \ right ) \ . ) In the turntable frame ( denoted B ) , the x - y axes rotate at angular rate ω , so the trajectory becomes : r B ( t ) = v t ( cos ⁡ ( θ − ω t ) , sin ⁡ ( θ − ω t ) ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) ( t ) = vt \ \ left ( \ cos ( \ theta - \ omega t ) , \ \ sin ( \ theta - \ omega t ) \ right ) \ , ) and three examples of this result are plotted in the figure . Accelerations ( edit ) Components of acceleration ( edit ) To determine the components of acceleration , a general expression is used from the article fictitious force : a B = a A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) _ ( B ) = \ mathbf ( a ) _ ( A ) ) − 2 Ω × v B ( \ displaystyle ( ) - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( B ) ) − Ω × ( Ω × r B ) ( \ displaystyle ( ) - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) ) ) − d Ω d t × r B , ( \ displaystyle ( ) - ( \ frac ( d ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) ) ( dt ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) \ , ) in which the term in Ω × v is the Coriolis acceleration and the term in Ω × ( Ω × r ) is the centrifugal acceleration . The results are ( let α = θ − ωt ) : Ω × r B ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times r_ ( B ) ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω v t cos ⁡ α v t sin ⁡ α 0 ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ vt \ cos \ alpha &vt \ sin \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ ) = ω t v ( − sin ⁡ α , cos ⁡ α ) , ( \ displaystyle = \ omega tv \ left ( - \ sin \ alpha , \ cos \ alpha \ right ) \ , ) Ω × ( Ω × r B ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ \ times ) ) \ left ( ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times r_ ( B ) ) \ right ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω − ω t v sin ⁡ α ω t v cos ⁡ α 0 , ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ - \ omega tv \ sin \ alpha & \ omega tv \ cos \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ \ , ) Producing accelerations ( edit ) Producing a centrifugal acceleration : a C f g l ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cfgl ) ) ) ) = ω 2 v t ( cos ⁡ α , sin ⁡ α ) = ω 2 r B ( t ) . ( \ displaystyle = \ omega ^ ( 2 ) vt \ left ( \ cos \ alpha , \ sin \ alpha \ right ) = \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ . ) Also : v B = d r B ( t ) d t = ( v cos ⁡ α + ω t v sin ⁡ α , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( v_ ( B ) ) = ( \ frac ( d \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( v \ cos \ alpha + \ omega t \ v \ sin \ alpha , ) v sin ⁡ α − ω t v cos ⁡ α , 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ v \ sin \ alpha - \ omega t \ v \ cos \ alpha , \ 0 ) \ \ , ) Ω × v B ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times v_ ( B ) ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω v cos ⁡ α v sin ⁡ α + ω t v sin ⁡ α − ω t v cos ⁡ α 0 , ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ v \ cos \ alpha \ quad &v \ sin \ alpha \ quad & \ quad \ \ \ ; + \ omega t \ v \ sin \ alpha & \ ; - \ omega t \ v \ cos \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ \ , ) producing a Coriolis acceleration : a C o r ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cor ) ) ) ) = − 2 ( − ω v ( sin ⁡ α − ω t cos ⁡ α ) , ( \ displaystyle = - 2 \ left ( - \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha - \ omega t \ cos \ alpha \ right ) , \ right . ) ... ω v ( cos ⁡ α + ω t sin ⁡ α ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ left. ( \ color ( white ) ... ) \ \ omega v \ left ( \ cos \ alpha + \ omega t \ sin \ alpha \ right ) \ right ) \ ) = 2 ω v ( sin ⁡ α , − cos ⁡ α ) ( \ displaystyle = 2 \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha , \ - \ cos \ alpha \ right ) ) − 2 ω 2 r B ( t ) . ( \ displaystyle - 2 \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ . ) These accelerations are shown in the diagrams for a particular example . It is seen that the Coriolis acceleration not only cancels the centrifugal acceleration , but together they provide a net `` centripetal '' , radially inward component of acceleration ( that is , directed toward the center of rotation ) : a C p t l = − ω 2 r B ( t ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cptl ) ) ) = - \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ , ) and an additional component of acceleration perpendicular to r ( t ) : a C ⊥ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( C \ perp ) ) ) = 2 ω v ( sin ⁡ α , − cos ⁡ α ) . ( \ displaystyle = 2 \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha , \ - \ cos \ alpha \ right ) \ . ) The `` centripetal '' component of acceleration resembles that for circular motion at radius r , while the perpendicular component is velocity dependent , increasing with the radial velocity v and directed to the right of the velocity . The situation could be described as a circular motion combined with an `` apparent Coriolis acceleration '' of 2ωv . However , this is a rough labelling : a careful designation of the true centripetal force refers to a local reference frame that employs the directions normal and tangential to the path , not coordinates referred to the axis of rotation . These results also can be obtained directly by two time differentiations of r ( t ) . Agreement of the two approaches demonstrates that one could start from the general expression for fictitious acceleration above and derive the trajectories shown here . However , working from the acceleration to the trajectory is more complicated than the reverse procedure used here , which , of course , is made possible in this example by knowing the answer in advance . As a result of this analysis an important point appears : all the fictitious accelerations must be included to obtain the correct trajectory . In particular , besides the Coriolis acceleration , the centrifugal force plays an essential role . It is easy to get the impression from verbal discussions of the cannonball problem , which focus on displaying the Coriolis effect particularly , that the Coriolis force is the only factor that must be considered , but that is not so . A turntable for which the Coriolis force is the only factor is the parabolic turntable . A somewhat more complex situation is the idealized example of flight routes over long distances , where the centrifugal force of the path and aeronautical lift are countered by gravitational attraction . Tossed ball on a rotating carousel ( edit ) A carousel is rotating counter-clockwise . Left panel : a ball is tossed by a thrower at 12 : 00 o'clock and travels in a straight line to the center of the carousel . While it travels , the thrower circles in a counter-clockwise direction . Right panel : The ball 's motion as seen by the thrower , who now remains at 12 : 00 o'clock , because there is no rotation from their viewpoint . The figure illustrates a ball tossed from 12 : 00 o'clock toward the center of a counter-clockwise rotating carousel . On the left , the ball is seen by a stationary observer above the carousel , and the ball travels in a straight line to the center , while the ball - thrower rotates counter-clockwise with the carousel . On the right the ball is seen by an observer rotating with the carousel , so the ball - thrower appears to stay at 12 : 00 o'clock . The figure shows how the trajectory of the ball as seen by the rotating observer can be constructed . On the left , two arrows locate the ball relative to the ball - thrower . One of these arrows is from the thrower to the center of the carousel ( providing the ball - thrower 's line of sight ) , and the other points from the center of the carousel to the ball. ( This arrow gets shorter as the ball approaches the center . ) A shifted version of the two arrows is shown dotted . On the right is shown this same dotted pair of arrows , but now the pair are rigidly rotated so the arrow corresponding to the line of sight of the ball - thrower toward the center of the carousel is aligned with 12 : 00 o'clock . The other arrow of the pair locates the ball relative to the center of the carousel , providing the position of the ball as seen by the rotating observer . By following this procedure for several positions , the trajectory in the rotating frame of reference is established as shown by the curved path in the right - hand panel . The ball travels in the air , and there is no net force upon it . To the stationary observer the ball follows a straight - line path , so there is no problem squaring this trajectory with zero net force . However , the rotating observer sees a curved path . Kinematics insists that a force ( pushing to the right of the instantaneous direction of travel for a counter-clockwise rotation ) must be present to cause this curvature , so the rotating observer is forced to invoke a combination of centrifugal and Coriolis forces to provide the net force required to cause the curved trajectory . Bounced ball ( edit ) Bird 's - eye view of carousel . The carousel rotates clockwise . Two viewpoints are illustrated : that of the camera at the center of rotation rotating with the carousel ( left panel ) and that of the inertial ( stationary ) observer ( right panel ) . Both observers agree at any given time just how far the ball is from the center of the carousel , but not on its orientation . Time intervals are 1 / 10 of time from launch to bounce . The figure describes a more complex situation where the tossed ball on a turntable bounces off the edge of the carousel and then returns to the tosser , who catches the ball . The effect of Coriolis force on its trajectory is shown again as seen by two observers : an observer ( referred to as the `` camera '' ) that rotates with the carousel , and an inertial observer . The figure shows a bird 's - eye view based upon the same ball speed on forward and return paths . Within each circle , plotted dots show the same time points . In the left panel , from the camera 's viewpoint at the center of rotation , the tosser ( smiley face ) and the rail both are at fixed locations , and the ball makes a very considerable arc on its travel toward the rail , and takes a more direct route on the way back . From the ball tosser 's viewpoint , the ball seems to return more quickly than it went ( because the tosser is rotating toward the ball on the return flight ) . On the carousel , instead of tossing the ball straight at a rail to bounce back , the tosser must throw the ball toward the right of the target and the ball then seems to the camera to bear continuously to the left of its direction of travel to hit the rail ( left because the carousel is turning clockwise ) . The ball appears to bear to the left from direction of travel on both inward and return trajectories . The curved path demands this observer to recognize a leftward net force on the ball . ( This force is `` fictitious '' because it disappears for a stationary observer , as is discussed shortly . ) For some angles of launch , a path has portions where the trajectory is approximately radial , and Coriolis force is primarily responsible for the apparent deflection of the ball ( centrifugal force is radial from the center of rotation , and causes little deflection on these segments ) . When a path curves away from radial , however , centrifugal force contributes significantly to deflection . The ball 's path through the air is straight when viewed by observers standing on the ground ( right panel ) . In the right panel ( stationary observer ) , the ball tosser ( smiley face ) is at 12 o'clock and the rail the ball bounces from is at position one ( 1 ) . From the inertial viewer 's standpoint , positions one ( 1 ) , two ( 2 ) , three ( 3 ) are occupied in sequence . At position 2 the ball strikes the rail , and at position 3 the ball returns to the tosser . Straight - line paths are followed because the ball is in free flight , so this observer requires that no net force is applied . Applied to the Earth ( edit ) An important case where the Coriolis force is observed is the rotating Earth . Unless otherwise stated , directions of forces and motion apply to the Northern Hemisphere . Intuitive explanation ( edit ) As the Earth turns around its axis , everything attached to it turns with it ( imperceptibly to our senses ) . An object that is moving without being dragged along with this rotation travels in a straight motion over the turning Earth . From our rotating perspective on the planet , its direction of motion changes as it moves , bending in the opposite direction to our actual motion . When viewed from a stationary point in space directly above the north pole , any land feature in the Northern Hemisphere turns anticlockwise -- and , fixing our gaze on that location , any other location in that hemisphere rotates around it the same way . The traced ground path of a freely moving body travelling from one point to another therefore bends the opposite way , clockwise , which is conventionally labeled as `` right , '' where it will be if the direction of motion is considered `` ahead , '' and `` down '' is defined naturally . Rotating sphere ( edit ) Coordinate system at latitude φ with x-axis east , y - axis north and z - axis upward ( that is , radially outward from center of sphere ) . Consider a location with latitude φ on a sphere that is rotating around the north - south axis . A local coordinate system is set up with the x axis horizontally due east , the y axis horizontally due north and the z axis vertically upwards . The rotation vector , velocity of movement and Coriolis acceleration expressed in this local coordinate system ( listing components in the order east ( e ) , north ( n ) and upward ( u ) ) are : Ω = ω ( 0 cos ⁡ φ sin ⁡ φ ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) = \ omega ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ \ cos \ varphi \ \ \ sin \ varphi \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) v = ( v e v n v u ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ \ v_ ( u ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a C = − 2 Ω × v = 2 ω ( v n sin ⁡ φ − v u cos ⁡ φ − v e sin ⁡ φ v e cos ⁡ φ ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) = 2 \ , \ omega \ , ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( n ) \ sin \ varphi - v_ ( u ) \ cos \ varphi \ \ - v_ ( e ) \ sin \ varphi \ \ v_ ( e ) \ cos \ varphi \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ . ) When considering atmospheric or oceanic dynamics , the vertical velocity is small , and the vertical component of the Coriolis acceleration is small compared to gravity . For such cases , only the horizontal ( east and north ) components matter . The restriction of the above to the horizontal plane is ( setting v = 0 ) : v = ( v e v n ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a c = ( v n − v e ) f , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( c ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( n ) \ \ - v_ ( e ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ f \ , ) where f = 2 ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle f = 2 \ omega \ sin \ varphi \ , ) is called the Coriolis parameter . By setting v = 0 , it can be seen immediately that ( for positive φ and ω ) a movement due east results in an acceleration due south . Similarly , setting v = 0 , it is seen that a movement due north results in an acceleration due east . In general , observed horizontally , looking along the direction of the movement causing the acceleration , the acceleration always is turned 90 ° to the right and of the same size regardless of the horizontal orientation . As a different case , consider equatorial motion setting φ = 0 ° . In this case , Ω is parallel to the north or n - axis , and : Ω = ω ( 0 1 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) = \ omega ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ 1 \ \ 0 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) v = ( v e v n v u ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ \ v_ ( u ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a C = − 2 Ω × v = 2 ω ( − v u 0 v e ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) = 2 \ , \ omega \ , ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) - v_ ( u ) \ \ 0 \ \ v_ ( e ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ . ) Accordingly , an eastward motion ( that is , in the same direction as the rotation of the sphere ) provides an upward acceleration known as the Eötvös effect , and an upward motion produces an acceleration due west . For additional examples in this article see cannon on turntable and tossed ball . In other articles , see rotating spheres , apparent motion of stationary objects , and carousel . Meteorology ( edit ) This low - pressure system over Iceland spins counterclockwise due to balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force . Schematic representation of flow around a low - pressure area in the Northern Hemisphere . The Rossby number is low , so the centrifugal force is virtually negligible . The pressure - gradient force is represented by blue arrows , the Coriolis acceleration ( always perpendicular to the velocity ) by red arrows Schematic representation of inertial circles of air masses in the absence of other forces , calculated for a wind speed of approximately 50 to 70 m / s ( 110 to 160 mph ) . Cloud formations in a famous image of Earth from Apollo 17 , makes similar circulation directly visible Perhaps the most important impact of the Coriolis effect is in the large - scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere . In meteorology and oceanography , it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary . In accommodation of that provisional postulation , the centrifugal and Coriolis forces are introduced . Their relative importance is determined by the applicable Rossby numbers . Tornadoes have high Rossby numbers , so , while tornado - associated centrifugal forces are quite substantial , Coriolis forces associated with tornadoes are for practical purposes negligible . Because surface ocean currents are driven by the movement of wind over the water 's surface , the Coriolis force also affects the movement of ocean currents and cyclones as well . Many of the ocean 's largest currents circulate around warm , high - pressure areas called gyres . Though the circulation is not as significant as that in the air , the deflection caused by the Coriolis effect is what creates the spiraling pattern in these gyres . The spiraling wind pattern helps the hurricane form . The stronger the force from the Coriolis effect , the faster the wind spins and picks up additional energy , increasing the strength of the hurricane . Air within high - pressure systems rotates in a direction such that the Coriolis force is directed radially inwards , and nearly balanced by the outwardly radial pressure gradient . As a result , air travels clockwise around high pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . Air around low - pressure rotates in the opposite direction , so that the Coriolis force is directed radially outward and nearly balances an inwardly radial pressure gradient . Flow around a low - pressure area ( edit ) Main article : Low - pressure area If a low - pressure area forms in the atmosphere , air tends to flow in towards it , but is deflected perpendicular to its velocity by the Coriolis force . A system of equilibrium can then establish itself creating circular movement , or a cyclonic flow . Because the Rossby number is low , the force balance is largely between the pressure gradient force acting towards the low - pressure area and the Coriolis force acting away from the center of the low pressure . Instead of flowing down the gradient , large scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean tend to occur perpendicular to the pressure gradient . This is known as geostrophic flow . On a non-rotating planet , fluid would flow along the straightest possible line , quickly eliminating pressure gradients . Note that the geostrophic balance is thus very different from the case of `` inertial motions '' ( see below ) , which explains why mid-latitude cyclones are larger by an order of magnitude than inertial circle flow would be . This pattern of deflection , and the direction of movement , is called Buys - Ballot 's law . In the atmosphere , the pattern of flow is called a cyclone . In the Northern Hemisphere the direction of movement around a low - pressure area is anticlockwise . In the Southern Hemisphere , the direction of movement is clockwise because the rotational dynamics is a mirror image there . At high altitudes , outward - spreading air rotates in the opposite direction . Cyclones rarely form along the equator due to the weak Coriolis effect present in this region . Inertial circles ( edit ) An air or water mass moving with speed v ( \ displaystyle v \ , ) subject only to the Coriolis force travels in a circular trajectory called an ' inertial circle ' . Since the force is directed at right angles to the motion of the particle , it moves with a constant speed around a circle whose radius R ( \ displaystyle R ) is given by : R = v f ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( v ) ( f ) ) \ , ) where f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the Coriolis parameter 2 Ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle 2 \ Omega \ sin \ varphi ) , introduced above ( where φ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi ) is the latitude ) . The time taken for the mass to complete a full circle is therefore 2 π / f ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / f ) . The Coriolis parameter typically has a mid-latitude value of about 10 s ; hence for a typical atmospheric speed of 10 m / s ( 22 mph ) the radius is 100 km ( 62 mi ) , with a period of about 17 hours . For an ocean current with a typical speed of 10 cm / s ( 0.22 mph ) , the radius of an inertial circle is 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) . These inertial circles are clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ( where trajectories are bent to the right ) and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . If the rotating system is a parabolic turntable , then f ( \ displaystyle f ) is constant and the trajectories are exact circles . On a rotating planet , f ( \ displaystyle f ) varies with latitude and the paths of particles do not form exact circles . Since the parameter f ( \ displaystyle f ) varies as the sine of the latitude , the radius of the oscillations associated with a given speed are smallest at the poles ( latitude = ± 90 ° ) , and increase toward the equator . Other terrestrial effects ( edit ) The Coriolis effect strongly affects the large - scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation , leading to the formation of robust features like jet streams and western boundary currents . Such features are in geostrophic balance , meaning that the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces balance each other . Coriolis acceleration is also responsible for the propagation of many types of waves in the ocean and atmosphere , including Rossby waves and Kelvin waves . It is also instrumental in the so - called Ekman dynamics in the ocean , and in the establishment of the large - scale ocean flow pattern called the Sverdrup balance . Eötvös effect ( edit ) Main article : Eötvös effect The practical impact of the `` Coriolis effect '' is mostly caused by the horizontal acceleration component produced by horizontal motion . There are other components of the Coriolis effect . Westward - travelling objects are deflected downwards ( feel heavier ) , while Eastward - travelling objects are deflected upwards ( feel lighter ) . This is known as the Eötvös effect . This aspect of the Coriolis effect is greatest near the equator . The force produced by this effect is similar to the horizontal component , but the much larger vertical forces due to gravity and pressure mean that it is generally unimportant dynamically . In addition , objects travelling upwards ( i.e. , out ) or downwards ( i.e. , in ) are deflected to the west or east respectively . This effect is also the greatest near the equator . Since vertical movement is usually of limited extent and duration , the size of the effect is smaller and requires precise instruments to detect . However , in the case of large changes of momentum , such as a spacecraft being launched into orbit , the effect becomes significant . The fastest and most fuel - efficient path to orbit is a launch from the equator that curves to a directly eastward heading . Intuitive example ( edit ) Imagine a train that travels through a frictionless railway line along the equator . Assume that , when in motion , it moves at the necessary speed to complete a trip around the world in one day ( 465 m / s ) . The Coriolis effect can be considered in three cases : when the train travels west , when it is at rest , and when it travels east . In each case , the Coriolis effect can be calculated from the rotating frame of reference on Earth first , and then checked against a fixed inertial frame . The image below illustrates the three cases in an inertial frame as observed from a fixed point above Earth along its axis of rotation : 1 . The train travels toward the west : In that case , it moves against the direction of rotation . Therefore , on the Earth 's rotating frame the Coriolis term is pointed inwards towards the axis of rotation ( down ) . This additional force downwards should cause the train to be heavier while moving in that direction . If one looks at this train from the fixed non-rotating frame on top of the center of the Earth , at that speed it remains stationary as the Earth spins beneath it . Hence , the only force acting on it is gravity and the reaction from the track . This force is greater ( by 0.34 % ) than the force that the passengers and the train experience when at rest ( rotating along with Earth ) . This difference is what the Coriolis effect accounts for in the rotating frame of reference . 2 . The train comes to a stop : From the point of view on the Earth 's rotating frame , the velocity of the train is zero , thus the Coriolis force is also zero and the train and its passengers recuperate their usual weight . From the fixed inertial frame of reference above Earth , the train now rotates along with the rest of the Earth. 0.34 % of the force of gravity provides the centripetal force needed to achieve the circular motion on that frame of reference . The remaining force , as measured by a scale , makes the train and passengers `` lighter '' than in the previous case . 3 . The train travels east . In this case , because it moves in the direction of Earth 's rotating frame , the Coriolis term is directed outward from the axis of rotation ( up ) . This upward force makes the train seem lighter still than when at rest . Graph of the force experienced by a 10 kilograms object as a function of its speed moving along Earth 's equator ( as measured within the rotating frame ) . ( Positive force in the graph is directed upward . Positive speed is directed eastward and negative speed is directed westward ) . From the fixed inertial frame of reference above Earth , the train travelling east now rotates at twice the rate as when it was at rest -- so the amount of centripetal force needed to cause that circular path increases leaving less force from gravity to act on the track . This is what the Coriolis term accounts for on the previous paragraph . As a final check one can imagine a frame of reference rotating along with the train . Such frame would be rotating at twice the angular velocity as Earth 's rotating frame . The resulting centrifugal force component for that imaginary frame would be greater . Since the train and its passengers are at rest , that would be the only component in that frame explaining again why the train and the passengers are lighter than in the previous two cases . This also explains why high speed projectiles that travel west are deflected down , and those that travel east are deflected up . This vertical component of the Coriolis effect is called the Eötvös effect . The above example can be used to explain why the Eötvös effect starts diminishing when an object is travelling westward as its tangential speed increases above Earth 's rotation ( 465 m / s ) . If the westward train in the above example increases speed , part of the force of gravity that pushes against the track accounts for the centripetal force needed to keep it in circular motion on the inertial frame . Once the train doubles its westward speed at 930 m / s that centripetal force becomes equal to the force the train experiences when it stops . From the inertial frame , in both cases it rotates at the same speed but in the opposite directions . Thus , the force is the same cancelling completely the Eötvös effect . Any object that moves westward at a speed above 930 m / s experiences an upward force instead . In the figure , the Eötvös effect is illustrated for a 10 kilogram object on the train at different speeds . The parabolic shape is because the centripetal force is proportional to the square of the tangential speed . On the inertial frame , the bottom of the parabola is centered at the origin . The offset is because this argument uses the Earth 's rotating frame of reference . The graph shows that the Eötvös effect is not symmetrical , and that the resulting downward force experienced by an object that travels west at high velocity is less than the resulting upward force when it travels east at the same speed . Draining in bathtubs and toilets ( edit ) Contrary to popular misconception , water rotation in home bathrooms under normal circumstances is not related to the Coriolis effect or to the rotation of the Earth , and no consistent difference in rotation direction between toilet drainage in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres can be observed . The formation of a vortex over the plug hole may be explained by the conservation of angular momentum : The radius of rotation decreases as water approaches the plug hole , so the rate of rotation increases , for the same reason that an ice skater 's rate of spin increases as they pull their arms in . Any rotation around the plug hole that is initially present accelerates as water moves inward . Of course , the Coriolis force does still impact the direction of the flow of water , but only minutely . Only if the water is so still that the effective rotation rate of the Earth is faster than that of the water relative to its container , and if externally applied torques ( such as might be caused by flow over an uneven bottom surface ) are small enough , the Coriolis effect may indeed determine the direction of the vortex . Without such careful preparation , the Coriolis effect is likely to be much smaller than various other influences on drain direction such as any residual rotation of the water and the geometry of the container . Despite this , the idea that toilets and bathtubs drain differently in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres has been popularized by several television programs and films , including Escape Plan , Wedding Crashers , The Simpsons episode `` Bart vs. Australia '' , Pole to Pole , and The X-Files episode `` Die Hand Die Verletzt '' . Several science broadcasts and publications , including at least one college - level physics textbook , have also stated this . In 1908 , the Austrian physicist Ottokar Tumlirz described careful and effective experiments that demonstrated the effect of the rotation of the Earth on the outflow of water through a central aperture . The subject was later popularized in a famous 1962 article in the journal Nature , which described an experiment in which all other forces to the system were removed by filling a 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) tank with 300 U.S. gal ( 1,100 L ) of water and allowing it to settle for 24 hours ( to allow any movement due to filling the tank to die away ) , in a room where the temperature had stabilized . The drain plug was then very slowly removed , and tiny pieces of floating wood were used to observe rotation . During the first 12 to 15 minutes , no rotation was observed . Then , a vortex appeared and consistently began to rotate in an anticlockwise direction ( the experiment was performed in Boston , Massachusetts , in the Northern Hemisphere ) . This was repeated and the results averaged to make sure the effect was real . The report noted that the vortex rotated , `` about 30,000 times faster than the effective rotation of the Earth in 42 ° North ( the experiment 's location ) '' . This shows that the small initial rotation due to the Earth is amplified by gravitational draining and conservation of angular momentum to become a rapid vortex and may be observed under carefully controlled laboratory conditions . Ballistic trajectories ( edit ) The Coriolis force is important in external ballistics for calculating the trajectories of very long - range artillery shells . The most famous historical example was the Paris gun , used by the Germans during World War I to bombard Paris from a range of about 120 km ( 75 mi ) . The Coriolis force minutely changes the trajectory of a bullet , affecting accuracy at extremely long distances . It is adjusted for by accurate long - distance shooters , such as snipers . Unlike large - scale motions of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean , a bullet 's path is not constrained to be horizontal , and the vertical component of the Coriolis force is often more important than the horizontal component : westward shots hit low , and eastward shots hit high . The effects of the Coriolis force on ballistic trajectories should not be confused with the curvature of the paths of missiles , satellites , and similar objects when the paths are plotted on two - dimensional ( flat ) maps , such as the Mercator projection . The projections of the three - dimensional curved surface of the Earth to a two - dimensional surface ( the map ) necessarily results in distorted features . The apparent curvature of the path is a consequence of the sphericity of the Earth and would occur even in a non-rotating frame . Visualization of the Coriolis effect ( edit ) Fluid assuming a parabolic shape as it is rotating Object moving frictionlessly over the surface of a very shallow parabolic dish . The object has been released in such a way that it follows an elliptical trajectory . Left : The inertial point of view . Right : The co-rotating point of view . The forces at play in the case of a curved surface . Red : gravity Green : the normal force Blue : the net resultant centripetal force . To demonstrate the Coriolis effect , a parabolic turntable can be used . On a flat turntable , the inertia of a co-rotating object forces it off the edge . However , if the turntable surface has the correct paraboloid ( parabolic bowl ) shape ( see the figure ) and rotates at the corresponding rate , the force components shown in the figure make the component of gravity tangential to the bowl surface exactly equal to the centripetal force necessary to keep the object rotating at its velocity and radius of curvature ( assuming no friction ) . ( See banked turn . ) This carefully contoured surface allows the Coriolis force to be displayed in isolation . Discs cut from cylinders of dry ice can be used as pucks , moving around almost frictionlessly over the surface of the parabolic turntable , allowing effects of Coriolis on dynamic phenomena to show themselves . To get a view of the motions as seen from the reference frame rotating with the turntable , a video camera is attached to the turntable so as to co-rotate with the turntable , with results as shown in the figure . In the left panel of the figure , which is the viewpoint of a stationary observer , the gravitational force in the inertial frame pulling the object toward the center ( bottom ) of the dish is proportional to the distance of the object from the center . A centripetal force of this form causes the elliptical motion . In the right panel , which shows the viewpoint of the rotating frame , the inward gravitational force in the rotating frame ( the same force as in the inertial frame ) is balanced by the outward centrifugal force ( present only in the rotating frame ) . With these two forces balanced , in the rotating frame the only unbalanced force is Coriolis ( also present only in the rotating frame ) , and the motion is an inertial circle . Analysis and observation of circular motion in the rotating frame is a simplification compared to analysis or observation of elliptical motion in the inertial frame . Because this reference frame rotates several times a minute rather than only once a day like the Earth , the Coriolis acceleration produced is many times larger and so easier to observe on small time and spatial scales than is the Coriolis acceleration caused by the rotation of the Earth . In a manner of speaking , the Earth is analogous to such a turntable . The rotation has caused the planet to settle on a spheroid shape , such that the normal force , the gravitational force and the centrifugal force exactly balance each other on a `` horizontal '' surface . ( See equatorial bulge . ) The Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth can be seen indirectly through the motion of a Foucault pendulum . Coriolis effects in other areas ( edit ) Coriolis flow meter ( edit ) A practical application of the Coriolis effect is the mass flow meter , an instrument that measures the mass flow rate and density of a fluid flowing through a tube . The operating principle involves inducing a vibration of the tube through which the fluid passes . The vibration , though not completely circular , provides the rotating reference frame that gives rise to the Coriolis effect . While specific methods vary according to the design of the flow meter , sensors monitor and analyze changes in frequency , phase shift , and amplitude of the vibrating flow tubes . The changes observed represent the mass flow rate and density of the fluid . Molecular physics ( edit ) In polyatomic molecules , the molecule motion can be described by a rigid body rotation and internal vibration of atoms about their equilibrium position . As a result of the vibrations of the atoms , the atoms are in motion relative to the rotating coordinate system of the molecule . Coriolis effects are therefore present , and make the atoms move in a direction perpendicular to the original oscillations . This leads to a mixing in molecular spectra between the rotational and vibrational levels , from which Coriolis coupling constants can be determined . Gyroscopic precession ( edit ) When an external torque is applied to a spinning gyroscope along an axis that is at right angles to the spin axis , the rim velocity that is associated with the spin becomes radially directed in relation to the external torque axis . This causes a Coriolis force to act on the rim in such a way as to tilt the gyroscope at right angles to the direction that the external torque would have tilted it . This tendency has the effect of keeping spinning bodies stably aligned in space . Insect flight ( edit ) Flies ( Diptera ) and some moths ( Lepidoptera ) exploit the Coriolis effect in flight with specialized appendages and organs that relay information about the angular velocity of their bodies . Coriolis forces resulting from linear motion of these appendages are detected within the rotating frame of reference of the insects ' bodies . In the case of flies , their specialized appendages are dumbbell shaped organs located just behind their wings called `` halteres '' . The fly 's halteres oscillate in a plane at the same beat frequency as the main wings so that any body rotation results in lateral deviation of the halteres from their plane of motion . In moths , their antennae are known to be responsible for the sensing of Coriolis forces in the similar manner as with the halteres in flies . In both flies and moths , a collection of mechanosensors at the base of the appendage are sensitive to deviations at the beat frequency , correlating to rotation in the pitch and roll planes , and at twice the beat frequency , correlating to rotation in the yaw plane . Lagrangian point stability ( edit ) In astronomy , Lagrangian points are five positions in the orbital plane of two large orbiting bodies where a small object affected only by gravity can maintain a stable position relative to the two large bodies . The first three Lagrangian points ( L , L , L ) lie along the line connecting the two large bodies , while the last two points ( L and L ) each form an equilateral triangle with the two large bodies . The L and L points , although they correspond to maxima of the effective potential in the coordinate frame that rotates with the two large bodies , are stable due to the Coriolis effect . The stability can result in orbits around just L or L , known as Tadpole orbits , where trojans can be found . It can also result in orbits that encircle L , L , and L , known as horseshoe orbits . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Analytical mechanics Applied mechanics Classical mechanics Dynamics ( physics ) Earth 's rotation Equatorial Rossby wave Frenet -- Serret formulas Gyroscope Kinetics ( physics ) Mechanics of planar particle motion Reactive centrifugal force Secondary flow Statics Uniform circular motion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frautschi , Steven C. ; Olenick , Richard P. ; Apostol , Tom M. ; Goodstein , David L. ( 2007 ) . The Mechanical Universe : Mechanics and Heat , Advanced Edition ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 71590 - 4 . Extract of page 208 Jump up ^ Bhatia , V.B. ( 1997 ) . Classical Mechanics : With introduction to Nonlinear Oscillations and Chaos . Narosa Publishing House . p. 201 . ISBN 81 - 7319 - 105 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Coriolis Effect : Because the Earth turns -- Teacher 's guide '' ( PDF ) . Project ATMOSPHERE . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Beckers , Benoit ( 2013 ) . Solar Energy at Urban Scale . John Wiley & Sons . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 61436 - 5 . Extract of page 116 Jump up ^ Toossi , Reza ( 2009 ) . Energy and the Environment : Resources , Technologies , and Impacts . Verve Publishers . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4276 - 1867 - 2 . Extract of page 48 Jump up ^ MIT : Flow in rotating environments Jump up ^ Graney , Christopher M. ( 2011 ) . `` Coriolis effect , two centuries before Coriolis '' . Physics Today . 64 : 8 . Bibcode : 2011PhT ... 64h ... 8G . doi : 10.1063 / PT. 3.1195 . Jump up ^ Graney , Christopher ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` The Coriolis Effect Further Described in the Seventeenth Century '' . Physics Today . 70 : 12 -- 13 . Bibcode : 2017PhT ... 70g ... 12G . arXiv : 1611.07912 . doi : 10.1063 / PT. 3.3610 . Jump up ^ Truesdell , Clifford . Essays in the History of Mechanics . Springer Science & Business Media , 2012. , p. 225 Jump up ^ Persson , A . `` The Coriolis Effect : Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics , Part I : A history to 1885 . '' History of Meteorology 2 ( 2005 ) : 1 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , David Edgar ( 2000 ) . Tides : A Scientific History . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 74 . Jump up ^ G-G Coriolis ( 1835 ) . `` Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps '' . J. de l'Ecole royale polytechnique. 15 : 144 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Dugas , René and J.R. Maddox ( 1988 ) . A History of Mechanics . Courier Dover Publications : p. 374 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65632 - 2 Jump up ^ Bartholomew Price ( 1862 ) . A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus : Vol. IV . The dynamics of material systems . Oxford : University Press . pp. 418 -- 420 . Jump up ^ Arthur Gordon Webster ( 1912 ) . The Dynamics of Particles and of Rigid , Elastic , and Fluid Bodies . B.G. Teubner . p. 320 . ISBN 1 - 113 - 14861 - 6 . Jump up ^ Edwin b . Wilson ( 1920 ) . James McKeen Cattell , ed . `` Space , Time , and Gravitation '' . The Scientific Monthly . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 10 : 226 . Jump up ^ William Ferrel ( November 1856 ) . `` An Essay on the Winds and the Currents of the Ocean '' ( PDF ) . Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery . xi ( 4 ) : 7 -- 19 . Retrieved on 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Anders O. Persson . `` The Coriolis Effect : Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics , Part I : A history to 1885 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute . Jump up ^ Coffin , Joseph George David ( 1911 ) . Vector Analysis : An Introduction to Vector - methods and Their Various Applications to Physics and Mathematics . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . p. 198 . Jump up ^ Graney , Christopher M. ( 2015 ) . Setting Aside All Authority : Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science Against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press . pp. 115 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Stephen H. ; Root , Terry L. ; Mastrandrea , Michael , eds. ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather . 3 . Oxford University Press . p. 310 . Jump up ^ John M. Wallace ; Peter V. Hobbs ( 1977 ) . Atmospheric Science : An Introductory Survey . Academic Press , Inc . pp. 368 -- 371 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 732950 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roger Graham Barry ; Richard J. Chorley ( 2003 ) . Atmosphere , Weather and Climate . Routledge . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27171 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : The claim is made that in the Falklands in WW I , the British failed to correct their sights for the southern hemisphere , and so missed their targets . John Edensor Littlewood ( 1953 ) . A Mathematician 's Miscellany . Methuen And Company Limited . p. 51 . John Robert Taylor ( 2005 ) . Classical Mechanics . University Science Books . p. 364 ; Problem 9.28 . ISBN 1 - 891389 - 22 - X . For set up of the calculations , see Carlucci & Jacobson ( 2007 ) , p. 225 Jump up ^ Lakshmi H. Kantha ; Carol Anne Clayson ( 2000 ) . Numerical Models of Oceans and Oceanic Processes . Academic Press . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 434068 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Butz ( 2002 ) . Science of Earth Systems . Thomson Delmar Learning . p. 305 . ISBN 0 - 7668 - 3391 - 7 . Jump up ^ James R. Holton ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology . Academic Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 354015 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carlucci , Donald E. ; Jacobson , Sidney S. ( 2007 ) . Ballistics : Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition . CRC Press . pp. 224 -- 226 . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 6618 - 8 . Jump up ^ Here the description `` radially inward '' means `` toward the axis of rotation '' . That direction is not toward the center of curvature of the path , however , which is the direction of the true centripetal force . Hence , the quotation marks on `` centripetal '' . Jump up ^ George E. Owen ( 2003 ) . Fundamentals of Scientific Mathematics ( original edition published by Harper & Row , New York , 1964 ed . ) . Courier Dover Publications . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42808 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morton Tavel ( 2002 ) . Contemporary Physics and the Limits of Knowledge . Rutgers University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3077 - 6 . Jump up ^ James R Ogden ; M Fogiel ( 1995 ) . High School Earth Science Tutor . Research & Education Assoc . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 87891 - 975 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Greig McCully ( 2006 ) . Beyond the moon : A Conversational , Common Sense Guide to Understanding the Tides . World Scientific . pp. 74 -- 76 . ISBN 981 - 256 - 643 - 0 . Jump up ^ William Menke ; Dallas Abbott ( 1990 ) . Geophysical Theory . Columbia University Press . pp. 124 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06792 - 5 . Jump up ^ James R. Holton ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology . Burlington , MA : Elsevier Academic Press . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 354015 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brinney , Amanda . `` Coriolis Effect -- An Overview of the Coriolis Effect '' . About.com . Jump up ^ Roger Graham Barry ; Richard J. Chorley ( 2003 ) . Atmosphere , Weather and Climate . Routledge . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27171 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Stephen ( Fall 2014 ) . `` Tropical Cyclones ( Hurricanes ) '' . Wind Systems : Low Pressure Centers . Tulane University . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cloud Spirals and Outflow in Tropical Storm Katrina from Earth Observatory ( NASA ) Jump up ^ Penuel , K. Bradley ; Statler , Matt ( 2010 - 12 - 29 ) . Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief . SAGE Publications . p. 326 . ISBN 9781452266398 . Jump up ^ John Marshall ; R. Alan Plumb ( 2007 ) . p. 98 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 558691 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lowrie , William ( 1997 ) . Fundamentals of Geophysics ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46728 - 4 . Extract of page 45 ^ Jump up to : Persson , Anders . `` The Coriolis Effect -- a conflict between common sense and mathematics '' ( PDF ) . Norrköping , Sweden : The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute : 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2005 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rugai , Nick ( 1 December 2012 ) . Computational Epistemology : From Reality To Wisdom . Lulu.com . p. 304 . ISBN 1300477237 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Coriolis '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Flush Bosh '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Does the rotation of the Earth affect toilets and baseball games ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Can somebody finally settle this question : Does water flowing down a drain spin in different directions depending on which hemisphere you 're in ? And if so , why ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Larry D. Kirkpatrick ; Gregory E. Francis ( 2006 ) . Physics : A World View . Cengage Learning . pp. 168 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 01088 - 3 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Y.A. Stepanyants ; G.H. Yeoh ( 2008 ) . `` Stationary bathtub vortices and a critical regime of liquid discharge '' . Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 604 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2008JFM ... 604 ... 77S . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112008001080 . Jump up ^ Creative Media Applications ( 2004 ) . A Student 's Guide to Earth Science : Words and terms . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32902 - 9 . Jump up ^ Plait , Philip C. ( 2002 ) . Bad Astronomy : Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed , from Astrology to the Moon Landing `` Hoax '' ( illustrated ed . ) . Wiley . p. 22 , 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 40976 - 2 . Jump up ^ Palin , Michael ( 1992 ) . Pole to Pole with Michael Palin ( illustrated ed . ) . BBC Books . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 36283 - 8 . Jump up ^ Emery , C. Eugene , Jr . ( May 1 , 1995 ) . `` X-Files coriolis error leaves viewers wondering '' . Skeptical Inquirer Jump up ^ Fraser , Alistair . `` Bad Coriolis '' . Bad Meteorology . Pennsylvania State College of Earth and Mineral Science . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Tipler , Paul ( 1998 ) . Physics for Engineers and Scientists ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman , Worth Publishers . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57259 - 616 - 0 ... on a smaller scale , the coriolis effect causes water draining out a bathtub to rotate anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere ... Jump up ^ Tumlirz , Ottokar ( 1908 ) . `` Ein neuer physikalischer Beweis für die Achsendrehung der Erde '' . Sitzungsberichte der math. - nat . Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften IIa. 117 : 819 -- 841 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Ascher H. ( 1962 ) . `` Bath - Tub Vortex '' . Nature . 196 ( 4859 ) : 1080 -- 1081 . Bibcode : 1962Natur. 196.1080 S . doi : 10.1038 / 1961080b0 . Jump up ^ ( Vorticity , Part 1 ) . Web.mit.edu . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ When a container of fluid is rotating on a turntable , the surface of the fluid naturally assumes the correct parabolic shape . This fact may be exploited to make a parabolic turntable by using a fluid that sets after several hours , such as a synthetic resin . For a video of the Coriolis effect on such a parabolic surface , see Geophysical fluid dynamics lab demonstration Archived 20 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . John Marshall , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ For a java applet of the Coriolis effect on such a parabolic surface , see Brian Fiedler Archived 21 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . School of Meteorology at the University of Oklahoma . Jump up ^ John Marshall ; R. Alan Plumb ( 2007 ) . Atmosphere , Ocean , and Climate Dynamics : An Introductory Text . Academic Press . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 558691 - 4 . Jump up ^ Omega Engineering . `` Mass Flowmeters '' . Jump up ^ califano , S ( 1976 ) . Vibrational states . Wiley . pp. 226 -- 227 . ISBN 0471129968 . Jump up ^ Fraenkel , G. ; Pringle , W.S. ( 21 May 1938 ) . `` Halteres of Flies as Gyroscopic Organs of Equilibrium '' . Nature . 141 ( 3577 ) : 919 -- 920 . Bibcode : 1938Natur. 141 ... 919F . doi : 10.1038 / 141919a0 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Haltere - mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly , Drosophila melanogaster '' ( PDF ) . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond. 354 ( 1385 ) : 903 -- 916 . PMC 1692594 . PMID 10382224 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1999.0442 . ^ Jump up to : Sane S. , Dieudonné , A. , Willis , M. , Daniel , T. ( February 2007 ) . `` Antennal mechanosensors mediate flight control in moths '' ( PDF ) . Science . 315 : 863 -- 866 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 315 ... 863S . PMID 17290001 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1133598 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fox , J ; Daniel , T ( 2008 ) . `` A neural basis for gyroscopic force measurement in the halteres of Holorusia '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology. 194 ( 10 ) : 887 -- 897 . PMID 18751714 . doi : 10.1007 / s00359 - 008 - 0361 - z . Jump up ^ Spohn , Tilman ; Breuer , Doris ; Johnson , Torrence ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of the Solar System . Elsevier . p. 60 . ISBN 0124160344 . Further reading ( edit ) Physics and Meteorology ( edit ) Riccioli , G.B. , 1651 : Almagestum Novum , Bologna , pp. 425 -- 427 ( Original book ( in Latin ) , scanned images of complete pages . ) Coriolis , G.G. , 1832 : `` Mémoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines . '' Journal de l'école Polytechnique , Vol 13 , pp. 268 -- 302 . ( Original article ( in French ) , PDF file , 1.6 MB , scanned images of complete pages . ) Coriolis , G.G. , 1835 : `` Mémoire sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps . '' Journal de l'école Polytechnique , Vol 15 , pp. 142 -- 154 ( Original article ( in French ) PDF file , 400 KB , scanned images of complete pages . ) Gill , A.E. Atmosphere - Ocean dynamics , Academic Press , 1982 . Robert Ehrlich ( 1990 ) . Turning the World Inside Out and 174 Other Simple Physics Demonstrations . Princeton University Press . p . Rolling a ball on a rotating turntable ; p. 80 ff . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02395 - 6 . Durran , D.R. , 1993 : Is the Coriolis force really responsible for the inertial oscillation ? , Bull . Amer . Meteor . Soc. , 74 , pp. 2179 -- 2184 ; Corrigenda . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 75 , p. 261 Durran , D.R. , and S.K. Domonkos , 1996 : An apparatus for demonstrating the inertial oscillation , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 , pp. 557 -- 559 . Marion , Jerry B. 1970 , Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems , Academic Press . Persson , A. , 1998 ( 1 ) How do we Understand the Coriolis Force ? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79 , pp. 1373 -- 1385 . Symon , Keith . 1971 , Mechanics , Addison -- Wesley Akira Kageyama & Mamoru Hyodo : Eulerian derivation of the Coriolis force James F. Price : A Coriolis tutorial Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute ( 2003 ) McDonald , James E. ( May 1952 ) . `` The Coriolis Effect '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American : 72 -- 78 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Everything that moves over the surface of the Earth -- water , air , animals , machines and projectiles -- sidles to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern . Elementary , non-mathematical ; but well written . Historical ( edit ) Grattan - Guinness , I. , Ed. , 1994 : Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences . Vols . I and II . Routledge , 1840 pp . 1997 : The Fontana History of the Mathematical Sciences . Fontana , 817 pp. 710 pp . Khrgian , A. , 1970 : Meteorology : A Historical Survey . Vol. 1 . Keter Press , 387 pp . Kuhn , T.S. , 1977 : Energy conservation as an example of simultaneous discovery . The Essential Tension , Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change , University of Chicago Press , 66 -- 104 . Kutzbach , G. , 1979 : The Thermal Theory of Cyclones . A History of Meteorological Thought in the Nineteenth Century . Amer . Meteor . Soc. , 254 pp . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coriolis effect . The definition of the Coriolis effect from the Glossary of Meteorology The Coriolis Effect -- a conflict between common sense and mathematics PDF - file . 20 pages . A general discussion by Anders Persson of various aspects of the coriolis effect , including Foucault 's Pendulum and Taylor columns . 10 Coriolis Effect Videos and Games - from the About.com Weather Page Coriolis Force -- from ScienceWorld Coriolis Effect and Drains An article from the NEWTON web site hosted by the Argonne National Laboratory . Catalog of Coriolis videos Coriolis Effect : A graphical animation , a visual Earth animation with precise explanation An introduction to fluid dynamics SPINLab Educational Film explains the Coriolis effect with the aid of lab experiments Do bathtubs drain counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ? by Cecil Adams . Bad Coriolis . An article uncovering misinformation about the Coriolis effect . By Alistair B. Fraser , Emeritus Professor of Meteorology at Pennsylvania State University The Coriolis Effect : A ( Fairly ) Simple Explanation , an explanation for the layperson Observe an animation of the Coriolis effect over Earth 's surface Animation clip showing scenes as viewed from both an inertial frame and a rotating frame of reference , visualizing the Coriolis and centrifugal forces . Vincent Mallette The Coriolis Force @ INWIT NASA notes Interactive Coriolis Fountain lets you control rotation speed , droplet speed and frame of reference to explore the Coriolis effect . 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Somebody's Watching Me

Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia Somebody 's Watching Me Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song by American singer Rockwell from his debut studio album Somebody 's Watching Me ( 1984 ) . It was released as Rockwell 's debut single and lead single from the album on January 14 , 1984 , by Motown . It features former Jackson 5 members Michael Jackson ( vocals in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' also peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , as well as reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 3.1 Plot 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Sales and certifications 5 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 6 Beatfreakz version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Chart performance 7 Other cover versions 8 Sampling 9 Appearances in other media 9.1 TV 9.2 Film 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featured prominently on background vocals . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael Jackson and Alan Murray on percussion . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of C - sharp minor in 4 4 time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C to C . Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that the wrong newspaper has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , come to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single peaked at no . 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , no . 3 in Austria , Netherlands and Norway , at no . 4 in Germany and no . 13 in Australia . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted in Swiss Hitparade reaching no . 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released April 24 , 2006 ( UK ) June 9 , 2006 ( US ) Format CD single Genre Dance , house Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . Their version peaked at no . 1 in Spain , no . 3 in the UK Singles Chart , no . 3 in the German Official Dance Chart , no . 4 in Russia , no . 5 in Ireland , no . 7 in Finland and New Zealand , no . 12 in the Dutch Top 40 , no . 18 in France , no . 36 in the Belgium Ultratop 50 , and no . 38 in Australia . Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) A cover of the song by Morris Day ( lead singer of The Time ) was included on The Haunted Mansion : Haunted Hits , the soundtrack album for the 2003 Walt Disney Pictures film The Haunted Mansion . Finnish power metal band Warmen included a cover of the song on their 2005 album Accept the Fact . Their version featured melodic death metal singer Alexi Laiho . Danish industrial metal band Raunchy covered the song for their 2008 album Wasteland Discotheque . Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . Jamaican dancehall group T.O.K. sampled the song with additional rap lyrics for their 2001 album My Crew , My Dawgs as a hidden track . Christian pop artist tobyMac sampled the chorus for his song `` Somebody 's Watching '' from his 2001 album Momentum . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . R&B artist Ciara incorporated a portion of `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' for her 2006 hit single `` Get Up '' . Hip hop group The Pack incorporates parts of the song , including the chorus , in their single `` I 'm Shinin ' '' from their 2007 album Based Boys . In 2008 , Internet celebrity Jeffree Star used the chorus of the song in his own track `` Starstruck '' which features the band Danger Radio . In 2009 , Christian hip hop artist Andy Mineo released a song entitled `` Who 's Watching '' ( from the album `` Sin Is Wack '' ) that samples both the melody and parts of the chorus , which he altered to produce a seemingly entirely different song . For the 2011 Cirque du Soleil show Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour , the background vocals from this song found their way into a medley that included `` Is It Scary ? '' , `` Threatened '' , and `` Thriller . '' It was released on Michael Jackson 's album Immortal in 2011 . In Nephew 's 2012 album , they sample the song in the chorus of their song `` Åh Gud ( Jeg Håber Du Holder Øje Med Mig ) '' . The title literally means : Oh God ( I Hope That You Are Watching Me . ) In 2016 , Canadian singer - songwriter Virginia to Vegas sampled the song on his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) TV ( edit ) It was featured in the pilot episode of the hit 1980s TV show , Miami Vice . The song appears in the Season 1 episode `` Everybody Hates Playboy '' of Everybody Hates Chris , as Chris and Greg plan to steal the titular magazine back from the assistant principal 's office . The song was comically sung in a television commercial for NHL 08 . The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . The song was used in The Cleveland Show 's series 3 episode 6 `` Sex and the Biddy '' . A remixed clip of the song is used in promotional sequences for the upcoming ABC television show , The Glass House . The song was featured in Ellen 's Halloween dance mix . Film ( edit ) The song was featured in the classic 1999 skateboarding film Round 2 . The song was also featured in You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) . The song was used as Number Four 's ringtone in the 2011 film adaptation of I Am Number Four . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 41 , No. 17 , January 05 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA -- 19 , TA -- 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' . January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` tobyMac feat . Joanna Valencia 's Somebody 's Watching sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pack 's I 'm Shinin ' sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody%27s_Watching_Me&oldid=801462966 '' Categories : 1984 songs 1984 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Halloween songs Michael Jackson songs Motown singles Debut singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Spain Rockwell ( musician ) songs Songs about loneliness Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . 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List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders

List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 7 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,038 1,143 27.2 11,280 1,616 6,862 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 25,417 1,054 24.1 9,088 1,341 5,900 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,868 1,405 17.7 8,990 2,106 4,782 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,082 982 22.5 8,038 463 5,543 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 36 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 20,913 771 27.1 7,093 1,433 5,294 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 39 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,776 1,196 17.4 7,938 173 4,727 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=854476469 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back

There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back - wikipedia There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Jump to : navigation , search `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album Illuminate Released April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) Format Digital download Recorded August 2016 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 19 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Shawn Mendes Teddy Geiger Geoff Warburton Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Teddy Geiger Andrew Maury Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' on YouTube `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes . Written by Mendes , Teddy Geiger , Geoff Warburton and Scott Harris , and produced by Geiger and Andrew Maury , it was released as a single on April 20 , 2017 . The song was included in the reissue of his second studio album Illuminate ( 2016 ) . The song 's accompanying music video was released on June 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Usage in media 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' is a `` dance - y '' pop rock track . A Billboard editor noted it features some electric guitar and `` strained '' vocals on the chorus . As the upbeat track progresses , it incorporates handclaps , funky guitar riffs , and foot - tapping bass . The pre-chorus was inspired by early works of Timbaland and Justin Timberlake . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Billboard , Taylor Weatherby noted `` the song 's sound falls right in line with the guitar - laced goodness he brought on his sophomore effort , but this time bringing in a little more edge . '' Allison Bowsher for Much opined the sound `` is a return to the earworms that launched Mendes ' career back in 2015 . Reminiscent of the high energy pop sensibilities of Mendes ' `` Something Big , '' today 's new track plays with lifts and falls throughout , allowing Mendes to show off the strength of his voice . '' In MTV News , Madeline Roth thought the track is `` more danceable than anything in his catalog . His voice is gritty and hoarse , especially on the passionate , aggressive hook . '' Live performances ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is featured on the Illuminate World Tour setlist . The singer performed the single on The Graham Norton Show on June 9 , 2017 , at Capital FM 's Summertime Ball 2017 on June 10 , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 19 and at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27 . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the song has peaked at number six . It has also reached higher positions on the charts of other countries , such as Australia and the UK , reaching number four in both , and in Mendes ' home country of Canada , where it has achieved number six . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was released on June 20 , 2017 . The clip , filmed in Paris , Amsterdam and the United Kingdom , sees Mendes and his love interest ( played by actress Ellie Bamber ) exploring Europe while the singer is out on tour . The couple races through transportation hubs , ride trains and trek along the coastline . The video also shows footage from Mendes ' concerts . Usage in Media ( edit ) The song is heard in the television series The Good Doctor . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download ( NOTD Remix ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( NOTD remix ) -- 3 : 14 Digital download ( Acoustic ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 17 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 51 Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Malaysia ( RIM ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Venezuela English ( Record Report ) 7 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States April 25 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Island Republic Worldwide May 12 , 2017 Digital download NOTD Remix Island France July 6 , 2017 Acoustic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Deezer . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes Launch World Arena Tour , Debut New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Drops Feisty New Single ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' : The Dancey Differenc '' . KYLD . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` How early - 2000s Timbaland inspired Shawn Mendes ' dancey new single '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowsher , Allison ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Listen To Shawn Mendes ' New Track ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Much . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Releases ' There 's Nothing Holding Me Back ' & It 's Fire '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Graham Norton Show Episode 10 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Scheduled To Perform On June 19 `` Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' `` . Headline Planet . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes ' Adventurous ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music from The Good Doctor S1E04 '' . Tunefind . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( NOTD Remix ) - Single on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( Acoustic ) - Single '' . iTunes Store ( FR ) . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 29 de Mayo al 4 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia -- Semana 29 del 2017 - Del 14 / 07 / 2017 al 20 / 07 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Chile -- Del 11 al 16 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201737 into search . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201726 into search . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 30 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino -- Top 20 General -- Guatemala -- Del 19 al 25 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . monitorlatino.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 25 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201731 into search . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201717 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Uruguay -- Del 11 al 17 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 4 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shawn Mendes ; ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( To access search `` Shawn Mendes '' and click on `` Sök '' . ) ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Enter There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Nothing_Holdin%27_Me_Back&oldid=809093488 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Shawn Mendes songs Songs written by Teddy Geiger Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Songs written by Shawn Mendes Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 02 : 33 . 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who wrote there's nothing holdin me back

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Silicon

Silicon - wikipedia Silicon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For other uses , see Silicon ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the silicon - containing synthetic polymer silicone . `` Element 14 '' redirects here . For other uses , see Element 14 ( disambiguation ) . Silicon , Si General properties Pronunciation / ˈsɪlɪkən / or / ˈsɪlɪkɒn / SIL - ik - ən or SIL - ik - on Appearance crystalline , reflective with bluish - tinged faces Standard atomic weight ( A ) ( 7001280840000000000 ♠ 28.084 , 7001280860000000000 ♠ 28.086 ) conventional : 7001280850000000000 ♠ 28.085 Silicon in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson ↑ Si ↓ Ge aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus Atomic number ( Z ) 14 Group , period group 14 ( carbon group ) , period 3 Block p - block Element category metalloid Electron configuration ( Ne ) 3s 3p Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 4 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 1687 K ​ ( 1414 ° C , ​ 2577 ° F ) Boiling point 3538 K ​ ( 3265 ° C , ​ 5909 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 2.3290 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 2.57 g / cm Heat of fusion 50.21 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 383 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 19.789 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537 Atomic properties Oxidation states 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 − 1 , − 2 , − 3 , − 4 ​ ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.90 Ionization energies 1st : 786.5 kJ / mol 2nd : 1577.1 kJ / mol 3rd : 3231.6 kJ / mol ( more ) Atomic radius empirical : 111 pm Covalent radius 111 pm Van der Waals radius 210 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ face - centered diamond - cubic Speed of sound thin rod 8433 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 2.6 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 149 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 2.3 × 10 Ω m ( at 20 ° C ) Band gap 1.12 eV ( at 300 K ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 3.9 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) Young 's modulus 130 -- 188 GPa Shear modulus 51 -- 80 GPa Bulk modulus 97.6 GPa Poisson ratio 0.064 -- 0.28 Mohs hardness 6.5 CAS Number 7440 - 21 - 3 History Naming after Latin ' silex ' or ' silicis ' , meaning flint Prediction Antoine Lavoisier ( 1787 ) Discovery and first isolation Jöns Jacob Berzelius ( 1823 ) Named by Thomas Thomson ( 1817 ) Main isotopes of silicon Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Si 92.2 % stable Si 4.7 % stable Si 3.1 % stable Si trace 2.62 h β Si trace 153 y β view talk references in Wikidata Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14 . A hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue - grey metallic lustre , it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor . It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table , along with carbon above it and germanium , tin , and lead below . It is rather unreactive , though less so than germanium , and has a very large chemical affinity for oxygen ; as such , it was first prepared and characterized in pure form only in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius . Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass , but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth 's crust . It is most widely distributed in dusts , sands , planetoids , and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide ( silica ) or silicates . Over 90 % of the Earth 's crust is composed of silicate minerals , making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth 's crust ( about 28 % by mass ) after oxygen . Most silicon is used commercially without being separated , and often with little processing of the natural minerals . Such use includes industrial construction with clays , silica sand , and stone . Silicates are used in Portland cement for mortar and stucco , and mixed with silica sand and gravel to make concrete for walkways , foundations , and roads . They are also used in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain , and in traditional quartz - based soda - lime glass and many other specialty glasses . Silicon compounds such as silicon carbide are used as abrasives and components of high - strength ceramics . Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy . Most free silicon is used in the steel refining , aluminium - casting , and fine chemical industries ( often to make fumed silica ) . Even more visibly , the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon used in semiconductor electronics ( < 10 % ) is essential to integrated circuits -- most computers , cell phones , and modern technology depend on it . Silicon is the basis of the widely used synthetic polymers called silicones . Silicon is an essential element in biology , although only tiny traces are required by animals . However , various sea sponges and microorganisms , such as diatoms and radiolaria , secrete skeletal structures made of silica . Silica is deposited in many plant tissues , such as in the bark and wood of Chrysobalanaceae and the silica cells and silicified trichomes of Cannabis sativa , horsetails and many grasses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics 2.1 Physical and atomic 2.2 Isotopes 3 Chemistry and compounds 3.1 Silicides 3.2 Silanes 3.3 Halides 3.4 Silica 3.5 Silicic acids 3.6 Silicate minerals 3.7 Other inorganic compounds 3.8 Organosilicon compounds 3.9 Silicone polymers 4 Occurrence 5 Production 6 Applications 6.1 Compounds 6.2 Alloys 6.3 Electronics 6.4 Mechanical watches 7 Biological role 8 Safety 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links History Jöns Jacob Berzelius , discoverer of silicon In 1787 Antoine Lavoisier suspected that silica might be an oxide of a fundamental chemical element , but the chemical affinity of silicon for oxygen is high enough that he had no means to reduce the oxide and isolate the element . After an attempt to isolate silicon in 1808 , Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name `` silicium '' for silicon , from the Latin silex , silicis for flint , and adding the `` - ium '' ending because he believed it to be a metal . Most other languages use transliterated forms of Davy 's name , sometimes adapted to local phonology ( e.g. German Silizium , French silicium ) . A few others use instead a calque of the Latin root ( e.g. Russian кремний , from кремень `` flint '' ; Greek πυριτιο from πυρ `` fire '' ; Finnish pii from piikivi `` flint '' ) . In 1811 , Gay - Lussac and Thénard are thought to have prepared impure amorphous silicon , through the heating of recently isolated potassium metal with silicon tetrafluoride , but they did not purify and characterize the product , nor identify it as a new element . Silicon was given its present name in 1817 by Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson . He retained part of Davy 's name but added `` - on '' because he believed that silicon was a nonmetal similar to boron and carbon . In 1823 , Jöns Jacob Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon using approximately the same method as Gay - Lussac ( reducing potassium fluorosilicate with molten potassium metal ) , but purifying the product to a brown powder by repeatedly washing it . As a result , he is usually given credit for the element 's discovery . The same year , Berzelius became the first to prepare silicon tetrachloride ; silicon tetrafluoride had already been prepared long before in 1771 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele by dissolving silica in hydrofluoric acid . Silicon in its more common crystalline form was not prepared until 31 years later , by Deville . By electrolyzing a mixture of sodium chloride and aluminium chloride containing approximately 10 % silicon , he was able to obtain a slightly impure allotrope of silicon in 1854 . Later , more cost - effective methods have been developed to isolate several allotrope forms , the most recent being silicene in 2010 . Meanwhile , research on the chemistry of silicon continued ; Friedrich Wöhler discovered the first volatile hydrides of silicon , synthesising trichlorosilane in 1857 and silane itself in 1858 , but a detailed investigation of the silanes was only carried out in the early 20th century by Alfred Stock , despite early speculation on the matter dating as far back as the beginnings of synthetic organic chemistry in the 1830s . Similarly , the first organosilicon compound , tetraethylsilane , was synthesised by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1863 , but detailed characterisation of organosilicon chemisry was only done in the early 20th century by Frederick Kipping . Starting in the 1920s , the work of William Lawrence Bragg on X-ray crystallography successfully elucidated the compositions of the silicates , which had previously been known from analytical chemistry but had not yet been understood , together with Linus Pauling 's development of crystal chemistry and Victor Goldschmidt 's development of geochemistry . The middle of the 20th century saw the development of the chemistry and industrial use of siloxanes and the growing use of silicone polymers , elastomers , and resins . In the late 20th century , the complexity of the crystal chemistry of silicides was mapped , along with the solid - state chemistry of doped semiconductors . Because silicon is an important element in high - technology semiconductor devices , many places in the world bear its name . For example , Santa Clara Valley in California acquired the nickname Silicon Valley since the element is the base material used in the semiconductor industry located there . Since then , many other locations have been nicknamed for similar reasons . Characteristics Physical and atomic Silicon crystallizes in a diamond cubic crystal structure A silicon atom has fourteen electrons . In the ground state , they are arranged in the electron configuration ( Ne ) 3s 3p . Of these , four are valence electrons , occupying the 3s orbital and two of the 3p orbitals . Like the other members of its group , the lighter carbon and the heavier germanium , tin , and lead , it has the same number of valence electrons as valence orbitals : hence , it can complete its octet and obtain the stable noble gas configuration of argon by forming sp hybrid orbitals , forming tetrahedral SiX derivatives where the central silicon atom shares an electron pair with each of the four atoms it is bonded to . The first four ionisation energies of silicon are 786.3 , 1576.5 , 3228.3 , and 4354.4 kJ / mol respectively ; these figures are high enough to preclude the possibility of simple cationic chemistry for the element . Following periodic trends , its single - bond covalent radius of 117.6 pm is intermediate between those of carbon ( 77.2 pm ) and germanium ( 122.3 pm ) . The hexacoordinate ionic radius of silicon may be considered to be 40 pm , although this must be taken as a purely notional figure given the lack of a simple Si cation in reality . At standard temperature and pressure , silicon is a shiny semiconductor with a bluish - grey metallic lustre ; as typical for semiconductors , its resistivity drops with temperature . This arises because silicon has a small energy gap between its highest occupied energy levels ( the valence band ) and the lowest unoccupied ones ( the conduction band ) . The Fermi level is about halfway between these and is the energy at which a state is as likely to be occupied by an electron as not . Hence pure silicon is an insulator at room temperature . However , doping silicon with a pnictogen such as phosphorus , arsenic , or antimony introduces one extra electron per dopant and these may then be excited into the conduction band either thermally or photolytically , creating an n - type semiconductor . Similarly , doping silicon with a group 13 element such as boron , aluminium , and gallium results in the introduction of acceptor levels that trap electrons that may be excited from the filled valence band , creating a p - type semiconductor . Joining n - type silicon to p - type silicon creates a p-n junction with a common Fermi level ; electrons flow from n to p , while holes flow from p to n , creating a voltage drop . This p-n junction thus acts as a diode that can rectify alternating curent that allows current to pass more easily one way than the other . A transistor is an n-p-n junction , with a thin layer of weakly p - type silicon between two n - type regions . Biasing the emitter through a small forward voltage and the collector through a large reverse voltage allows the transistor to act as a triode amplifier . Silicon crystallises in a giant covalent structure at standard conditions , specifically in a diamond cubic lattice . It thus has a high melting point of 1414 ° C. It is not known to have any allotropes at standard pressure , but several other crystal structures are known at higher pressures . The general trend is one of increasing coordination number with pressure , culminating in a hexagonal close - packed allotrope at about 40 gigapascals known as Si -- VII ( the standard modification being Si -- I ) . Silicon boils at 3265 ° C : this , while high , is still lower than the temperature at which its lighter congener carbon sublimes ( 3642 ° C ) and silicon similarly has a lower heat of vaporisation than carbon , consistent with the fact that the Si -- Si bond is weaker than the C -- C bond . Isotopes Main article : isotopes of silicon Naturally occurring silicon is composed of three stable isotopes , Si ( 92.23 % ) , Si ( 4.67 % ) , and Si ( 3.10 % ) , with Si being the most abundant . Out of these , only Si is of use in NMR and EPR spectroscopy , as it is the only one with a nuclear spin ( I = 1 / 2 ) . All three are produced in stars through the oxygen - burning process . Twenty radioisotopes have been characterized , with the most stable being Si with a half - life of about 150 years , and Si with a half - life of 2.62 hours . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half - lives that are less than seven seconds , and the majority of these have half - lives that are less than one tenth of a second . Silicon does not have any known nuclear isomers . Si undergoes low - energy beta decay to P and then stable S. Si may be produced by the neutron activation of natural silicon and is thus useful for quantitative analysis ; it can be easily detected by its characteristic beta decay to stable P , in which the emitted electron carries up to 1.48 MeV of energy . The known isotopes of silicon range in mass number from 22 to 44 . The most common decay mode of the isotopes with mass numbers lower than the three stable isotopes is inverse beta decay , primarily forming aluminium isotopes ( 13 protons ) as decay products . The most common decay mode for the heavier unstable isotopes is beta decay , primarily forming phosphorus isotopes ( 15 protons ) as decay products . Chemistry and compounds C -- X and Si -- X bond energies ( kJ / mol ) X = Si Cl Br O -- N < C -- X 368 360 435 453 351 293 216 ~ 360 ~ 305 Si -- X 360 340 393 565 381 310 234 452 322 Crystalline bulk silicon is rather inert , but becomes more reactive at high temperatures . Like its neighbour aluminium , silicon forms a thin , continuous surface layer of silicon dioxide ( SiO ) that protects the metal from oxidation . Thus silicon does not measurably react with the air below 900 ° C , but formation of the vitreous dioxide rapidly increases between 950 ° C and 1160 ° C and when 1400 ° C is reached , atmospheric nitrogen also reacts to give the nitrides SiN and Si N. Silicon reacts with gaseous sulfur at 600 ° C and gaseous phosphorus at 1000 ° C . This oxide layer nevertheless does not prevent reaction with the halogens ; fluorine attacks silicon vigorously at room temperature , chlorine does so at about 300 ° C , and bromine and iodine at about 500 ° C. Silicon does not react with most aqueous acids , but is oxidised and fluorinated by a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid ; it readily dissolves in hot aqueous alkali to form silicates . At high temperatures , silicon also reacts with alkyl halides ; this reaction can be catalysed by copper to directly synthesise organosilicon chlorides as precursors to silicone polymers . Upon melting , silicon becomes extremely reactive in the liquid state , alloying with most metals to form silicides , and reducing most metal oxides because the heat of formation of silicon dioxide is so large . As a result , containers for liquid silicon must be made of refractory , unreactive materials such as zirconium dioxide or group 4 , 5 , and 6 borides . Tetrahedral coordination is a major structural motif in silicon chemistry just as it is for carbon chemistry . However , the 3p subshell is rather more diffuse than the 2p subshell and does not hybridise as well with the 3s subshell . As a result , the chemistry of silicon and its heavier congeners shows significant differences from that of carbon , and thus octahedral coordination is also significant . For example , the electronegativity of silicon ( 1.90 ) is much less than that of carbon ( 2.55 ) , because the valence electrons of silicon are further from the nucleus than those of carbon and hence experience smaller electrostatic forces of attraction from the nucleus . The poor overlap of 3p orbitals also results in a much lower tendency towards catenation ( formation of Si -- Si bonds ) for silicon than for carbon due to the concomitant weakening of the Si -- Si bond compared to the C -- C bond : the average Si -- Si bond energy is approximately 226 kJ / mol , compared to a value of 356 kJ / mol for the C -- C bond . This results in multiply bonded silicon compounds generally being much less stable than their carbon counterparts , an example of the double bond rule . On the other hand , the presence of 3d orbitals in the valence shell of silicon suggests the possibility of hypervalence , as seen in five - and six - coordinate derivatives of silicon such as SiX − 5 and SiF 2 − 6 . Lastly , because of the increasing energy gap between the valence s and p orbitals as the group is descended , the divalent state grows in importance from carbon to lead , so that a few unstable divalent compounds are known for silicon ; this lowering of the main oxidation state , in tandem with increasing atomic radii , results in an increase of metallic character down the group . Silicon already shows some incipient metallic behaviour , particularly in the behaviour of its oxide compounds and its reaction with acids as well as bases ( though this takes some effort ) , and is hence often referred to as a metalloid rather than a nonmetal . However , metallicity does not become clear until germanium and dominant until tin , with the growing importance of the lower + 2 oxidation state . Silicon shows clear differences with carbon . For example , organic chemistry has very few analogies with silicon chemistry , while silicate minerals have a structural complexity unseen in oxocarbons . Silicon tends to resemble germanium far more than it does carbon , and this resemblance is enhanced by the d - block contraction resulting in the size of the germanium atom being much closer to that of the silicon atom than periodic trends would predict . Nevertheless , there are still some differences because of the growing importance of the divalent state in germanium compared to silicon , that result in germanium being significantly more metallic than silicon . Additionally , the lower Ge -- O bond strength compared to the Si -- O bond strength results in the absence of `` germanone '' polymers that would be analogous to silicone polymers . Silicides Main articles : Silicide and Binary compounds of silicon Phase diagram of the Fe -- Si system Many metal silicides are known , most of which have formulae that can not be explained through simple appeals to valence : their bonding ranges from metallic to ionic and covalent . Some known stoichiometries are M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , MSi , M Si , MSi , MSi , and MSi . They are structurally more similar to the borides than the carbides , in keeping with the diagonal relationship between boron and silicon , although the larger size of silicon than boron means that exact structural analogies are few and far between . The heats of formation of the silicides are usually similar to those of the borides and carbides of the same elements , but they usually melt at lower temperatures . Silicides are known for all stable elements in groups 1 -- 10 , with the exception of beryllium : in particular , uranium and the transition metals of groups 4 -- 10 show the widest range of stoichiometries . Except for copper , the metals in groups 11 -- 15 do not form silicides . Most instead form eutectic mixtures , although the heaviest post-transition metals mercury , thallium , lead , and bismuth are completely immiscible with liquid silicon . Silicides are usually prepared by direct reaction of the elements . For example , the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals react with silicon or silicon oxide to give silicides . Nevertheless , even with these highly electropositive elements true silicon anions are not obtainable , and most of these compounds are semiconductors . For example , the alkali metal silicides ( M + ) 4 ( E4 − 4 ) contain pyramidal tricoordinate silicon in the Si 4 − 4 anion , isoeelctronic with white phosphorus , P. Metal - rich silicides tend to have isolated silicon atoms ( e.g. Cu Si ) ; with increasing silicon content , catenation increases , resulting in isolated clusters of two ( e.g. U Si ) or four silicon atoms ( e.g. ( K ) ( Si ) ) at first , followed by chains ( e.g. CaSi ) , layers ( e.g. CaSi ) , or three - dimensional networks of silicon atoms spanning space ( e.g. α - ThSi ) as the silicon content rises even higher . The silicides of the group 1 and 2 metals are usually more reactive than the transition metal silicides . The latter usually do not react with aqueous reagents , except for hydrofluoric acid ; however , they do react with much more aggressive reagents like liquid potassium hydroxide , or gaseous fluorine or chlorine when red - hot . The pre-transition metal silicides instead readily react with water and aqueous acids , usually producing hydrogen or silanes : Na Si + 3 H O → Na SiO + 3 H Mg Si + 2 H SO → 2 MgSO + SiH Products often vary with the stoichiometry of the silicide reactant . For example , Ca Si is polar and non-conducting and has the anti-PbCl structure with single isolated silicon atoms , and reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide , hydrated silicon dioxide , and hydrogen gas . CaSi with its zigzag chains of silicon atoms instead reacts to give silanes and polymeric SiH , while CaSi with its puckered layers of silicon atoms does not react with water , but will react with dilute hydrochloric acid : the product is a yellow polymeric solid with stoichiometry Si H O . Silanes Main article : Silanes Speculation on silicon hydride chemistry started from the 1830s , contemporary with the development of synthetic organic chemistry . Silane itself , as well as trichlorosilane , were first synthesised by Friedrich Wöhler and Heinrich Buff in 1857 by reacting aluminium -- silicon alloys with hydrochloric acid , and characterised as SiH and SiHCl by Charles Friedel and Albert Ladenburg in 1867 . Disilane ( Si H ) followed in 1902 , when it was first made by Henri Moissan and Samuel Smiles by the protonolysis of magnesium silicides . Further investigation had to wait until 1916 because of the great reactivity and thermal instability of the silanes ; it was then that Alfred Stock began the study of silicon hydrides in earnest with new greaseless vacuum techniques , as they were found as contaminants of his focus , the boron hydrides . The names silanes and boranes are due to him , based on analogy with the alkanes . Moissan and Smiles ' method of preparation of silanes and silane derivatives via protonolysis of metal silicides is still used , although the yield is lowered by the hydrolysis of the products that occurs simultaneously , and thus the preferred route today is to treat substituted silanes with hydride reducing agents such as lithium aluminium hydride in etheric solutions at low temperatures . Direct reaction of HX or RX with silicon , possibly with a catalyst such as copper , is also a viable method to produce substituted silanes . The silanes comprise a homologous series of silicon hydrides with the general formula Si H . They are all strong reducing agents . Unbranched and branched trains are known up to n = 8 , and the cycles Si H and Si H are also known . The first two , silane and disilane , are colourless gases ; the heavier members of the series are volatile liquids . All silanes are very reactive and catch fire or explode spontaneously in air . They become less thermally stable with room temperature , so that only silane is indefinitely stable at room temperature , although disilane does not decompose very quickly ( only 2.5 % of a sample decomposes after eight months have passed ) . They decompose to form polymeric polysilicon hydride and hydrogen gas . As expected from the difference in atomic weight , the silanes are less volatile than the corresponding alkanes and boranes , but more volatile than the corresponding germanes . They are much more reactive than the corresponding alkanes , because the larger radius of silicon compared to carbon facilitates nucleophilic attack at the silicon , the greater polarity of the Si -- H bond compared to the C -- H bond , and the ability of silicon to expand its octet and hence form adducts and lower the reaction 's activation energy . Silane pyrolysis gives polymeric species and finally elemental silicon and hydrogen ; indeed ultrapure silicon is commercially produced by the pyrolysis of silane . While the thermal decomposition of alkanes starts by the breaking of a C -- H or C -- C bond and the formation of radical intermediates , polysilanes decompose by eliminating silenes : SiH or : SiHR , as the activation energy of this process ( ~ 210 kJ / mol ) is much less than the Si -- Si and Si -- H bond energies . While pure silanes do not react with pure water or dilute acids , traces of alkali catalyse immediate hydrolysis to hydrated silicon dioxide . If the reaction is carried out in methanol , controlled solvolysis results in the products SiH ( OMe ) , SiH ( OMe ) , and Si ( OMe ) . The Si -- H bond also adds to alkenes , a reaction which proceeds slowly and speeds up with increasing substitution of the silane involved . At 450 ° C , silane participates in an addition reaction with acetone , as well as a ring - opening reaction with ethylene oxide . Direct reaction of the silanes with chlorine or bromine results in explosions at room temperature , but the reaction of silane with bromine at − 80 ° C is controlled and yields bromosilane and dibromosilane . The monohalosilanes may be formed by reacting silane with the appropriate hydrogen halide with an Al X catalyst , or by reacting silane with a solid silver halide in a heated flow reactor : SiH + 2 AgCl 260 ° C → SiH Cl + HCl + 2 Ag Among the derivatives of silane , iodosilane ( SiH I ) and potassium silanide ( KSiH ) are very useful synthetic intermediates in the production of more complicated silicon - containing compounds : the latter is a colourless crystalline ionic solid containing K cations and SiH − 3 anions in the NaCl structure , and is made by the reduction of silane by potassium metal . Additionally , the reactive hypervalent species SiH − 5 is also known . With suitable organic substituents it is possible to produce stable polysilanes : they have surprisingly high electric conductivities , arising from sigma delocalisation of the electrons in the chain . Halides Silicon and silicon carbide readily react with all four stable halogens , forming the colourless , reactive and volatile silicon tetrahalides . Silicon tetrafluoride may also be made by fluorinating the other silicon halides , and is produced by the attack of hydrofluoric acid on glass . Heating two different tetrahalides together also produce a random mixture of mixed halides , which may also be produced by halogen exchange reactions . The melting and boiling points of these species usually rise with increasing atomic weight , though there are many exceptions : for example , the melting and boiling points drop as one passes from SiFBr through SiFClBr to SiFCl Br . The shift from the hypoelectronic elements in group 13 and earlier to the group 14 elements is illustrated by the change from an infinite ionic structure in aluminium fluoride to a lattice of simple covalent silicon tetrafluoride molecules , as dictated by the lower electronegativity of aluminium than silicon , the stoichiometry ( the + 4 oxidation state being too high for true ionicity ) , and the smaller size of the silicon atom compared to the aluminium atom . Silicon tetrachloride is manufactured on a huge scale as a precursor to the production of pure silicon , silicon dioxide , and some silicon esters . The silicon tetrahalides hydrolyse readily in water , unlike the carbon tetrahalides , again because of the larger size of the silicon atom rendering it more open to nucleophilic attack and the ability of the silicon atom to expand its octet which carbon lacks . The reaction of silicon fluoride with excess hydrofluoric acid produces the octahedral hexafluorosilicate anion SiF 2 − 6 . Analogous to the silanes , halopolysilanes Si X are also known . While catenation in carbon compounds is maximised in the hydrogen compounds rather than the halides , the opposite is true for silicon , so that the halopolysilanes are known up to at least Si F , Si Cl , and Si Br . A suggested explanation for this phenomenon is the compensation for the electron loss of silicon to the more electronegative halogen atoms by pi backbonding from the filled p orbitals on the halogen atoms to the empty d orbitals on silicon : this is similar to the situation of carbon monoxide in metal carbonyl complexes and explains their stability . These halopolysilanes may be produced by comproportionation of silicon tetrahalides with elemental silicon , or by condensation of lighter halopolysilanes ( trimethylammonium being a useful catalyst for this reaction ) . Silica Silicon dioxide ( SiO ) , also known as silica , is one of the most well - studied compounds , second only to water . Twelve different crystal modifications of silica are known , the most common being α - quartz , a major constituent of many rocks such as granite and sandstone . It is also known to occur pure as rock crystal ; impure forms are known as rose quartz , smoky quartz , morion , amethyst , and citrine . Some poorly crystalline forms of quartz are also known , such as chalcedony , chrysoprase , carnelian , agate , onyx , jasper , heliotrope , and flint . Other modifications of silicon dioxide are known in some other minerals such as tridymite and cristobalite , as well as the much less common coesite and stishovite . Biologically generated forms are also known as kieselguhr and diatomaceous earth . Vitreous silicon dioxide is known as tectites , and obsidian , and rarely as lechatelierite . Some synthetic forms are known as keatite and W - silica . Opals are composed of complicated crystalline aggregates of partially hydrated silicon dioxide . Quartz Sandstone Smoky quartz Amethyst Citrine Agate Chrysoprase Onyx Jasper Heliotrope Tridymite Cristobalite Coesite Lechatelierite Most crystalline forms of silica are made of infinite arrangements of ( SiO ) tetrahedra connected at their corners , with each oxygen atom linked to two silicon atoms . In the thermodynamically stable room - temperature form , α - quartz , these tetrahedra are linked in intertwined helical chains with two different Si -- O distances ( 159.7 and 161.7 pm ) with a Si -- O -- Si angle of 144 ° . These helices can be either left - or right - handed , so that individual α - quartz crystals are optically active . At 537 ° C , this transforms quickly and reversibly into the similar β - quartz , with a change of the Si -- O -- Si angle to 155 ° but a retention of handedness . Further heating to 867 ° C results in another reversible phase transition to β - tridymite , in which some Si -- O bonds are broken to allow for the arrangement of the ( SiO ) tetrahedra into a more open and less dense hexagonal structure . This transition is slow and hence tridymite occurs as a metastable mineral even below this transition temperature ; when cooled to about 120 ° C it quickly and reversibly transforms by slight displacements of individual silicon and oxygen atoms to α - tridymite , similarly to the transition from α - quartz to β - quartz . β - tridymite slowly transforms to cubic β - cristobalite at about 1470 ° C , which once again exists metastably below this transition temperature and transforms at 200 -- 280 ° C to α - cristobalite via small atomic displacements . β - cristobalite melts at 1713 ° C ; the freezing of silica from themelt is quite slow and vitrification , or the formation of a glass , is likely to occur instead . In vitreous silica , the ( SiO ) tetrahedra remain corner - connected , but the symmetry and periodicity of the crystalline forms are lost . Because of the slow conversions between these three forms , it is possible upon rapid heating to melt β - quartz ( 1550 ° C ) or β - tridymite ( 1703 ° C ) . Silica boils at approximately 2800 ° C. Other high - pressure forms of silica are known , such as coesite and stishovite : these are known in nature , formed under the shock pressure of a meteorite impact and then rapidly quenched to preserve the crystal structure . Similar melting and cooling of silica occurs following lightning strikes , forming glassy lechatelierite . W - silica is an unstable low - density form involving ( SiO ) tetrahedra sharing opposite edges instead of corners , forming parallel chains similarly to silicon disulfide ( SiS ) and silicon diselenide ( SiSe ) : it quickly returns to forming amorphous silica with heat or traces of water . Condensed polysilicic acid Silica is rather inert chemically . It is not attacked by any acids other than hydrofluoric acid . However , it slowly dissolves in hot concentrated alkalis , and does so rather quickly in fused metal hydroxides or carbonates to give metal silicates . Among the elements , it is attacked only by fluorine at room temperature to form silicon tetrafluoride : hydrogen and carbon also react , but require temperatures over 1000 ° C to do so . Silica nevertheless reacts with many metal and metalloid oxides to form a wide variety of compounds important in the glass and ceramic industries above all , but also have many other uses : for example , sodium silicate is often used in detergents due to its buffering , saponifying , and emulsifying properties . Silicic acids Adding water to silica drops its melting point by around 800 ° C due to the breaking of the structure by replacing Si -- O -- Si linkages with terminating Si -- OH groups . Increasing water concentration results in the formation of hydrated silica gels and colloidal silica dispersions . Many hydrates and silicic acids exist in the most dilute of aqueous solutions , but these are rather insoluble and quickly precipitate and condense and cross-link to form various polysilicic acids of variable combinations following the formula ( SiO ( OH ) ) , similar to the behaviour of boron , aluminium , and iron , among other elements . Hence , although some simple silicic acids have been identified in dilute solutions , such as orthosilicic acid Si ( OH ) and metasilicic acid SiO ( OH ) , none of these are likely to exist in the solid state . Silicate minerals Main article : Silicate minerals Typical coordination of metal cations in silicates ( ionic radii in pm ) CN 4 Li ( 59 ) Be ( 27 ) Al ( 39 ) Si ( 26 ) CN 6 Na ( 102 ) Mg ( 72 ) Al ( 54 ) Ti ( 61 ) Fe ( 78 ) CN 8 K ( 151 ) Ca ( 112 ) CN 12 K ( 164 ) About 95 % of the Earth 's crustal rocks are made of silica or silicate and aluminosilicate minerals , as reflected in oxygen , silicon , and aluminium being the three most common elements in the crust ( in that order ) . Measured by mass , silicon makes up 27.7 % of the Earth 's crust . Pure silicon crystals are very rarely found in nature , but notable exceptions are crystals as large as to 0.3 mm across found during sampling gasses from the Kudriavy volcano on the island of Iturup , one of the Kuril Islands . Silicate and aluminosilicate minerals have many different structures and varying stoichiometry , but they may be classified following some general principles . Tetrahedral ( SiO ) units are common to almost all these compounds , either as discrete structures , or combined into larger units by the sharing of corner oxygen atoms . These may be divided into neso - silicates ( discrete ( SiO ) units ) sharing no oxygen atoms , soro - silicates ( discrete ( Si O ) units ) sharing one , cyclo - silicates ( closed ring structures ) and ino - silicates ( continuous chain or ribbon structures ) both sharing two , phyllo - silicates ( continuous sheets ) sharing three , and tecto - silicates ( continuous three - dimensional frameworks ) sharing four . The lattice of oxygen atoms that results is usually close - packed or close to it , with the charge being balanced by other cations in various different polyhedral sites according to size . The orthosilicates MII 2SiO 4 ( M = Be , Mg , Mn , Fe , Zn ) and ZrSiO are neso - silicates . Be SiO ( phenacite ) is rather unusual as both Be and Si occupy tetrahedral four - coordinated sites ; the other divalent cations instead occupy six - coordinated octahedral sites and often isomorphously replace each other as in olivine , ( Mg , Fe , Mn ) SiO . Zircon , ZrSiO , demands eight - coordination of the Zr cations due to stoichiometry and because of their larger ionic radius ( 84 pm ) . Also significant are the garnets , ( MII 3MIII 2 ( SiO 4 ) 3 ) , in which the divalent cations ( e.g. Ca , Mg , Fe ) are eight - coordinated and the trivalent ones are six - coordinated ( e.g. Al , Cr , Fe ) . Regular coordination is not always present : for example , it is not found in Ca SiO , which mixes six - and eight - coordinate sites for Ca . Soro - silicates , involving discrete double or triple tetrahedral units , are quite rare : metasilicates involving cyclic `` ( ( SiO ) ) '' units of corner - abutting tetrahedra forming a polygonal ring are also known . Chain metasilicates , ( SiO 2 − 3 ) ∞ , form by the corner - sharing of an indefinite chain of linked ( SiO ) tetrahedra . Many differences arise due to the differing repeat distances of conformation across the line of tetrahedra . A repeat distance of two is most common , as in most pyroxene minerals , but repeat distances of one , three , four , five , six , seven , nine , and twelve are also known . These chains can then link across each other to form double chains and ribbons , as in the asbestos minerals , involving repeated chains of cyclic tetrahedron rings . A typical zeolite structure Layer silicates , such as the clay minerals and the micas , are very common , and are often formed by horizontal cross-linking of metasilicate chains or planar condensation of smaller units . An example is kaolinite ( Al ( OH ) Si O ) ; in many of these minerals cation and anion replacement is common , so that for example tetrahedral Si may be replaced by Al , octahedral Al by Mg , and OH by F. Three - dimensional framework aluminosilicates are structurally very complex ; they may be conceived of as starting from the SiO structure , but having replaced up to one - half of the Si atoms with Al they require more cations to be included in the structure to balance charge . Examples include feldspars ( the most abundant minerals on the Earth ) , zeolites , and ultramarines . Many feldspars can be thought of as forming part of the ternary system NaAlSi O -- KAlSi O -- CaAl Si O. Their lattice is destroyed by high pressure prompting Al to undergo six - coordination rather than four - coordination , and this reaction destroying feldspars may be a reason for the Mohorovičić discontinuity , which would imply that the crust and mantle have the same chemical composition but different lattices , although this is not a universally held view . Zeolites have many polyhedral cavities in their frameworks ( truncated cuboctahedra being most common , but other polyhedra are also known as zeolite cavities ) , allowing them to include loosely bound molecules such as water in their structure . Ultramarines alternate silicon and aluminium atoms and include a variety of other anions such as Cl , SO 2 − 4 , and S2 − 2 , but are otherwise similar to the feldspars . Other Inorganic compounds Silicon disulfide ( SiS ) is formed by burning silicon in gaseous sulfur at 100 ° C ; sublimation of the resulting compound in nitrogen results in white , flexible long fibres reminiscent of asbestos with a structure similar to W - silica . This melts at 1090 ° C and sublimes at 1250 ° C ; at high temperature and pressure this transforms to a crystal structure analogous to cristobalite . However , SiS lacks the variety of structures of SiO , and quickly hydrolyses to silica and hydrogen sulfide . It is also ammonoloysed quickly and completely by liquid ammonia as follows to form an imide : SiS + 4 NH → Si ( NH ) + 2 NH SH It reacts with the sulfides of sodium , magnesium , aluminium , and iron to form metal thiosilicates : reaction with ethanol results in ethylsilicate Si ( OEt ) and hydrogen sulfide . Ethylsilicate is useful as its controlled hydrolysis produces adhesive or film - like forms of silica . Reacting hydrogen sulfide with silicon tetrahalides yields silicon thiohalides such as S ( SiCl ) , cyclic Cl Si ( μ - S ) SiCl , and crystalline ( SiSCl ) . Despite the double bond rule , stable organosilanethiones RR'Si = S have been made thanks to the stabilising mechanism of intermolecular coordination via an amine group . Silicon nitride , Si N , can be formed by directly reacting silicon with nitrogen above 1300 ° C , but a more economical means of production is by heating silica and coke in a stream of nitrogen and hydrogen gas at 1500 ° C. It would make a promising ceramic if not for the difficulty of working with and sintering it : it is chemically near - totally inert , and even above 1000 ° C it keeps its strength , shape , and continues to be resistant to wear and corrosion . It is very hard ( 9 on the Mohs hardness scale ) , dissociates only at 1900 ° C at 1 atm , and is quite dense ( density 3.185 g / cm ) , because of its compact structure similar to that of phenacite ( Be SiO ) . A similar refractory material is Si N O , formed by heating silicon and silica at 1450 ° C in an argon stream containing 5 % nitrogen gas , involving 4 - coordinate silicon and 3 - coordinate nitrogen alternating in puckered hexagonal tilings interlinked by non-linear Si -- O -- Si linkages to each other . Reacting silyl halides with ammonia or alkylammonia derivatives in the gaseous phase or in ethanolic solution produces various volatile silylamides , which are silicon analogues of the amines : 3 SiH Cl + 4 NH → N ( SiH ) + 3 NH Cl SiH Br + 2 Me NH → SiH NMe + Me NH Br 4 SiH I + 5 N H → ( SiH ) NN ( SiH ) + 4 N H I Many such compounds have been prepared , the only known restriction being that the nitrogen is always tertiary , and species containing the SiH -- NH group are unstable at room temperature . The stoichiometry around the nitrogen atom in compounds such as N ( SiH ) is planar , which has been attributed to ap -- d interaction between a lone pair on nitrogen and an empty d orbital on silicon . Similarly , trisilylamines are weaker as ligands than their carbon analogues , the tertiary amines , although substitution of some SiH groups by CH groups mitigates this weakness . Thus , for example , N ( SiH ) does not form an adduct with BH at all , while MeN ( SiH ) and Me NSiH form adducts at low temperatures that decompose upon warming . Some silicon analogues of imines , with a Si = N double bond , are known : the first found was Bu Si = N -- SiBu , which was discovered in 1986 . Silicon carbide Silicon carbide ( SiC ) was first made by Edward Goodrich Acheson in 1891 , who named it carborundum to reference its intermediate hardness and abrasive power between diamond ( an allotrope of carbon ) and corundum ( aluminium oxide ) . He soon founded a company to manufacture it , and today about one million tonnes are produced each year . Silicon carbide exists in about 250 crystalline forms . The polymorphism of SiC is characterized by a large family of similar crystalline structures called polytypes . They are variations of the same chemical compound that are identical in two dimensions and differ in the third . Thus , they can be viewed as layers stacked in a certain sequence . It is made industrially by reduction of quartz sand with excess coke or anthracite at 2000 -- 2500 ° C in an electric furnace : SiO + 2 C → Si + 2 CO Si + C → SiC It is the most thermally stable binary silicon compound , only decomposing through loss of silicon starting from around 2700 ° C. It is resistant to most aqueous acids , phosphoric acid being an exception . It forms a protective layer of silicon dioxide on the surface and hence only oxidises appreciably in air above 1000 ° C ; removal of this layer by molten hydroxides or carbonates leads to quick oxidation . Silicon carbide is rapidly attacked by chlorine gas , which forms SiCl and carbon at 100 ° C and SiCl and CCl at 1000 ° C. It is mostly used as an abrasive and a refractory materia , as it is chemically stable and very strong , and it fractures to form a very sharp cutting edge . It is also useful as an intrinsic semiconductor , as well as an extrinsic semiconductor upon being doped . In its diamond - like behaviour it serves as an illustration of the chemical similarity between carbon and silicon . Organosilicon compounds Main article : Organosilicon A hydrosilylation reaction , in which Si -- H is added to an unsaturated substrate Because the Si -- C bond is close in strength to the C -- C bond , organosilicon compounds tend to be markedly thermally and chemically stable . For example , tetraphenylsilane ( SiPh ) may be distilled in air even at its boiling point of 428 ° C , and so can its substituted derivatives Ph SiCl and Ph SiCl , which boil at 378 ° C and 305 ° C respectively . Furthermore , since carbon and silicon are chemical congeners , organosilicon chemistry shows some significant similarities with carbon chemistry , for example in the propensity of such compounds for catenation and forming multiple bonds . However , significant differences also arise : since silicon is more electropositive than carbon , bonds to more electronegative elements are generally stronger with silicon than with carbon , and vice versa . Thus the Si -- F bond is significantly stronger than even the C -- F bond and is one of the strongest single bonds , while the Si -- H bond is much weaker than the C -- H bond and is readily broken . Furthermore , the ability of silicon to expand its octet is not shared by carbon , and hence some organosilicon reactions have no organic analogues . For example , nucleophilic attack on silicon does not proceed by the S 2 or S 1 processes , but instead goes through a negatively charged true pentacoordinate intermediate and appears like a substitution at a hindered tertiary atom . This works for silicon , unlike for carbon , because the long Si -- C bonds reduce the steric hindrance and the d - orbital of silicon is geometrically unconstrained for nucleophilic attack , unlike for example a C -- O σ * antibonding orbital . Nevertheless , despite these differences , the mechanism is still often called `` S 2 at silicon '' for simplicity . One of the most useful silicon - containing groups is trimethylsilyl , Me Si -- . The Si -- C bond connecting it to the rest of the molecule is reasonably strong , allowing it to remain while the rest of the molecule undergoes reactions , but is not so strong that it can not be removed specifically when needed , for example by the fluoride ion , which is a very weak nucleophile for carbon compounds but a very strong one for organosilicon compounds . It may be compared to acidic protons ; while trisilylmethyl is removed by hard nucleophiles instead of bases , both removals usually promote elimination . As a general rule , while saturated carbon is best attacked by nucleophiles that are neutral compounds , those based on nonmetals far down on the periodic table ( e.g. sulfur , selenium , or iodine ) , or even both , silicon is best attacked by charged nucleophiles , particularly those involving such highly electronegative nonmetals as oxygen , fluorine , or chlorine . For example , enolates react at the carbon in haloalkanes , but at the oxygen in silyl chlorides ; and when trimethylsilyl is removed from an organic molecule using hydroxide as a nucleophile , the product of the reaction is not the silanol as one would expect from using carbon chemistry as an analogy , because the siloxide is strongly nucleophilic and attacks the original molecule to yield the silyl ether hexamethyldisiloxane , ( Me Si ) O. Conversely , while the S 2 reaction is mostly unaffected by the presence of a partial positive charge ( δ + ) at the carbon , the analogous `` S 2 '' reaction at silicon is so affected . Thus , for example , the silyl triflates are so electrophilic that they react 10 to 10 times faster than silyl chlorides with oxygen - containing nucleophiles . Trimethylsilyl triflate is in particular a very good Lewis acid and is used to convert carbonyl compounds to acetals and silyl enol ethers , reacting them together analogously to the aldol reaction . Si -- C bonds are commonly formed in three ways . In the laboratory , preparation is often carried out in small quantities by reacting tetrachlorosilane with organolithium , Grignard , or organoaluminium reagents , or by catalytic addition of Si -- H across C = C double bonds . The second route has the drawback of not being applicable to the most important silanes , the methyl and phenyl silanes . Organosilanes are made industrially by directly reacting alkyl or aryl halides with silicon with 10 % by weight metallic copper as a catalyst . Standard organic reactions suffice to produce many derivatives ; the resulting organosilanes are often significantly more reactive than their carbon congeners , readily undergoing hydrolysis , ammonolysis , alcoholysis , and condensation to form cyclic oligomers or linear polymers . Silicone polymers Main article : Silicone Structure of polydimethylsiloxane , the principal component of silicones The word `` silicone '' was first used by Frederick Kipping in 1901 . He invented the word to illustrate the similarity of chemical formulae between Ph SiO and benzophenone , Ph CO , although he also stressed the lack of chemical resemblance due to the polymeric structure of Ph SiO , which is not shared by Ph CO . Silicones may be considered analogous to mineral silicates , in which the methyl groups of the silicones correspond to the isoelectronic O of the silicates . They are quite stable to extreme temperatures , oxidation , and water , and have useful dielectric , antistick , and antifoam properties . Furthermore , they are resistant over long periods of time to ultraviolet radiation and weathering , and are inert physiologically . They are fairly unreactive , but do react with concentrated solutions bearing the hydroxide ion and fluorinating agents , and occasionally can be even used as mild reagents for selective syntheses . For example , ( Me Si ) O is valuable for the preparation of derivatives of molybdenum and tungsten oxyhalides , converting a tungsten hexachloride suspension in dichloroethane solution quantitatively to WOCl in under an hour at room temperature , and then to yellow WO Cl at 100 ° C in light petroleum at a yield of 95 % overnight . Occurrence Olivine In the universe , silicon is the seventh most abundant element , coming after hydrogen , helium , carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , and neon . These abundances are not replicated well on Earth due to substantial separation of the elements taking place during the formation of the Solar System . Silicon makes up 27.2 % of the Earth 's crust by weight , second only to oxygen at 45.5 % , with which it is always associated in nature . Further fractionation took place in the formation of the Earth by planetary differentiation : Earth 's core , which makes up 31.5 % of the mass of the Earth , has approximate composition Fe Ni Co S ; the mantle makes up 68.1 % of the Earth 's mass and is composed mostly of denser oxides and silicates , an example being olivine , ( Mg , Fe ) SiO ; while the lighter siliceous minerals rise to the surface and form the crust , making up 0.4 % of the Earth 's mass . The crystallisation of igneous rocks from magma depends on a number of factors ; among them are the chemical composition of the magma , the cooling rate , and some properties of the individual minerals to be formed , such as lattice energy , melting point , and complexity of their crystal structure . As magma is cooled , olivine appears first , followed by pyroxene , amphibole , biotite mica , orthoclase feldspar , muscovite mica , quartz , zeolites , and finally hydrothermal minerals . This sequence shows a trend towards increasingly complex silicate units with cooling , and the introduction of hydroxide and fluoride anions in addition to oxides . Many metals can substitute for silicon . After these igneous rocks undergo weathering , transport , and deposition , sedimentary rocks like clay , shale , and sandstone are formed . Metamorphism also can occur at high temperatures and pressures , creating an even vaster variety of minerals . Production Silicon of 96 -- 99 % purity is made by reducing quartzite or sand with highly pure coke . The reduction is carried out in an electric arc furnace , with an excess of SiO used to stop silicon carbide from accumulating : SiO + 2 C → Si + 2 CO 2 SiC + SiO → 3 Si + 2 CO Ferrosilicon alloy This reaction , known as carbothermal reduction of silicon dioxide , is usually conducted in the presence of scrap iron with low amounts of phosphorus and sulfur , produing ferrosilicon . Ferrosilicon , an iron - silicon alloy that contains varying ratios of elemental silicon and iron , accounts for about 80 % of the world 's production of elemental silicon , with China , the leading supplier of elemental silicon , providing 4.6 million tonnes ( or 2 / 3 of the world output ) of silicon , most of which is in the form of ferrosilicon . It is followed by Russia ( 610,000 t ) , Norway ( 330,000 t ) , Brazil ( 240,000 t ) and the United States ( 170,000 t ) . Ferrosilicon is primarily used by the iron and steel industry ( see below ) with primary use as alloying addition in iron or steel and for de-oxidation of steel in integrated steel plants . Another sometimes used reaction is aluminothermal reduction of silicon dioxide , as follows : 3 SiO + 4 Al → 3 Si + 2 Al O Leaching powdered 96 -- 97 % pure silicon with water results in ~ 98.5 % pure silicon , which is used in the chemical industry . However , even greater purity is needed for semiconductor applications , and this is produced from the reduction of tetrachlorosilane or trichlorosilane . The former is made by chlorinating scrap silicon and the latter is a byproduct of silicone production . These compounds are volatile and hence can be purified by repeated fractional distillation , followed by reduction to elemental silicon with very pure zinc metal as the reeducing agent . The spongy pieces of silicon thus produced are melted and then grown to form cylindrical single crystals , before being purified by zone refining . Other routes use the thermal decomposition of silane or tetraiodosilane . Another process used is the reduction of sodium hexafluorosilicate , a common waste product of the phosphate fertiliser industry , by metallic sodium : this is highly exothermic and hence requires no outside fuel source . Hyperfine silicon is made at a higher purity than almost every other material : transistor production requires impurity levels in silicon crystals less than 1 part per 10 , and in special cases impurity levels below 1 part per 10 are needed and attained . Applications Compounds Most silicon is used industrially without being purified , and indeed often with comparatively little processing from its natural form . Over 90 % of the Earth 's crust is composed of silicate minerals , which are compounds of silicon and oxygen , often with metallic ions when negatively charged silicate anions require cations to balance the charge . Many of these have direct commercial uses , such as clays , silica sand and most kinds of building stone . Thus , the vast majority of uses for silicon are as structural compounds , either as the silicate minerals or silica ( crude silicon dioxide ) . Silicates are used in making Portland cement ( made mostly of calcium silicates ) which is used in building mortar and modern stucco , but more importantly , combined with silica sand , and gravel ( usually containing silicate minerals like granite ) , to make the concrete that is the basis of most of the very largest industrial building projects of the modern world . Silica is used to make fire brick , a type of ceramic . Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics , an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals ( natural aluminium phyllosilicates ) . An example is porcelain which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite . Traditional glass ( silica - based soda - lime glass ) also functions in many of the same ways , and is also used for windows and containers . In addition , specialty silica based glass fibers are used for optical fiber , as well as to produce fiberglass for structural support and glass wool for thermal insulation . Silicones are often used in waterproofing treatments , molding compounds , mold - release agents , mechanical seals , high temperature greases and waxes , and caulking compounds . Silicone is also sometimes used in breast implants , contact lenses , explosives and pyrotechnics . Silly Putty was originally made by adding boric acid to silicone oil . Other silicon compounds function as high - technology abrasives and new high - strength ceramics based upon silicon carbide . Silicon is a component of some superalloys . Alloys Elemental silicon is added to molten cast iron as ferrosilicon or silicocalcium alloys to improve performance in casting thin sections and to prevent the formation of cementite where exposed to outside air . The presence of elemental silicon in molten iron acts as a sink for oxygen , so that the steel carbon content , which must be kept within narrow limits for each type of steel , can be more closely controlled . Ferrosilicon production and use is a monitor of the steel industry , and although this form of elemental silicon is grossly impure , it accounts for 80 % of the world 's use of free silicon . Silicon is an important constituent of electrical steel , modifying its resistivity and ferromagnetic properties . The properties of silicon can be used to modify alloys with metals other than iron . `` Metallurgical grade '' silicon is silicon of 95 -- 99 % purity . About 55 % of the world consumption of metallurgical purity silicon goes for production of aluminium - silicon alloys ( silumin alloys ) for aluminium part casts , mainly for use in the automotive industry . Silicon 's importance in aluminium casting is that a significantly high amount ( 12 % ) of silicon in aluminium forms a eutectic mixture which solidifies with very little thermal contraction . This greatly reduces tearing and cracks formed from stress as casting alloys cool to solidity . Silicon also significantly improves the hardness and thus wear - resistance of aluminium . Electronics Main article : Semiconductor device fabrication Silicon wafer with mirror finish Most elemental silicon produced remains as a ferrosilicon alloy , and only about 20 % is refined to metallurgical grade purity ( a total of 1.3 -- 1.5 million metric tons / year ) . An estimated 15 % of the world production of metallurgical grade silicon is further refined to semiconductor purity . However , the economic importance of this small very high - purity fraction ( especially the ~ 5 % which is processed to monocrystalline silicon for integrated circuits ) is disproportionately large . Pure monocrystalline silicon is used to produce silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry , in electronics , and in some high - cost and high - efficiency photovoltaic applications . Pure silicon is an intrinsic semiconductor , which means that unlike metals , it conducts electron holes and electrons released from atoms by heat ; silicon 's electrical conductivity increases with higher temperatures . Pure silicon has too low a conductivity ( i.e. , too high a resistivity ) to be used as a circuit element in electronics . In practice , pure silicon is doped with small concentrations of certain other elements , which greatly increase its conductivity and adjust its electrical response by controlling the number and charge ( positive or negative ) of activated carriers . Such control is necessary for transistors , solar cells , semiconductor detectors , and other semiconductor devices used in the computer industry and other technical applications . In silicon photonics , silicon can be used as a continuous wave Raman laser medium to produce coherent light , though it is ineffective as an everyday light source . In common integrated circuits , a wafer of monocrystalline silicon serves as a mechanical support for the circuits , which are created by doping and insulated from each other by thin layers of silicon oxide , an insulator that is easily produced by exposing the element to oxygen under the proper conditions . Silicon has become the most popular material for both high power semiconductors and integrated circuits because it can withstand the highest temperatures and greatest electrical activity without suffering avalanche breakdown ( an electron avalanche is created when heat produces free electrons and holes , which in turn pass more current , which produces more heat ) . In addition , the insulating oxide of silicon is not soluble in water , which gives it an advantage over germanium ( an element with similar properties which can also be used in semiconductor devices ) in certain fabrication techniques . Monocrystalline silicon is expensive to produce , and is usually justified only in production of integrated circuits , where tiny crystal imperfections can interfere with tiny circuit paths . For other uses , other types of pure silicon may be employed . These include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and upgraded metallurgical - grade silicon ( UMG - Si ) used in the production of low - cost , large - area electronics in applications such as liquid crystal displays and of large - area , low - cost , thin - film solar cells . Such semiconductor grades of silicon are either slightly less pure or polycrystalline rather than monocrystalline , and are produced in comparable quatities as the monocrystalline silicon : 75,000 to 150,000 metric tons per year . The market for the lesser grade is growing more quickly than for monocrystalline silicon . By 2013 , polycrystalline silicon production , used mostly in solar cells , was projected to reach 200,000 metric tons per year , while monocrystalline semiconductor grade silicon was expected to remain less than 50,000 tons / year . Mechanical watches Since 2000 , silicon has found a new use in mechanical watch movements . Several manufacturers of mechanical watch movements have incorporated silicon parts , mainly in the escapements and balance wheel regions . Silicon hair - springs are becoming more common as are silicon escapement wheels and forks . Silicon has several desirable properties when used in these contexts ; It is thermally stable , shock resistant , and requires little to no lubrication . Ulysse Nardin pioneered these applications , with Omega , Breguet , Patek , Rolex , Cartier , and Damasko following . Most of these parts for watch movements are manufactured by deep reactive - ion etching ( DRIE ) . Biological role A diatom , enclosed in a silica cell wall Although silicon is readily available in the form of silicates , very few organisms use it directly . Diatoms , radiolaria and siliceous sponges use biogenic silica as a structural material for skeletons . In more advanced plants , the silica phytoliths ( opal phytoliths ) are rigid microscopic bodies occurring in the cell ; some plants , for example rice , need silicon for their growth . There is some evidence that silicon is important to nail , hair , bone and skin health in humans , for example in studies that show that premenopausal women with higher dietary silicon intake have higher bone density , and that silicon supplementation can increase bone volume and density in patients with osteoporosis . Silicon is needed for synthesis of elastin and collagen , of which the aorta contains the greatest quantity in the human body . Silicon is currently under consideration for elevation to the status of a `` plant beneficial substance by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials ( AAPFCO ) . '' Silicon has been shown in university and field studies to improve plant cell wall strength and structural integrity , improve drought and frost resistance , decrease lodging potential , and boost the plant 's natural pest and disease fighting systems . Silicon has also been shown to improve plant vigor and physiology by improving root mass and density , and increasing above - ground plant biomass and crop yields . Safety People can be exposed to silicon in the workplace by breathing it in , swallowing it , skin contact , and eye contact . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the legal limit ( Permissible exposure limit ) for silicon exposure in the workplace as 15 mg / m total exposure and 5 mg / m respiratory exposure over an 8 - hour workday . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a Recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 10 mg / m total exposure and 5 mg / m respiratory exposure over an 8 - hour workday . See also Amorphous silicon Black silicon Covalent superconductors List of countries by silicon production List of silicon producers Monocrystalline silicon Silicon Nanowires ( SiNWs ) Polycrystalline silicon Printed silicon electronics Silicon tombac Silicon Valley Silicon Wadi Transistor Books View or order collections of articles Silicon Period 3 elements Carbon group Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) Portals Access related topics Chemistry portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Bibliography Clayden , Jonathan ; Greeves , Nick ; Warren , Stuart ( 2012 ) . Organic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927029 - 3 . Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . King , R. Bruce ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 0 - 471 - 18602 - 3 . References Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ Ram , R.S. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D -- X2P Transition of SiH and SiD '' ( PDF ) . J. Mol . Spectr. 190 : 341 -- 352 . PMID 9668026 . Jump up ^ Eranna , Golla ( 2014 ) . Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI . CRC Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4822 - 3281 - 3 . Jump up ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weast , Robert ( 1984 ) . CRC , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing . pp. E110 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hopcroft , Matthew A. ; Nix , William D. ; Kenny , Thomas W. ( 2010 ) . `` What is the Young 's Modulus of Silicon ? '' . Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems . 19 ( 2 ) : 229 . doi : 10.1109 / JMEMS. 2009.2039697 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements : XII . Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium : beryllium , boron , silicon , and aluminum '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 8 ) : 1386 -- 1412 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1386 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1386 . Jump up ^ Voronkov , M.G. ( 2007 ) . `` Silicon era '' . Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry . 80 ( 12 ) : 2190 . doi : 10.1134 / S1070427207120397 . Jump up ^ Nave , R. Abundances of the Elements in the Earth 's Crust , Georgia State University Jump up ^ Nielsen , Forrest H. ( 1984 ) . `` Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 4 : 21 -- 41 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nu. 04.070184. 000321 . PMID 6087860 . Jump up ^ Cutter , Elizabeth G. ( 1978 ) . Plant Anatomy . Part 1 Cells and Tissues ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Edward Arnold . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 2639 - 6 . Jump up ^ In his table of the elements , Lavoisier listed five `` salifiable earths '' ( i.e. , ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts ( salis = salt , in Latin ) : chaux ( calcium oxide ) , magnésie ( magnesia , magnesium oxide ) , baryte ( barium sulfate ) , alumine ( alumina , aluminium oxide ) , and silice ( silica , silicon dioxide ) . About these `` elements '' , Lavoisier speculates : `` We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature , as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses , are incapable , hitherto , of being reduced to a metallic state , and consequently , being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds , are confounded with earths . It is extremely probable that barytes , which we have just now arranged with earths , is in this situation ; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies . It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds , irreducible by any hitherto known process . '' -- from page 218 of : Lavoisier with Robert Kerr , trans. , Elements of Chemistry , ... , 4th ed . ( Edinburgh , Scotland : William Creech , 1799 ) . ( The original passage appears in : Lavoisier , Traité Élémentaire de Chimie , ( Paris , France : Cuchet , 1789 ) , vol. 1 , p. 174 . ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 328 -- 9 Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( 1808 ) `` Electro chemical researches , on the decomposition of the earths ; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths , and on the amalgam procured from ammonia , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( of London ) , 98 : 333 -- 370 . On p. 353 Davy coins the name `` silicium '' : `` Had I been so fortunate as to have obtained more certain evidences on this subject , and to have procured the metallic substances I was in search of , I should have proposed for them the names of silicium ( silicon ) , alumium ( aluminium ) , zirconium , and glucium ( beryllium ) . '' Jump up ^ `` 14 Silicon '' . Elements.vanderkrogt.net . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac and Thenard , Recherches physico - chimiques ... ( Paris , France : Deterville , 1811 ) , vol. 1 , pp. 313 -- 314 ; vol. 2 , pp. 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Thomas Thomson , A System of Chemistry in Four Volumes , 5th ed . ( London , England : Baldwin , Cradock , and Joy , 1817 ) , vol. 1 . From p. 252 : `` The base of silica has been usually considered as a metal , and called silicium . But as there is not the smallest evidence for its metallic nature , and as it bears a close resemblance to boron and carbon , it is better to class it along with these bodies , and to give it the name of silicon . '' Jump up ^ See : Berzelius announced his discovery of silicon ( `` silicium '' ) in : Berzelius , J. ( presented : 1823 ; published : 1824 ) `` Undersökning af flusspatssyran och dess märkvärdigaste föreningar '' ( Investigation of hydrofluoric acid and of its most noteworthy compounds ) , Kongliga Vetenskaps - Academiens Handlingar ( Proceedings of the Royal Science Academy ) , 12 : 46 -- 98 . The isolation of silicon and its characterization are detailed in the section titled `` Flussspatssyrad kisseljords sönderdelning med kalium , '' pp. 46 -- 68 . The above article was reprinted in German in : J.J. Berzelius ( 1824 ) `` II . Untersuchungen über Flussspathsäure und deren merkwürdigsten Verbindungen '' ( II . Investigations of hydrofluoric acid and its most noteworthy compounds ) , Annalen der Physik , 77 : 169 -- 230 . The isolation of silicon is detailed in the section titled : `` Zersetzung der flussspaths . Kieselerde durch Kalium '' ( Decomposition of silicate fluoride by potassium ) , pp. 204 -- 210 . The above article was reprinted in French in : Berzelius ( 1824 ) `` Décomposition du fluate de silice par le potassium '' ( Decomposition of silica fluoride by potassium ) , Annales de Chimie et de Physique , 27 : 337 -- 359 . Reprinted in English in : Berzelius ( 1825 ) `` On the mode of obtaining silicium , and on the characters and properties of that substance , '' Philosophical Magazine , 65 ( 324 ) : 254 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements : XII . Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium : beryllium , boron , silicon , and aluminum '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 8 ) : 1386 -- 1412 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1386 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1386 . Jump up ^ Voronkov , M.G. ( 2007 ) . `` Silicon era '' . Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry . 80 ( 12 ) : 2190 . doi : 10.1134 / S1070427207120397 . Jump up ^ In 1854 , Deville was trying to prepare aluminium metal from aluminium chloride that was heavily contaminated with silicon chloride . Deville used two methods to prepare aluminium : heating aluminium chloride with sodium metal in an inert atmosphere ( of hydrogen ) ; and melting aluminum chloride with sodium chloride and then electrolyzing the mixture . In both cases , pure silicon was produced : the silicon dissolved in the molten aluminium , but crystallized upon cooling . Dissolving the crude aluminum in hydrochloric acid revealed flakes of crystallized silicon . See : Henri Sainte - Claire Deville ( 1854 ) `` Note sur deux procédés de préparation de l'aluminium et sur une nouvelle forme du silicium '' ( Note on two procedures for the preparation of aluminium and on a new form of silicon ) , Comptes rendus , 39 : 321 -- 326 . Subsequently Deville obtained crystalline silicon by heating the chloride or fluoride of silicon with sodium metal , isolating the amorphous silicon , then melting the amorphous form with salt and heating the mixture until most of the salt evaporated . See : H. Sainte - Claire Deville ( 1855 ) `` Du silicium et du titane '' ( On silicon and titanium ) , Comptes rendus , 40 : 1034 -- 1036 . Jump up ^ Information on silicon -- history , thermodynamic , chemical , physical and electronic properties : Etacude.com . Elements.etacude.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Silicon : History . Nautilus.fis.uc.pt . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Aufray , B. ; Kara , A. ; Vizzini , S.B. ; Oughaddou , H. ; LéAndri , C. ; Ealet , B. ; Le Lay , G. ( 2010 ) . `` Graphene - like silicon nanoribbons on Ag ( 110 ) : A possible formation of silicene '' . Applied Physics Letters. 96 ( 18 ) : 183102 . Bibcode : 2010ApPhL ... 96r3102A . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3419932 . Jump up ^ Lalmi , B. ; Oughaddou , H. ; Enriquez , H. ; Kara , A. ; Vizzini , S.B. ; Ealet , B.N. ; Aufray , B. ( 2010 ) . `` Epitaxial growth of a silicene sheet '' . Applied Physics Letters. 97 ( 22 ) : 223109 . arXiv : 1204.0523 . Bibcode : 2010ApPhL ... 97v3109L . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3524215 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 337 -- 40 Jump up ^ Uskali , T. , & Nordfors , D. ( 2007 , 23 May ) . The role of journalism in creating the metaphor of Silicon Valley . Paper presented at the Innovation Journalism 4 Conference , Stanford University , Palo Alto , Calif. , http://www.innovationjournalism.org/ij4/presentations/turouskalidavidnordfors.pdf , retrieved 8 August 2016 Jump up ^ King , pp. xiii -- xviii ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 372 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 331 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : NNDC contributors ( 2008 ) . Alejandro A. Sonzogni ( Database Manager ) , ed . `` Chart of Nuclides '' . Upton ( NY ) : National Nuclear Data Center , Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jerschow , Alexej . `` Interactive NMR Frequency Map '' . New York University . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 330 -- 1 Jump up ^ Cameron , A.G.W. ( 1973 ) . `` Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Space Science Reviews . 15 : 121 -- 146 . Bibcode : 1973SSRv ... 15 ... 121C . doi : 10.1007 / BF00172440 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kaupp , Martin ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Computational Chemistry . 28 ( 1 ) : 320 -- 5 . doi : 10.1002 / jcc. 20522 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , pp. 43 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 374 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 335 -- 7 Jump up ^ King , pp. 45 -- 7 Jump up ^ E. Wiber , Alfred Stock and the Renaissance of Inorganic Chemistry , '' Pure Appl . Chem. , Vol. 49 ( 1977 ) pp. 691 - 700 . Jump up ^ J.W. Mellor , `` A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry , '' Vol . VI , Longman , Green and Co. ( 1947 ) pp. 223 - 227 . Jump up ^ W.W. Porterfield , Inorganic Chemistry : A Unified Approach , 2nd Ed. `` , Academic Press ( 1993 ) , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Inorganic Chemistry , Holleman - Wiberg , John Wiley & Sons ( 2001 ) p. 844 . Jump up ^ King , p. 47 Jump up ^ Miller , R.D. ; Michl , J. ( 1989 ) . `` Polysilane high polymers '' . Chemical Reviews . 89 ( 6 ) : 1359 . doi : 10.1021 / cr00096a006 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 340 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : King , p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 342 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 347 -- 59 Jump up ^ Geological Survey ( U.S. ) ( 1975 ) . Geological Survey professional paper . Jump up ^ Korzhinsky , M.A. ; Tkachenko , S.I. ; Shmulovich , K.I. ; Steinberg , G.S. ( 1995 ) . `` Native AI and Si formation '' . Nature . 375 ( 6532 ) : 544 -- 544 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 375 ... 544K . doi : 10.1038 / 375544a0 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ Cordua , Courtesy of Dr Bill ( 1998 - 01 - 10 ) , English : PDF file entitled : `` Silicon , Silica , Silicates and Silicone '' ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 04 - 18 , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 359 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 334 Jump up ^ Cheung , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . Silicon carbide microelectromechanical systems for harsh environments . Imperial College Press . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 624 - 0 . Jump up ^ Morkoç , H. ; Strite , S. ; Gao , G.B. ; Lin , M.E. ; Sverdlov , B. ; Burns , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Large - band - gap SiC , III - V nitride , and II - VI ZnSe - based semiconductor device technologies '' . Journal of Applied Physics. 76 ( 3 ) : 1363 . Bibcode : 1994JAP ... 76.1363 M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.358463 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 361 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Clayden , pp. 668 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 329 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` Silicon Commodities Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Zulehner et al. , p. 574 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 356 Jump up ^ Koch , E.C. ; Clement , D. ( 2007 ) . `` Special Materials in Pyrotechnics : VI . Silicon -- An Old Fuel with New Perspectives '' . Propellants , Explosives , Pyrotechnics. 32 ( 3 ) : 205 . doi : 10.1002 / prep. 200700021 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Tim ( 2005 ) . `` Silly Putty '' . Timeless toys : classic toys and the playmakers who created them . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 5571 - 2 . Jump up ^ Apelian , D. ( 2009 ) Aluminum Cast Alloys : Enabling Tools for Improved Performance . North American Die Casting Association , Wheeling , Illinois . ^ Jump up to : Corathers , Lisa A. 2009 Minerals Yearbook . USGS Jump up ^ Semiconductors Without the Quantum Physics . Electropaedia Jump up ^ Silicon hairspring . Woundforlife.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Silicon revolution . Europastar.com ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Atta - ur - . `` Silicon '' . Studies in Natural Products Chemistry . 35 . p. 856 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53181 - 0 . Jump up ^ Exley , C. ( 1998 ) . `` Silicon in life : A bioinorganic solution to bioorganic essentiality '' . Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry . 69 ( 3 ) : 139 -- 144 . doi : 10.1016 / S0162 - 0134 ( 97 ) 10010 - 1 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Emanuel ( 1999 ) . `` SILICON '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology . 50 : 641 -- 664 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 50.1. 641 . PMID 15012222 . Jump up ^ Martin , Keith R. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 14 . Silicon : The Health Benefits of a Metalloid '' . In Astrid Sigel ; Helmut Sigel ; Roland K.O. Sigel . Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 13 . Springer . pp. 451 -- 473 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7500 - 8_14 . Jump up ^ Jugdaohsingh , R. ( Mar -- Apr 2007 ) . `` Silicon and bone health '' . The journal of nutrition , health and aging . 11 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 110 . PMC 2658806 . PMID 17435952 . Jump up ^ Loeper , J. ; Loeper , J. ; Fragny , M. ( 1978 ) . `` The Physiological Role of the Silicon and its AntiAtheromatous Action '' . Biochemistry of Silicon and Related Problems : 281 -- 296 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 4018 - 8_13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4613 - 4020 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` AAPFCO Board of Directors 2006 Mid-Year Meeting '' . Association of American Plant Food Control Officials . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Stephen R. ; Bruce Barker . `` Silicon : Summary of Extraction Methods '' . Harsco Minerals . August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Silicon nutrition in plants '' ( PDF ) . Plant Health Care , Inc. : 1 . 12 December 2000 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Prakash , Dr. N.B. ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of the calcium silicate as a source of silicon in aerobic and wet rice '' . University of Agricultural Science Bangalore : 1 . Jump up ^ `` CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -- Silicon '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . External links Silicon at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards New Semiconductor Materials -- Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute St. Petersburg , Russia ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Silicon compounds Si ( II ) SiO SiS Si ( IV ) SiBr SiC SiCl SiF SiH SiI SiO SiS Si N LCCN : sh85122512 GND : 4077445 - 4 BNF : cb11976956v ( data ) NDL : 00565390 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon&oldid=806087910 '' Categories : Silicon Chemical elements Metalloids Group IV semiconductors Pyrotechnic fuels Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Dietary minerals Reducing agents Native element minerals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Noindexed articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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Vegas Golden Knights

Vegas Golden Knights - Wikipedia Vegas Golden Knights Jump to : navigation , search Vegas Golden Knights 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 2017 History Vegas Golden Knights 2017 -- present Home arena T - Mobile Arena City Paradise , Nevada Colors Steel grey , gold , red , black Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( TV ) KRLV ( Fox Sports 1340 / 98.9 ) ( English radio ) KENO ( ESPN Deportes 1460 ) ( Spanish radio ) Owner ( s ) Bill Foley ( 70 % ) Maloof family ( 30 % ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Minor league affiliates Chicago Wolves ( AHL ) Stanley Cups 0 Conference championships 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Official website nhl.com/goldenknights The Vegas Golden Knights are an ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas metropolitan area . The team began play in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season , and is a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team is owned by Black Knight Sports & Entertainment , a consortium led by Bill Foley and the Maloof family . The team plays its home games at T - Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background and establishment 1.2 Start of operations : 2017 -- present 2 Team identity 2.1 Logos , colors , and uniforms 2.2 Name 2.3 Mascot 3 Team information 3.1 Broadcasting 3.2 Minor league affiliate 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Head coaches 4.3 General managers 5 Team and league honors 5.1 Awards and trophies 5.2 First - round draft picks 5.3 Retired numbers 6 Records 6.1 Regular season scoring leaders 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Background and establishment ( edit ) The NHL has had a presence in Las Vegas since 1991 , when an outdoor game was held in Las Vegas , with the Los Angeles Kings facing the New York Rangers outside Caesars Palace in a preseason exhibition game . The city has since hosted the Frozen Fury , a preseason competition between the Los Angeles Kings and the Colorado Avalanche , and the NHL Awards ceremonies have been held in Las Vegas since 2009 . In 2009 , the media speculated about a plan involving Hollywood producer Jerry Bruckheimer to move the Phoenix Coyotes to Nevada . Rumors of a Las Vegas expansion team surfaced again in August 2014 , pointing to a new indoor arena on the Strip ( built as a joint venture between Anschutz Entertainment Group , owners of the Los Angeles Kings , and MGM Resorts International ) as the potential home arena , although these rumors were denied by the league . In November 2014 , an unconfirmed report stated that the league had selected billionaire businessman Bill Foley and the Maloof family ( former owners of the National Basketball Association 's Sacramento Kings , and founders of the Palms Casino Resort ) to lead the ownership group for a Las Vegas expansion team . In December 2014 , the NHL 's board of governors decided to allow Foley to hold a season ticket drive to gauge interest in a Las Vegas team , though league commissioner Gary Bettman also warned the media to `` ( not ) make more out of this than it is '' . The season ticket drive began in February 2015 , with interested parties placing ten percent deposits for the 2016 -- 17 season . The drive drew 5,000 deposits in its first day and a half , and reached its goal of 10,000 deposits by April 2015 . In June 2015 , the league officially opened the window for prospective owners to bid on expansion teams . By this point , Foley had secured more than 13,200 season - ticket deposits . Two expansion applications were submitted : Foley 's application for a Las Vegas team , and a bid from Quebecor to revive the Quebec Nordiques at a new arena in Quebec City . Both Las Vegas and Quebec were invited to move into Phase II of the league expansion bid in August 2015 , and subsequently advanced to Phase III . At the league owners ' meeting on June 22 , 2016 , in Las Vegas , the Las Vegas expansion bid was approved by a unanimous vote , with play to begin in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season . The team became the first major professional sports franchise to be based in Las Vegas , and the first NHL expansion team since 2000 . Foley committed to pay the league 's $500 million expansion fee and began the process of hiring the team 's principal staff and determining its official identity . Foley announced that former Washington Capitals general manager George McPhee would be the franchise 's first general manager . On November 22 , 2016 , the name was revealed as the Vegas Golden Knights . Start of operations : 2017 -- present ( edit ) On March 1 , 2017 ( coinciding with the league 's trade deadline ) , the team completed its expansion fee payments and filings , making it eligible to formally begin operations such as free agent acquisition , and participation in league meetings . Five days later , the Golden Knights made their first personnel move by signing Reid Duke to a three - year entry - level contract . Gerard Gallant coaching the Golden Knights during their inaugural 2017 -- 18 season . Gallant was named as the head coach in April 2017 . The team announced inaugural head coach Gerard Gallant on April 13 , 2017 . Over the next two months , the Golden Knights developed their farm system , announcing affiliations with the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League and the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL . The team participated in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft on June 21 , 2017 , selecting an available player from all 30 teams in the NHL . The draft picks were announced at T - Mobile Arena during the NHL Awards ceremony . Some notable selections included goalie Marc - Andre Fleury from the Pittsburgh Penguins and winger James Neal from the Nashville Predators . At the 2017 NHL Entry Draft , Cody Glass was the first player selected by the Golden Knights . The Golden Knights played their first game on October 6 against the Dallas Stars with Neal scoring the franchise 's first two goals en route to their first victory . The team 's inaugural home game was played on October 10 , 2017 , hosting the Arizona Coyotes as the second game of a home - and - home series . In the aftermath of the October 1 mass shooting , the pre-game ceremonies honored the victims of the attack , and the team issued an appeal for donations to its charitable arm . With their 5 -- 2 win , the Golden Knights increased their unbeaten streak to start the season to 3 -- 0 , an NHL record for an expansion team . The Golden Knights are the first team in NHL history to have started their inaugural season winning eight of their first nine games . During their tenth game , goaltender Oscar Dansk was injured becoming the third Golden Knights ' goaltender to be injured during the season after losing starters Fleury and the recently acquired Malcolm Subban , forcing the team to start a fourth goaltender in 11 games with Maxime Lagace . Fifteen games into the season , Vadim Shipachyov became the first player to retire from the NHL as a Golden Knight when he decided to return to the Kontinental Hockey League . In December , the Golden Knights set another NHL expansion team record of six straight wins , a record they had previously missed when they lost their tenth game of the season , and established a new NHL record with eight straight wins . On February 1 , 2018 , the Golden Knights set the expansion team record for wins in a debut season with 34 wins after only 50 games , and then on February 21 , 2018 , set a record for most points by an expansion team in the inaugural season with 84 . On March 26 , the Golden Knights became the first team since the Edmonton Oilers and Hartford Whalers in the 1979 -- 80 season to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league . On March 31 , the Knights clinched the Pacific Division title , becoming the first true expansion team in the four major sports to win its division in its inaugural season ( not counting all - expansion divisions , as was the case in the 1967 -- 68 season ) . They had led the Pacific since December 23 . On April 11 , the franchise won its first playoff game in a 1 -- 0 victory over the Los Angeles Kings in the first game of the series . Six days later on April 17 , the franchise earned their first playoff series win against the Kings , winning the fourth game by a 1 -- 0 score , which also became their first playoff series sweep . The Knights became the first team in NHL history to sweep their first playoff series in their inaugural season . On May 6 , 2018 , the Golden Knights defeated the San Jose Sharks four - games - to - two , becoming the third team in NHL history to win multiple playoff series in their inaugural season , and advanced to the Western Conference Finals . On May 20 , Vegas defeated the Winnipeg Jets to win the Western Conference Finals in five games , becoming the third NHL team to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals in its inaugural season , after the Toronto Arenas in 1918 and the St. Louis Blues in 1968 . Team identity ( edit ) Logos , colors , and uniforms ( edit ) The team 's secondary logo The team 's primary logo is a barbute helmet , superimposed on a black and gold seal , with a V - shaped opening . The secondary logo is two crossing swords behind a red star , designed to resemble a star found on the landmark Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign . The team 's primary color is steel gray , which is said to represent `` strength and durability '' . The other team colors are gold , red ( found in the Las Vegas skyline and at Red Rock Canyon ) , and black ( for `` power and intensity '' ) . The first uniforms in Golden Knights team history were unveiled publicly on June 20 , 2017 . Name ( edit ) The team 's name includes `` Knights '' as a homage to the Black Knights of the United States Military Academy , Foley 's alma mater , and because knights were , according to Foley , `` the epitome of the warrior class '' . Foley had hoped to name his team the Black Knights , but dropped that plan after encountering resistance from federal officials . Foley was unable to call the team the `` Vegas Knights '' due to the London Knights owning the `` Knights '' name in Canada . `` Golden '' was included in the name because gold is , as Foley stated , the `` No. 1 precious metal '' , and because Nevada is the largest gold - producing state in the country . `` Las '' was omitted from the team 's name because , according to Foley , residents tend to refer to the city simply as `` Vegas '' , and because a four - word name would have been too long . The United States Army initially expressed concern after the Golden Knights ' name was announced , because their parachute team uses the same nickname . The Army later disputed the trademark and colors of the team during its first season , to which the team responded : `` We are not aware of a single complaint from anyone attending our games that they were expecting to see the parachute team and not a professional hockey game . '' An objection was also raised by the College of Saint Rose because its sports teams use the same name ; the Vegas team 's initial trademark application was denied as a result , but was later approved on appeal . The team did clear the name with Clarkson University , which also uses the name Golden Knights . Mascot ( edit ) The Golden Knights ' mascot is a Gila monster named Chance . He was unveiled at the team 's second home game on October 13 , 2017 . The team opted against using a knight for a mascot because it found that knight mascots used by other teams were not very child - friendly . Team information ( edit ) Broadcasting ( edit ) AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( formerly Root Sports ) is the regional television rightsholder for all Golden Knights games not broadcast nationally by NBCSN or NBC . The team 's designated market includes Nevada , Idaho , Montana , Utah , Wyoming , and parts of Arizona and California . Golden Knights games on AT&T SportsNet are called by former Boston Bruins radio announcer Dave Goucher on play - by - play , and Shane Hnidy , who previously worked color for the Winnipeg Jets on TSN . The team has a three - year radio deal with Lotus Broadcasting . Lotus airs the team 's games on its Fox Sports Radio affiliate , KRLV 1340 / 98.9 . KRLV fronts a network of nine stations across Nevada , California , Arizona , and Utah . One game a week is also aired on the company 's ESPN Deportes Radio affiliate , KENO 1460 , making the team one of only three in the NHL to offer Spanish - language broadcasts . Minor league affiliate ( edit ) On May 16 , 2017 , the Golden Knights entered a multi-year affiliation agreement with a minor league team , the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League . Like most NHL - AHL affiliation arrangements , the Golden Knights are able to transfer players to and from the Wolves . Although the Wolves are the Golden Knights affiliate , the two teams do not share the same ownership . In addition to the Wolves , the Golden Knights were affiliated with the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL for the 2017 -- 18 season , however , the Mallards ceased operations after the one season . Players and personnel ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights players Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated May 17 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 France ! Bellemare , Pierre - Edouard Pierre - Edouard Bellemare ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 33 2017 Le Blanc - Mesnil , France 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 United States ! Bischoff , Jake Jake Bischoff 2.0 ! D 23 2017 Cambridge , Minnesota 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 United States ! Carpenter , Ryan Ryan Carpenter 4.3 ! C / RW 27 2017 Oviedo , Florida 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Canada ! Carrier , William William Carrier 6.0 ! LW 23 2017 LaSalle , Quebec 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Canada ! Eakin , Cody Cody Eakin 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Canada ! Engelland , Deryk Deryk Engelland ( A ) 2.0 ! D 36 2017 Edmonton , Alberta 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Canada ! Ferguson , Dylan Dylan Ferguson 1.0 ! G 19 2017 Lantzville , British Columbia 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Canada ! Fleury , Marc - Andre Marc - Andre Fleury 1.0 ! G 33 2017 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Garrison , Jason Jason Garrison 2.0 ! D 33 2017 White Rock , British Columbia 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Finland ! Haula , Erik Erik Haula 6.0 ! LW 27 2017 Pori , Finland 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Canada ! Hunt , Brad Brad Hunt 2.0 ! D 29 2017 Maple Ridge , British Columbia 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Sweden ! Karlsson , William William Karlsson 4.0 ! C 24 2017 Märsta , Sweden 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Canada ! Lagace , Maxime Maxime Lagace 1.0 ! G 25 2017 Longueuil , Quebec 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Sweden ! Lindberg , Oscar Oscar Lindberg 4.0 ! C 26 2017 Skellefteå , Sweden 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Canada ! Marchessault , Jonathan Jonathan Marchessault 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Cap - Rouge , Quebec 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 United States ! Matteau , Stefan Stefan Matteau 6.0 ! LW 24 2017 Chicago , Illinois 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Canada ! McNabb , Brayden Brayden McNabb 2.0 ! D 27 2017 Davidson , Saskatchewan 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 United States ! Merrill , Jon Jon Merrill 2.0 ! D 26 2017 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Canada ! Miller , Colin Colin Miller 2.0 ! D 25 2017 Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Neal , James James Neal ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 30 2017 Whitby , Ontario 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 Czech Republic ! Nosek , Tomas Tomas Nosek 4.0 ! C 25 2017 Pardubice , Czech Republic 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Canada ! Perron , David David Perron ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 30 2017 Sherbrooke , Quebec 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Canada ! Pirri , Brandon Brandon Pirri 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Toronto , Ontario 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Canada ! Reaves , Ryan Ryan Reaves 7.0 ! RW 31 2018 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Canada ! Reinhart , Griffin Griffin Reinhart 2.0 ! D 24 2017 West Vancouver , British Columbia 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Switzerland ! Sbisa , Luca Luca Sbisa ( A ) 2.0 ! D 28 2017 Ozieri , Italy 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 United States ! Schmidt , Nate Nate Schmidt 2.0 ! D 26 2017 St. Cloud , Minnesota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Canada ! Smith , Reilly Reilly Smith ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 27 2017 Etobicoke , Ontario 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Canada ! Stoner , Clayton Clayton Stoner 2.0 ! D 33 2017 Port McNeill , British Columbia 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Canada ! Subban , Malcolm Malcolm Subban 1.0 ! G 24 2017 Toronto , Ontario 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 Slovakia ! Tatar , Tomas Tomas Tatar 6.0 ! LW 27 2018 Ilava , Czechoslovakia 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Canada ! Theodore , Shea Shea Theodore 2.0 ! D 22 2017 Langley , British Columbia 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 United States ! Tuch , Alex Alex Tuch 7.0 ! RW 22 2017 Syracuse , New York 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 United States ! Tynan , T.J. T.J. Tynan 3.0 ! F 26 2017 Orland Park , Illinois Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights head coaches Gerard Gallant ( 2017 -- present ) General managers ( edit ) George McPhee ( 2016 -- present ) Team and league honors ( edit ) Awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights award winners Clarence S. Campbell Bowl 2017 -- 18 First - round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights draft picks 2017 : Cody Glass ( 6th overall ) 2017 : Nick Suzuki ( 13th overall ) 2017 : Erik Brannstrom ( 15th overall ) Retired numbers ( edit ) The number 58 was retired by the team on March 31 , 2018 , in honor of the 58 victims killed in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting . The team is also not able to issue the jersey number 99 to any of its players as it was retired league - wide in honor of Wayne Gretzky at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Vegas Golden Knights retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 58 Victims of 2017 Las Vegas shooting -- -- March 31 , 2018 Records ( edit ) Regular season scoring leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Golden Knights player William Karlsson is the club 's all - time regular season scoring leader , recording 78 points as a member of the Golden Knights . Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G William Karlsson * 82 43 35 78 0.95 Jonathan Marchessault * 77 27 48 75 0.97 David Perron * LW 70 16 50 66 0.94 Reilly Smith * RW 67 22 38 60 0.90 Erik Haula * LW 76 29 26 55 0.72 James Neal * LW 71 25 19 44 0.62 Colin Millier * 82 10 31 41 0.50 Alex Tuch * RW 78 15 22 37 0.47 Nate Schmidt * 76 5 31 36 0.47 Shea Theodore * 61 6 23 29 0.48 Goals Player Pos William Karlsson * 43 Erik Haula * LW 29 Jonathan Marchessault * 27 James Neal * LW 25 Reilly Smith * RW 22 David Perron * LW 16 Alex Tuch * RW 15 Cody Eakin * 11 Colin Millier * 10 Oscar Lindberg * 9 Assists Player Pos David Perron * LW 50 Jonathan Marchessault * 48 Reilly Smith * RW 38 William Karlsson * 35 Colin Millier * 31 Nate Schmidt * 31 Erik Haula * LW 26 Shea Theodore * 23 Alex Tuch * RW 22 James Neal * LW 19 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing the Vegas Golden Knights '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . The team 's colors - steel grey , gold , red and black - reflect the community and the focus of the team : ... Jump up ^ `` Staff Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2017 - 18 Vegas Golden Knights Media Guide . NHL Enterprises , L.P. November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Mark ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Foley And The National Hockey League 's Newest Franchise , The Vegas Golden Knights '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitanis , Marcus ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas to Open Spring 2016 '' . Skyrisecities . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Awards heads to Las Vegas for first time '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood aspirations for NHL '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ Brewer , Ray ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` NHL says no credibility to report of Las Vegas expansion team '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL denies expansion report , including a second team in Toronto '' . Toronto Star . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gallagher : Bettman has changed his tune on NHL expansion '' . The Province . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kosman , Josh ; Brooks , Larry ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` NHL picks owners for likely Vegas team '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maloof family joins effort to land Las Vegas NHL team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL gets serious about Las Vegas ; can Canadiens redefine themselves ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL allows Las Vegas to explore expansion interest '' . The Canadian Press . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snellas , Alan ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` NHL ticket drive already halfway to goal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snellas , Alan ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Businessman behind NHL drive has blue - jeans , relaxed approach '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Ian ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Las Vegas group invited to participate in Phase 2 of NHL expansion application process - NHL on The Score - Scores , standings , news , leaders '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL expansion team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Cutler ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` From six teams to 31 : History of NHL expansion '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` The NHL Leads the Way in Bringing Pro Sports to Las Vegas '' . Inc.com . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McPhee named GM of Las Vegas expansion team '' . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights file paperwork , make final payment to NHL ahead of trade deadline '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Sign Reid Duke To Entry - Level Contract '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reid Duke becomes Vegas Golden Knights ' first signing : Three odd facts to know '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Name Gerard Gallant Head Coach '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carp , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights ' AHL affiliate to be Chicago Wolves '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gotz , Ben ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights form partnership with ECHL 's Mallards '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Sean . `` Neal , Fleury help Golden Knights win first game , defeat Stars '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights opt for # VegasStrong on boards over ads in home opener '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Cam ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights win emotional , historic home opener '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights strike balance between respect , celebration in opener '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights make history with big win in emotional home opener '' . USA Today . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights goaltenders just ca n't stop getting injured '' . CBS Sports . October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Tavares helps Islanders end Golden Knights winning streak '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights enter the record books again after overtime win '' . Yahoo Sports . December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are the Vegas Golden Knights the best expansion franchise ever ? '' . ESPN . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights set expansion team record for wins in debut season '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tuch gets tiebreaker in 2nd , Golden Knights beat Flames 7 - 3 '' . ESPN.com . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Emily ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas first to clinch playoff berth in inaugural season since ' 79 - 80 '' . ESPN . ABC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schoen , David ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights win , 3 - 2 , clinch Pacific Division title '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Beth ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights make history by sweeping Kings '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dubow , Josh ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights cash Round 3 ticket '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Vegas become just the third team in NHL history to win multiple series in its first season . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights advance to Stanley Cup Final , eliminate Jets in Game 5 '' . NHL.com . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Prewitt , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` All In : Behind the scenes with the Golden Knights , Vegas 's first major league franchise '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keefer , Case ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` How Bill Foley and his staff picked Vegas Golden Knights as NHL team name '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cotsonika , Nicholas ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights ' now part of the League ' with uniform unveiled '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Knight moves : Foley picks a precious metal and drops ' Las ' in new name '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Marissa ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Despite U.S. Army 's concerns , NHL expansion team 's owner sticking by nickname choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sadler , Emily ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas ' NHL name search complicated by London Knights '' . Sportsnet.ca . Sportsnet . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights official team name '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Contessa ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` US Army files complaint about the colors and team name of NHL 's Vegas Golden Knights '' . CNBC.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights get approval for name trademark '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Matt ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights , Named to Avoid Trademark Dispute , Face Trademark Dispute '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get To Know Chance , The Golden Knights New Mascot '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights reveal Chance as team 's mascot '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights are looking for a standout fan experience at T - Mobile '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights officially announce TV deal with Root Sports '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Root Sports to become official television home of the Vegas Golden Knights '' ( Press release ) . AT&T SportsNet . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Root Sports to be TV home of Vegas Golden Knights '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights name first TV , radio broadcasters '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Knights , Lotus Broadcasting happy with partnership '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Affiliates '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` By broadcasting select games in Spanish , Golden Knights aim to reach new demographic '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Bobby ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Quad - City Mallards to cease operations at end of season '' . Quad City Times . Lee Enterprises . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George McPhee named GM of Las Vegas expansion team '' . The Washington Post . 2016 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights retire jersey No. 58 to honor shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Greenspun Media Group . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights all - time player list '' . hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Ice hockey portal Las Vegas portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vegas Golden Knights . Official website Vegas Golden Knights Founded in 2017 Based in Paradise , Nevada Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Inaugural season History Records Award winners Personnel Owner Black Knight Sports & Entertainment ( Bill Foley ( 85 % ) , Maloof family ( 15 % ) ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Current roster Arena T - Mobile Arena Affiliates AHL Chicago Wolves Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain KRLV ( AM 1340 / FM 98.9 ) KENO ( AM 1460 ) ( Spanish broadcast ) Culture and lore `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Vegas Lights '' Links to related articles Vegas Golden Knights seasons 2010s 2010 -- 11 . 2011 -- 12 . 2012 -- 13 . 2013 -- 14 . 2014 -- 15 . 2015 -- 16 . 2016 -- 17 . 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Nevada Australian rules football USAFL Las Vegas Gamblers Baseball PCL Las Vegas 51s Reno Aces Basketball WNBA Las Vegas Aces NAPB Nevada Desert Dogs Football NFL Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) WFA Sin City Trojans Ice hockey NHL Vegas Golden Knights Roller derby WFTDA Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls Rugby SCRFU Las Vegas Blackjacks RFC Soccer USL Las Vegas Lights FC Reno 1868 FC College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Nevada UNLV ( NJCAA ) College of Southern Nevada Western Nevada College Sports in Las Vegas Professional Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) Vegas Golden Knights Las Vegas Aces Las Vegas 51s Las Vegas Lights FC USA Sevens Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls National Finals Rodeo Collegiate UNLV Rebels CSN Coyotes Las Vegas Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegas_Golden_Knights&oldid=843658950 '' Categories : Vegas Golden Knights Sports teams in Las Vegas Ice hockey clubs established in 2016 Ice hockey teams in Nevada National Hockey League in the Sun Belt T - Mobile Arena 2016 establishments in Nevada Pacific Division ( NHL ) Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 01 . 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Black Sea

Black Sea - wikipedia Black Sea This article is about the body of water . For other uses , see Black Sea ( disambiguation ) . Black Sea Coordinates 44 ° N 35 ° E  /  44 ° N 35 ° E  / 44 ; 35 Coordinates : 44 ° N 35 ° E  /  44 ° N 35 ° E  / 44 ; 35 Type Sea Primary inflows Danube , Dnieper , Southern Bug , Dniester , Don , Kuban , Rioni , Kızılırmak Primary outflows Bosphorus Basin countries Bulgaria , Georgia , Moldova , Romania , Russia , Turkey , Ukraine Max. length 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) Surface area 436,402 km ( 168,500 sq mi ) Average depth 1,253 m ( 4,111 ft ) Max . depth 2,212 m ( 7,257 ft ) Water volume 547,000 km ( 131,200 cu mi ) Islands 10 + Black Sea coast of western Georgia , with the skyline of Batumi on the horizon Swallow 's Nest in Crimea A health resort in Sochi , Russia The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , and Western Asia . It is supplied by a number of major rivers , such as the Danube , Dnieper , Southern Bug , Dniester , Don , and the Rioni . About a third of Europe drains into the Black Sea , including the countries of Austria , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Georgia , Germany , Hungary , Moldova , Poland , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Turkey and Ukraine . The Black Sea has an area of 436,400 km ( 168,500 sq mi ) ( not including the Sea of Azov ) , a maximum depth of 2,212 m ( 7,257 ft ) , and a volume of 547,000 km ( 131,000 cu mi ) . It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south , Caucasus Mountains to the east , Crimean Mountains to the north , Strandzha to the southwest , Dobrogea Plateau to the northwest , and features a wide shelf to the northwest . The longest east - west extent is about 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) . Important cities along the coast include Batumi , Burgas , Constanța , Giresun , Istanbul , Kerch , Novorossiysk , Odessa , Ordu , Poti , Rize , Samsun , Sevastopol , Sochi , Sukhumi , Trabzon , Varna , Yalta , and Zonguldak . The Black Sea has a positive water balance ; that is , a net outflow of water 300 km ( 72 cu mi ) per year through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea . Mediterranean water flows into the Black Sea as part of a two - way hydrological exchange . The Black Sea outflow is cooler and less saline , and floats over the warm , more saline Mediterranean inflow -- as a result of differences in density caused by differences in salinity -- leading to a significant anoxic layer well below the surface waters . The Black Sea drains into the Mediterranean Sea , via the Aegean Sea and various straits , and is navigable to the Atlantic Ocean . The Bosphorus Strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara , and the Strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean . These waters separate Eastern Europe , the Caucasus and Western Asia . The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch . The water level has varied significantly . Due to these variations in the water level in the basin , the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been land . At certain critical water levels it is possible for connections with surrounding water bodies to become established . It is through the most active of these connective routes , the Turkish Straits , that the Black Sea joins the world ocean . When this hydrological link is not present , the Black Sea is an endorheic basin , operating independently of the global ocean system , like the Caspian Sea for example . Currently the Black Sea water level is relatively high , thus water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean . The Turkish Straits connect the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea , and comprise the Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles . Contents 1 Extent 2 Population 3 Name 3.1 Modern names 3.2 Historical names and etymology 4 Geology and bathymetry 5 Hydrology 6 Hydrochemistry 7 Ecology 7.1 Marine 7.1. 1 Phytoplankton 7.1. 2 Animal species 7.1. 3 Ecological effects of pollution 7.2 Terrestrial 8 Climate 9 Islands 10 History 10.1 Mediterranean connection during the Holocene 10.1. 1 Deluge hypothesis 10.2 Recorded history 10.3 Archaeology 11 Modern use 11.1 Commercial and civic use 11.1. 1 Navigation 11.1. 1.1 Ports and ferry terminals 11.1. 1.2 Merchant fleet and traffic 11.1. 2 Fishing 11.1. 3 Hydrocarbons exploration 11.1. 4 Holiday resorts and spas 11.2 Modern military use 11.2. 1 International and military use of the Straits 12 Trans - sea cooperation 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Informational notes 14.2 Citations 14.3 Bibliography 15 External links Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows : On the Southwest . The Northeastern limit of the Sea of Marmara ( A line joining Cape Rumili with Cape Anatoli ( 41 ° 13'N ) ) . In the Kertch Strait . A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia ( 45 ° 02'N ) . Population ( edit ) Most populous urban areas along the Black Sea coastline Istanbul Odessa Rank City Country Region / County Population ( urban ) Samsun Constanța Istanbul Turkey Istanbul 14,324,240 Odessa Ukraine Odessa 1,003,705 Samsun Turkey Samsun 535,401 Constanța Romania Constanța 491,498 5 Varna Bulgaria Varna 474,076 6 Sevastopol Russia / Ukraine ( Disputed ) national - level municipality on the Crimean Peninsula 379,200 7 Sochi Russia Krasnodar Krai 343,334 8 Trabzon Turkey Trabzon 305,231 9 Novorossiysk Russia Krasnodar Krai 241,952 10 Burgas Bulgaria Burgas 223,902 11 Batumi Georgia Adjara 190,405 Name ( edit ) Sunset on the Black Sea at Laspi , Crimea The estuary of the Veleka in the Black Sea . Longshore drift has deposited sediment along the shoreline which has led to the formation of a spit , Sinemorets , Bulgaria The Black Sea near Constanţa , Romania Modern names ( edit ) Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name `` Black Sea '' , including these given in the countries bordering the sea : Abkhaz language Амшын Еиқәа , IPA : ( ɑmʂɨn ɛjkwhɑ ) Adyghe language Хы шӏуцӏэ , IPA : ( xə ʃʼəw. t͡sʼa ) Bulgarian language Черно море , IPA : ( ˈtʃɛrno moˈrɛ ) Crimean Tatar language Къара денъиз , IPA : ( qɑrɑ deŋiz ) Georgian language შავი ზღვა , IPA : ( ʃɑvi zɣvɑ ) Laz and Mingrelian languages -- უჩა ზუღა , IPA : ( utʃɑ zuɣɑ ) , or simply ზუღა , IPA : ( zuɣɑ ) , `` Sea '' Romanian language Marea Neagră , ( pronounced ( ˈmare̯a ˈne̯aɡrə ) ( listen ) Russian language Чёрное мо́рe , IPA : ( ˈtɕornəjə ˈmorjə ) Turkish language Karadeniz , IPA : ( kaˈɾadeniz ) Ukrainian language Чорне море , IPA : ( ˈtʃɔrnɛ ˈmɔrɛ ) Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate the 13th century , but there are indications that they may be considerably older . In Greece , the historical name `` Euxine Sea '' , which holds a different meaning ( see below ) , is still widely used : Greek language Éfxeinos Póntos ( Eύξεινος Πόντος ) ; the literal Mavri Thalassa ( Μαύρη Θάλασσα ) is less common The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms -- the others being the Red Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . Historical names and etymology ( edit ) The principal Greek name `` Póntos Áxeinos '' itself is generally accepted to be a rendering of Iranian * axšaina - ( `` dark colored '' ) , cf . Avestan axšaēna - ( `` dark colored '' ) , Old Persian axšaina - ( color of turquoise ) , Middle Persian axšēn / xašēn ( `` blue '' ) , and New Persian xašīn ( `` blue '' ) , as well as Ossetic œxsīn ( `` dark gray '' ) . The ancient Greeks subsequently adopted the name , reportedly in all likelihood those who lived to the north of the Black Sea , and altered it into á - xe ( i ) nos . Thereafter , Greek tradition refers to the Black Sea as the `` Inhospitable Sea '' , Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos , first attested in Pindar ( c. 475 BC ) . The name , considered to be `` ominous '' , was then later changed into the euphemism `` Hospitable sea '' , Εὔξεινος Πόντος Eúxeinos Póntos , which was also for the first time attested in Pindar . This became the commonly used designation in Greek for the sea . In contexts related to mythology , the older form `` Póntos Áxeinos '' remained favored . Previously , it was erroneously suggested that the name had to be derived from the color of the water , or at least were to be related to climatic particulars . Black ( or dark ) , in this context however , referred to a system in which colors represented the various `` cardinal points '' of the known world . Black , or dark represented the north , red the south , white for the west , and green or light blue for the east . This symbolism based on cardinal points was used in a plethora of different occasions , and is therefore widely attested . For example , the `` Red Sea '' , a body of water reported since the time of Herodotus ( c. 484 -- c. 425 BC ) in fact designated the Indian Ocean , together with bodies of water known as the Persian Gulf and the `` actual '' Red Sea . According to the same explanation and reasoning , it is therefore considered to be impossible for the Scythians ( who principally roamed in what is present - day Ukraine and Russia ) to have given the designation as they lived to the north of the sea , and it would be therefore a southern antipodal body of water for them . As the name could have only been given by a people that were well aware of both the northern `` black / dark '' and southern `` red '' seas , it is therefore considered probable that it was given its name by the Achaemenids ( 550 -- 330 BC ) . Strabo 's Geographica ( 1.2. 10 ) reports that in antiquity , the Black Sea was often just called `` the Sea '' ( ὁ πόντος ho pontos ) . He also thought that the Black Sea was called `` inhospitable '' before Greek colonization because it was difficult to navigate , and because its shores were inhabited by savage tribes. ( 7.3. 6 ) The name was changed to `` hospitable '' after the Milesians had colonized the southern shoreline , the Pontus , making it part of Greek civilization . In Greater Bundahishn , a sacred Zoroastrian text written in Middle Persian the Black Sea is called Siyābun . A map of Asia dating to 1570 , entitled `` Asiae Nova Descriptio '' , from Abraham Ortelius 's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , labels the sea Mar Maggior ( `` Great Sea '' , cf . Latin mare major ) . English - language writers of the 18th century often used the name `` Euxine Sea '' ( / ˈjuːksɪn / or / ˈjuːkˌsaɪn / ) to refer to the Black Sea . Edward Gibbon , for instance , calls the sea by this name throughout The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . During the Ottoman Empire period , the Black Sea was called either Bahr - e Siyah or Karadeniz , both meaning `` the Black Sea '' in the Ottoman Turkish . It is worthy to note , that in the tenth - century geography book Hudud al - ' Alam , written in the Persian language by an unknown author , the Black Sea is called `` Georgian Sea '' , `` Sea of Georgians '' ( `` daryä - yi Gurziyan '' ) . Old Georgian sources of 9th -- 14th centuries ( `` The Georgian Chronicles '' ) were using the name `` Speris Zğua '' ( სპერის ზღუა ) , which means `` The Sea of Speri '' , after the name of Kartvelian tribe Speris or Saspers , now in Turkey . The modern names of the Black Sea ( Chyornoye more , Karadeniz , etc . ) , stretch only back to the 13th century . Geology. and bathymetry ( edit ) The bay of Sudak , Crimea The geological origins of the basin can be traced back to two distinct relict back - arc basins which were initiated by the splitting of an Albian volcanic arc and the subduction of both the Paleo - and Neo-Tethys Oceans , but the timings of these events remain controversial . Since its initiation , compressional tectonic environments led to subsidence in the basin , interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large - scale volcanism and numerous orogenies , causing the uplift of the Greater Caucasus , Pontides , Southern Crimean Peninsula and Balkanides mountain ranges . The ongoing collision between the Eurasian and African plates and westward escape of the Anatolian block along the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Faults dictates the current tectonic regime , which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the Anatolian region . It is these geological mechanisms which , in the long term , have caused the periodic isolations of the Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean system . The modern basin is divided into two sub-basins by a convexity extending south from the Crimean Peninsula . The large shelf to the north of the basin is up to 190 km ( 120 mi ) wide , and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1 : 40 and 1 : 1000 . The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around Georgia , however , are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km ( 12 mi ) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1 : 40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions . The Euxine abyssal plain in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres ( 7,257.22 feet ) just south of Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula . The littoral zone of the Black Sea is often referred to as the Pontic littoral or Pontic zone . The area surrounding the Black Sea is commonly referred to as the Black Sea Region . Its northern part lies within the Chernozem belt ( black soil belt ) which goes from eastern Croatia ( Slavonia ) , along the Danube ( northern Serbia , northern Bulgaria ( Danubian Plain ) and southern Romania ( Wallachian Plain ) ) to northeast Ukraine and further across the Central Black Earth Region and southern Russia into Siberia . Hydrology ( edit ) This SeaWiFS view reveals the colourful interplay of currents on the sea 's surface The Black Sea is a marginal sea and is the world 's largest body of water with a meromictic basin . The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere . As a result , over 90 % of the deeper Black Sea volume is anoxic water . The Black Sea 's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs , which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure . Because of the extreme stratification , it is classified as a salt wedge estuary . The Black Sea only experiences water transfer with the Mediterranean Sea , so all inflow and outflow occurs in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles . Inflow from the Mediterranean has a higher salinity and density than the outflow , creating the classical estuarine circulation . This means that inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while outflow of fresher Black Sea surface - water into the Marmara Sea occurs near the surface . Fresher surface water is the product of the fluvial inputs , and this makes the Black Sea a positive sea . The net input of freshwater creates an outflow volume about twice that of the inflow . Evaporation and precipitation are roughly equal at about 300 cubic kilometres per year ( 72 cu mi / a ) . Because of the narrowness and shallowness of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles ( their respective depths are only 33 and 70 meters ) , inflow and outflow current speeds are high and there is significant vertical shear . This allows for turbulent mixing of the two layers . Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17 psu and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 psu . Likewise , inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 psu experiences a decrease to about 34 psu . Mean surface circulation is cyclonic and waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin - wide shelfbreak gyre known as the Rim Current . The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50 -- 100 cm / s . Within this feature , two smaller cyclonic gyres operate , occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin . The Eastern and Western Gyres are well - organized systems in the winter but dissipate into a series of interconnected eddies in the summer and autumn . Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and is subject to interannual variability . Outside of the Rim Current , numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of upwelling around the coastal apron and `` wind curl '' mechanisms . The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations . During the spring , the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea . Beneath the surface waters -- from about 50 -- 100 meters -- there exists a halocline that stops at the Cold Intermediate Layer ( CIL ) . This layer is composed of cool , salty surface waters , which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months . It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer . The base of the CIL is marked by a major pycnocline at about 100 -- 200 metres ( 330 -- 660 ft ) and this density disparity is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water . Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass , where salinity increases to 22.3 psu and temperatures rise to around 8.9 ° C. The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic , as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen . Weak geothermal heating and long residence time create a very thick convective bottom layer . Hydrochemistry ( edit ) Because of the anoxic water at depth , organic matter , including anthropogenic artifacts such as boat hulls , are well preserved . During periods of high surface productivity , short - lived algal blooms form organic rich layers known as sapropels . Scientists have reported an annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region . As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered , such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D , located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop , Turkey . Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health -- or even life -- for people living on the Black Sea coast . There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms , possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths . Ecology ( edit ) Marine ( edit ) See also : List of fish of the Black Sea The port of Poti , Georgia The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem , dominated by species suited to the brackish , nutrient - rich , conditions . As with all marine food webs , the Black Sea features a range of trophic groups , with autotrophic algae , including diatoms and dinoflagellates , acting as primary producers . The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea , but distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification , which is , in turn , dictated by seasonal physiographic development . During winter , strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients , while high summer temperatures result in a marked vertical stratification and a warm , shallow mixed layer . Day length and insolation intensity also controls the extent of the photic zone . Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability , as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced nitrate , in the form of ammonia . The benthic zone also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling , as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to the photic zone , enhancing productivity . In total , Black Sea 's biodiversity contains around one - third of Mediterranean 's , and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or Mediterranizations . Phytoplankton ( edit ) Phytoplankton blooms and plumes of sediment form the bright blue swirls that ring the Black Sea in this 2004 image The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are dinoflagellates , diatoms , coccolithophores and cyanobacteria . Generally , the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate - dominated spring production , followed by a weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months and a surface - intensified autumn production . This pattern of productivity is also augmented by an Emiliania huxleyi bloom during the late spring and summer months . Dinoflagellates Annual dinoflagellate distribution is defined by an extended bloom period in subsurface waters during the late spring and summer . In November , subsurface plankton production is combined with surface production , due to vertical mixing of water masses and nutrients such as nitrite . The major bloom - forming dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea is Gymnodinium sp . Estimates of dinoflagellate diversity in the Black Sea range from 193 to 267 species . This level of species richness is relatively low in comparison to the Mediterranean Sea , which is attributable to the brackish conditions , low water transparency and presence of anoxic bottom waters . It is also possible that the low winter temperatures below 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) of the Black Sea prevent thermophilous species from becoming established . The relatively high organic matter content of Black Sea surface water favour the development of heterotrophic ( an organism which uses organic carbon for growth ) and mixotrophic dinoflagellates species ( able to exploit different trophic pathways ) , relative to autotrophs . Despite its unique hydrographic setting , there are no confirmed endemic dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea . Diatoms The Black Sea is populated by many species of marine diatom , which commonly exist as colonies of unicellular , non-motile auto - and heterotrophic algae . The life - cycle of most diatoms can be described as ' boom and bust ' and the Black Sea is no exception , with diatom blooms occurring in surface waters throughout the year , most reliably during March . In simple terms , the phase of rapid population growth in diatoms is caused by the in - wash of silicon - bearing terrestrial sediments , and when the supply of silicon is exhausted , the diatoms begin to sink out of the photic zone and produce resting cysts . Additional factors such as predation by zooplankton and ammonium - based regenerated production also have a role to play in the annual diatom cycle . Typically , Proboscia alata blooms during spring and Pseudosolenia calcar - avis blooms during the autumn . Coccolithophores Coccolithophores are a type of motile , autotrophic phytoplankton that produce CaCO plates , known as coccoliths , as part of their life cycle . In the Black Sea , the main period of coccolithophore growth occurs after the bulk of the dinoflagellate growth has taken place . In May , the dinoflagellates move below the seasonal thermocline , into deeper waters , where more nutrients are available . This permits coccolithophores to utilise the nutrients in the upper waters , and by the end of May , with favourable light and temperature conditions , growth rates reach their highest . The major bloom forming species is Emiliania huxleyi , which is also responsible for the release of dimethyl sulfide into the atmosphere . Overall , coccolithophore diversity is low in the Black Sea , and although recent sediments are dominated by E. huxleyi , Braarudosphaera bigelowii , Holocene sediments have also been shown to contain Helicopondosphaera and Discolithina species . Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are a phylum of picoplanktonic ( plankton ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 μm ) bacteria that obtain their energy via photosynthesis , and are present throughout the world 's oceans . They exhibit a range of morphologiies , including filamentous colonies and biofilms . In the Black Sea , several species are present , and as an example , Synechococcus spp . can be found throughout the photic zone , although concentration decreases with increasing depth . Other factors which exert an influence on distribution include nutrient availability , predation and salinity . Animal species ( edit ) Zebra mussel The Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea is part of the Zebra mussel 's native range . The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world and become an invasive species where it has been introduced . Common Carp The Common Carp 's native range extends to The Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea . Like the Zebra mussel the Common Carp is an invasive species when introduced to other habitats . Round Goby Is another native fish that is also found in the Caspian Sea . It preys upon Zebra mussels . Like the mussels and common carp it has become invasive when introduced to other environments , like the Great Lakes . Marine Mammals and marine megafaunas Marine mammals present within the basin include two species of dolphins ( common and bottlenose ) and harbour porpoise inhabit the sea although all of these are endangered due to pressures and impacts by human activities . All the three species have been classified as a distinct subspecies from those in the Mediterranean and in Atlantic Seas and endemic to Black and Azov Seas , and are more active during nights in Turkish Straits . However , construction of the Crimean Bridge caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters , attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 bottlenose dolphins . On the other hand , however , others claim that construction may cause devastating damages on ecosystem including dolphins . Critically endangered Mediterranean monk seals were historically abundant in Black Sea , and are regarded to have become extinct from the basin since in 1997 . Monk seals were present at the Snake Island until 1950s , and several locations such as the Danube Plavni Nature Reserve ( ru ) and Doğankent were last of hauling - out sites in post-1990 . Very few animals still thrive in the Sea of Marmara . Ongoing Mediterranizations may or may not boost in increases of cetacean diversity in Turkish Straits hence in Black and Azov basins . Various species of pinnipeds , sea otter , and beluga whales were introduced into the Black Sea by mankind and later escaped either by accidental or purported causes . Of these , grey seal and beluga whales have been recorded with successful , long - term occurrences . Great white sharks are known to reach into the Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus Strait and basking shark into Dardanelles although it is unclear whether or not these sharks may reach into the Black and Azov basins . Common dolphins porpoising with a ferry at Batumi port Ecological effects of pollution ( edit ) Since the 1960s , rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coast line and the construction of a major dam has significantly increased annual variability in the N : P : Si ratio in the basin . In coastal areas , the biological effect of these changes has been an increase in the frequency of monospecific phytoplankton blooms , with diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6 . The non-diatoms , such as the prymnesiophytes Emiliania huxleyi ( coccolithophore ) , Chromulina sp. , and the Euglenophyte Eutreptia lanowii are able to out - compete diatom species because of the limited availability of Si , a necessary constituent of diatom frustules . As a consequence of these blooms , benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light , while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals . The decline in macrophytes was further compounded by overfishing during the 1970s , while the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis reduced the biomass of copepods and other zooplankton in the late 1980s . Additionally , an alien species -- the warty comb jelly ( Mnemiopsis leidyi ) -- was able to establish itself in the basin , exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons . The change in species composition in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry , as Ca - producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH , although these ramifications have yet to be fully quantified . In central Black Sea waters , Si levels were also significantly reduced , due to a decrease in the flux of Si associated with advection across isopycnal surfaces . This phenomenon demonstrates the potential for localised alterations in Black Sea nutrient input to have basin - wide effects . Pollution reduction and regulation efforts have led to a partial recovery of the Black Sea ecosystem during the 1990s , and an EU monitoring exercise , ' EROS21 ' , revealed decreased N and P values , relative to the 1989 peak . Recently , scientists have noted signs of ecological recovery , in part due to the construction of new sewage treatment plants in Slovakia , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria in connection with membership in the European Union . Mnemiopsis leidyi populations have been checked with the arrival of another alien species which feeds on them . Jellyfish Actinia Actinia Goby Stingray Goat fish Hermit crab , Diogenes pugilator Blue sponge Spiny dogfish Seahorse Black Sea Common Dolphins with a kite - surfer off Sochi Terrestrial ( edit ) Statues of a man and a tiger , on the way to Mount Akhun . In the past , the range of the Asiatic lion extended from South Asia to the Balkans , possibly up to the Danube . Places like Turkey and the Trans - Caucasus were in this range . The Caspian tiger occurred in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus , at least . The lyuti zver ( Old Russian for `` fierce animal '' ) that was encountered by Vladimir II Monomakh , Velikiy Kniaz of Kievan Rus ' ( which ranged to the Black Sea in the south ) , may have been a tiger or leopard , rather than a wolf or lynx , due to the way it behaved towards him and his horse . Climate ( edit ) The ice on the Gulf of Odessa Short - term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the North Atlantic oscillation , the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses . While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear , it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia , regulating the formation of winter cyclones , which are largely responsible for regional precipitation inputs and influence Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperatures ( SST 's ) . The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter . Other influencing factors include the regional topography , as depressions and storms systems arriving from the Mediterranean are funneled through the low land around the Bosphorus , Pontic and Caucasus mountain ranges acting as wave guides , limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region . Islands ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are some islands in the Black sea that belong to Bulgaria , Romania , Turkey , and Ukraine : St. Thomas Island -- Bulgaria St. Anastasia Island -- Bulgaria St. Cyricus Island -- Bulgaria St. Ivan Island -- Bulgaria St. Peter Island -- Bulgaria Sacalinu Mare Island -- Romania Sacalinu Mic Island -- Romania Novaya Zemliya -- Romania Utrish Island Krupinin Island Sudiuk Island Kefken Island Oreke Island Giresun Island Dzharylgach Island -- Ukraine Zmiinyi ( Snake ) Island -- Ukraine History ( edit ) Mediterranean connection during the Holocene ( edit ) The Bosphorus , taken from the International Space Station Map of the Dardanelles The Black Sea is connected to the World Ocean by a chain of two shallow straits , the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus . The Dardanelles is 55 m ( 180 ft ) deep and the Bosphorus is as shallow as 36 m ( 118 ft ) . By comparison , at the height of the last ice age , sea levels were more than 100 m ( 330 ft ) lower than they are now . There is also evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerably lower at some point during the post-glacial period . Some researchers theorize that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater lake ( at least in upper layers ) during the last glaciation and for some time after . In the aftermath of the last glacial period , water levels in the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea rose independently until they were high enough to exchange water . The exact timeline of this development is still subject to debate . One possibility is that the Black Sea filled first , with excess fresh water flowing over the Bosphorus sill and eventually into the Mediterranean Sea . There are also catastrophic scenarios , such as the `` Black Sea deluge theory '' put forward by William Ryan , Walter Pitman and Petko Dimitrov . Deluge hypothesis ( edit ) Main article : Black Sea deluge hypothesis The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized catastrophic rise in the level of the Black Sea circa 5600 BC due to waters from the Mediterranean Sea breaching a sill in the Bosporus Strait . The hypothesis was headlined when The New York Times published it in December 1996 , shortly before it was published in an academic journal . While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur , there is debate over the suddenness , dating and magnitude of the events . Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric flood myths . Recorded History ( edit ) A medieval map of the Black Sea by Diogo Homem . Greek colonies ( 8th -- 3rd century BCE ) of the Black Sea ( Euxine , or `` hospitable '' sea ) . The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world : the Balkans to the west , the Eurasian steppes to the north , Caucasus and Central Asia to the east , Asia Minor and Mesopotamia to the south , and Greece to the south - west . The oldest processed gold in the world was found in Varna , Bulgaria , and the Black Sea was supposedly sailed by the Argonauts . The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea , Colchis , ( now Georgia ) , marked for the Greeks the edge of the known world . The steppes to the north of the Black Sea have been suggested as the original homeland ( Urheimat ) of the speakers of the Proto - Indo - European language , ( PIE ) the progenitor of the Indo - European language family , by some scholars such as Marija Gimbutas ; others move the heartland further east towards the Caspian Sea , yet others to Anatolia . The Black Sea became an Ottoman Navy lake within five years of Genoa losing the Crimea in 1479 , after which the only Western merchant vessels to sail its waters were those of Venice 's old rival Ragusa . This restriction was gradually changed by the Russian Navy from 1783 until the relaxation of export controls in 1789 because of the French Revolution . The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of World War I and saw both naval and land battles during World War II . Archaeology ( edit ) Ivan Aivazovsky . Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia , just before the Crimean War Ancient trade routes in the region are currently being extensively studied by scientists , as the Black Sea was sailed by Hittites , Carians , Colchians , Thracians , Greeks , Persians , Cimmerians , Scythians , Romans , Byzantines , Goths , Huns , Avars , Bulgars , Slavs , Varangians , Crusaders , Venetians , Genoese , Lithuanians , Georgians , Poles , Tatars , Ottomans , and Russians . Perhaps the most promising areas in deepwater archaeology are the quest for submerged prehistoric settlements in the continental shelf and for ancient shipwrecks in the anoxic zone , which are expected to be exceptionally well preserved due to the absence of oxygen . This concentration of historical powers , combined with the preservative qualities of the deep anoxic waters of the Black Sea , has attracted increased interest from marine archaeologists who have begun to discover a large number of ancient ships and organic remains in a high state of preservation . Modern Use ( edit ) Yalta , Crimea Amasra , Turkey , is located on a small island in the Black Sea Commercial and civic Use ( edit ) According to NATO , the Black sea is a strategic corridor that provides smuggling channels for moving legal and illegal goods including drugs , radioactive materials , and counterfeit goods that can be used to finance terrorism . Navigation ( edit ) Ports and ferry terminals ( edit ) According to the International Transport Workers ' Federation 2013 study , there were at least 30 operating merchant seaports in the Black Sea ( including at least 12 in Ukraine ) . Merchant fleet and traffic ( edit ) According to the International Transport Workers ' Federation 2013 study , there were around 2,400 commercial vessels operating in the Black Sea . Fishing ( edit ) Anchovy : the Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons per year on average , and fishery carried out mainly in winter and the highest portion of the stock is caught between November and December . Hydrocarbons exploration ( edit ) Since the 1980s , the Soviet Union started offshore drilling for petroleum in the sea 's western portion ( adjoining Ukraine 's coast ) . The independent Ukraine continued and intensified that effort within its exclusive economic zone , inviting major international oil companies for exploration . Discovery of the new , massive oilfields in the area stimulated an influx of foreign investments . It also provoked a short - term peaceful territorial dispute with Romania which was resolved in 2011 by an international court redefining the exclusive economic zones between the two countries . Holiday resorts and spas ( edit ) Cities of the Black Sea In the years following the end of the Cold War , the popularity of the Black Sea as a tourist destination steadily increased . Tourism at Black Sea resorts became one of the region 's growth industries . The following is a list of notable Black Sea resort towns : 2 Mai ( Romania ) Agigea ( Romania ) Ahtopol ( Bulgaria ) Amasra ( Turkey ) Anaklia ( Georgia ) Anapa ( Russia ) Albena ( Bulgaria ) Alupka ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Alushta ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Balchik ( Bulgaria ) Batumi ( Georgia ) Burgas ( Bulgaria ) Byala ( Bulgaria ) Cap Aurora ( Romania ) Chakvi ( Georgia ) Constantine and Helena ( Bulgaria ) Constanța ( Romania ) Corbu ( Romania ) Costineşti ( Romania ) Eforie ( Romania ) Emona ( Bulgaria ) Eupatoria ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Foros ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Feodosiya ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Giresun ( Turkey ) Gagra ( Abkhazia , Georgia ) Gelendzhik ( Russia ) Golden Sands ( Bulgaria ) Gonio ( Georgia ) Gurzuf ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Hopa ( Artvin , Turkey ) Istanbul ( Turkey ) Jupiter ( Romania ) Kamchia ( Bulgaria ) Kavarna ( Bulgaria ) Kiten ( Bulgaria ) Kobuleti ( Georgia ) Koktebel ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Lozenetz ( Bulgaria ) Mamaia ( Romania ) Mangalia ( Romania ) Năvodari ( Romania ) Neptun ( Romania ) Nesebar ( Bulgaria ) Novorossiysk ( Russia ) Ordu ( Turkey ) Obzor ( Bulgaria ) Odessa ( Ukraine ) Olimp ( Romania ) Pitsunda ( Abkhazia , Georgia ) Pomorie ( Bulgaria ) Primorsko ( Bulgaria ) Rize ( Turkey ) Rusalka ( Bulgaria ) Samsun ( Turkey ) Saturn ( Romania ) Sinop ( Turkey ) Sochi ( Russia ) Sozopol ( Bulgaria ) Sudak ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Skadovsk ( Ukraine ) Sulina ( Romania ) Sunny Beach ( Bulgaria ) Şile ( Turkey ) Sveti Vlas ( Bulgaria ) Trabzon ( Turkey ) Tsikhisdziri ( Georgia ) Tuapse ( Russia ) Ureki ( Georgia ) Vama Veche ( Romania ) Varna ( Bulgaria ) Venus ( Romania ) Yalta ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Zonguldak ( Turkey ) Soviet frigate Bezzavetny ( right ) bumping the USS Yorktown during the 1988 Black Sea bumping incident . Ukrainian Navy artillery boat U170 in the Bay of Sevastopol Modern military Use ( edit ) International and military Use of the Straits ( edit ) The 1936 Montreux Convention provides for a free passage of civilian ships between the international waters of the Black and the Mediterranean Seas . However , a single country ( Turkey ) has a complete control over the straits connecting the two seas . The 1982 amendments to the Montreux Convention allow Turkey to close the Straits at its discretion in both wartime and peacetime . The 1936 Montreux Convention governs the passage of vessels between the Black and the Mediterranean Seas and the presence of military vessels belonging to non-littoral states in the Black Sea waters . Trans - sea cooperation ( edit ) Main articles : Black Sea Euroregion , Superior Prut and Lower Danube , Black Sea Games , and Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation See also ( edit ) 1927 Crimean earthquakes Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks Anoxic event Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Caucasian Riviera Internationalization of the Danube River Karadeniz Technical University Kuma -- Manych Depression Mount Akhun Romanian Black Sea resorts References ( edit ) Informational notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abkhazia has been a de facto independent republic since 1992 , although remains a de jure autonomous republic of Georgia . Abkhazia is n't an independent country , it 's part of Georgia and recognized by international low . occupied by Russia . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ UNEP / GRID - Arendal Maps and Graphics Library ( 2001 ) . `` Socio - economic indicators for the countries of the Black Sea basin '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Black Sea Geography , Oceanography , Ecology , History '' Living Black Sea Jump up ^ Surface Area -- `` Black Sea Geography '' . University of Delaware College of Marine Studies . 2003 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maximum Depth -- `` Europa -- Gateway of the European Union Website '' . Environment and Enlargement -- The Black Sea : Facts and Figures . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , J. W ; Jannasch , H. W ; Honjo , S ; Anderson , R. F ; Reeburgh , W. S ; Top , Z ; Friederich , G. E ; Codispoti , L. A ; Izdar , E ( March 30 , 1989 ) . `` Unexpected changes in the oxic / anoxic interface in the Black Sea '' . Nature Publishing Group . 338 ( 6214 ) : 411 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1989Natur. 338 ... 411M . doi : 10.1038 / 338411a0 . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cât a crescut populația în principalele zone metropolitane ale țării în ultimele două decenii '' . www.analizeeconomice.ro . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batumi City Hall website '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Özhan Öztürk ( 2005 ) . Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük . İstanbul : Heyamola Yayınları . pp. 617 -- 620 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt 1989 , pp. 310 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Joseph H. `` Greater Bundahishn ( text ) '' . www.avesta.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Everyman 's Library , 1910 ; reprinted 1993 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42308 - 7 . Passim . Jump up ^ McKenzie , DP ( 1970 ) . `` Plate tectonics of the Mediterranean region '' . Nature . 226 ( 5242 ) : 239 -- 43 . Bibcode : 1970Natur. 226 ... 239M . doi : 10.1038 / 226239a0 . PMID 16057188 . Jump up ^ McClusky , S. ; S. Balassanian ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 105 ( B3 ) : 5695 -- 5719 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 105.5695 M . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JB900351 . ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Donna J. ; White , Nicky ; Minshull , Timothy A. ; Edwards , Glyn R.H. ; Jones , Stephen M. ; Edwards , Rosemary A. ; Scott , Caroline L. ( 2008 ) . `` Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea : A test of depth - dependent stretching models '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 265 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 360 -- 378 . Bibcode : 2008E&PSL. 265 ... 360S . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2007.10. 033 . Jump up ^ Nikishin , A ( 2003 ) . `` The Black Sea basin : tectonic history and Neogene -- Quaternary rapid subsidence modelling '' . Sedimentary Geology. 156 : 149 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2003SedG ... 156 ... 149N . doi : 10.1016 / S0037 - 0738 ( 02 ) 00286 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barale , Vittorio ; Gade , Martin ( 2008 ) . Remote Sensing of the European Seas . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 6771 - 2 . Jump up ^ Prothero , G.W. ( 1920 ) . Anatolia . London : H.M. Stationery Office . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in the Black Sea Region '' . Bs-agro.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Descriptive Physical Oceanography . Talley , Pickard , Emery , Swift . Jump up ^ `` Meromictic '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Ancient Mysteries : A Black Sea Journey '' . Ceoe.udel.edu . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Korotaev , G. ( 2003 ) . `` Seasonal , interannual , and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 108 . Bibcode : 2003JGRC ... 108.3122 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JC001508 . Jump up ^ Black Sea Becomes Turquoise Archived October 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schuiling , Roelof Dirk ; Cathcart , Richard B. ; Badescu , Viorel ; Isvoranu , Dragos ; Pelinovsky , Efim ( 2006 ) . `` Asteroid impact in the Black Sea . Death by drowning or asphyxiation ? '' . Natural Hazards. 40 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 338 . doi : 10.1007 / s11069 - 006 - 0017 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroid impact in the Black Sea : tsunami and toxic gas emission '' ( PDF ) . www.cosis.net . ^ Jump up to : Oguz , T. ; H.W. Ducklow ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` A physical - biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Deep - Sea Research Part I. 46 ( 4 ) : 597 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1999DSRI ... 46 ... 597O . doi : 10.1016 / S0967 - 0637 ( 98 ) 00074 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oguz , T. & A. Merico ( 2006 ) . `` Factors controlling the summer Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the Black Sea : A modeling study '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Marine Systems . 59 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 173 -- 188 . Bibcode : 2006JMS ... 59 ... 173O . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2005.08. 002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , J. ; C. Dinkel ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North - western Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 54 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 383 . Bibcode : 2002ECSS ... 54 ... 369F . doi : 10.1006 / ecss. 2000.0653 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mechanisms impeding natural Mediterranization process of Black Sea fauna ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Selifonova P.J.. 2011 . Ships ' ballast as a Primary Factor for'Mediterranization'of Pelagic Copepod Fauna ( Copepoda ) in the Northeastern Black Sea ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Eker , E. ; L. Georgieva ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995 '' ( PDF ) . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 56 : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 1999.0604 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eker - Develi , E ( 2003 ) . `` Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996 , spring and autumn 1998 '' . Journal of Marine Systems . 39 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 203 -- 211 . Bibcode : 2003JMS ... 39 ... 203E . doi : 10.1016 / S0924 - 7963 ( 03 ) 00031 - 9 . Jump up ^ Krakhmalny , A.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Dinophyta of the Black Sea ( Brief history of investigations and species diversity ) . '' Algologiya 4 : 99 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , F. & L. Boicenco ( 2004 ) . `` An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Hydrobiologia. 517 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 59 . doi : 10.1023 / B : HYDR. 0000027336.05452. 07 . Jump up ^ Uysal , Z ( 2006 ) . `` Vertical distribution of marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in the Black , Marmara , Aegean , and eastern Mediterranean seas '' . Deep - Sea Research Part II . 53 ( 17 -- 19 ) : 1976 -- 1987 . Bibcode : 2006DSR ... 53.1976 U . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr2. 2006.03. 016 . Jump up ^ `` Delphinus delphis ssp . ponticus ( Black Sea Common Dolphin , Common Dolphin , Short - beaked Common Dolphin ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Jump up ^ `` Tursiops truncatus ssp . ponticus ( Black Sea Bottlenose Dolphin , Common Bottlenose Dolphin ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Jump up ^ `` Phocoena phocoena ssp . relicta ( Black Sea Harbour Porpoise , Harbour Porpoise ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . ^ Jump up to : First stranding record of a Risso 's Dolphin ( Grampus griseus ) in the Marmara Sea , Turkey ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Goldman E ... 2017 . Crimean bridge construction boosts dolphin population in Kerch Strait . The Russia Beyond the Headlines . Retrieved on March 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Reznikova E ... 2017 . Крымские стройки убивают все живое на дне моря . Примечания . Новости Севастополя и Крыма . Retrieved on September 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ Karamanlidis , A. ; Dendrinos , P. ( 2015 ) . `` Monachus monachus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2015 : e. T13653A45227543 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2015 - 4. RLTS. T13653A45227543. en . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Sergei R. Grinevetsky , Igor S. Zonn , Sergei S. Zhiltsov , Aleksey N. Kosarev , Andrey G. Kostianoy , 2014 , The Black Sea Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Emek Inanmaz , Özgür ; Değirmenci , Özgür ; Gücü , Ali Cemal ( 2014 ) . `` A new sighting of the Mediterranean Monk Seal , Monachus monachus ( Hermann , 1779 ) , in the Marmara Sea ( Turkey ) '' . Zoology in the Middle East . 60 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 280 . doi : 10.1080 / 09397140.2014. 944438 . ^ Jump up to : Frantzis A. , Alexiadou P. , Paximadis G. , Politi E. , Gannier A. , Corsini - Foka M. ( 2003 ) . `` Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas '' ( pdf ) . Journal of Cetacean Research and Management . International Whaling Commission . 5 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 232 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson R ... 1992 . Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on April 21 . 2016 Jump up ^ Gladilina , E.V. ; Kovtun , Oleg ; Kondakov , Andrey ; Syomik , A.M. ; Pronin , K.K. ; Gol'din , Pavel ( January 1 , 2013 ) . `` Grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the Black Sea : The first case of long - term survival of an exotic pinniped '' . Marine Biodiversity Records . 6 . doi : 10.1017 / S1755267213000018 -- via ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Kabasakal H ... 2014 . The status of the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) in Turkey 's waters ( pdf ) . Marine Biodiversity Records . Vol. 7 . pp. 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1017 / S1755267214000980 ; Vol. 7 ; e109 ; 2014 . Retrieved on September 04 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cuma. 2009 . Çanakkale'de 10 metrelik köpekbalığı ! . Retrieved on September 04 , 2017 Jump up ^ Humborg , Christoph ; Ittekkot , Venugopalan ; Cociasu , Adriana ; Bodungen , Bodo v. ( 1997 ) . `` Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure '' . Nature . 386 ( 6623 ) : 385 -- 388 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 386 ... 385H . doi : 10.1038 / 386385a0 . Jump up ^ Sburlea , A. ; L. Boicenco ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Aspects of eutrophication as a chemical pollution with implications on marine biota at the Romanian Black Sea shore '' . Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats . NATO Security through Science Series : 357 -- 360 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5098 - 5_28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5096 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gregoire , M. ; C. Raick ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Numerical modeling of the central Black Sea ecosystem functioning during the eutrophication phase '' . Progress in Oceanography. 76 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 333 . Bibcode : 2008PrOce ... 76 ... 286G . doi : 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2008.01. 002 . Jump up ^ Colin Woodard ( February 11 , 2001 ) . Ocean 's end : travels through endangered seas . Basic Books . pp. 1 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01571 - 9 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lancelot , C ( 2002 ) . `` Modelling the Danube - influenced North - western Continental Shelf of the Black Sea . II : Ecosystem Response to Changes in Nutrient Delivery by the Danube River after its Damming in 1972 '' ( PDF ) . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 54 ( 3 ) : 473 -- 499 . Bibcode : 2002ECSS ... 54 ... 473L . doi : 10.1006 / ecss. 2000.0659 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin , `` The Black Sea 's Cautionary Tale , '' Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher , October 2007 , pp. 244 -- 245 Jump up ^ Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies ( 1988 ) . `` Kyivan Rus ' '' . Encyclopedia of Ukraine . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Geptner , V.G. , Sludskij , A.A. ( 1972 ) . Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza . Vysšaia Škola , Moskva . ( In Russian ; English translation : Heptner , V.G. , Sludskii , A.A. , Komarov , A. , Komorov , N. ; Hoffmann , R.S. ( 1992 ) . Mammals of the Soviet Union . Vol III : Carnivores ( Feloidea ) . Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation , Washington DC ) . Jump up ^ Hurrell , J.W. ( 1995 ) . `` Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation : Regional Temperatures and Precipitation '' . Science . 269 ( 5224 ) : 676 -- 679 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 269 ... 676H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 269.5224. 676 . PMID 17758812 . Jump up ^ Lamy , F. , Arz , H.W. , Bond , G.C. , Barh , A. and Pätzold , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Multicentennial - scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic / North Atlantic Oscillation '' ( PDF ) . Paleoceanography. 21 : n / a . Bibcode : 2006PalOc ... 21.1008 L . doi : 10.1029 / 2005PA001184 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 15 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Türkeş , Murat ( 1996 ) . `` Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey '' . International Journal of Climatology. 16 ( 9 ) : 1057 -- 1076 . Bibcode : 1996IJCli ... 16.1057 T . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0088 ( 199609 ) 16 : 9 < 1057 : : AID - JOC75 > 3.3.CO ; 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cullen , H.M. ; A. Kaplan ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 55 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 338 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020518305517 . Jump up ^ Ozsoy , E. & U. Unluata ( 1997 ) . `` Oceanography of the Black Sea : A review of some recent results '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 42 ( 4 ) : 231 -- 272 . Bibcode : 1997ESRv ... 42 ... 231O . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 97 ) 81859 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brody , L.R. , Nestor , M.J.R. ( 1980 ) . Regional Forecasting Aids for the Mediterranean Basin . Handbook for Forecasters in the Mediterranean , Naval Research Laboratory . Part 2 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 17 December 1996 ) . `` Geologists Link Black Sea Deluge To Farming 's Rise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ William Ryan & Walter Pitman ( 1998 ) . Noah 's Flood : The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85920 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Nicolle ( 1989 ) . The Venetian Empire 1200 -- 1670 . Osprey Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 899 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bruce McGowan . Economic Life in Ottoman Europe : Taxation , Trade and the Struggle for Land , 1600 -- 1800 , Studies in Modern Capitalism . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 13536 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sea Security '' . NATO Advanced Research Workshop . NATO . 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков '' . International Transport Workers ' Federation . BlackSeaNews . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys : Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast Serdar SAKINAN . Middle East Technical University -- Institute of Marine Sciences Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Sea Resorts '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Montreaux and The Bosphorus Problem '' ( in Turkish ) . Jump up ^ `` Montreaux Convention and Turkey ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stella Ghervas , `` The Black Sea '' , in D. Armitage , A. Bashford and S. Sivasundaram , eds. , Oceanic Histories ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2017 ) , pp. 234 -- 266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 1083 - 9972 - 2 Stella Ghervas , `` Odessa et les confins de l'Europe : un éclairage historique '' , in Stella Ghervas et François Rosset ( ed ) , Lieux d'Europe . Mythes et limites ( Paris : Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme , 2008 ) , pp. 107 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7351 - 1182 - 4 Charles King , The Black Sea : A History , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924161 - 9 William Ryan and Walter Pitman , Noah 's Flood , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 85920 - 3 Neal Ascherson , Black Sea ( Vintage 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 09 - 959371 - 8 Schmitt , Rüdiger ( 1989 ) . `` BLACK SEA '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Vol. IV , Fasc. 3 . pp. 310 -- 313 . Rüdiger Schmitt , `` Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea '' , in : Hellas und der griechische Osten ( Saarbrücken 1996 ) , pp. 219 -- 224 West , Stephanie ( 2003 ) . ' The Most Marvellous of All Seas ' : the Greek Encounter with the Euxine. 50 . Greece & Rome . pp. 151 -- 167 . Petko Dimitrov ; Dimitar Dimitrov ( 2004 ) . THE BLACK SEA , THE FLOOD AND THE ANCIENT MYTHS . Varna . p. 91 . ISBN 954 - 579 - 335 - X . Dimitrov , D. 2010 . Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea . LAP Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8383 - 8639 - 3 . 244p . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Sea . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Black Sea . 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8 NARA : 10046296 NSK : 000348178 VIAF : 156737072 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&oldid=855401384 '' Categories : Black Sea Seas of the Mediterranean Sea Anoxic waters Back - arc basins European seas Seas of Russia Seas of Turkey Seas of Ukraine Bodies of water of Bulgaria Bodies of water of Georgia ( country ) Bodies of water of Romania Bodies of water of Crimea Bulgaria -- Romania border Bulgaria -- Turkey border Georgia ( country ) -- Russia border Georgia ( country ) -- Turkey border Romania -- Ukraine border Russia -- Ukraine border Seas of the Atlantic Ocean Seas of Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Use mdy dates from July 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia infobox body of water articles without image Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles containing Greek - 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Grand juries in the United States

Grand juries in the United States - wikipedia Grand juries in the United States Jump to : navigation , search A grand jury investigating the fire that destroyed the Arcadia Hotel in Boston , Massachusetts in November 1913 . The United States is one of only two common law jurisdictions in the world , along with Liberia , that continues to use the grand jury to screen criminal indictments . Generally speaking , a grand jury may issue an indictment for a crime , also known as a `` true bill , '' only if it finds , based upon the evidence that has been presented to it , that there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed by a criminal suspect . Unlike a petit jury , which resolves a particular civil or criminal case , a grand jury ( typically having twelve to twenty - three members ) serves as a group for a sustained period of time in all or many of the cases that come up in the jurisdiction , generally under the supervision of a federal U.S. attorney , a county district attorney , or a state attorney - general and hears evidence ex parte ( i.e. without suspect or person of interest involvement in the proceedings ) . While all states in the U.S. currently have provisions for grand juries , only half of the states actually employ them and twenty - two require their use , to varying extents . The modern trend is to use an adversarial preliminary hearing before a trial court judge , rather than grand jury , in the screening role of determining whether there is evidence establishing probable cause that a defendant committed a serious felony before that defendant is required to go to trial and risk a conviction on those charges . California , Florida , and some other states , also use ' civil grand juries ' , ' investigating grand juries ' , or the equivalent , to oversee and investigate the conduct of government institutions , in addition to dealing with criminal indictments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Federal law 2.1 Grand Jury Clause 2.2 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6 2.3 Secrecy 2.4 Investigatory role 2.5 Special grand jury 3 State law 3.1 California 3.2 Kentucky 3.3 Louisiana 3.3. 1 Suggestions for improvement 3.4 Minnesota 3.5 New York 3.6 Virginia 4 Criticism 4.1 Jury makeup 4.2 Limited constitutional rights 4.3 Intimidation tactic 4.4 Rubber stamp for the prosecution 4.5 2014 police incidents 5 Reform of federal grand jury system 6 `` Runaway '' grand jury 7 Grand juries in literature 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In the early decades of the United States grand juries played a major role in public matters . During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least twelve of the grand jurors , ( e.g. , for a twenty - three - person grand jury , twelve people would constitute a bare majority ) . Any citizen could bring a matter before a grand jury directly , from a public work that needed repair , to the delinquent conduct of a public official , to a complaint of a crime , and grand juries could conduct their own investigations . In that era most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties , either a law enforcement officer , a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family , or even by laymen . A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury ; if the grand jury found there was sufficient evidence for a trial , that the act was a crime under law , and that the court had jurisdiction , it would return the indictment to the complainant . The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise the authority of an attorney general , that is , one having a general power of attorney to represent the state in the case . The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions . The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions . The federal constitutional right to have federal criminal charges screened by a grand jury is one of just a handful of provisions of the federal Bill of Rights that does not also apply to state and local governments . Federal law ( edit ) Grand jury clause ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that `` No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ... '' Misdemeanors are not presented to a grand jury , and are instead charged by prosecutor 's `` information . '' In the United States armed forces , an Article 32 hearing is used for a similar purpose . The grand jury right may be waived , including by plea agreement . A valid waiver must be made in open court and after the defendant has been advised of the nature of the charge and of the defendant 's rights . Federal rule of criminal Procedure 6 ( edit ) Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure governs grand juries . It requires grand juries to be composed of 16 to 23 members and that 12 members must concur in an indictment . A grand jury is instructed to return an indictment if the probable cause standard has been met . The grand jury 's decision is either a `` true bill '' ( formerly billa vera , resulting in an `` indictment '' ) , or `` no true bill '' . Secrecy ( edit ) Grand jury proceedings are secret . No judge is present ; the proceedings are led by a prosecutor ; and the defendant has no right to present his case or ( in many instances ) to be informed of the proceedings at all . While court reporters usually transcribe the proceedings , the records are sealed . The case for such secrecy was unanimously upheld by the Burger Court in Douglas Oil Co. of Cal . v. Petrol Stops Northwest , 441 US 211 ( 1979 ) . The dissenting opinion was joined by Justices Burger and Stewart but concurred with the Court 's opinion as to the importance and rationale of grand jury secrecy . Writing for the Court , Justice Powell found that `` if preindictment proceedings were made public , many prospective witnesses would be hesitant to come forward voluntarily '' ; `` witnesses who appeared before the grand jury would be less likely to testify fully and frankly '' ; and `` there also would be the risk that those about to be indicted would flee , or would try to influence individual grand jurors '' . Further , `` persons who are accused but exonerated by the grand jury ( should ) not be held up to public ridicule '' . United States v. Procter & Gamble Co. , 356 US 677 ( 1958 ) , permitted the disclosure of grand jury transcripts under certain restrictions : `` a private party seeking to obtain grand jury transcripts must demonstrate that ' without the transcript a defense would be greatly prejudiced or that without reference to it an injustice would be done ' '' and must make its requests `` with particularity '' . Further , First Amendment protections generally permit the witnesses summoned by a grand jury to discuss their testimony , although Dennis v. United States , 384 US 855 ( 1966 ) , found that such public discussion permits release of the transcripts of their actual testimony . The Jencks Act , 18 U.S.C. § 3500 , requires the government to disclose to the defense any statements made by the accused to the grand jury , and , with respect to non-party witnesses , that after a witness has testified on direct examination at trial , any statement made to the grand jury by such witness be disclosed to the defense . Investigatory role ( edit ) The grand jury can compel a witness to testify . The target of a grand jury investigation has no right to testify or put on a defense before the grand jury . The U.S. Attorney 's Manual anticipates the possibility of allowing investigatory targets to testify . The U.S. Attorneys ' Manual states that prosecutors `` must recognize that the grand jury is an independent body , whose functions include not only the investigation of crime and the initiation of criminal prosecution but also the protection of the citizenry from unfounded criminal charges '' and that targets of investigations have the right to , and can , `` request or demand the opportunity to tell the grand jury their side of the story . '' Special grand jury ( edit ) United States law also provides for the formation of special grand juries . While a regular grand jury primarily decides whether to bring charges , a special grand jury is called into existence to investigate whether organized crime is occurring in the community in which it sits . This could include , for instance , organized drug activity or organized corruption in government . As provided in 18 U.S.C. § 3331 ( a ) , the U.S. District Court in every judicial district having more than four million inhabitants must impanel a special grand jury when requested by a designated official of the Justice Department . State law ( edit ) The grand jury clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been incorporated against the U.S. states . As a matter of state law , the states of Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan ( convened by the Court of Appeals ) , Minnesota , Missouri , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah ( convened by a panel of judges ) , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wyoming , as well as the District of Columbia , employ some form of grand jury . California ( edit ) The California constitution requires each county to have at least one grand jury impaneled at all times . Grand juries are governed by Title 4 and Title 5 of the California Penal Code , as well as Government Code 3060 and other more general provisions . In addition , grand juries are not subject to the Brown Act . Most county grand juries in California do not consider criminal matters . A decision to present criminal cases to the grand jury may be made by the county District Attorney , but it is neither a constitutional nor a statutory requirement . These county - level grand juries primarily focus on oversight of government institutions at the county level or lower . This is why California 's grand juries are often called civil grand juries . Almost any entity that receives public money can be examined by the grand jury , including county governments , cities , and special districts . Each panel selects the topics that it wishes to examine each year . A jury is not allowed to continue an oversight from a previous panel . If a jury wishes to look at a subject that a prior jury was examining , it must start its own investigation and independently verify all information . It may use information obtained from the prior jury but this information must be verified before it can be used by the current jury . Upon completing its investigation , the jury may , but is not required to , issue a report detailing its findings and recommendations . Most grand juries are seated on a fiscal cycle , i.e. July through June . Most counties have panels consisting of nineteen jurors , some have as few as eleven jurors , others have as many as twenty - three . Due to the length of service , grand jurors are usually selected on a volunteer basis . The grand jury is required to publish a minimum of one report containing a minimum of one finding and one recommendation . The published reports are the only public record of the grand jury 's work ; there is no minority report . Each published report includes a list of those public entities that are required or requested to respond . The format of these responses is dictated by California Penal Code Section 933.05 , as is the time span in which they must respond . County grand juries develop areas to examine by two avenues : juror interests and public complaints . Complaints filed by the public are kept confidential . The protection of whistleblowers is one of the primary reasons for the confidential nature of the grand jury 's work . Grand juries may charge public officials of `` willful or corrupt misconduct in office . '' The accusation is tried as if it were an indictment , and may not be dismissed for political or extra-legal motives . The definition of `` willful misconduct in office '' is reserved for serious misconduct , that is , criminal behavior or `` purposeful failure to carry out mandatory duties of office . '' In addition to the county grand juries in California , at least twice a year , the state impanels several Federal Grand Juries . The summons arrive in the mail just like regular jury summons . Jurors are requested to come on a certain date to be impaneled on the jury . There are over 500 people that attend this impanelment and multiple grand juries are chosen at this time . When the juries are chosen there are at least 50 alternates chosen as well . Each Grand Jury has 23 members and are expected to attend jury service one day per week for the time impaneled . The California Federal Grand Jury has two sections - the Accusatory and the Investigatory . Accusatory Grand Juries hear shorter less complicated criminal cases and often hear several cases each day in attendance . Accusatory Grand Juries are impaneled for four to six months . Accusatory grand jurors meet one day each week , always on the same day of the week . Each day met , the number of cases varies and jurors are expected to be available from 9 : 00 a.m. until 4 : 30 p.m. for these cases . Often accusatory jurors have a shortened day , but this is never predictable . A typical Accusatory Grand Juror 's day begins at 9 : 00 a.m. A Federal Attorney , the prosecutor , presents an indictment to the members of the jury . Then he brings in a witness , usually a Federal agent involved with the case , and questions him . When there are no more questions , the attorney , court reporter , and witness exit the room and the jurors are asked to deliberate the case . Grand jurors do not choose guilt but only decide if the case has probable cause to go to trial . Investigatory Grand Jurors are impaneled for at least one year of service . They meet one day a week , the same day of the week each week , to discuss and hear more involved Federal criminal cases that took place in California and in the county of the grand jury , some extending from week to week . Investigatory Grand Jurors are expected to be available from 9 : 00 a.m. until 4 : 30 p.m. for their cases . They are expected to return each week when called in to continue cases or start new ones . Federal Grand Jurors are paid a nominal fee for all days they are in court and receive travel expenses . The experience opens a small window into the inner workings of criminal proceedings and the input of Grand Jurors is an important check and balance to the government . Jurors are exposed to all manner of cases and work with a cross section of society to come to decisions on probable cause . Kentucky ( edit ) In Kentucky , grand jurors are impaneled in each county , at the Circuit Court level ( felonies only ) for a four - month term ( three panels per year ) . During the trial jury orientation for the given four - month term , the grand jurors are selected from the trial jury pool , although the method of selection is not necessarily random . The meetings are twice a month in most counties ( however , grand juries in more populous counties such as Jefferson ( Louisville ) and Fayette ( Lexington ) generally meet more often ) , with each meeting usually going through 20 - 30 cases in a four - to five - hour period . The indictment rate is about 98 - 99 % ; the grand jury can broaden ( about 1 % of the time ) or narrow ( about 3 % of the time ) the counts in the indictment as well . Usually , fifteen to twenty grand jurors are required to report to meetings ; the hope is that twelve will show to each meeting , which is the number of jurors required to hear cases ( an additional juror may be kept as an alternate while other extra jurors are typically excused for the day ) . It takes nine yes votes to the question of probable cause to sign a true bill of indictment . Fewer than nine yes votes either causes a no true bill or a narrowing of the indictment ( depending on the votes per count ) . The rules are very similar to the federal process ; the grand jury usually only hears from law enforcement personnel , with the exception of property crimes , where store detectives or actual victims of theft or vandalism are called to testify . The only cases brought to the grand jury are those initiated from the Commonwealth 's Attorney 's office ( the prosecutor for felonies ) . For the vast majority of cases , the grand jurors generally only hear a recitation of facts from the police report , crime laboratory & medical examiner reports , and other documentation generated during the evidence gathering process . Grand jurors can ask factual questions of the witnesses and legal questions of the Commonwealth 's Attorney or Assistant Commonwealth 's Attorney . The ability to broaden or narrow indictments does technically allow for grand juries to open new avenues of investigation , although since it is dependent on prosecutors for facts , this is very rarely done . Rules of confidentiality that apply to Kentucky grand jurors are similar to those that apply to federal grand juries . Louisiana ( edit ) Main article : Law of Louisiana The law of Louisiana is distinct from the other 49 states ; it has a civil law legal system rather than a common law system . The start of a grand jury may be attributed to an 1805 enactment of a law requiring all `` crimes , offenses and misdemeanors ( to ) be taken , intended and construed according to and in conformity with the common law of England . '' Provisions for a grand jury are spelled out in Article V Section § 34 ( a ) of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 which states a grand jury shall consist of twelve members of a community , as peers of an accused , to weigh evidence presented to them to determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense . Secrecy is also covered , to be stipulated by law . Section § 34 ( b ) provides for a witness ' right to counsel stating , `` The legislature may establish by law the terms and conditions under which a witness may have the right to the advice of counsel while testifying before the grand jury . '' However , since a witness has no `` right to counsel '' under the United States Constitution , a Constitutional Amendment would be required to implement this language . Historically , a grand jury was empowered to investigate crimes committed within its jurisdiction , identify persons suspected of having committed offenses , determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense , and publish its findings to the court . This has changed over time , most notably in Article 209 of the 1928 Code stating the grand jury `` is to investigate non-capital offenses triable within the parish only when called to their attention by the district attorney or the court , '' and further removing the ability `` to act as a censory body of public morals . '' This effectively relegated the grand jury as a tool of the prosecutor . The 1950 Revised Statutes made a return to an 1870 provision that `` any member of the grand jury is required , under penalty of law , to bring to the attention of his fellow members any violation of the criminal law which may have come to his personal knowledge , or of which he may have been informed . '' This gives the view that a grand jury could initiate investigations or file charges on its own . Privileges against self - incrimination and the fact that a prosecutor can declare Nolle prosequi provides limitations . Although a grand jury may have the right to subpoena and to have persons and documents called before it , this is almost always limited to evidence and witnesses presented by a prosecutor . A grand jury is considered a jury of accusation and the petit jury as the jury of conviction . A grand jury may be presented with a bill of indictment , before or after a warrant of arrest on an indictable charge , at the discretion of a district attorney . He or she then presents evidence and witnesses to prove the charge . A grand jury can return a true bill , no true bill or a third option , `` pretermitting entirely the matter investigated '' . This requires nine of the twelve grand jurors to determine there is not enough evidence presented to determine if a person should or should not be charged with a crime . A grand jury is sometimes referred to as the passive collaborator of a prosecutor or a `` rubber stamp '' for an indictment , especially if simple acceptance of the bill of indictment is returned as a `` true bill . '' If a `` No True Bill '' is presented by a grand jury , the case is usually dropped . If a defendant is incarcerated , unless there are other charges , a prosecutor declares nolle prosequi , resubmits an indictment with new evidence , or brings charges of a lesser crime then , providing there is no gross oversight , the defendant is released . The theory is that if a prosecutor can not obtain a true bill , presenting the prosecutorial evidence with no defensive rebuttal , then a conviction is not likely . Suggestions for improvement ( edit ) A 1979 National Criminal Justice Reference Service ( NCJRS ) document identifies three steps that could be taken to remove the adversarial role of the grand jury and make them more independent ; ( 1 ) giving the target of the grand jury investigation the opportunity to testify ; ( 2 ) making a grand jury subpoena returnable only when the grand jury is sitting and identifying the general subject area of the investigation ; and ( 3 ) recording all grand jury proceedings ( except the jurors ' deliberations ) , making them accessible for pretrial discovery . Minnesota ( edit ) Hennepin County , Minnesota ( which contains Minneapolis ) keeps a grand jury impaneled at all times . Each grand jury serves a term of four months , typically meets one day each week , and focuses almost exclusively on homicide cases . New York ( edit ) In the State of New York , while a person can initially be charged with a felony via a sworn written accusation alone ( a `` felony complaint '' ) , the state constitution provides a defendant with a right to have all felonies prosecuted by way of a grand jury indictment . This right can be waived by a defendant , who can then be prosecuted using an indictment substitute called a `` superior court information . '' Grand juries are composed of between 16 and 23 jurors ( 16 being a quorum for all proceedings ) and indictments require a minimum vote of 12 such jurors . Grand juries may produce not only indictments but may direct the filing of misdemeanor charges in local courts , the removal of cases to Family Court , and may also issue `` grand jury reports '' concerning malfeasance of public officials and recommending their discipline . Both the prosecutor and the grand jury itself have the right to call witnesses to testify before the grand jury . With few exceptions , every witness who testifies before a grand jury receives transactional immunity automatically , whether they invoke their right to silence or not . If a grand jury is considering criminal charges against a person , that person has a right to testify before that grand jury , provided they make a timely written demand and then agree to waive their right to immunity . Despite this fact , an unwitting target of a grand jury proceeding has no right to be informed that their case is even being considered by a grand jury in the first place , unless they have already been arraigned on a felony complaint charging a related crime and are awaiting a preliminary hearing on that complaint . A defendant held in the state may testify to the grand jury . Virginia ( edit ) The Commonwealth of Virginia requires that all felonies be presented to a grand jury either directly or , more often , after certification following a preliminary hearing in district court . Commonwealth 's attorneys also have the option of obtaining a misdemeanor indictment from a grand jury . Grand juries are a part of the Commonwealth 's circuit court system and they meet at the beginning of each court term . Criticism ( edit ) Jury makeup ( edit ) The most persistent criticism of grand juries is that jurors are not a representative sampling of the community , and are not qualified for jury service , in that they do not possess a satisfactory ability to ask pertinent questions , or sufficient understanding of local government and the concept of due process . Unlike potential jurors in regular trials , grand jurors are not screened for bias or other improper factors . They are rarely read any instruction on the law , as this is not a requirement ; their job is only to judge on what the prosecutor produced . The prosecutor drafts the charges and decides which witnesses to call . Limited constitutional Rights ( edit ) The prosecutor is not obliged to present evidence in favor of those being investigated . Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment constitutional right to counsel in the grand jury room , nor do they have a Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses . Additionally , individuals in grand jury proceedings can be charged with holding the court in contempt ( punishable with incarceration for the remaining term of the grand jury ) if they refuse to appear before the jury . Media coverage is not allowed . Furthermore , all evidence is presented by a prosecutor in a cloak of secrecy , as the prosecutor , grand jurors , and the grand jury stenographer are prohibited from disclosing what happened before the grand jury unless ordered to do so in a judicial proceeding . In 1974 the Supreme Court of the United States held in U.S. v. Calandra that `` the exclusionary rule in search - and - seizure cases does not apply to grand jury proceedings because the principal objective of the rule is ' to deter future unlawful police conduct , ' ( ... ) and ' it is unrealistic to assume that application of the rule to grand jury proceedings would significantly further that goal . ' '' Illegally obtained evidence , therefore , is admissible in grand jury proceedings , and the Fourth Amendment 's exclusionary rule does not apply . Intimidation tactic ( edit ) After a grand jury was commissioned to investigate whistleblowers organization WikiLeaks , grand juries have been accused of being used as an intimidation and persecution mechanism against whistleblowers who have been accused of leaking classified information . Rubber stamp for the prosecution ( edit ) According to the American Bar Association ( ABA ) , the grand jury has come under increasing criticism for being a mere `` rubber stamp '' for the prosecution without adequate procedural safeguards . Critics argue that the grand jury has largely lost its historic role as an independent bulwark protecting citizens from unfounded accusations by the government . Grand juries provide little protection to accused suspects and are much more useful to prosecutors . Grand juries have such broad subpoena power that they can investigate alleged crimes very thoroughly and often assist the prosecutor in his or her job . Grand juries sometimes compel witnesses to testify without the presence of their attorneys . Evidence uncovered during the grand jury investigation can be used by the prosecutor in a later trial . Grand jurors also often lack the ability and knowledge to judge sophisticated cases and complicated federal laws . This puts them at the mercy of very well trained and experienced federal prosecutors . Grand jurors often hear only the prosecutor 's side of the case and are usually persuaded by them . Grand juries almost always indict people on the prosecutor 's recommendation . A chief judge of New York State 's highest court , Sol Wachtler , once said that grand juries were so pliable that a prosecutor could get a grand jury to `` indict a ham sandwich . '' And William J. Campbell , a former federal district judge in Chicago , noted : `` ( T ) oday , the grand jury is the total captive of the prosecutor who , if he is candid , will concede that he can indict anybody , at any time , for almost anything , before any grand jury . '' 2014 police incidents ( edit ) The grand jury system in the United States came under renewed criticism following three high - profile cases in 2014 , where police officers caused the deaths of Michael Brown , Eric Garner , and Tamir Rice . In all three cases , after being presented the evidence , the grand juries voted not to return indictments . Public perception was that the officers involved had failed to follow proper police procedure . As a result , these grand jury decisions sparked riots across the United States . Reform of federal grand jury system ( edit ) Due to the criticism against the federal grand jury system there are some reform proposals which include the following proposals : Better instructions from judges to jurors about the grand jury 's powers and its independence from prosecutors Increased access to grand jury transcripts for suspects who are eventually indicted Expanded safeguards against abuse of witnesses , including education about their rights and the presence of their attorneys Notification of targets of investigations that they are targets Optional rather than mandatory appearances by targets of investigations An end to the requirement that prosecutors present defense evidence , and replacement with a requirement that grand jurors be informed that the defense was not represented in the hearing . Besides the above stated reform proposals , the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) established The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury , a bi-partisan , blue - ribbon panel that included current and former prosecutors , as well as academics and defense attorneys . The unanimous conclusions and proposals of this diverse group were contained in the publication Federal Grand Jury Reform Report & ' Bill of Rights ' . Among the reforms detailed in that report were the right to counsel for grand jury witnesses who are not receiving immunity , an obligation to present evidence which may exonerate the target or subject of the offense , and the right for targets or subjects to testify . Researchers Erin Crites , Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard of the Center for Justice , Law & Society at George Mason University studied the experiences of prosecutors , defense lawyers , and retired judges in New York and Colorado . Four key reform recommendations emerged from their Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States : The Case for Reform research study are : Defense representation in the grand jury room , production of witness transcripts for the defense , advance notice for witnesses to appear , and the presentation of exculpatory evidence to the grand jury . The Cato Institute , an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington , D.C. , presented a report , A Grand Facade : How the Grand Jury was Captured by Government which addresses the history of , problems with , and reforms for the grand jury system . `` Runaway '' grand jury ( edit ) Occasionally , grand juries go aggressively beyond the control of the prosecuting attorney . When the grand jury does so the situation is called a `` runaway '' grand jury . Runaway grand juries sometimes happen in government corruption or organized crime cases if the grand jury comes to believe that the prosecutor himself has been improperly influenced . Such cases were common in the 19th century but have become infrequent since the 1930s . The 1935 Runaway Grand Jury in New York County was investigating gambling and mobster Dutch Schultz when jury members complained in open court that prosecutors were not pursuing obvious leads and hinted that the district attorney was possibly receiving payoffs . Thomas E. Dewey was appointed as an independent prosecutor . Grand juries in literature ( edit ) Scott Turow 's second novel The Burden of Proof deals extensively with the workings and shortcomings of the Federal Grand Jury system in a fictional county in Illinois . Turow is himself a practicing lawyer and acted as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in Chicago between 1978 and 1986 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nestmann , Mark ( March 15 , 2011 ) . The Lifeboat Strategy . The Nestmann Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9781891266409 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Zapf , Patricia A. ; Roesch , Ronald ; Hart , Stephen D. ( Dec 4 , 2009 ) . Forensic Psychology and Law . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 57039 - 5 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` State Grand Juries '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs about the Grand Jury System '' . American Bar Association . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` Power to abolish Grand Jury '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CURRENT GRAND JURY REPORTS - Miami Dade Office of the State Attorney '' . www.miamisao.com . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , these 2003 and 2011 grand jury investigation of this type in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2003_09_25_First_Philadelphia_Grand_Jury_Report.pdf http://www.phila.gov/districtattorney/PDFs/GrandJuryWomensMedical.pdf Jump up ^ See , e.g. , this 2002 grand jury investigation of this type in Westchester County , New York http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2002_06_19_Westchester_NY_Grand_Jury/ Jump up ^ See , e.g. , a new report concerning of civil grand jury investigation in DeKalb County , Georgia on February 11 , 2013 http://www.wsbtv.com/news/news/local/judge-refuses-seal-grand-jury-report-burrell-ellis/nWMFK/ Jump up ^ Edwards , George John ( 1906 ) . Richard H. Ward , ed . The grand jury : considered from an historical , political and legal standpoint , and the law and practice relating thereto . University of Michigan : G.T. Bisel . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ If It 's Not a Runaway , It 's Not a Real Grand Jury , Roger Roots , Creighton L.R. , Vol. 33 , No. 4 , 1999 - 2000 , 821 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . V . Jump up ^ `` Rule 7 . The Indictment and the Information '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rule Fed . R. Crim . P. 6 . The Grand Jury '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( May 13 , 2003 ) , A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government , Cato Institute ^ Jump up to : Powell , J. and Stevens , J . Jump up ^ The opinion of the Court and a dissenting opinion , Douglas Oil Company of California v. Petrol Stops Northwest , 441 US 211 ( 1979 ) , at Justia . Accessed 17 Jun 2013 . Jump up ^ United States v. Leverage Funding System , Inc. , 637 F. 2d 645 ( 9th Cir. 1980 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Gardner , 516 F. 2d 334 ( 7th Cir. 1975 ) . Jump up ^ `` 9 - 11.152 , Requests by Subjects and Targets to Testify Before the Grand Jury '' , U.S. Attorneys Manual Jump up ^ `` 9 - 11.010 '' , U.S. Attorneys Manual Jump up ^ `` 158 . Impaneling Special Grand Juries - USAM - Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Miss . Const. § 27 Jump up ^ `` Grand Juries State Links - NCSC.org '' . www.ncsc.org . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 888.2 '' . Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 933.05 '' . ^ Jump up to : Francke , Terry ( 2005 ) . The CalAware Guide : Open Meetings in California . Californians Aware . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9769062 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steiner v. Superior Court , 50 Cal . App . 4th 1771 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ LexisNexis - 1978 Tulane University Tulane Law Review ; Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Slovenko , Ralph ( June 1957 ) . `` The Jury System in Louisiana Criminal Law '' . Louisiana Law Review . 17 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Judicial District Attorney 's Office The Grand Jury Procedure ; What action may a grand jury take after hearing evidence in a case ? # 3 . retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 '' . Jump up ^ Toncray , Marla ( 4 August 2013 ) . `` Error results in unnecessary jail time '' . The Ledger Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ J Shropshire ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Louisiana Grand Jury - Its Precarious Relationship With the District Attorney '' . Southern University Law Review . 6 : 151 -- 173 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 100.10 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Procedure Law article 180 , NY Const . article 1 , § 6 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law article 195 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § § 190.05 & 190.25 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § § 190.60 & 190.85 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.40 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 ( 5 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ `` Va . Code Ann . § 19.2 - 237 '' . Legislative Information System . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olson , Bruce T. ; Edwards , George John ( 1973 ) . `` Preface by Bruce T. Olson '' . In Richard H. Ward . THE GRAND JURY . Tulsa , Oklahoma : AMS Press Inc. 56 East 13th Street , New York , N.Y. 10003 . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia . `` U.S. v. Williams , 504 U.S. 36 ( 1992 ) '' . Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice Warren E. Burger . `` U.S. v. Mandujano , 425 U.S. 564 , 581 , 96 S. Ct. 1768 , 1779 , 48 L. Ed . 2d 212 ( 1976 ) '' . Justicia . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice William Rehnquist . `` Connecticut v. Gabbert , 526 U.S. 286 , 292 ( 1999 ) '' . Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gosztola , Kevin ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` 2011 - 05 - 11 What to Expect in the WikiLeaks Grand Jury Investigation '' . WL Central . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ from the dissenting opinion written by Justice William J. Brennan , Jr . `` United States v. Calandra , 414 U.S. 338 , 355 , 94 S. Ct. 613 , 624 , 38 L. Ed . 2d 561 ( 1974 ) '' . Cornell Law . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` The WikiLeaks Grand Jury and the still escalating War on Whistleblowing '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Jury Reform Links '' . Grand Jury Resistance Project . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Jury Clause - 5th Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zimmerman 's Bill of Rights '' . The New York Sun . 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , William J. ( 1973 ) . Eliminate the Grand Jury , 64 J. Crim . L. & Criminology 174 , 180 . Jump up ^ Dana Ford ; Greg Botelho ; Ben Brumfield ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Protests erupt in wake of chokehold death '' . CNN . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Scher Zagier and Jim Salter , Associated Press ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Mayor : No severance package for resigned Ferguson officer '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Jury - Hearsay Evidence : Admissible Before A Grand Jury ? , Should The Grand Jury Be Abolished ? , Further Readings '' . law.jrank.org . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury : Elkan Abramowitz , Professor Barbara Bergman , Arnold I. Burns , J. William ( Bill ) Codinha , W. Thomas ( Tom ) Dillard , III , Peter E. Fleming , Jr. , Howard W. Goldstein , Frederick ( Fred ) Hafetz , John W. Keker , Jim E. Lavine , Gerald B. ( Jerry ) Lefcourt , Herbert J. ( Jack ) Miller , Jr. , Robert ( Bob ) Mosteller , William L. ( Bill ) Murphy , Richard Rosen , David S. Rudolf , Neal R. Sonnett , Brendan Sullivan , William W. ( Bill ) Taylor , III , Larry D. Thompson , Anton R. ( Tony ) Valukas , Martin G. ( Marty ) Weinberg , Theodore V. ( Ted ) Wells , Jr. , Frank Wohl ( 18 May 2000 ) . `` Federal Grand Jury Reform Report and Bill of Rights '' . The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Erin Crites , Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard ( November 2011 ) . `` Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States : The Case for Reform '' . The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Cato Policy Analysis No. 476 : `` A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government '' - Executive Summary `` . The Cato Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Cato Policy Analysis No. 476 : `` A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government '' '' ( PDF ) . The Cato Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` What is a `` runaway '' grand jury ? `` . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fighting Organized Crime : Politics , Justice , and the Legacy of Thomas E. Dewey by Mary M. Stolberg ( Northeastern ( October 5 , 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 55553 - 245 - 4 External Links ( edit ) California Grand Jurors ' Association -- Contains information specific to California and grand juries in general . ( hide ) United States Fifth Amendment criminal procedure case law ( hide ) Grand Jury Clause Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) Double Jeopardy Clause After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) After conviction United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) United States v. Wilson ( 1975 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) Self - Incrimination Clause Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_juries_in_the_United_States&oldid=819773709 '' Categories : Grand juries in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Central Statistics Office (India)

Central Statistics Office ( India ) - Wikipedia Central Statistics Office ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about India 's national statistical agency . For other uses , see Central Statistics Office . The Central Statistics Office ( CSO ) is a governmental agency in India under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in India , and evolving and maintaining statistical standards . It has a well - equipped Graphical Unit . The CSO is located in Delhi . Some portion of Industrial Statistics work pertaining to Annual Survey of industries is carried out in Calcutta . Contents ( hide ) 1 Activities 2 Organisation 3 Functions 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Activities ( edit ) The Central Statistics Office is responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in the country , and evolving and maintaining statistical standards . Its activities include National Income Accounting ; conduct of Annual Survey of Industries , Economic Censuses and its follow up surveys , compilation of Index of Industrial Production , as well as Consumer Price Indices for Urban Non-Manual Employees , Human Development Statistics , Gender Statistics , imparting training in Official Statistics , Five Year Plan work relating to Development of Statistics in the States and Union Territories ; dissemination of statistical information , work relating to trade , energy , construction , and environment statistics , revision of National Industrial Classification , etc . Organisation ( edit ) The CSO is headed by the Director - General who is assisted by Five additional Director - Generals and four Deputy Director - Generals , six Joint Directors , seven special task officers , thirty deputy directors , 48 assistant directors and other supporting staff . The CSO is located in Delhi . Functions ( edit ) The Central Statistics Office ( CSO ) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation ( MoS & PI ) is responsible for the compilation of National Accounts Statistics ( NAS ) . At the State level , State Directorates of Economics and Statistics ( DESs ) have the responsibility of compiling their State Domestic Product and other aggregates . History ( edit ) The CSO was set up in the cabinet secretariat on 2 May 1951 . See also ( edit ) List of national and international statistical services References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSO '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website National statistics agencies CSA INSTAT ONS INDEC ARMSTAT CBS ABS SA SSC BBS SB INSAE INE IBGE NSI NIS INS SC INE NBS DANE INEC INS DZS CSO DST CAPMAS SE CSA SFI SF INSEE NSO SB SM SNZ CSO PBS PSA GUS INE SSA SCB TUIK ONS FSS List of national and international statistical services India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights , principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Statistics_Office_(India)&oldid=814074835 '' Categories : National statistical services Statistical organisations in India Executive branch of the Indian government Industry in India Indian government stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 29 . About Wikipedia

when was central statistical organisation of india established

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The Angry Birds Movie

The Angry Birds Movie - Wikipedia The Angry Birds Movie The Angry Birds Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Clay Kaytis Fergal Reilly Produced by John Cohen Catherine Winder Screenplay by Jon Vitti Story by Mikael Hed Mikko Pöllä John Cohen Based on Angry Birds by Rovio Entertainment Starring Jason Sudeikis Josh Gad Danny McBride Maya Rudolph Kate McKinnon Sean Penn Tony Hale Keegan - Michael Key Bill Hader Peter Dinklage Music by Heitor Pereira Edited by Kent Beyda Ally Garrett Production companies Columbia Pictures Rovio Animation Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) ( Paris ) May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) ( Finland ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country Finland United States Language English Budget $73 million Box office $352.3 million The Angry Birds Movie ( released in the United Kingdom as Angry Birds ) is a 2016 3D computer - animated comedy film based on Rovio Entertainment 's video game series of the same name , produced by Columbia Pictures and Rovio Animation , and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . It is directed by Clay Kaytis and Fergal Reilly in their directorial debuts and written by Jon Vitti . The film features the voices of Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Danny McBride , Maya Rudolph , Kate McKinnon , Sean Penn , Tony Hale , Keegan - Michael Key , Bill Hader , Peter Dinklage , and Anthony Padilla and Ian Hecox. . The Angry Birds Movie was released in the United States on May 20 , 2016 . The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office success , grossing over $352 million and becoming the second highest - grossing film of all time to be based on a video game . A sequel is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Promotion and tie - in games 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 7.1 Follow - up media 7.2 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A reclusive , temperamental bird named Red lives in a village on Bird Island with other flightless birds . When his temper causes a `` premature hatching '' of another bird 's egg , he is sentenced to take an anger management class . Red 's classmates Chuck , who is hyperactive and can move at the speed of light , and Bomb , who can cause explosions with his anger and fear , try to befriend him , but he avoids them . One day , a boat docks at the island 's shore , destroying Red 's house . The birds are greeted by green - colored pigs and their captain Leonard , who claim to be peaceful explorers bringing offerings of friendship . The pigs ingratiate with the birds , introducing them to various innovations , notably a giant slingshot , but begin to overwhelm the island with their numbers and Red becomes suspicious . Red recruits Chuck and Bomb to find Mighty Eagle , the only flying bird and the island 's protector , who has not been seen for many years . They find Mighty Eagle on top of Bird Mountain , but he is overweight , self - absorbed , leads the life of a slacker , and refuses to help them . Red discovers the pigs planting dynamite around the island while the other birds are distracted with a rave party , but they arrive too late to warn them as the pigs escape with the eggs and activate the dynamite , destroying the village . The other birds apologize to Red for not believing him , and under his leadership they organize an army and construct a boat from the rubble to follow the pigs to Piggy Island . The birds discover the pigs living in a walled city ruled by Leonard , whose true name is `` King Mudbeard '' . Deducing the eggs are in the castle at the center of the city , the birds use the slingshot to attack by launching themselves over the walls and into the city 's buildings , destroying them . Red , Chuck , and Bomb discover the eggs being lowered into a giant pot from a net , the pigs planning to cook and eat them . Mighty Eagle arrives to retrieve Red 's group and the eggs , having had a change of heart after witnessing their efforts . One egg falls out of the net and Red battles King Mudbeard for it , but learns to control his anger and distracts him long enough to retrieve the egg . An explosion from Bomb ignites the pigs ' reserve of dynamite , but the pot collapses and falls over top of Red , shielding him and the egg from the blast as the city is destroyed . Red reunites with the other birds as the egg hatches , revealing three small blue birds . Mighty Eagle approaches Red , Chuck , and Bomb , claiming he merely appeared lazy to help them find faith in themselves , and takes credit for saving the eggs . On Bird Island , Red discovers the other birds have rebuilt his house in the center of the village and the eggs have hatched into chicks , who sing to him in gratitude . Moved , Red allows Chuck and Bomb to move in with him . The pigs are revealed to have survived , with King Mudbeard plotting to steal the birds ' eggs again . In a mid-credits scene , the three blue birds use the slingshot to launch themselves out to ocean . Cast ( edit ) Jason Sudeikis as Red Aidan McGraw and Kallan Holley as young Red Josh Gad as Chuck Danny McBride as Bomb Maya Rudolph as Matilda Bill Hader as Leonard / King Mudbeard Peter Dinklage as Mighty Eagle Kate McKinnon as Stella , Eva Sean Penn as Terence Tony Hale as Ross , Mime , Cyrus Keegan - Michael Key as Judge Peckinpah Blake Shelton as Earl Anthony Padilla as Hal Ian Hecox as Bubbles Charli XCX as Willow Tituss Burgess as Photog Billy Eichner as Chef Pig , Phillip Hannibal Buress as Edward Ike Barinholtz as Tiny Max Charles as Bobby Jillian Bell as Helene , Yoga Instructor Cristela Alonzo as Shirley Danielle Brooks as Monica , Olive Kevin Bigley as Greg Adam Brown as Hug Trader Romeo Santos as Early Bird Geoffrey Arend as Day Care Teacher Bird Ava Acres as Timothy Alex Borstein as Sophie Bird , Peggy Bird Malena Brewer as Arianna Bird Vincent Oswald as Dylan Hatchling Samantha Cohen as Samantha Hatchling Josh Robert Thompson as Brad Bird , Dane the Saxophone Bird Matt McCarthy as Rodney Pig Matt Taylor as Hamilton Pig Ali Wong as Betty Bird Fred Tatasciore as Monty Pig Bella Laudiero as Maya Bird John Cohen as Johnny Bird Clay Kaytis as Clayton the Waiter Bird Fergal Reilly as Foreman Pig Catherine Winder as Billy the Sign Carlos Alazraqui as Earl 's 2nd Brother ( Uncredited ) Pierce Gagnon , Noah Schnapp and Owen Wilder Vaccaro as The Blues Eileen Marra , Indra Raval , Joaquin Raval and Sofie Wolfe as Hatchling Singers Production ( edit ) The film was officially announced in December 2012 , although IGN noted that this was `` after months of speculation '' . The success of the Angry Birds Toons series , according to Rovio employee Jami Laes , `` validated '' the idea of creating a feature film . The first image from the film was revealed in October 2014 , with Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Danny McBride , Bill Hader , Maya Rudolph , and Peter Dinklage as part of its cast . Gad at first declined to star in the movie , feeling it was too similar to his role as Olaf in the 2013 film Frozen but the director eventually convinced him to sign through a 30 - minute `` visual pitch '' . The film 's budget is estimated at $80 million ( € 75 million ) . Rovio and Sony Pictures announced they would spend roughly € 100 million for the marketing and distribution of the film , giving it the largest budget in the film industry in Finland , outvaluing Big Game 's € 8.5 million . Despite the massive budget , Rovio CEO Mikael Hed stated that `` it is the one that I do n't ever lose any sleep over '' , calling it `` tremendously strong as a story '' . During August 2015 , Rovio announced that they were expecting to cut 250 jobs equaling 40 % of the company , the only sector spared being personnel working on the movie . When multiple major studios approached Rovio to discuss the production of the film adaptation in 2010 , Hed eventually decided to have Rovio establish its own in - house animation studio and have it work on the film , rather than risk losing creative control in allowing a third - party studio to produce it . David Maisel , the founding chairman of Marvel Studios , offered to help Hed and Rovio produce the film , as well as John Cohen from Illumination Entertainment and Catherine Winder from Lucasfilm , who later served as the film 's producers . Animation services were handled by Sony Pictures Imageworks . The Angry Birds characters were not depicted in their cinematic designs until the film 's announcements so as to avoid spoiling it for audiences . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Recorded 2015 - 16 Genre Pop rock country hip hop electronic Length 48 : 43 Label Atlantic The film 's soundtrack , titled The Angry Birds Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , was released on May 6 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Performed by Length 1 . `` Friends '' Blake Shelton 3 : 04 2 . `` I Will Survive '' Demi Lovato 4 : 05 3 . `` Wonderful Life ( Mi Oh My ) '' Matoma 3 : 30 4 . `` On Top of the World '' Imagine Dragons 3 : 12 5 . `` Explode '' Charli XCX ( as Willow ) 3 : 45 6 . `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' Rick Astley 3 : 34 7 . `` Rock You Like a Hurricane '' Scorpions 4 : 16 8 . `` Fight '' Steve Aoki 3 : 52 9 . `` Wild Thing '' Tone Lōc 4 : 25 10 . `` Sound of da Police '' KRS - One 4 : 18 11 . `` Behind Blue Eyes '' Limp Bizkit 4 : 31 12 . `` The Mighty Eagle Song '' Peter Dinklage 2 : 06 13 . `` The Mighty Red Song '' The Hatchlings and the Blues 0 : 47 14 . `` The Angry Birds Movie Score Medley '' Heitor Pereira 3 : 18 ATCO Records released the score on May 12 , 2016 . `` Wonderful Life '' was replaced in international screenings of the film in English with `` You Should Be Dancing '' by the Bee Gees . Release ( edit ) The film was initially scheduled to be released on July 1 , 2016 , but was later moved forward to May 20 . On September 23 , 2015 , the teaser trailer for the film was released , followed by the second trailer four months later . An international trailer made its debut in March 2016 . The film was released in Finland and the UK on May 13 , 2016 , and in the United States on May 20 , 2016 . Promotion and tie - in games ( edit ) The film 's marketing budget was an estimated $300 million , which along with its production budget was $400 million , the biggest ever for an animated Sony Pictures film . Tie - ins with McDonald 's , Citroën , Ziploc , and Panasonic , and a series of six Lego sets were used to promote the film . A balloon themed after Red debuted at the 2015 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . During the film 's marketing campaign , the app icons for most Angry Birds games were changed to depict the cinematic version of Red . A series of free - to - play tie - in games were also produced : Angry Birds Action ! , Angry Birds Evolution , and Angry Birds Match . Home Media ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie was released on digital HD on July 29 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 16 , 2016 , from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , with four `` Hatchlings '' shorts included . The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on August 21 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie grossed $107.5 million in North America and $244.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $352.3 million . Worldwide , it is the second highest - grossing video game film of all - time behind Warcraft ( $433.5 million ) , and is the most successful Finnish - produced film of all time . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $72 million . In North America , the film opened on May 20 , 2016 alongside Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising and The Nice Guys , and was projected to gross between $35 -- 40 million or as high as $45 million from 3,932 theaters in its opening weekend . Deadline noted that the film had the benefit of being the only animated movies in theaters until Finding Dory on June 17 . The Angry Birds Movie was the top selling film for the weekend , and grossed $800,000 from Thursday night previews and $11 million on its opening day . In its opening weekend it grossed $38.2 million , finishing first at the box office and marked the third biggest Sony animated opening of all time , behind Hotel Transylvania and Hotel Transylvania 2 . It also scored the second - best debut weekend ever for a video game adaptation , behind the $47 million debut of Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . It dropped 51 % in its second weekend , against X-Men : Apocalypse and Alice Through the Looking Glass , grossing $18.7 million . Internationally , The Angry Birds Movie was released in the Philippines on May 11 and in 74 other markets ( 63 % of its total marketplace ) on May 13 , at least one week ahead of its US release . It finished first in 37 territories and second overall at the international box office behind Captain America : Civil War . Benefiting from the 2016 Cannes Film Festival , it grossed $43 million . In its second weekend , it added 9 additional territories including China , South Korea and the Netherlands and grossed $55.5 million from 83 markets . Overall , the top openings for the film was recorded in China ( $29.2 million ) , Russia ( $5.7 million ) , the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $3.1 million ) , Germany ( $2.9 million ) , Mexico ( $2.8 million ) and Brazil ( $2.7 million ) . It opened next in Italy on June 15 and Japan on October 1 . In terms of total earnings , the biggest markets for the film outside North America are China ( $75.8 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $15 million ) , Russia ( $11.99 million ) , and Germany ( $11.97 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 150 reviews and an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Angry Birds Movie is substantially more entertaining than any film adapted from an app has any right to be -- which may or may not be much of an endorsement . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 43 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Lindsey Bahr of The Associated Press gave the film a positive review by writing , `` Ultimately , The Angry Birds Movie does a decent job exploring the merits of anger . It 's no Inside Out , but it has heart and life , which is n't too shabby for any film -- app or not '' . Variety 's Guy Lodge called the film : `` A fast , fizzy and frenetically entertaining extension of the manic gaming franchise that , at its zenith , had children of all ages glued to their smartphone screens '' . While Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film 's plot to be `` pretty thin gruel '' , he thought the script was quite funny and that the animation was brightly colored and appealing . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , writing , `` The kids of today deserve better . So do I , come to think of it '' . In his review for TheWrap , Alonso Duralde wrote , `` Let 's be clear , then : The Angry Birds Movie is n't pointless because it 's based on an app . It 's pointless because it 's pointless '' . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News gave the film one out of five stars , writing , `` The Angry Birds Movie is just fowl '' . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Jussi Awards March 24 , 2017 Best Film Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Score -- Animated Film Heitor Pereira Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Most Wanted Pet Jason Sudeikis Nominated Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Nominated Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` I Will Survive '' by Demi Lovato Nominated Future ( edit ) Follow - up Media ( edit ) IDW Publishing launched a comic book miniseries , titled Angry Birds : Flight School and situated after the events of the film , on February 22 , 2017 . Rovio Entertainment has released a new online video miniseries that takes place sometime after the events of the film , titled Angry Birds Blues , and focuses on the mischievous antics of the newborn Blues . The first episode premiered on Toons.TV on March 10 , 2017 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Angry Birds Movie 2 In August 2016 , Rovio had begun working on a sequel to the film . The sequel , titled The Angry Birds Movie 2 , is planned for a September 6 , 2019 release , coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the original video game . It will be directed by Thurop Van Orman and co-directed by John Rice . Cohen will return as a producer , with Peter Ackerman as writer . Sudeikis , Gad , Hader , McBride and Dinklage have been announced to return , with Rachel Bloom , Sterling K. Brown , Eugenio Derbez , Zach Woods , Awkwafina , Lil Rel Howery , Dove Cameron , Beck Bennett , Brooklynn Prince , and Leslie Jones joining the cast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Heitor Pereira Coaxes Emotion Out of Music '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Felperrin , Leslie ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie '' . Showcase Cinemas . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angry Birds ( 2016 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Faughnder ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sony and Rovio hope $400 - million promotional blitz will help ' Angry Birds ' soar '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANGRY BIRDS ( 2D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Luke . `` New Spoiler - Heavy ' Angry Birds Movie ' Trailer Finally Evokes The Game '' . Forbes . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Animation Vets Clay and Fergal Reilly will direct Angry Birds feature '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Vitti takes flight with Angry Birds movie screenplay '' . Rovio. 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Movie Casts Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Peter Dinklage , Maya Rudolph '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` By the Power of Grayskull ! Masters of the Universe Movie Sets 2019 Release '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jeff . `` Sony 's ANGRY BIRDS 2 nests in theaters 2 weeks earlier -- now set for September . 6 , 2019 instead of Sept. 20 '' . Twitter . Exhibitor Relations . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck on Twitter : `` Kallan Holley voice as young Red . And Jason Sudeikis voice as Red . # AngryBirdsMovie '' `` . Twitter . April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Trailer : Sony 's Avians - Vs - Pigs Saga Takes Ire To New Levels '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast and First Image from the Angry Birds Movie Revealed ! '' . comingsoon.net . October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Blake Shelton to sing and voice a pig in The Angry Birds Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie . `` Charli XCX to Voice Willow in ' Angry Birds ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin . `` ANGRY BIRDS MOVIE ANNOUNCED FOR 2016 '' . IGN . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean . `` Rovio 's Jami Laes on keeping Angry Birds in the entertainment vortex ( interview ) '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hadley , Glenn . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' : Why Actor Josh Gad Initially Said ' No ' to the Film '' . inquisitr . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris . `` JOSH GAD SAYS ANGRY BIRDS MOVIE IS `` UNEXPECTEDLY SMART '' `` . IGN . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saarinen , Juhani ; Teivainen , Aleksi ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Rovio splashes over € 100m in animated feature '' . Helsinki Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rossi , Juhana ; Grundberg , Sven . `` Angry Birds Maker Rovio Aims for the Next Level '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` ' Angry Birds ' Maker Rovio to Axe 260 Jobs , But Spares Movie Staff '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 9 . Hed : `` We were first approached in early 2010 by Hollywood studios to discuss making Angry Birds into a feature film ... I had in my mind a vision for what the world of Angry Birds was , and I wanted to make sure that we would be in control of what the story of the movie would be . If we had given Angry Birds to another studio to be developed , we would have lost that creative control . So I ultimately decided that we had to try to make the movie ourselves , even if I did n't know how to make that a reality . That is , until I met David . '' Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Seikaly , Andrea ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Pic Nests in Vancouver '' . Variety . Variety Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 9 . Maisel : `` ( W ) e also talked about how to make the movie as big as possible . Mikael and I agreed back in 2011 that ... we should do certain things to protect the movie ... Let 's not let the birds have arms and legs until the movie comes out . Let 's not have CGI - grade animation until the movie comes out . These were things that , we knew , if we could protect those things , then the movie had a chance to be really special ... '' Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato 's ' Angry Birds ' Soundtrack Song Could Be The 2016 Song Of The Summer '' . Bustle . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Soundtrack Features Demi Lovato , Charli XCX & Rick Astley '' . Idolator . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake Shelton - Friends - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Video ) . April 8 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Demi Lovato - `` I Will Survive '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Matoma - Wonderful Life ( Mi Oh My ) - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . April 22 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Charli XCX - `` Explode '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ The Angry Birds Movie Peter Dinklage The Mighty Eagle Song . May 8 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ The Hatchlings - `` The Mighty Red Song '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Heitor Pereira - `` Angry Birds Movie Score Medley '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Sony Takes Worldwide Rights To Angry Birds Movie , Will Release It In 2016 '' . Deadline . May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sony 's Angry Birds Movie Gets a New Release Date '' . IGN . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official Teaser Trailer '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official Theatrical Trailer '' . YouTube . Sony Pictures Entertainment . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official International Theatrical Trailer '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Is The Word With $42 M - $44 M No. 1 Opening ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Lower With $25 M -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Lego Angry Birds Sets Announced '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` So That 's What A LEGO Angry Bird Looks Like '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Angry Bird balloon to take flight in annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day parade '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` August 16 , 2016 : This Week on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Digital and Blu - Ray Release '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Now Available on iTunes '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Now on Digital and on Blu - ray 8 / 16 ! '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Bows at No. 1 on Blu - ray Disc , DVD Sales Chart '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Captain America ' Passes ' Deadpool , ' ' Jungle Book ' Tops ' Batman V Supeman ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie is the most internationally successful Finnish movie of all time ! '' . Rovio . January 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` No. 17 ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Captain America : Civil War ' Is Poised To Be This Summer 's Top - Grossing Live - Action Film : B.O. Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' To Step On ' Angry Birds ' , ' Neighbors 2 ' & ' Nice Guys ' -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Soars To $11 M , ' Neighbors 2 ' Snags $8 M , ' Nice Guys ' Finishes Fourth '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Hatches $39 M Debut ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Nabs $21.8 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Opens To $39 M , ' Neighbors 2 ' And ' Nice Guys ' Disappoint '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world will celebrate `` Red 's Carpet Day '' on May 7 for the Angry Birds movie `` . Inquirer Pop . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Dawns With $103.3 M ; ' Angry Birds ' Sings $55.5 M ; ' Zootopia ' # 4 Animated Pic Ever WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Can Angry Birds Take Down Captain America at the Box Office ? '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Angry Birds ' Is The Word With $42 M - $44 M No. 1 Opening ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Lower With $25 M -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Lindsey Bahr ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Review : An app comes to life in `` The Angry Birds Movie '' `` . bigstory.ap.org/ . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guy Lodge ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Angry Birds Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rafer Guzman ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' review : Like the app , not thematically rich '' . Newsday.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Angry Birds Movie , ' a Superficially Amiable Ball of Fluff '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Review : App - Based Cartoon Has All the Fun of Avian Flu '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Whitty ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie , ' big screen adaptation of smartphone video game , is dumb and lays an egg '' . Nydailynews.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tässä ovat Jussi - gaalan kaikki voittajat : Hymyilevä mies on paras elokuva - voitti yhteensä 8 palkintoa '' . Iltalehti . March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Nathan . `` New animated series , `` Angry Birds Blues , '' premieres on Toons TV `` . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Sequel in the Works at Rovio '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad to Return for ' Angry Birds Movie 2 ' Voice Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Leslie Jones , Rachel Bloom , Sterling K. Brown Join Voice Cast of ' Angry Birds 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . 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Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens - wikipedia Charles Dickens Jump to : navigation , search `` Dickens '' and `` Dickensian '' redirect here . For the television series , see Dickensian ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Dickens ( disambiguation ) . Charles Dickens Dickens in New York , circa 1867 -- 1868 Charles John Huffam Dickens ( 1812 - 02 - 07 ) 7 February 1812 Landport , Hampshire , England 9 June 1870 ( 1870 - 06 - 09 ) ( aged 58 ) Higham , Kent , England Resting place Poets ' Corner , Westminster Abbey Occupation Writer Nationality British Notable works The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby A Christmas Carol David Copperfield Bleak House Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Spouse Catherine Thomson Hogarth Children Charles Dickens Jr . Mary Dickens Kate Perugini Walter Landor Dickens Francis Dickens Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens Henry Fielding Dickens Dora Annie Dickens Edward Dickens Signature Charles John Huffam Dickens ( / ˈdɪkɪnz / ; 7 February 1812 -- 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best - known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed readings extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features . His plots were carefully constructed , and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives . Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them , opening up and inspiring a new class of readers . Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age . His 1843 novella , A Christmas Carol , remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre . Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted , and , like many of his novels , evoke images of early Victorian London . His 1859 novel , A Tale of Two Cities , set in London and Paris , is his best - known work of historical fiction . Dickens has been praised by fellow writers -- from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G.K. Chesterton -- for his realism , comedy , prose style , unique characterisations , and social criticism . On the other hand , Oscar Wilde , Henry James , and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth , loose writing , and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism . The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings , such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Journalism and early novels 3 First visit to the United States 4 Philanthropy 5 Religious views 6 Middle years 7 Last years 8 Second visit to the United States 9 Farewell readings 10 Death 11 Literary style 11.1 Characters 11.2 Autobiographical elements 11.3 Episodic writing 11.4 Social commentary 11.5 Literary techniques 12 Reception 13 Influence and legacy 14 Notable works 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links 17.1 Works 17.2 Organisations and portals 17.3 Museums 17.4 Other Early years Charles Dickens 's birthplace , 393 Commercial Road , Portsmouth 2 Ordnance Terrace , Chatham , Dickens 's home 1817 -- May 1821 Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 , at 1 Mile End Terrace ( now 393 Commercial Road ) , Landport in Portsea Island ( Portsmouth ) , the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens ( née Barrow ; 1789 -- 1863 ) and John Dickens ( 1785 -- 1851 ) . His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district . He asked Christopher Huffam , rigger to His Majesty 's Navy , gentleman , and head of an established firm , to act as godfather to Charles . Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey , the owner of a shipping company in Dickens 's novel Dombey and Son ( 1848 ) . In January 1815 , John Dickens was called back to London , and the family moved to Norfolk Street , Fitzrovia . When Charles was four , they relocated to Sheerness , and thence to Chatham , Kent , where he spent his formative years until the age of 11 . His early life seems to have been idyllic , though he thought himself a `` very small and not - over-particularly - taken - care - of boy '' . Charles spent time outdoors , but also read voraciously , including the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding , as well as Robinson Crusoe and Gil Blas . He read and reread The Arabian Nights and the Collected Farces of Elizabeth Inchbald . He retained poignant memories of childhood , helped by an excellent memory of people and events , which he used in his writing . His father 's brief work as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education , first at a dame school , and then at a school run by William Giles , a dissenter , in Chatham . Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe - blacking factory after his father had been sent to the Marshalsea , published in the 1892 edition of Forster 's Life of Dickens This period came to an end in June 1822 , when John Dickens was recalled to Navy Pay Office headquarters at Somerset House , and the family ( except for Charles , who stayed behind to finish his final term of work ) moved to Camden Town in London . The family had left Kent amidst rapidly mounting debts , and , living beyond his means , John Dickens was forced by his creditors into the Marshalsea debtors ' prison in Southwark , London in 1824 . His wife and youngest children joined him there , as was the practice at the time . Charles , then 12 years old , boarded with Elizabeth Roylance , a family friend , at 112 College Place , Camden Town . Roylance was `` a reduced ( impoverished ) old lady , long known to our family '' , whom Dickens later immortalised , `` with a few alterations and embellishments '' , as `` Mrs. Pipchin '' in Dombey and Son . Later , he lived in a back - attic in the house of an agent for the Insolvent Court , Archibald Russell , `` a fat , good - natured , kind old gentleman ... with a quiet old wife '' and lame son , in Lant Street in Southwark . They provided the inspiration for the Garlands in The Old Curiosity Shop . On Sundays -- with his sister Frances , free from her studies at the Royal Academy of Music -- he spent the day at the Marshalsea . Dickens later used the prison as a setting in Little Dorrit . To pay for his board and to help his family , Dickens was forced to leave school and work ten - hour days at Warren 's Blacking Warehouse , on Hungerford Stairs , near the present Charing Cross railway station , where he earned six shillings a week pasting labels on pots of boot blacking . The strenuous and often harsh working conditions made a lasting impression on Dickens and later influenced his fiction and essays , becoming the foundation of his interest in the reform of socio - economic and labour conditions , the rigours of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor . He later wrote that he wondered `` how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age '' . As he recalled to John Forster ( from The Life of Charles Dickens ) : The blacking - warehouse was the last house on the left - hand side of the way , at old Hungerford Stairs . It was a crazy , tumble - down old house , abutting of course on the river , and literally overrun with rats . Its wainscoted rooms , and its rotten floors and staircase , and the old grey rats swarming down in the cellars , and the sound of their squeaking and scuffling coming up the stairs at all times , and the dirt and decay of the place , rise up visibly before me , as if I were there again . The counting - house was on the first floor , looking over the coal - barges and the river . There was a recess in it , in which I was to sit and work . My work was to cover the pots of paste - blacking ; first with a piece of oil - paper , and then with a piece of blue paper ; to tie them round with a string ; and then to clip the paper close and neat , all round , until it looked as smart as a pot of ointment from an apothecary 's shop . When a certain number of grosses of pots had attained this pitch of perfection , I was to paste on each a printed label , and then go on again with more pots . Two or three other boys were kept at similar duty down - stairs on similar wages . One of them came up , in a ragged apron and a paper cap , on the first Monday morning , to show me the trick of using the string and tying the knot . His name was Bob Fagin ; and I took the liberty of using his name , long afterwards , in Oliver Twist . When the warehouse was moved to Chandos Street in the smart , busy district of Covent Garden the boys worked in a room in which the window gave onto the street and little audiences gathered and watched them at work -- in Dickens biographer Simon Callow 's estimation , the public display was `` a new refinement added to his misery '' . The Marshalsea around 1897 , after it had closed A few months after his imprisonment , John Dickens 's paternal grandmother , Elizabeth Dickens , died and bequeathed him £ 450 . On the expectation of this legacy , Dickens was released from prison . Under the Insolvent Debtors Act , Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors , and he and his family left Marshalsea , for the home of Mrs Roylance . Charles 's mother , Elizabeth Dickens , did not immediately support his removal from the boot - blacking warehouse . This influenced Dickens 's view that a father should rule the family , and a mother find her proper sphere inside the home : `` I never afterwards forgot , I never shall forget , I never can forget , that my mother was warm for my being sent back '' . His mother 's failure to request his return was a factor in his dissatisfied attitude towards women . Righteous indignation stemming from his own situation and the conditions under which working - class people lived became major themes of his works , and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite , and most autobiographical , novel , David Copperfield : `` I had no advice , no counsel , no encouragement , no consolation , no assistance , no support , of any kind , from anyone , that I can call to mind , as I hope to go to heaven ! '' Dickens was eventually sent to the Wellington House Academy in Camden Town , where he remained until March 1827 , having spent about two years there . He did not consider it to be a good school : `` Much of the haphazard , desultory teaching , poor discipline punctuated by the headmaster 's sadistic brutality , the seedy ushers and general run - down atmosphere , are embodied in Mr. Creakle 's Establishment in David Copperfield . '' Dickens worked at the law office of Ellis and Blackmore , attorneys , of Holborn Court , Gray 's Inn , as a junior clerk from May 1827 to November 1828 . He was a gifted mimic and impersonated those around him : clients , lawyers , and clerks . He went to theatres obsessively -- he claimed that for at least three years he went to the theatre every single day . His favourite actor was Charles Mathews , and Dickens learnt his monopolylogues , ( farces in which Mathews played every character ) , by heart . Then , having learned Gurney 's system of shorthand in his spare time , he left to become a freelance reporter . A distant relative , Thomas Charlton , was a freelance reporter at Doctors ' Commons , and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four years . This education was to inform works such as Nicholas Nickleby , Dombey and Son , and especially Bleak House -- whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy of the legal system did much to enlighten the general public and served as a vehicle for dissemination of Dickens 's own views regarding , particularly , the heavy burden on the poor who were forced by circumstances to `` go to law '' . In 1830 , Dickens met his first love , Maria Beadnell , thought to have been the model for the character Dora in David Copperfield . Maria 's parents disapproved of the courtship and ended the relationship by sending her to school in Paris . Journalism and early novels In 1832 , at age 20 , Dickens was energetic and increasingly self - confident . He enjoyed mimicry and popular entertainment , lacked a clear , specific sense of what he wanted to become , and yet knew he wanted fame . Drawn to the theatre -- he became an early member of the Garrick -- he landed an acting audition at Covent Garden , where the manager George Bartley and the actor Charles Kemble were to see him . Dickens prepared meticulously and decided to imitate the comedian Charles Mathews , but ultimately he missed the audition because of a cold . Before another opportunity arose , he had set out on his career as a writer . In 1833 he submitted his first story , `` A Dinner at Poplar Walk '' , to the London periodical Monthly Magazine . William Barrow , a brother of his mother , offered him a job on The Mirror of Parliament and he worked in the House of Commons for the first time early in 1832 . He rented rooms at Furnival 's Inn and worked as a political journalist , reporting on Parliamentary debates , and he travelled across Britain to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle . His journalism , in the form of sketches in periodicals , formed his first collection of pieces , published in 1836 : Sketches by Boz -- Boz being a family nickname he employed as a pseudonym for some years . Dickens apparently adopted it from the nickname `` Moses '' , which he had given to his youngest brother Augustus Dickens , after a character in Oliver Goldsmith 's The Vicar of Wakefield . When pronounced by anyone with a head cold , `` Moses '' became `` Boses '' -- later shortened to Boz . Dickens 's own name was considered `` queer '' by a contemporary critic , who wrote in 1849 : `` Mr Dickens , as if in revenge for his own queer name , does bestow still queerer ones upon his fictitious creations . '' He contributed to and edited journals throughout his literary career . In January 1835 the Morning Chronicle launched an evening edition , under the editorship of the Chronicle 's music critic , George Hogarth . Hogarth invited Dickens to contribute Street Sketches and Dickens became a regular visitor to his Fulham house , excited by Hogarth 's friendship with a hero of his , Walter Scott , and enjoying the company of Hogarth 's three daughters -- Georgina , Mary , and nineteen - year - old Catherine . Catherine Hogarth Dickens by Samuel Lawrence ( 1838 ) Dickens made rapid progress both professionally and socially . He began a friendship with William Harrison Ainsworth , the author of the highwayman novel Rookwood ( 1834 ) , whose bachelor salon in Harrow Road had become the meeting place for a set that included Daniel Maclise , Benjamin Disraeli , Edward Bulwer - Lytton , and George Cruikshank . All these became his friends and collaborators , with the exception of Disraeli , and he met his first publisher , John Macrone , at the house . The success of Sketches by Boz led to a proposal from publishers Chapman and Hall for Dickens to supply text to match Robert Seymour 's engraved illustrations in a monthly letterpress . Seymour committed suicide after the second instalment , and Dickens , who wanted to write a connected series of sketches , hired `` Phiz '' to provide the engravings ( which were reduced from four to two per instalment ) for the story . The resulting story became The Pickwick Papers , and though the first few episodes were not successful , the introduction of the Cockney character Sam Weller in the fourth episode ( the first to be illustrated by Phiz ) marked a sharp climb in its popularity . The final instalment sold 40,000 copies . In November 1836 Dickens accepted the position of editor of Bentley 's Miscellany , a position he held for three years , until he fell out with the owner . In 1836 as he finished the last instalments of The Pickwick Papers , he began writing the beginning instalments of Oliver Twist -- writing as many as 90 pages a month -- while continuing work on Bentley 's and also writing four plays , the production of which he oversaw . Oliver Twist , published in 1838 , became one of Dickens 's better known stories , and was the first Victorian novel with a child protagonist . Young Charles Dickens by Daniel Maclise , 1839 On 2 April 1836 , after a one - year engagement , and between episodes two and three of The Pickwick Papers , Dickens married Catherine Thomson Hogarth ( 1816 -- 1879 ) , the daughter of George Hogarth , editor of the Evening Chronicle . They were married in St. Luke 's Church , Chelsea , London . After a brief honeymoon in Chalk in Kent the couple returned to lodgings at Furnival 's Inn . The first of their ten children , Charley , was born in January 1837 , and a few months later the family set up home in Bloomsbury at 48 Doughty Street , London , ( on which Charles had a three - year lease at £ 80 a year ) from 25 March 1837 until December 1839 . Dickens 's younger brother Frederick and Catherine 's 17 - year - old sister Mary , moved in with them . Dickens became very attached to Mary , and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837 . Unusually for Dickens , as a consequence of his shock , he stopped working , and he and Kate stayed at a little farm on Hampstead Heath for a fortnight . Dickens idealised Mary - the character he fashioned after her , Rose Maylie , he found he could not now kill , as he had planned , in his fiction and according to Ackroyd he drew on memories of her for his later descriptions of Little Nell and Florence Dombey . His grief was so great that he was unable to meet the deadline for the June instalment of Pickwick Papers and had to cancel the Oliver Twist instalment that month as well . The time in Hampstead was the occasion for a growing bond between Dickens and John Forster to develop and Forster soon became his unofficial business manager , and the first to read his work . Barnaby Rudge was Dickens 's first popular failure -- but the character of Dolly Varden , `` pretty , witty , sexy , became central to numerous theatrical adaptations '' His success as a novelist continued . The young Queen Victoria read both Oliver Twist and Pickwick , staying up until midnight to discuss them . Nicholas Nickleby ( 1838 -- 39 ) , The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1840 -- 41 ) and , finally , his first historical novel , Barnaby Rudge : A Tale of the Riots of ' Eighty , as part of the Master Humphrey 's Clock series ( 1840 -- 41 ) , were all published in monthly instalments before being made into books . In the midst of all his activity during this period there was discontent with his publishers and John Macrone was bought off , while Richard Bentley signed over all his rights in Oliver Twist . Other signs of a certain restlessness and discontent emerge -- in Broadstairs he flirted with Eleanor Picken , the young fiancée of his solicitor 's best friend , and one night grabbed her and ran with her down to the sea . He declared they were both to drown there in the `` sad sea waves '' . She finally got free but afterwards kept her distance . In June 1841 he precipitately set out on a two - month tour of Scotland and then , in September 1841 , telegraphed Forster that he had decided to go to America . Master Humphrey 's Clock was shut down , though Dickens was still keen on the idea of the weekly magazine , a form he liked , a liking that had begun with his childhood reading of the eighteenth - century magazines Tatler and The Spectator . First visit to the United States In 1842 , Dickens and his wife made their first trip to the United States and Canada . At this time Georgina Hogarth , another sister of Catherine , joined the Dickens household , now living at Devonshire Terrace , Marylebone , to care for the young family they had left behind . She remained with them as housekeeper , organiser , adviser , and friend until Dickens 's death in 1870 . Dickens modeled the character of Agnes Wickfield after Georgina and Mary . Sketch of Dickens in 1842 during his first American tour . Sketch of Dickens 's sister Fanny , bottom left He described his impressions in a travelogue , American Notes for General Circulation . Dickens includes in Notes a powerful condemnation of slavery , which he had attacked as early as The Pickwick Papers , correlating the emancipation of the poor in England with the abolition of slavery abroad citing newspaper accounts of runaway slaves disfigured by their masters . In spite of the abolitionist sentiments gleaned from his trip to America , some modern commentators have pointed out inconsistencies in Dickens 's views on racial inequality , for instance , he has been criticized for his subsequent acquiescence in Governor Eyre 's harsh crackdown during the 1860s Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica and his failure to join other British progressives in condemning it . From Richmond , Virginia , Dickens returned to Washington , D.C. , and started a trek westward to St. Louis , Missouri . While there , he expressed a desire to see an American prairie before returning east . A group of 13 men then set out with Dickens to visit Looking Glass Prairie , a trip 30 miles into Illinois . During his American visit , Dickens spent a month in New York City , giving lectures , raising the question of international copyright laws and the pirating of his work in America . He persuaded a group of twenty - five writers , headed by Washington Irving , to sign a petition for him to take to Congress , but the press were generally hostile to this , saying that he should be grateful for his popularity and that it was mercenary to complain about his work being pirated . The popularity he gained caused a shift in his self - perception according to critic Kate Flint , who writes that he `` found himself a cultural commodity , and its circulation had passed out his control '' , causing him to become interested in and delve into themes of public and personal personas in the next novels . She writes that he assumed a role of `` influential commentator '' , publicly and in his fiction , evident in his next few books . His trip to the U.S. ended with a trip to Canada : Niagara Falls , Toronto , Kingston and Montreal where he appeared on stage in light comedies . Soon after his return to England , Dickens began work on the first of his Christmas stories , A Christmas Carol , written in 1843 , which was followed by The Chimes in 1844 and The Cricket on the Hearth in 1845 . Of these , A Christmas Carol was most popular and , tapping into an old tradition , did much to promote a renewed enthusiasm for the joys of Christmas in Britain and America . The seeds for the story became planted in Dickens 's mind during a trip to Manchester to witness the conditions of the manufacturing workers there . This , along with scenes he had recently witnessed at the Field Lane Ragged School , caused Dickens to resolve to `` strike a sledge hammer blow '' for the poor . As the idea for the story took shape and the writing began in earnest , Dickens became engrossed in the book . He later wrote that as the tale unfolded he `` wept and laughed , and wept again '' as he `` walked about the black streets of London fifteen or twenty miles many a night when all sober folks had gone to bed . '' After living briefly in Italy ( 1844 ) , Dickens travelled to Switzerland ( 1846 ) , where he began work on Dombey and Son ( 1846 -- 48 ) . This and David Copperfield ( 1849 -- 50 ) mark a significant artistic break in Dickens 's career as his novels became more serious in theme and more carefully planned than his early works . At about this time , he was made aware of a large embezzlement at the firm where his brother , Augustus , worked ( John Chapman & Co . ) . It had been carried out by Thomas Powell , a clerk , who was on friendly terms with Dickens and who had acted as mentor to Augustus when he started work . Powell was also an author and poet and knew many of the famous writers of the day . After further fraudulent activities , Powell fled to New York and published a book called The Living Authors of England with a chapter on Charles Dickens , who was not amused by what Powell had written . One item that seemed to have annoyed him was the assertion that he had based the character of Paul Dombey ( Dombey and Son ) on Thomas Chapman , one of the principal partners at John Chapman & Co . Dickens immediately sent a letter to Lewis Gaylord Clark , editor of the New York literary magazine The Knickerbocker , saying that Powell was a forger and thief . Clark published the letter in the New - York Tribune , and several other papers picked up on the story . Powell began proceedings to sue these publications , and Clark was arrested . Dickens , realising that he had acted in haste , contacted John Chapman & Co. to seek written confirmation of Powell 's guilt . Dickens did receive a reply confirming Powell 's embezzlement , but once the directors realised this information might have to be produced in court , they refused to make further disclosures . Owing to the difficulties of providing evidence in America to support his accusations , Dickens eventually made a private settlement with Powell out of court . Philanthropy Angela Burdett Coutts , heir to the Coutts banking fortune , approached Dickens in May 1846 about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen women of the working class . Coutts envisioned a home that would replace the punitive regimes of existing institutions with a reformative environment conducive to education and proficiency in domestic household chores . After initially resisting , Dickens eventually founded the home , named `` Urania Cottage '' , in the Lime Grove section of Shepherds Bush , which he managed for ten years , setting the house rules , reviewing the accounts and interviewing prospective residents . Emigration and marriage were central to Dickens 's agenda for the women on leaving Urania Cottage , from which it is estimated that about 100 women graduated between 1847 and 1859 . Religious views As a young man Dickens expressed a distaste for certain aspects of organized religion . In 1836 , in a pamphlet titled Sunday Under Three Heads , he defended the people 's right to pleasure , opposing a plan to prohibit games on Sundays . `` Look into your churches - diminished congregations and scanty attendance . People have grown sullen and obstinate , and are becoming disgusted with the faith which condemns them to such a day as this , once in every seven . They display their feeling by staying away ( from church ) . Turn into the streets ( on a Sunday ) and mark the rigid gloom that reigns over everything around '' Dickens honoured the figure of Christ -- though some claim he may have denied his divinity . Notwithstanding , Dickens has been characterized as a professing Christian . His son , Henry Fielding Dickens , described Dickens as someone who `` possessed deep religious convictions '' . In the early 1840s Dickens had shown an interest in Unitarian Christianity , and Robert Browning remarked that `` Mr. Dickens is an enlightened Unitarian . '' Writer Gary Colledge , however , asserted that he `` never strayed from his attachment to popular lay Anglicanism '' . He also wrote a religious work called The Life of Our Lord ( 1849 ) , which was a short book about the life of Jesus Christ , written with the purpose of inculcating his faith to his children and family . Dickens disapproved of Roman Catholicism and 19th - century evangelicalism , and was critical of what he saw as the hypocrisy of religious institutions and philosophies like spiritualism , all of which he considered deviations from the true spirit of Christianity . Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky referred to Dickens as `` that great Christian writer '' . Middle years `` Little Dorrit '' 1856 The Francophile Dickens often vacationed in France , and in a speech delivered in Paris in 1846 in French called the French `` the first people in the universe '' . During his visit to Paris , Dickens met the French literati Alexandre Dumas , Victor Hugo , Eugène Scribe , Théophile Gautier , François - René de Chateaubriand and Eugène Sue . Dickens started to write David Copperfield in 1848 . It was published between 1849 and 1850 . Scholars consider it as Dickens 's veiled autobiography with the title character modeled after the author himself . It was Dickens 's personal favourite among his own novels . In late November 1851 , Dickens moved into Tavistock House where he wrote Bleak House ( 1852 -- 53 ) , Hard Times ( 1854 ) , and Little Dorrit ( 1856 ) . It was here that he indulged in the amateur theatricals described in Forster 's Life . During this period he worked closely with the novelist and playwright Wilkie Collins . In 1856 , his income from writing allowed him to buy Gad 's Hill Place in Higham , Kent . As a child , Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it . The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare 's Henry IV , Part 1 , and this literary connection pleased him . Ellen Ternan , 1858 In 1857 , Dickens hired professional actresses for the play The Frozen Deep , written by him and his protégé , Wilkie Collins . Dickens fell in love with one of the actresses , Ellen Ternan , and this passion was to last the rest of his life . Dickens was 45 and Ternan 18 when he made the decision , which went strongly against Victorian convention , to separate from his wife , Catherine , in 1858 -- divorce was still unthinkable for someone as famous as he was . When Catherine left , never to see her husband again , she took with her one child , leaving the other children to be raised by her sister Georgina who chose to stay at Gad 's Hill . During this period , whilst pondering a project to give public readings for his own profit , Dickens was approached through a charitable appeal by Great Ormond Street Hospital , to help it survive its first major financial crisis . His ' Drooping Buds ' essay in Household Words earlier on 3 April 1852 was considered by the hospital 's founders to have been the catalyst for the hospital 's success . Dickens , whose philanthropy was well - known , was asked by his friend , the hospital 's founder Charles West , to preside over the appeal , and he threw himself into the task , heart and soul . Dickens 's public readings secured sufficient funds for an endowment to put the hospital on a sound financial footing -- one reading on 9 February 1858 alone raised £ 3,000 . After separating from Catherine , Dickens undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours which , together with his journalism , were to absorb most of his creative energies for the next decade , in which he was to write only two more novels . His first reading tour , lasting from April 1858 to February 1859 , consisted of 129 appearances in 49 different towns throughout England , Scotland and Ireland . Dickens 's continued fascination with the theatrical world was written into the theatre scenes in Nicholas Nickleby , but more importantly he found an outlet in public readings . In 1866 , he undertook a series of public readings in England and Scotland , with more the following year in England and Ireland . Dickens at his desk , 1858 Major works soon followed , including A Tale of Two Cities ( 1859 ) and Great Expectations ( 1861 ) , which were resounding successes . During this time he was also the publisher , editor , and a major contributor to the journals Household Words ( 1850 -- 1859 ) and All the Year Round ( 1858 -- 1870 ) . In early September 1860 , in a field behind Gad 's Hill , Dickens made a bonfire of most of his correspondence -- only those letters on business matters were spared . Since Ellen Ternan also destroyed all of his letters to her , the extent of the affair between the two remains speculative . In the 1930s , Thomas Wright recounted that Ternan had unburdened herself to a Canon Benham , and gave currency to rumours they had been lovers . That the two had a son who died in infancy was alleged by Dickens 's daughter , Kate Perugini , whom Gladys Storey had interviewed before her death in 1929 . Storey published her account in Dickens and Daughter , but no contemporary evidence exists . On his death , Dickens settled an annuity on Ternan which made her a financially independent woman . Claire Tomalin 's book , The Invisible Woman , argues that Ternan lived with Dickens secretly for the last 13 years of his life . The book was subsequently turned into a play , Little Nell , by Simon Gray , and a 2013 film . In the same period , Dickens furthered his interest in the paranormal , becoming one of the early members of The Ghost Club . In June 1862 , he was offered £ 10,000 for a reading tour of Australia . He was enthusiastic , and even planned a travel book , The Uncommercial Traveller Upside Down , but ultimately decided against the tour . Two of his sons , Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens and Edward Bulwer Lytton Dickens , migrated to Australia , Edward becoming a member of the Parliament of New South Wales as Member for Wilcannia between 1889 and 1894 . Last years After the Staplehurst rail crash On 9 June 1865 , while returning from Paris with Ellen Ternan , Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash . The train 's first seven carriages plunged off a cast iron bridge that was under repair . The only first - class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was travelling . Before rescuers arrived , Dickens tended and comforted the wounded and the dying with a flask of brandy and a hat refreshed with water , and saved some lives . Before leaving , he remembered the unfinished manuscript for Our Mutual Friend , and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it . Dickens later used this experience as material for his short ghost story , `` The Signal - Man '' , in which the central character has a premonition of his own death in a rail crash . He also based the story on several previous rail accidents , such as the Clayton Tunnel rail crash of 1861 . Dickens managed to avoid an appearance at the inquest to avoid disclosing that he had been travelling with Ternan and her mother , which would have caused a scandal . Second visit to the United States Crowd of spectators buying tickets for a Dickens reading at Steinway Hall , New York City in 1867 Contemplating a second visit to the United States , the outbreak of the Civil War in America in 1861 delayed his plans . On 9 November 1867 , over two years after the war , Dickens set sail from Liverpool for his second American reading tour . Landing at Boston , he devoted the rest of the month to a round of dinners with such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and his American publisher , James Thomas Fields . In early December , the readings began . He performed 76 readings , netting £ 19,000 , from December 1867 to April 1868 . Dickens shuttled between Boston and New York , where he gave 22 readings at Steinway Hall . Although he had started to suffer from what he called the `` true American catarrh '' , he kept to a schedule that would have challenged a much younger man , even managing to squeeze in some sleighing in Central Park . Poster promoting a reading by Dickens in Nottingham dated 4 February 1869 , two months before he suffered a mild stroke During his travels , he saw a change in the people and the circumstances of America . His final appearance was at a banquet the American Press held in his honour at Delmonico 's on 18 April , when he promised never to denounce America again . By the end of the tour Dickens could hardly manage solid food , subsisting on champagne and eggs beaten in sherry . On 23 April he boarded the Cunard liner Russia to return to Britain , barely escaping a Federal Tax Lien against the proceeds of his lecture tour . Farewell readings Between 1868 and 1869 , Dickens gave a series of `` farewell readings '' in England , Scotland , and Ireland , beginning on 6 October . He managed , of a contracted 100 readings , to deliver 75 in the provinces , with a further 12 in London . As he pressed on he was affected by giddiness and fits of paralysis . He suffered a stroke on 18 April 1869 in Chester . He collapsed on 22 April 1869 , at Preston in Lancashire , and on doctor 's advice , the tour was cancelled . After further provincial readings were cancelled , he began work on his final novel , The Mystery of Edwin Drood . It was fashionable in the 1860s to ' do the slums ' and , in company , Dickens visited opium dens in Shadwell , where he witnessed an elderly addict known as `` Laskar Sal '' , who formed the model for the `` Opium Sal '' subsequently featured in his mystery novel , Edwin Drood . After Dickens had regained sufficient strength , he arranged , with medical approval , for a final series of readings to partially make up to his sponsors what they had lost due to his illness . There were to be 12 performances , running between 11 January and 15 March 1870 , the last at 8 : 00 pm at St. James 's Hall in London . Although in grave health by this time , he read A Christmas Carol and The Trial from Pickwick . On 2 May , he made his last public appearance at a Royal Academy Banquet in the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales , paying a special tribute on the death of his friend , the illustrator Daniel Maclise . Death Samuel Luke Fildes -- The Empty Chair . Fildes was illustrating `` Edwin Drood '' at the time of Charles Dickens 's death . The engraving shows Dickens 's empty chair in his study at Gads Hill Place . It appeared in the Christmas 1870 edition of The Graphic and thousands of prints of it were sold . Death certificate of Charles Dickens . On 8 June 1870 , Dickens suffered another stroke at his home after a full day 's work on Edwin Drood . He never regained consciousness , and the next day , five years to the day after the Staplehurst rail crash , he died at Gads Hill Place . Biographer Claire Tomalin has suggested Dickens was actually in Peckham when he suffered the stroke , and his mistress Ellen Ternan and her maids had him taken back to Gad 's Hill so the public would not know the truth about their relationship . Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral `` in an inexpensive , unostentatious , and strictly private manner '' , he was laid to rest in the Poets ' Corner of Westminster Abbey . A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads : To the Memory of Charles Dickens ( England 's most popular author ) who died at his residence , Higham , near Rochester , Kent , 9 June 1870 , aged 58 years . He was a sympathiser with the poor , the suffering , and the oppressed ; and by his death , one of England 's greatest writers is lost to the world . His last words were : `` On the ground '' , in response to his sister - in - law Georgina 's request that he lie down . On Sunday , 19 June 1870 , five days after Dickens was buried in the Abbey , Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial elegy , lauding `` the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn '' , for showing by his own example `` that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters , genius could still be clean , and mirth could be innocent '' . Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist 's grave , Stanley assured those present that `` the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and the Old , as that of the representative of literature , not of this island only , but of all who speak our English tongue . '' In his will , drafted more than a year before his death , Dickens left the care of his £ 80,000 estate to his longtime colleague John Forster and his `` best and truest friend '' Georgina Hogarth who , along with Dickens 's two sons , also received a tax - free sum of £ 8,000 ( about £ 800,000 in present terms ) . Although Dickens and his wife had been separated for several years at the time of his death , he provided her with an annual income of £ 600 and made her similar allowances in his will . He also bequeathed £ 19 19s to each servant in his employment at the time of his death . Literary style Dickens favoured the style of the 18th century picaresque novels that he found in abundance on his father 's shelves . According to Ackroyd , other than these , perhaps the most important literary influence on him was derived from the fables of The Arabian Nights . Dickens 's Dream by Robert William Buss , portraying Dickens at his desk at Gads Hill Place surrounded by many of his characters His writing style is marked by a profuse linguistic creativity . Satire , flourishing in his gift for caricature , is his forte . An early reviewer compared him to Hogarth for his keen practical sense of the ludicrous side of life , though his acclaimed mastery of varieties of class idiom may in fact mirror the conventions of contemporary popular theatre . Dickens worked intensively on developing arresting names for his characters that would reverberate with associations for his readers , and assist the development of motifs in the storyline , giving what one critic calls an `` allegorical impetus '' to the novels ' meanings . To cite one of numerous examples , the name Mr. Murdstone in David Copperfield conjures up twin allusions to `` murder '' and stony coldness . His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism . His satires of British aristocratic snobbery -- he calls one character the `` Noble Refrigerator '' -- are often popular . Comparing orphans to stocks and shares , people to tug boats , or dinner - party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens 's acclaimed flights of fancy . The author worked closely with his illustrators , supplying them with a summary of the work at the outset and thus ensuring that his characters and settings were exactly how he envisioned them . He briefed the illustrator on plans for each month 's instalment so that work could begin before he wrote them . Marcus Stone , illustrator of Our Mutual Friend , recalled that the author was always `` ready to describe down to the minutest details the personal characteristics , and ... life - history of the creations of his fancy '' . Characters Dickens ' characters Dickens 's biographer Claire Tomalin regards him as the greatest creator of character in English fiction after Shakespeare . Dickensian characters are amongst the most memorable in English literature , especially so because of their typically whimsical names . The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge , Tiny Tim , Jacob Marley , Bob Cratchit , Oliver Twist , The Artful Dodger , Fagin , Bill Sikes , Pip , Miss Havisham , Sydney Carton , Charles Darnay , David Copperfield , Mr. Micawber , Abel Magwitch , Daniel Quilp , Samuel Pickwick , Wackford Squeers , and Uriah Heep are so well known as to be part and parcel of British culture , and in some cases have passed into ordinary language : a scrooge , for example , is a miser - or someone who dislikes Christmas festivity . His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books . `` Gamp '' became a slang expression for an umbrella from the character Mrs Gamp , and `` Pickwickian '' , `` Pecksniffian '' , and `` Gradgrind '' all entered dictionaries due to Dickens 's original portraits of such characters who were , respectively , quixotic , hypocritical , and vapidly factual . Many were drawn from real life : Mrs Nickleby is based on his mother , though she did n't recognise herself in the portrait , just as Mr Micawber is constructed from aspects of his father 's ' rhetorical exuberance ' : Harold Skimpole in Bleak House is based on James Henry Leigh Hunt : his wife 's dwarfish chiropodist recognised herself in Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield . Perhaps Dickens 's impressions on his meeting with Hans Christian Andersen informed the delineation of Uriah Heep . Virginia Woolf maintained that `` we remodel our psychological geography when we read Dickens '' as he produces `` characters who exist not in detail , not accurately or exactly , but abundantly in a cluster of wild yet extraordinarily revealing remarks '' . One `` character '' vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself . From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames , all aspects of the capital are described over the course of his body of work . Autobiographical elements An original illustration by Phiz from the novel David Copperfield , which is widely regarded as Dickens 's most autobiographical work Authors frequently draw their portraits of characters from people they have known in real life . David Copperfield is regarded by many as a veiled autobiography of Dickens . The scenes of interminable court cases and legal arguments in Bleak House reflect Dickens 's experiences as a law clerk and court reporter , and in particular his direct experience of the law 's procedural delay during 1844 when he sued publishers in Chancery for breach of copyright . Dickens 's father was sent to prison for debt , and this became a common theme in many of his books , with the detailed depiction of life in the Marshalsea prison in Little Dorrit resulting from Dickens 's own experiences of the institution . Lucy Stroughill , a childhood sweetheart , may have affected several of Dickens 's portraits of girls such as Little Em'ly in David Copperfield and Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities . Dickens may have drawn on his childhood experiences , but he was also ashamed of them and would not reveal that this was where he gathered his realistic accounts of squalor . Very few knew the details of his early life until six years after his death , when John Forster published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated . Though Skimpole brutally sends up Leigh Hunt , some critics have detected in his portrait features of Dickens 's own character , which he sought to exorcise by self - parody . Episodic writing Most of Dickens 's major novels were first written in monthly or weekly instalments in journals such as Master Humphrey 's Clock and Household Words , later reprinted in book form . These instalments made the stories affordable and accessible , and the series of regular cliff - hangers made each new episode widely anticipated . When The Old Curiosity Shop was being serialised , American fans waited at the docks in New York harbor , shouting out to the crew of an incoming British ship , `` Is little Nell dead ? '' Dickens 's talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end . `` Charles Dickens as he appears when reading . '' Wood engraving from Harper 's Weekly , 7 December 1867 Another important impact of Dickens 's episodic writing style resulted from his exposure to the opinions of his readers and friends . His friend Forster had a significant hand in reviewing his drafts , an influence that went beyond matters of punctuation . He toned down melodramatic and sensationalist exaggerations , cut long passages ( such as the episode of Quilp 's drowning in The Old Curiosity Shop ) , and made suggestions about plot and character . It was he who suggested that Charley Bates should be redeemed in Oliver Twist . Dickens had not thought of killing Little Nell , and it was Forster who advised him to entertain this possibility as necessary to his conception of the heroine . Dickens 's serialisation of his novels was not uncriticised by other authors . In Robert Louis Stevenson 's novel The Wrecker , there is a comment by Captain Nares , investigating an abandoned ship : `` See ! They were writing up the log , '' said Nares , pointing to the ink - bottle . `` Caught napping , as usual . I wonder if there ever was a captain yet that lost a ship with his log - book up to date ? He generally has about a month to fill up on a clean break , like Charles Dickens and his serial novels . '' Social commentary Nurse Sarah Gamp ( left ) from Martin Chuzzlewit became a stereotype of untrained and incompetent nurses of the early Victorian era , before the reforms of Florence Nightingale Dickens 's novels were , among other things , works of social commentary . He was a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society . In a New York address , he expressed his belief that `` Virtue shows quite as well in rags and patches as she does in purple and fine linen '' . Dickens 's second novel , Oliver Twist ( 1839 ) , shocked readers with its images of poverty and crime : it challenged middle class polemics about criminals , making impossible any pretence to ignorance about what poverty entailed . Literary techniques Dickens is often described as using idealised characters and highly sentimental scenes to contrast with his caricatures and the ugly social truths he reveals . The story of Nell Trent in The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1841 ) was received as extraordinarily moving by contemporary readers but viewed as ludicrously sentimental by Oscar Wilde . `` You would need to have a heart of stone '' , he declared in one of his famous witticisms , `` not to laugh at the death of little Nell . '' G.K. Chesterton , stated : `` It is not the death of little Nell , but the life of little Nell , that I object to '' , arguing that the maudlin effect of his description of her life owed much to the gregarious nature of Dickens 's grief , his `` despotic '' use of people 's feelings to move them to tears in works like this . The question as to whether Dickens belongs to the tradition of the sentimental novel is debatable . Valerie Purton , in her recent Dickens and the Sentimental Tradition , sees him continuing aspects of this tradition , and argues that his `` sentimental scenes and characters ( are ) as crucial to the overall power of the novels as his darker or comic figures and scenes '' , and that `` Dombey and Son is ( ... ) Dickens 's greatest triumph in the sentimentalist tradition '' . The Encyclopædia Britannica online comments that , despite `` patches of emotional excess '' , such as the reported death of Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , `` Dickens can not really be termed a sentimental novelist '' . In Oliver Twist Dickens provides readers with an idealised portrait of a boy so inherently and unrealistically good that his values are never subverted by either brutal orphanages or coerced involvement in a gang of young pickpockets . While later novels also centre on idealised characters ( Esther Summerson in Bleak House and Amy Dorrit in Little Dorrit ) , this idealism serves only to highlight Dickens 's goal of poignant social commentary . Dickens 's fiction , reflecting what he believed to be true of his own life , makes frequent use of coincidence , either for comic effect or to emphasise the idea of providence . For example , Oliver Twist turns out to be the lost nephew of the upper - class family that rescues him from the dangers of the pickpocket group . Such coincidences are a staple of 18th - century picaresque novels , such as Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , which Dickens enjoyed reading as a youth . Reception Dickens portrait ( top left ) , in between Shakespeare and Tennyson , on a stained glass window at the Ottawa Public Library , Ottawa , Canada Dickens was the most popular novelist of his time , and remains one of the best - known and most - read of English authors . His works have never gone out of print , and have been adapted continually for the screen since the invention of cinema , with at least 200 motion pictures and TV adaptations based on Dickens 's works documented . Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime , and as early as 1913 , a silent film of The Pickwick Papers was made . He created some of the world 's best - known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . Among fellow writers , Dickens has been both lionised and mocked . Leo Tolstoy , G.K. Chesterton , and George Orwell praised his realism , comic voice , prose fluency , and satiric caricature , as well as his passionate advocacy on behalf of children and the poor . French writer Jules Verne called Dickens his favourite writer , writing his novels `` stand alone , dwarfing all others by their amazing power and felicity of expression . '' Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh was inspired by Dickens 's novels in several of his paintings like Vincent 's Chair and in an 1889 letter to his sister stated that reading Dickens , especially A Christmas Carol , was one of the things that was keeping him from committing suicide . Oscar Wilde generally disparaged his depiction of character , while admiring his gift for caricature . His late contemporary William Wordsworth , by then Poet laureate , thought him a `` very talkative , vulgar young person '' , adding he had not read a line of his work ; Dickens in return thought Wordsworth `` a dreadful Old Ass '' . Henry James denied him a premier position , calling him `` the greatest of superficial novelists '' : Dickens failed to endow his characters with psychological depth and the novels , `` loose baggy monsters '' , betrayed a `` cavalier organisation '' . Virginia Woolf had a love - hate relationship with his works , finding his novels `` mesmerizing '' while reproving him for his sentimentalism and a commonplace style . Fyodor Dostoyevsky expressed his admiration for the author , `` We understand Dickens in Russia , I am convinced , almost as well as the English , perhaps even with all the nuances . It may well be that we love him no less than his compatriots do . And yet how original is Dickens , and how very English ! '' . A Christmas Carol is most probably his best - known story , with frequent new adaptations . It is also the most - filmed of Dickens 's stories , with many versions dating from the early years of cinema . According to the historian Ronald Hutton , the current state of the observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday spearheaded by A Christmas Carol . Dickens catalysed the emerging Christmas as a family - centred festival of generosity , in contrast to the dwindling community - based and church - centred observations , as new middle - class expectations arose . Its archetypal figures ( Scrooge , Tiny Tim , the Christmas ghosts ) entered into Western cultural consciousness . A prominent phrase from the tale , `` Merry Christmas '' , was popularised following the appearance of the story . The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser , and his dismissive exclamation ' Bah ! Humbug ! ' likewise gained currency as an idiom . Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray called the book `` a national benefit , and to every man and woman who reads it a personal kindness '' . Bleak House in Broadstairs , Kent , where Dickens wrote some of his novels At a time when Britain was the major economic and political power of the world , Dickens highlighted the life of the forgotten poor and disadvantaged within society . Through his journalism he campaigned on specific issues -- such as sanitation and the workhouse -- but his fiction probably demonstrated its greatest prowess in changing public opinion in regard to class inequalities . He often depicted the exploitation and oppression of the poor and condemned the public officials and institutions that not only allowed such abuses to exist , but flourished as a result . His most strident indictment of this condition is in Hard Times ( 1854 ) , Dickens 's only novel - length treatment of the industrial working class . In this work , he uses vitriol and satire to illustrate how this marginalised social stratum was termed `` Hands '' by the factory owners ; that is , not really `` people '' but rather only appendages of the machines they operated . His writings inspired others , in particular journalists and political figures , to address such problems of class oppression . For example , the prison scenes in The Pickwick Papers are claimed to have been influential in having the Fleet Prison shut down . Karl Marx asserted that Dickens `` issued to the world more political and social truths than have been uttered by all the professional politicians , publicists and moralists put together '' . George Bernard Shaw even remarked that Great Expectations was more seditious than Marx 's Das Kapital . The exceptional popularity of Dickens 's novels , even those with socially oppositional themes ( Bleak House , 1853 ; Little Dorrit , 1857 ; Our Mutual Friend , 1865 ) , not only underscored his almost preternatural ability to create compelling storylines and unforgettable characters , but also ensured that the Victorian public confronted issues of social justice that had commonly been ignored . It has been argued that his technique of flooding his narratives with an ' unruly superfluity of material ' that , in the gradual dénouement , yields up an unsuspected order , influenced the organisation of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species . Influence and legacy Dickens and Little Nell statue in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Museums and festivals celebrating Dickens 's life and works exist in many places with which Dickens was associated . These include the Charles Dickens Museum in London , the historic home where he wrote Oliver Twist , The Pickwick Papers and Nicholas Nickleby ; and the Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth , the house in which he was born . The original manuscripts of many of his novels , as well as printers ' proofs , first editions , and illustrations from the collection of Dickens 's friend John Forster are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum . Dickens 's will stipulated that no memorial be erected in his honour ; nonetheless , a life - size bronze statue of Dickens entitled Dickens and Little Nell , cast in 1891 by Francis Edwin Elwell , stands in Clark Park in the Spruce Hill neighbourhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Another life - size statue of Dickens is located at Centennial Park , Sydney , Australia . In 2014 , a life - size statue was unveiled near his birthplace in Portsmouth on the 202nd anniversary of his birth ; this was supported by the author 's great - great grandsons , Ian and Gerald Dickens . Dickens was commemorated on the Series E £ 10 note issued by the Bank of England that circulated between 1992 and 2003 . His portrait appeared on the reverse of the note accompanied by a scene from The Pickwick Papers . The Charles Dickens School is a high school in Broadstairs , Kent . A theme park , Dickens World , standing in part on the site of the former naval dockyard where Dickens 's father once worked in the Navy Pay Office , opened in Chatham in 2007 . To celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens in 2012 , the Museum of London held the UK 's first major exhibition on the author in 40 years . In 2002 , Dickens was number 41 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . American literary critic Harold Bloom placed Dickens among the greatest Western Writers of all time . In the UK survey The Big Read , carried out by the BBC in 2003 , five of Dickens 's books were named in the Top 100 . Dickens and his publications have appeared on a number of postage stamps including : UK ( 1970 , 1993 , 2011 and 2012 ) , Soviet Union ( 1962 ) , Antigua , Barbuda , Botswana , Cameroon , Dubai , Fujairah , St Christopher , Nevis and Anguilla , St Helena , St Lucia and Turks and Caicos Islands ( 1970 ) , St Vincent ( 1987 ) , Nevis ( 2007 ) , Alderney , Gibraltar , Jersey and Pitcairn Islands ( 2012 ) , Austria ( 2013 ) , Mozambique ( 2014 ) . Notable works Main article : Charles Dickens bibliography Dickens published well over a dozen major novels and novellas , a large number of short stories , including a number of Christmas - themed stories , a handful of plays , and several non-fiction books . Dickens 's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines , then reprinted in standard book formats . The Pickwick Papers ( The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club ; monthly serial , April 1836 to November 1837 ) Oliver Twist ( The Adventures of Oliver Twist ; monthly serial in Bentley 's Miscellany , February 1837 to April 1839 ) Nicholas Nickleby ( The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ; monthly serial , April 1838 to October 1839 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( weekly serial in Master Humphrey 's Clock , April 1840 to November 1841 ) Barnaby Rudge ( Barnaby Rudge : A Tale of the Riots of Eighty ; weekly serial in Master Humphrey 's Clock , February to November 1841 ) A Christmas Carol ( A Christmas Carol in Prose : Being a Ghost - story of Christmas ; 1843 ) Martin Chuzzlewit ( The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit ; monthly serial , January 1843 to July 1844 ) The Chimes ( The Chimes : A Goblin Story of Some Bells That Rang an Old Year Out and a New Year In ; 1844 ) The Cricket on the Hearth ( The Cricket on the Hearth : A Fairy Tale of Home ; 1845 ) Dombey and Son ( Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son : Wholesale , Retail and for Exportation ; monthly serial , October 1846 to April 1848 ) The Haunted Man ( The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain : A Fancy for Christmas - time ; 1848 ) David Copperfield ( The Personal History , Adventures , Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery ( Which He Never Meant to Publish on Any Account ) ; monthly serial , May 1849 to November 1850 ) Bleak House ( monthly serial , March 1852 to September 1853 ) Hard Times ( Hard Times : For These Times ; weekly serial in Household Words , 1 April 1854 , to 12 August 1854 ) Little Dorrit ( monthly serial , December 1855 to June 1857 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( weekly serial in All the Year Round , 30 April 1859 , to 26 November 1859 ) Great Expectations ( weekly serial in All the Year Round , 1 December 1860 to 3 August 1861 ) Our Mutual Friend ( monthly serial , May 1864 to November 1865 ) The Signal - Man ( 1866 ) , first published as part of the Mugby Junction collection in the 1866 Christmas edition of All the Year Round . Edwin Drood ( The Mystery of Edwin Drood ; monthly serial , April 1870 to September 1870 ) , left unfinished due to Dickens 's death Book : Charles Dickens Charles Dickens portal References Footnotes Jump up ^ A contemporary obituary in The Times , alleged that Dickens 's last words were : `` Be natural my children . For the writer that is natural has fulfilled all the rules of Art . '' reprinted from The Times , London , August 1870 in Bidwell 1870 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Slater detects also Ellen Ternan in the portrayal of Lucie Manette . Notes ^ Jump up to : Black 2007 , p. 735 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Chesterton 2005 , pp. 100 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Grossman 2012 , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Lodge 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` The curious staying power of the cliffhanger '' . The New Yorker . 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Stone 1987 , pp. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Hauser 1999 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Cain 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries -- Dickensian '' . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : West , Gilian . `` Huffam and Son . '' Dickensian 95 , no . 447 ( Spring , 1999 ) : 5 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , Simon Callow , p. 5 Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 7 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 22 -- 24 : 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , p. 13 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 76 : ' recklessly improvident ' . Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy 1945 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Forster 2006 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 25 Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Cain 2008 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1972 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 34 , 36 Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy 1945 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Davis 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 48 Jump up ^ Claire Tomalin , The Invisible Woman , p. 7 Jump up ^ Claire Tomalin , the Invisible Woman , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Patten 2001 , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 174 -- 176 . ^ Jump up to : Glancy 1999 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Van De Linde 1917 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Callow p. 54 Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 56 Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great theatre of the World , p. 60 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 201 , 278 -- 279 . ^ Jump up to : Smiley 2002 , pp. 12 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Schlicke 1999 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ St Luke 's Church -- A Brief History Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 162 , 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 74 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 225 -- 229 : p = 227 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , p. 77 , 78 ' Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World ' Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` Queen Victoria 's Journals '' . RA VIC / MAIN / QVJ ( W ) . 26 December 1838 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 514 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p 98 Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Smith 2001 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 225 -- 229 Jump up ^ Moore 2004 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Marlon James and Charles Dickens : Embrace the art , not the racist artist '' . The Economist. 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 345 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , pp. 128 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Flint 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dickens in Toronto '' ( PDF ) . Halcyon : The Newsletter of the Friends of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library . University of Toronto . November 1992 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Callow 2009 , pp. 146 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Moss , Sidney P. ; Moss , Carolyn J. ( 1996 ) . The Charles Dickens - Thomas Powell Vendetta . Troy New York : The Whitston Publishing Company . pp. 42 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Nayder 2011 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 249 ; 530 -- 538 ; 549 -- 550 ; 575 Jump up ^ Hartley 2009 , pp. . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World p. 63 sunday under three heads Archived 25 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , ' Charles Dickens ' . p. 159 Jump up ^ Gary Colledge ( 2012 ) , God and Charles Dickens : Recovering the Christian Voice of a Classic Author , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Rost , Stephen . `` The Faith Behind the Famous : Charles Dickens '' . Christian History . Christianity Today . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Colledge 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Stephen Skelton , Reclaiming ' A Christmas Carol ' . CBN Jump up ^ The Life Of Our Lord Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dickens y la religión : `` La vida de nuestro Señor '' ( 1846 ) `` . Jump up ^ Sally Ledger , Holly Furneaux , ( 2011 ) , `` Charles Dickens in Context '' , Cambridge University Press . p. 318 . ISBN 0521887003 Jump up ^ Cedric Thomas Watts ( 1976 ) . `` The English novel '' . Sussex Books . p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 page 159 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 628 ; 634 -- 638 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 648 ; 686 -- 687 ; 772 -- 773 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 32 : 723 : 750 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 788 -- 799 . Jump up ^ Furneaux 2011 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Page 1999 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 801 , 804 . Jump up ^ Page 1999 , pp. 260 -- 263 for excerpts from the speech . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 809 -- 814 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 1990 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Hobsbaum 1998 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 589 -- 95 ; 848 -- 852 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , pp. 332 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 881 -- 883 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 914 -- 917 . Jump up ^ Nisbet 1952 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 1992 , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Henson 2004 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Ashley Alexander Mallett , The Black Lords of Summer : The Story of the 1868 Aboriginal Tour of England , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ University of Sydney . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , `` Dickens of a time '' , 24 December 2002 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 959 -- 961 . Jump up ^ `` The Staplehurst Disaster '' . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobsbaum 1998 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Forster , John ( 1874 ) . The Life of Charles Dickens : 1852 - 1870 , Volume 3 . Chapman and Hall . p. 363 . Jump up ^ Wills , Elspeth ( 2010 ) . The Fleet 1840 - 2010 . London : The Open Agency . p. 23 . ISBN 9 780954 245184 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1995 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Tomalin , Claire Charles Dickens : A Life ( 2011 ) p. 377 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1043 -- 1044 . Jump up ^ Foxcroft 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1069 -- 1070 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Fildes '' . TheFamousArtists.com . Jump up ^ omalin , Claire Charles Dickens : A Life ( 2011 ) p. 395 - 96 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Hughes 1891 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1077 -- 1078 . Jump up ^ Stanley 1870 , pp. 144 -- 147 : 146 . Jump up ^ `` John Forster , `` The Life of Charles Dickens '' ( 13 ) `` . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 44 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Mee 2010 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Vlock 1998 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Stone 1987 , pp. xx -- xxi . Jump up ^ Cohen 1980 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Jones 2012 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Woolf 1986 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polloczek 1999 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 . Jump up ^ Slater 1983 , pp. 43 , 47 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Glancy 1999 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Davies 1983 , pp. 166 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Raina 1986 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bodenheimer 2011 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Ellmann 1988 , p. 441 : In conversation with Ada Leverson . Jump up ^ Chesterton 1911 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ London : Anthem Press , 2012 , p. xiii , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` novel ( literature ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Marlow 1994 , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Trollope 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Swift 2007 Jump up ^ Sasaki 2011 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2012 . Jump up ^ Flom , Eric L. ( 5 March 2009 ) . Silent Film Stars on the Stages of Seattle : A History of Performances by Hollywood Notables . McFarland . p. 119 . ISBN 9780786439089 . Jump up ^ Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 page 161 . Jump up ^ Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 pages 164 - 165 . Jump up ^ Ellmann 1988 , pp. 25,359 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie 1870 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Kucich & Sadoff 2006 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , pp. 23 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Friedberg , Maurice ( 1997 ) . Literary Translation in Russia : A Cultural History . Penn State Press . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Callow 2009 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hutton 2001 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Cochrane 1996 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2005 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Kucich & Sadoff 2006 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Atkinson 1990 , p. 48 , citing Gillian Beer 's Darwin 's Plots ( 1983 , p. 8 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ `` Down Under with Dickens '' . Sydney Morning Herald `` . Retrieved 18 February 2014 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Portsmouth erects Britain 's first full - size statue of Charles Dickens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dickens statue unveiled in Portsmouth '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Werner 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Great Britons -- Top 100 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on 4 December 2002 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold . 1994 . The Western Canon : The Books and School of the Ages . p. 226 . New York : Harcourt Brace . Jump up ^ The Big Read : Top 100 Books BBC Retrieved 2 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` On Dickens and postage stamps '' . Sydney University . Jump up ^ Johnson 1969 for the serial publication dates . Bibliography Ackroyd , Peter ( 1990 ) . Dickens . London : Sinclar - Stevenson . ISBN 1 - 85619 - 000 - 5 . Atkinson , Paul ( 1990 ) . The Ethnographic Imagination : Textual Constructions of Reality . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 01761 - 9 . Bidwell , Walter Hilliard , ed . ( July -- December 1870 ) . `` The Eclectic Magazine : Foreign Literature '' . Eclectic magazine : foreign literature , science and art . New Series ( Charles Dickens Obituary ) . New York : E.R. Pelton. 12 : 222 -- 224 . Black , Joseph Laurence ( 2007 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Black , Joseph Laurence . The age of romanticism . The Victorian era . The twentieth century and beyond . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. 2 . Broadview Press . pp. 735 -- 743 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 869 - 7 . Bodenheimer , Rosemarie ( 2011 ) . `` London in the Victorian Novel '' . In Manley , Lawrence . The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of London . Cambridge University Press . pp. 142 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 72231 - 5 . Cain , Lynn ( 2008 ) . Dickens , family , authorship : psychoanalytic perspectives on kinship and creativity . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6180 - 1 . Callow , Simon ( 2009 ) . Dickens 's Christmas : A Victorian Celebration . Frances Lincoln Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3031 - 6 . Chesterton , G.K. ( 2005 ) ( 1906 ) . Charles Dickens : A Critical Study . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 1996 - 3 . Chesterton , G.K. ( 1911 ) . Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens . J.M. DentForgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4400 - 9125 - 4 . Cochrane , Robertson ( 1996 ) . Wordplay : origins , meanings , and usage of the English language . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 7752 - 3 . Cohen , Jane R. ( 1980 ) . Charles Dickens and His Original Illustrators . Ohio State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 0284 - 5 . Colledge , Gary L ( 2009 ) . God and Charles Dickens . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 3778 - 1 . Davis , Paul ( 1998 ) . Charles Dickens A to Z . Facts on File , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2905 - 1 . Hartley , Jenny ( 2009 ) . Charles Dickens and The House of Fallen Women . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 77643 - 3 . Morrison , Richard ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Champion of the little people '' . The Australian . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Davies , James A. ( 1983 ) . John Forster , a Literary Life . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 389 - 20391 - 9 . Ellmann , Richard ( 1988 ) ( 1987 ) . Oscar Wilde . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 009661 - 3 . Flint , Kate ( 2001 ) . `` The middle novels : Chuzzlewit , Dombey and Copperfield '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Forster , John ( 2006 ) ( 1872 -- 1874 ) . Life of Charles Dickens . London : Diderot Publishing . ISBN 978 - 90 - 77932 - 03 - 2 . Foxcroft , Louise ( 2007 ) . The Making of Addiction : The ' Use and Abuse ' of Opium in Nineteenth - Century Britain . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5633 - 3 . Furneaux , Holly ( 2011 ) . `` Childhood '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 186 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Glancy , Ruth ( 1999 ) . Student Companion to Charles Dickens . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30611 - 2 . Grossman , Jonathan H. ( 2012 ) . Charles Dickens 's Networks : Public Transport and the Novel . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 964419 - 3 . Hauser , Arnold ( 1999 ) ( 1951 ) . The Social History of Art : Naturalism , impressionism , the film age . The Social History of Art . 4 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 19948 - 3 . Hawes , Donald ( 1998 ) . Who 's Who in Dickens . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13604 - 4 . Henson , Louise ( 2004 ) . `` ' In the Natural Course of Physical Things ' : Ghosts and Science in Charles Dickens 's All the Year Round '' . In Henson , Louise ; Cantor , Geoffrey ; Dawson , Gowan ; Noakes , Richard ; Shuttleworth , Sally ; Topham , Jonathan R. Culture and Science in the Nineteenth - Century Media . Ashgate Publishing . pp. 113 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3574 - 1 . Hobsbaum , Philip ( 1998 ) ( 1972 ) . A reader 's guide to Charles Dickens . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0475 - 4 . Hughes , William Richard ( 1891 ) . A week 's tramp in Dickens - Land : together with personal reminiscences of the ' Inimitable Boz ' . Oxford : Chapman & Hall . Hutton , Ronald ( 2001 ) . The Stations of the Sun : A History of the Ritual Year in Britain . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285448 - 3 . Jackson , Kenneth T. ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of New York City . New York Historical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05536 - 8 . Johnson , E.D.H. ( 1969 ) . Charles Dickens : An Introduction to His Novels . Random House Studies in Language and Literature . Random House . ASIN B0011BLL8W . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jones , Richard ( 2004 ) . Walking Dickensian London . Globetrotter walking guides . London : New Holland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84330 - 483 - 8 . Jones , Sam ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Ebenezer Scrooge named most popular Dickens character '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Joshi , Prithi ( 2011 ) . `` Race '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 292 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Kucich , John ; Sadoff , Dianne F. ( 2006 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Kastan , David Scott . The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature , Volume . 1 . Oxford University Press . pp. 154 -- 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516921 - 8 . Lodge , David ( 2002 ) . Consciousness and the Novel . Harvard , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00949 - 3 . Mackenzie , Robery Shelton ( 1870 ) . Life of Charles Dickens. by R. Shelton Mackenzie . With Personal Recollections and Anecdotes ; -- Letters by ' Boz ' , Never Before Published ; -- And ... Prose and Verse . With Portrait and Autograph . Philadelphia : T.B. Peterson & Brothers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5680 - 8 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Marlow , James E. ( 1994 ) . Charles Dickens : The Uses of Time . Susquehanna University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945636 - 48 - 9 . Mazzeno , Laurence W. ( 2008 ) . The Dickens industry : critical perspectives 1836 -- 2005 . Studies in European and American literature and culture . Literary criticism in perspective . Camden House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57113 - 317 - 5 . Mee , Jon ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge Introduction to Charles Dickens . Cambridge Introductions to Literature . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67634 - 2 . Moore , Grace ( 2004 ) . Dickens and Empire : Discourses of Class , Race and Colonialism in the Works of Charles Dickens . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3412 - 6 . Nayder , Lillian ( 2011 ) . The other Dickens : a life of Catherine Hogarth . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4787 - 7 . Nisbet , Ada ( 1952 ) . Dickens & Ellen Ternan . University of California Press . Page , Norman ( 1999 ) . Charles Dickens : Family History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22233 - 4 . Patten , Robert L. ( 2001 ) . `` From Sketches to Nickleby '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Polloczek , Dieter ( 1999 ) . `` Aporias of Retribution and questions of responsibility : the legacy of incarceration in Dickens 's Bleak House '' . Literature and Legal Discourse : Equity and Ethics from Sterne to Conrad . Cambridge University Press . pp. 124 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65251 - 3 . Pope - Hennessy , Una ( 1945 ) . Charles Dickens 1812 -- 1870 . Chatto and Windus . Raina , Badri ( 1986 ) . Dickens and the Dialectic of Growth . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 10610 - 2 . Robinson , David J. ( 2005 ) . Disordered personalities ( 3 ed . ) . Rapid Psychler Press , . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894328 - 09 - 8 . Sasaki , Toru ( 2011 ) . `` Modern screen adaptations '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Schlicke , Paul , ed. ( 1999 ) . Oxford Reader 's Companion to Dickens . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 866213 - 6 . Slater , Michael ( 1983 ) . Dickens and Women . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1180 - 7 . Smiley , Jane ( 2002 ) . Charles Dickens . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03077 - 5 . Smith , Grahame ( 2001 ) . `` The Life and Times of Charles Dickens '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Stanley , Arthur Penrhyn ( 1870 ) . `` Dean Stanley on Charles Dickens '' . Speeches , letters , and sayings of Charles Dickens . Harper . Stone , Harry ( 1987 ) . Dickens 's working notes for his novels . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 14590 - 7 . Sutherland , John ( 1990 ) . The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1842 - 4 . Swift , Simon ( 18 April 2007 ) . `` What the Dickens ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Tomalin , Claire ( 2011 ) . Charles Dickens : A Life . Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91767 - 9 . Tomalin , Claire ( 1992 ) . The invisible woman : the story of Nelly Ternan and Charles Dickens . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73819 - 0 . Trollope , Anthony ( 2007 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Bloom , Harold . Charles Dickens . Bloom 's Classic Critical Views . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9558 - 4 . Van De Linde , Gérard ( 1917 ) . Reminiscences . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 10917 - 1 . Vlock , Deborah ( 1998 ) . Dickens , Novel Reading , and the Victorian Popular Theatre . Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth - Century Literature and Culture . 19 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64084 - 8 . Werner , Alex ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Exhibition in focus : Dickens and London , the Museum of London '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Wilson , Angus ( 1972 ) . The World of Charles Dickens . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02026 - 3 . Woolf , Virginia ( 1986 ) . McNeillie , Andrew , ed . The Essays of Virginia Woolf : 1925 -- 1928 ( 2 ed . ) . Hogarth Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7012 - 0669 - 7 . Ziegler , Alan ( 2007 ) . The Writing Workshop Note Book : Notes on Creating and Workshopping . Counterpoint Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933368 - 70 - 2 . Further reading `` Dickens , Charles '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . Bowen , John ( 2003 ) . Other Dickens : Pickwick to Chuzzlewit ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926140 - 6 . Bradbury , Nicola , Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations ( St. Martin 's Press , 1990 ) ISBN 978 - 0312056582 Douglas - Fairhurst , Robert , `` Becoming Dickens ' The Invention of a Novelist ' '' , London : Harvard University Press , 2011 Gold , David L. ( 2009 ) . González , Félix Rodríquez ; Buades , Antonio Lillo , eds . Studies in Etymology and Etiology : With Emphasis on Germanic , Jewish , Romance and Slavic Languages . Universidad de Alicante . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7908 - 517 - 9 . Hart , Christopher ( 20 May 2007 ) . `` What , the Dickens World ? '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Heller , Deborah ( 1990 ) . `` The Outcast as Villain and Victim : Jews in Dickens Oliver Twist and Our Mutual Friend '' . In Cohen , Derek ; Heller , Deborah . Jewish Presences in English Literature . McGill - Queen 's Press . pp. 40 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0781 - 4 . Pope - Hennessy , Una ( 2007 ) . Charles Dickens . Hennessy Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 5783 - 5 . Jarvie , Paul A. ( 2005 ) . Ready to Trample on All Human Law : Finance Capitalism in the Fiction of Charles Dickens . Studies in Major Literary Authors . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97524 - 7 . Johnson , Edgar , Charles Dickens : his tragedy and triumph , New York : Simon and Schuster , 1952 . In two volumes . Joshi , Prithi ( 2011 ) . `` Race '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 292 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Levine , Gary Martin ( 2003 ) . The merchant of modernism : the economic Jew in Anglo - American Literature , 1864 -- 1939 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94109 - 9 . Manning , Mick & Granström , Brita , Charles Dickens : Scenes From An Extraordinary Life , Frances Lincoln Children 's Books , 2011 . Mendelsohn , Ezra ( 1996 ) . Literary Strategies : Jewish Texts and Contexts . Studies in Contemporary Jewry. 12 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511203 - 0 . Meckier , Jerome ( 2002 ) . Dickens 's Great Expectations : Misnar 's Pavilion Versus Cinderella . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 813 - 12228 - 1 . Moore , Grace ( 2002 ) . `` Reappraising Dickens 's ' Noble Savage ' '' . The Dickensian. 98 ( 458 ) : 236 -- 243 . Nayder , Lillian ( 2002 ) . Unequal Partners : Charles Dickens , Wilkie Collins , and Victorian Authorship . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3925 - 4 . Dickens , Charles ( 1978 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Patten , Robert L. The Pickwick Papers . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22233 - 4 . Pointer , Michael ( 1996 ) . Charles Dickens on the screen : the film , television , and video adaptations . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 2960 - 2 . Slater , Michael ( 2009 ) . Charles Dickens : A Life Defined by Writing . New Haven / London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11207 - 8 . Slater , Michael ( 2011 ) ( 2004 ) . `` Dickens , Charles John Huffam '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 7599 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Waller , John O. ( July 1960 ) . `` Charles Dickens and the American Civil War '' . Studies in Philology. 57 ( 3 ) : 535 -- 548 -- via JSTOR . Waller , Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Writers , Readers , and Reputations : Literary Life in Britain , 1870 -- 1918 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820677 - 4 . External links Find more aboutCharles Dickensat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Library resources about Charles Dickens Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Charles Dickens Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Works Works by Charles Dickens at Project Gutenberg Works by Charles Dickens at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Charles Dickens at Internet Archive Works by Charles Dickens at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Charles Dickens collection at The Virtual Library Journalism at Dickens Journals Online , an online edition of Household Words and All the Year Round Online books , and library resources in your library and in other libraries by Charles Dickens Charles Dickens at the British Library Organisations and portals `` Archival material relating to Charles Dickens '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of Charles Dickens at the National Portrait Gallery , London Charles Dickens on the Archives Hub The Dickens Fellowship , an international society dedicated to the study of Dickens and his Writings Correspondence of Charles Dickens , with related papers , ca . 1834 -- 1955 Museums Dickens Museum Situated in a former Dickens House , 48 Doughty Street , London , WC1 Dickens Birthplace Museum Old Commercial Road , Portsmouth Victoria and Albert Museum The V&A 's collections relating to Dickens Other Charles Dickens at Encyclopædia Britannica Dickens on In Our Time at the BBC . Charles Dickens 's Traveling Kit From the John Davis Batchelder Collection at the Library of Congress Charles Dickens 's Walking Stick From the John Davis Batchelder Collection at the Library of Congress Charles Dickens Collection : First editions of Charles Dickens 's works included in the Leonard Kebler gift , ( dispersed in the Division 's collection ) . From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Archival material at Leeds University Library Media offices Preceded by New position Editor of the Daily News 1846 Succeeded by John Forster ( hide ) Charles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood Christmas books A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain Short stories `` The Long Voyage '' `` The Signal - Man '' Short story collections Sketches by Boz The Mudfog Papers Master Humphrey 's Clock Non-fiction American Notes Pictures from Italy The Life of Our Lord A Child 's History of England The Uncommercial Traveller Letters Plays The Frozen Deep No Thoroughfare : A Drama : In Five Acts Journalism Bentley 's Miscellany Master Humphrey 's Clock The Daily News Household Words All the Year Round Collaborations `` A House to Let '' `` The Haunted House '' `` A Message from the Sea '' `` Mugby Junction '' No Thoroughfare See also Catherine Dickens ( wife ) Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton Bleak House Dickens and Little Nell ( statue ) Dickens of London ( 1976 miniseries ) Dickens in America ( 2005 documentary ) The Invisible Woman ( 2013 film ) Dickensian ( 2015 TV series ) The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 film ) Book Works by Charles Dickens Charles Dickens 's The Pickwick Papers ( 1836 ) Characters Samuel Pickwick Sam Weller Alfred Jingle Nathaniel Winkle Mr Wardle Places Goswell Street Dingley Dell Bath Ipswich Fleet Prison Eatanswill Short Stories `` The Stroller 's Tale '' `` The Convict 's Return '' `` A Madman 's Manuscript '' `` The Bagman 's Story '' `` The Parish Clerk , A Tale of True Love '' `` The Old Man 's Tale About the Queer Client '' `` The Story of the Goblins who Stole a Sexton '' `` The True Legend of Prince Bladud '' `` The Story of the Bagman 's Uncle '' Adaptations 1913 film 1921 film 1952 film 1963 musical 1969 TV movie 1985 TV series 1985 film Other `` If I Ruled the World '' George and Vulture Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist Characters Oliver Twist Bill Sikes Fagin Mr. Brownlow Nancy Rose Maylie Monks The Artful Dodger Charley Bates Mr. Sowerberry Film adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1909 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1916 ) Oliver Twist ( 1919 ) Oliver Twist ( 1922 ) Oliver Twist ( 1933 ) Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) Chitti Tammudu ( 1962 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Oliver Twist ( 1982 ) Las Aventuras de Oliver Twist ( 1987 ) Oliver Twist ( 1997 ) Oliver Twist ( 2005 ) Film retellings Manik ( 1961 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) Twisted ( 1997 ) Twist ( 2003 ) Boy Called Twist ( 2004 ) TV adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1982 TV film ) Oliver Twist ( 1985 TV miniseries ) Saban 's Adventures of Oliver Twist ( 1996 TV series ) Oliver Twist ( 1999 miniseries ) Oliver Twist ( 2007 miniseries ) Play Oliver ! ( 1960 ) Songs `` As Long as He Needs Me '' `` Consider Yourself '' D'banj's 2012 song `` Food , Glorious Food '' `` I 'd Do Anything '' `` Oliver ! '' `` Oom - Pah - Pah '' Vaughn De Leath 's 1921 song `` Where Is Love ? '' `` You 've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two '' Related Oliver ! ( soundtrack to the 1968 film ) Escape of the Artful Dodger ( 2001 TV series retelling ) Fagin the Jew ( 2003 graphic novel ) Oliver and the Artful Dodger ( 1972 TV film ) I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 TV series ) Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby Films Nicholas Nickleby ( 1912 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1947 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 2001 ) Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) Related The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( play ) Smike ( musical ) Charles Dickens ' The Old Curiosity Shop Characters Sampson Brass Master Humphrey Quilp Films The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1911 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1914 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1921 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1934 ) Mister Quilp ( 1975 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1984 ) Television The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1979 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 2007 ) Related Dickens and Little Nell statue Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr. Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs. Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins Charles Dickens ' Dombey and Son Film Dombey and Son ( 1917 ) Rich Man 's Folly ( 1931 ) TV Dombey and Son ( 1969 ) Dombey and Son ( 1983 ) Related Trading Places Charles Dickens ' David Copperfield Characters David Copperfield Mr. Dick Uriah Heep Wilkins Micawber Edward Murdstone Peggotty Dora Spenlow James Steerforth Betsey Trotwood Agnes Wickfield Film 1911 film 1913 film 1922 film 1935 film Television 1966 serial 1969 film 1974 serial 1986 serial 1993 film 1999 film 2000 film Micawber ( 2001 ) Other Copperfield ( musical ) Charles Dickens ' Bleak House Films The Death of Poor Joe ( 1901 ) Bleak House ( 1920 ) Television Bleak House ( 1959 ) Bleak House ( 1985 ) Bleak House ( 2005 ) Related Jarndyce and Jarndyce Esther Summerson Charles Dickens ' Little Dorrit Adaptations Little Dorrit ( 1988 ) Little Dorrit ( 2008 ) Literature The Great Fire of London Related Little Dorrit 's Playground Shut up Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities Characters Sydney Carton Lucie Manette Charles Darnay Alexandre Manette Monsieur Ernest Defarge Madame Thérèse Defarge Jarvis Lorry Miss Pross Marquis St. Evrémonde John Barsad Jerry Cruncher Stryver The Seamstress Film A Tale of Two Cities ( 1911 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1917 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1922 ) The Only Way ( 1927 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1958 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1980 ) Musicals Two Cities ( 2006 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 2007 ) Charles Dickens 's Great Expectations Characters Philip `` Pip '' Pirrip Estella Havisham Compeyson Miss Havisham Arthur Havisham Abel Magwitch John Wemmick Adaptations 1917 film 1934 film 1946 film 1955 film adaptation 1974 TV film 1981 miniseries 1991 miniseries 1998 film 1999 TV film South Park retelling ( 2000 ) 2011 miniseries 2012 film 2016 adaptation Related Great Expectations : The Untold Story Satis House Charles Dickens ' Our Mutual Friend Television Our Mutual Friend ( 1958 ) Our Mutual Friend ( 1976 ) Our Mutual Friend ( 1998 ) Related Jenny Wren Charles Dickens ' The Mystery of Edwin Drood Film and television The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 film ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1993 film ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 2012 TV film ) Stage Drood ( 1985 musical ) Attempted continuations By T.P. James ( 1873 ) The D Case ( 1989 humorous literary critique ) Related The Last Dickens ( 2009 novel ) Charles Dickens ' Hard Times Characters Gradgrind Film Hard Times ( 1915 ) Hard Times ( 1988 ) Television Hard Times ( 1977 ) VIAF : 88666393 LCCN : n78087607 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 8469 GND : 118525239 SELIBR : 183770 SUDOC : 026831198 BNF : cb119001186 ( data ) BPN : 97494768 BIBSYS : 90051428 ULAN : 500106117 MusicBrainz : fac5c33f - 4339 - 445a - 88d7 - f69da327f07b NLA : 35035441 NDL : 00437850 NKC : jn19990001747 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 000404 RLS : 000085105 BNE : XX1633131 SNAC : w6jn025d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Dickens&oldid=827514317 '' Categories : Charles Dickens 1812 births 1870 deaths 19th - century English writers 19th - century English novelists 19th - century British newspaper founders 19th - century journalists Burials at Westminster Abbey Christian writers English Anglicans British social commentators English historical novelists English male journalists English male short story writers English male novelists English prisoners and detainees Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts Ghost story writers People from Camden Town People from Somers Town , London People from Chatham , Kent People from Portsmouth Social critics Victorian novelists Writers from London 19th - century British short story writers Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from November 2013 Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links National Portrait Gallery ( London ) person ID same as Wikidata Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Use dmy dates from August 2016 AC with 18 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 132 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 04 : 15 . 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Grey's Anatomy (season 14)

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 Next → Season 15 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season consists of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . The fourteenth season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season marks the last appearance of Martin Henderson , Jason George , Jessica Capshaw , and Sarah Drew as series regulars , as well as the first appearance of Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andy Herrera , the lead character of Grey 's Anatomy 's second spin - off series , Station 19 . On April 20 , 2018 , ABC officially renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record - setting fifteenth season . Contents 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . After the explosion at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Chief Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) finds it the perfect time to give the place a much needed upgrade in look and functionality . During the construction , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) struggles with the shocking reunion with his sister , Megan ( Abigail Spencer ) , who was recently found in a hostage camp overseas . The discovery also welcomes back Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , the former chief cardiothoracic surgery and Owen 's best friend , which leads to awkward moments with Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) . Of course , Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) , who was once in love with Megan , is torn between his love for her and his most recent interest in Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) learns what `` ghosting '' is after Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) vanishes without a trace , but she quickly finds company in an Italian girl she met at the bar , Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , sister to Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) struggles to patch her relationship with Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , but when her attempts fail , she finds herself sleeping with one of the new interns . When Carina finds that Amelia has a brain tumor , she brings her former mentor / professor Dr Tom Koracek ( Greg Germann ) to create a treatment plan . But when he points out how the tumor has affected her judgment , she fears that it might have ruined her patient 's lives or put them in more danger -- specifically Dr Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who despite saving her life , was left blind . After the tumor is removed , Amelia and Owen reflect on their marriage and decide that everything up to that point has been misguided ; the tumor made Amelia someone she was not , and they ultimately decide to get a divorce . With all the changes happening at Grey Sloan , Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) shows up to discuss everything with Bailey and then ends up firing her . Shortly after , he immediately dies from cardiac arrest . Before they have to find another chief , Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) reinstate Bailey to her position . At a family dinner hosted by Catherine and Richard Weber ( James Pickens Jr . ) , Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) and Jackson learn that he 'll be receiving his grandfather 's inheritance , a quarter billion dollars , which he 'll eventually use to fund a medical research contest . Now that Megan is healthy again , Meredith and Nathan work together to bring her son over to the United States . Upon arrival , Nathan , Megan , and Farouk all move to California to start a life together , which officially ends Nathan 's relationship with Meredith . Despite the breakup , Meredith has more exciting news on the horizon when she learns at the intern mixer that a ground breaking surgery has earned her a nomination for the highly - esteemed Harper Avery Foundation Award , which she goes on to win . While the joyous news spreads around the hospital , Bailey learns that Ben Warren ( Jason George ) wants to leave surgery to join the Seattle Fire Department . With Jo and Alex now living together again , she realizes how much control her estranged husband , Dr Paul Stadler ( Matthew Morrison ) , has over her . Now in the running for chief resident , Jo decides to file for divorce . With her mind on her secret relationship with Paul , she 's surprised to find him in the hospital . Jo attempts to steer clear of him , but at the same time also believes she has a duty to inform Paul 's fiancé of what type of man he really is . As Paul keeps trying to find Jo , Meredith pretends to call security to have him removed , but he leaves before they can get there . However , he winds up back in the ER as a victim of a hit and run accident . With everyone running around the ER , April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) sees a familiar face in Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) , the paramedic she left at the altar for Jackson . He 's there with his wife who is now pregnant . After Jo talks to Jenny ( Bethany Joy Lenz ) , Paul 's fiancé , they venture to Paul 's room to tell him they 're taking him to court . Upon receiving the news , he tries to attack them in a bout of rage ; however , he falls out of bed and hits his head knocking him unconscious , rendering him brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to have them remove all life - sustaining support . April struggles with the idea that the man she left to pursue her own happiness is now married and expecting a child , while she 's alone and a single mother . As she begins to question her faith , she acts out and sleeps with an intern . With all the stress and work that comes with being Chief of Surgery , Bailey begins to show signs of a heart attack . She winds up at Seattle Presbyterian Hospital , where the doctors take her concerns less than seriously . They see in her chart a history of OCD and believe that is the underlying issue , since the tests they are running are coming back negative . Bailey calls on Maggie to save her , and after she does , Bailey decides to support Ben 's decision to become a firefighter , as she realizes life is too short to do anything than what makes you happy . With the medical research contest , funded by Jackson 's money , getting underway , the doctors begin to team up and brainstorm ideas that will help them win the top prize of a grant that will fund their research even further . Meredith learns that for her project , she 'll need to acquire a patent that is owned by Marie Cerone ... a former friend of her mother 's . When Marie denies access to the patent , Meredith is forced to investigate further into the reason why . According to Richard , there was a falling out of some sort , but he never knew what happened between the two women . At a dinner party hosted by Amelia , Maggie brings her new boyfriend around to meet her friends . However , it 's soon revealed that her boyfriend is a married man . Quick to call it off , Jackson sees his opportunity to invest in his love interest with Maggie . In Meredith 's search for answers , she learns that Ellis Grey left Marie 's name off the surgical method they created together . If she is to acquire the patent , she must publicly announce a change the method 's name to the Grey - Cerone Method . Meredith denies the ultimatum . While Maggie and Jackson try to get past the quirks of their relationship and the fact that their step - siblings , Jo shockingly asks Alex to marry him . He quickly accepts . With the research projects humming along , Owen and Amelia continue to take advantage of their `` friends with benefits '' relationship , that is until Amelia learns how close Owen is with Teddy . She advises him to go after her if she 's the love of his life . The advice sends him to Germany where he surprises Teddy . The two talk all night and make plans to stay together , but when she learns that Amelia had just told him the night before to pursue her , she refuses to be his backup plan and kicks him out . Bailey is surprised to learn that one of her interns , Sam Bello ( Jeanine Mason ) , is a `` Dreamer '' protected by ( DACA ) . Meredith designs a plan to keep from being deported . Despite pleas from Andrew ( Sam 's boyfriend ) , Meredith sends to work under Dr Cristina Yang in Switzerland . While the research contest reaches the next milestone , presentation day , Catherine confronts Jackson about a major secret concerning his grandfather . The man had 13 cases of sexual harassment filed against him , and she herself paid the women major settlements to keep it all covered up . Meredith learns of this truth and also that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 . Disgusted with the whole situation , Meredith decides to return her and her mother 's Harper Avery awards and Bailey shuts down the research contest . In the meantime , Catherine tries with all her might to save the face of the foundation since the news has spread . While in surgery , Jackson and Meredith come up with their own plan , which is to rename the foundation in honor of Catherine ( née Fox ) to the Catherine Fox Foundation . When Alex learns that his mom has n't been cashing the checks he 's been sending , he and Jo take off to Iowa to check on her . He surprisingly finds that she is doing well and even works her old job at the library . The two extend an invitation to the wedding , but she declines stating it would be too much for her . While Owen and Amelia struggle with adjusting to being foster parents -- Owen to a baby and Amelia to the baby 's teenaged mother on drugs , Arizona continues to battle with Sofia who wants to move back to New York to be with her other mom , Callie . After calling Callie to tell her they 're moving to the east coast to be closer to her , Arizona announced her impeding departure to Bailey . However , an unexpected visit from Nicole Herman changes those plans just slightly . Nicole has been following Arizona 's work and she would like to partner with her in creating the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . Knowing that she 's headed to New York , Arizona asks that it be there , and Nicole obliges . Matthew winds up in the ER again , but this time for himself , after he rolled his car . Trying to get information from him about what happened , he mentions April 's name , which sends the doctors into a frenzy trying to make sure she 's safe . Owen finds her unconscious at the site of the accident , down in a ravine nearby . After he rushes her back to the hospital , the team rallies to save her , and after extreme measures have been taken to bring her back to life , she wakes up , fully functional . Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who has been planning the wedding ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery / Catherine Fox Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Blake Hood as Clive Johnson Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park Peyton Kennedy as Betty Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper Lindsay Wagner as Helen Karev Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw returned for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) , and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick , Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled `` Danger Zone '' would be his last . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . On March 8 , 2018 , it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season . It was released on April 4 , 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan , not as a nurse but as mom of a patient . Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released . On April 20 , 2018 , it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode `` Cold as Ice '' as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift '' , Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex . Later , it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Jackson his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come on Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half of his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age '' . One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man '' . After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith pretends to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions Alex and Jo 's alibi . Believing that it is his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home through a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk '' . When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage , falls out of his bed , and knocks himself out becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Vikram , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who is back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 7.52 A house fire brings two young boys , who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department -- Station 19 , to the ER . Meredith meets Andy Herrera , a firefighter , who has her hand inside the patient , clamping his abdominal aorta . While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR , Ben struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore . Dr. Tom Koracik , Amelia 's former professor , shows up to help her with her research project , but quickly shoots down her ideas . However , when they confront each other about their difference in opinion , they come up with an idea to save her patient . Richard watches Bailey very closely , as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack . Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her `` the Party '' . 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 7.07 As Maggie 's budding romance with Clive gets more serious , Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him . Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is pursuing ; however , she is surprised to find out that it is an old `` friend '' of Ellis ' . When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent , Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works . The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient 's ear , which falls to the floor and causes Deluca to slip and fall , resulting in a concussion . Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient , but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan , she temporarily fires him . The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up -- Clive 's wife . Calling off the relationship , Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie . Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out , which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played . 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' Ellen Pompeo Tameson Duffy March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 7.18 Alex , Jo , and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenaged patient for heart surgery ; however , when a heart transplant becomes available , he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him . Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research . Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent , she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey - Cerone Method . After a night spent together , April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God . Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage . Alex fears that Jo 's fellowship applications indicate that she 's willing to leave him behind in Seattle ; however , in a twist of events , Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts . 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' Nicole Rubio Jalysa Conway March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 7.61 Bailey 's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes , a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine . Meredith throws in the towel on her research , since she is no longer receiving the patent . Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie 's relationship , which causes some awkward tension as Jackson , Catherine , and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case . April hijacks the trauma certification drill , and leaves the interns in tears and doubt . After Bailey loses her patient , she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project `` The Trailblazer '' , and Jo reignites Meredith 's will to continue on with her project . Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their `` friends with benefits '' relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are , and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York . 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 7.15 April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey 's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics , and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect . As April treats the rabbi , he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles . Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic , Dr Nick Marsh , who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own . After his lab results come back , Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney . After calling it quits with Amelia , Owen reconnects with Teddy , who now lives in Germany . However , after the short , happy reunion , Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice . 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' Geary McLeod Alex Manugian April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 6.84 Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor , Ollie , arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance . After she denies him the ability to save her life once more , he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith . Now that Owen is back in the States , he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia 's failure to fix things with Teddy . In between the personal conversations , Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist . In their pursuit , they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer -- at least until it was proven that the image produced was a fake . Alex , Amelia , and Tom resect Noah 's brain tumor , despite never performing the procedure before . Though successful , Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy , which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues , and Jackson , claiming that she has found Jesus again . Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer , and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives . 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' Jeannot Szwarc Meg Marinis April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 6.97 Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns , Sam Bello . Unaware of the situation , Sam explains that she is a `` dreamer '' protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador , Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health . As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient 's death , April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive . When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy , Jo realizes Kimmy 's dream and signs off on discharge papers . Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath . Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina ; Owen signs up to become a foster parent , and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship . Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia ; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed . 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' Sydney Freeland Julie Wong April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 6.93 As the next stage of the research contest begins , the Top 25 proposals are presented by their respective owners who have gathered to present in front of a panel and audience . Arizona shares cookies , provided by a grateful patient , with her colleagues ; however , she later learns they were laced with cannabis . Due to the mishap , the presentations are postponed , and the interns are summoned to replace the stoned attendings . Meredith walks Jo through surgery after Bailey is forced to scrub out and accidentally injures Meredith 's hand . Jo makes effective use of Richard 's project . Catherine tells Jackson of the 13 cases of sexual harassment that were filed against his grandfather and the major settlements used to cover them up . April overhears and then shares the secret with Bailey , who has a secret of her own -- she is partnering with a sex toy company to make her `` Trailblazer '' device . Owen gets a call about his first foster child , which makes him nervous until Amelia saves him . Meredith learns about the dark past of Harper Avery and , in addition , that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 women . Richard fires intern , Dr Vikram Roy , who was found practicing under the influence . 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' Kevin McKidd Mark Driscoll April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 6.54 With word spreading about Harper Avery , Meredith decides to return her and Ellis ' awards to the foundation . Catherine hires a crisis management specialist , who brings in a patient for Jackson and Meredith to heal as PR stunt. Bailey shuts down the innovation contest for fear of word getting out that an Avery funded it , so April volunteers her time to plan Alex and Jo 's wedding . Alex and Jo get awkward when , Olivia , the former `` Syph nurse , '' returns to the hospital with her son -- who swallowed a whistle -- and begins planting seeds of doubt . Owen takes Leo in for his check up with his birth mom in tow , who ends up talking to Amelia . Thinking she can sponsor her with her drug addiction , Amelia takes her in as a foster child of her own . Meredith and Jackson think up a way to save the foundation by changing its name to the Catherine Fox Foundation dedicated to all the women victimized by the previous regime . Alex learns that his bank account balance is awfully high due to his mom not cashing the checks he 's been sending her , and Vikram plans to sue the hospital for wrongful termination . 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' Jesse Williams Andy Reaser May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 6.66 Alex and Jo drive to Iowa to locate his mom , only to find that she no longer exhibits schizophrenic behavior and that she 's even returned to her old job . Richard and Bailey battle to keep the hospital from being sued by Vikram ; although Bailey stands by the initial firing , Richard empathizes as he reflects on the times he operated while inebriated . As Amelia helps Betty detox , Arizona struggles to accept that Sofia stole money . Meredith kills time before her presentation throwing darts with a guy she eventually learns is a surgeon who 's there to see her . Their conversation leads Meredith to decide that the `` Grey Method '' should be renamed the `` Grey - Cerone Method . '' After Alex works things out with his mom , Jo extends a declined invitation to their wedding . Bailey allows Vikram to return under strict probationary rules ; Amelia visits an AA group after Betty makes an escape , and Arizona calls Callie to say that she thinks it 's time for her and Sofia to move to New York . 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' Bill D'Elia William Harper May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 7.35 After Arizona tells Bailey of her upcoming departure , she and Amelia consult with a familiar patient , Dr Nicole Herman . Her arrival presents an opportunity that changes Arizona 's future plans - the chance to partner with her and create the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . When Matthew winds up in the ER after rolling his car and mentions being with April , the doctors fear the worst . Frantically trying to locate her , Owen finds her unconscious in a nearby ravine . Unknowing of the latest events , Alex and Jo work to finalize the details of their impending wedding . Maggie thinks she detects a subtle rhythm on April 's monitor , but she has to repeatedly shock her to strengthen it . While waiting for her to wake up , Arizona breaks the news that Matthew and April have been seeing each other for months and that they were in love . Thinking that the end has come , Jackson finally prays to God and begs Him to save her in exchange for his belief . However , April awakens fully functional despite the disbelief of all her coworkers . 317 24 `` All of Me '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 7.60 Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who quit the hospital and is now doing medical work with the homeless ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . As guests arrive , Alex and Jo accidentally lock themselves in a shed after engaging in one last fling before tying the knot . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Ratings ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 2.0 / 8 7.52 9 17 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.7 / 7 7.07 9 19 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.8 / 7 7.18 5 15 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.9 / 8 7.61 7 12 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.8 / 7 7.15 8 19 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.7 / 7 6.84 8 20 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.7 / 7 6.97 8 16 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.7 / 7 6.93 6 18 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.5 / 6 6.54 7 16 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.6 / 7 6.66 8 18 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.9 / 8 7.35 16 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.9 / 8 7.60 10 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 1.5 3.72 3.5 11.05 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 1.6 3.90 3.6 11.43 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.5 3.57 3.2 10.65 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.5 3.64 3.3 10.82 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.4 3.25 3.3 10.87 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.4 3.50 3.2 10.66 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.4 3.58 3.1 10.43 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.4 3.44 3.1 10.42 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.3 3.40 3.0 10.35 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.3 3.31 2.8 9.93 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.4 3.44 3.0 10.10 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.4 3.38 3.3 10.71 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.3 3.09 3.3 11.01 DVD release ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to Exit After Season 14 , '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Renewed for Season 15 at ABC '' . Variety . 2018 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Is Welcoming Back Another Familiar Face in Season 14 '' . E !. Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Lindsay Wagner To Play Alex 's Mom On ABC Medical Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Returns To Reprise Dr. Herman Role '' . Deadline. April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball HBO Series Casts Sosie Bacon , Daniel Zovatto , Raymond Lee & Jerrika Hinton '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy spoiler ! Look who else is leaving Grey Sloan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Another cast member exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . E ! Online . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( @ KristaVernoff ) ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Sweet 16 ahead of last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Low Oscars still carries ABC to No. 1 : Week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 24 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' NCAA carry CBS to No. 1 : Week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' carry CBS : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' carries ABC to No. 1 in week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ABC and CBS share lead in week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' is still No. 1 , but CBS wins week 29 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' stays in front , networks soft : Week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 31 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' Idol ' and LeBron help ABC top week 32 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale overtakes ' Roseanne ' : Week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NBC and CBS will split season victory : Week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2016 / 2017 Season * Updated 8th June 2017 * '' . Spoiler TV . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=853308211 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Highest-paid NBA players by season

Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,000,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ . Sports Reference LLC http://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1999.html . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=803417623 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 17 . 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List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign

List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign - wikipedia List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign Elizabeth II The following is a list , ordered by length of reign , of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1927 -- present ) , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1927 ) , the Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) , the Kingdom of England ( 871 -- 1707 ) , the Kingdom of Scotland ( 878 -- 1707 ) , the Kingdom of Ireland ( 1542 -- 1800 ) , and the Principality of Wales ( 1216 -- 1542 ) . Queen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria . On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee , commemorating 65 years on the throne . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overall 1.1 Gallery 1.2 Elizabeth II 2 Unitary monarchy 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 Great Britain 3 Kingdoms 3.1 England 3.2 Scotland 3.3 Ireland 4 Principalities 4.1 Gwynedd 4.2 Wales 5 See also 6 References Overall ( edit ) These are the ten longest reigning monarchs in Britain for whom there is reliable recorded evidence . No . Name Reign Duration From To Days Years , days Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 6 February 1952 Present 24,267 7004242670000000000 ♠ 66 years , 160 days Victoria of the United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years , 216 days George III of the United Kingdom 25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years , 96 days James VI of Scotland 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years , 246 days 5 Henry III of England 28 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,473 56 years , 19 days 6 Edward III of England 25 January 1327 20 June 1377 18,410 50 years , 147 days 7 William I of Scotland 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years , 360 days 8 Llywelyn of Gwynedd 1195 11 April 1240 16,173 -- 16,902 c. 44 -- 45 years 9 Elizabeth I of England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years , 127 days 10 David II of Scotland 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years , 260 days The longest claim by a pretender was that of James Francis Edward Stuart ( the `` Old Pretender '' ) , who was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England , Scotland and Ireland for 64 years , 3 months , and 16 days ( 17 September 1701 -- 1 January 1766 ) . Gallery ( edit ) 1 -- Elizabeth II 2 -- Victoria 3 -- George III 4 -- James VI 5 -- Henry III 6 -- Edward III 7 -- William I 8 -- Llywelyn I 9 -- Elizabeth I 10 -- David II Elizabeth II ( edit ) On 9 September 2015 ( at the age of 89 years , 141 days ) , Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch and the longest - reigning female monarch in world history . On 23 May 2016 ( at the age of 90 years , 32 days ) , her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart ( the `` Old Pretender '' ) . On 13 October 2016 ( at the age of 90 years , 175 days ) , she became the world 's longest - reigning current monarch ( and the world 's longest - serving current head of state ) after the death of Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) , King of Thailand . Should she still be reigning on -- 18 July 2020 ( at age 94 years , 88 days ) , she will have been queen for 25,000 days . 6 February 2022 ( at age 95 years , 291 days ) , she will celebrate her platinum jubilee , marking 70 years on the throne . 27 May 2024 ( at age 98 years , 36 days ) , she will surpass Louis XIV of France as the longest - reigning monarch of a major European country . Unitary monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of British monarchs United Kingdom ( edit ) On 1 January 1801 the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927 following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922 . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 Present 24,267 7004242670000000000 ♠ 66 years , 160 days Victoria 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years , 216 days George V 6 May 1910 20 January 1936 9,390 25 years , 259 days George III 1 January 1801 29 January 1820 6,967 19 years , 28 days George VI 11 December 1936 6 February 1952 5,535 15 years , 57 days George IV 29 January 1820 26 June 1830 3,801 10 years , 148 days Edward VII 22 January 1901 6 May 1910 3,391 9 years , 104 days William IV 26 June 1830 20 June 1837 2,551 6 years , 359 days Edward VIII 20 January 1936 11 December 1936 326 326 days Great Britain ( edit ) On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union 1707 , the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) George III ( also United Kingdom ) 25 October 1760 1 January 1801 14,677 40 years , 68 days George II 22 June 1727 25 October 1760 12,168 33 years , 114 days George I 1 August 1714 11 June 1727 4,697 12 years , 314 days Anne 1 May 1707 1 August 1714 2,649 7 years , 92 days Kingdoms ( edit ) England ( edit ) See also : List of English monarchs Includes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne ( House of Stuart ) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707 , when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Henry III 28 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,473 56 years , 19 days Edward III 25 January 1327 21 June 1377 18,410 50 years , 147 days Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years , 127 days Henry VI 1 September 1422 31 October 1470 4 March 1461 11 April 1471 14,064 162 Total : 14,226 38 years , 184 days 162 days 38 years , 347 days Æthelred II 18 March 978 3 February 1014 25 December 1013 23 April 1016 13,065 810 Total : 13,875 35 years , 282 days 2 years , 80 days 37 years , 362 days Henry VIII 22 April 1509 28 January 1547 13,795 37 years , 281 days Charles II 30 January 1649 6 February 1685 13,156 36 years , 7 days Henry I 5 August 1100 1 December 1135 12,901 35 years , 118 days Henry II ( co-ruler with Henry the Young King ) 25 October 1154 6 July 1189 12,673 34 years , 254 days Edward I 20 November 1272 7 July 1307 12,646 34 years , 229 days Alfred the Great 24 April 871 26 October 899 10,412 28 years , 185 days Edward the Elder 27 October 899 17 July 924 9,029 24 years , 264 days Charles I 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years , 309 days Henry VII 22 August 1485 21 April 1509 8,642 23 years , 242 days Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 5 January 1066 8,612 23 years , 211 days Richard II 22 June 1377 29 September 1399 8,134 22 years , 99 days James I 24 March 1603 27 March 1625 8,039 22 years , 3 days Edward IV 4 March 1461 11 April 1471 3 October 1470 9 April 1483 3,500 4,381 Total : 7,881 9 years , 213 days 11 years , 363 days 21 years , 211 days William I 12 December 1066 9 September 1087 7,563 20 years , 258 days Edward II 8 July 1307 20 January 1327 7,136 19 years , 196 days Cnut 30 November 1016 12 November 1035 6,921 18 years , 347 days Stephen 22 December 1135 1 November 1141 7 April 1141 25 October 1154 1,933 4,741 Total : 6,674 5 years , 106 days 12 years , 358 days 18 years , 99 days 6 April 1199 19 October 1216 6,406 17 years , 196 days Edgar I 1 October 959 8 July 975 5,759 15 years , 280 days Æthelstan 2 August 924 ( or 925 ) 27 October 939 5,564 or 5,199 15 years , 86 days or 14 years , 86 days Henry IV 30 September 1399 20 March 1413 4,919 13 years , 171 days William III ( co-ruler with Mary II ) 13 February 1689 8 March 1702 4,770 13 years , 23 days Henry the Young King ( co-ruler with Henry II ) 14 June 1170 11 June 1183 4,745 12 years , 362 days William II 26 September 1087 2 August 1100 4,693 12 years , 310 days Richard I 6 July 1189 6 April 1199 3,561 9 years , 274 days Eadred 26 May 946 23 November 955 3,468 9 years , 181 days Henry V 21 March 1413 31 August 1422 3,450 9 years , 163 days Edmund I 27 October 939 26 May 946 2,403 6 years , 211 days Edward VI 28 January 1547 6 July 1553 2,351 6 years , 159 days Mary II ( co-ruler with William III ) 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 2,144 5 years , 318 days Mary I 19 July 1553 17 November 1558 1,947 5 years , 121 days Anne ( also Kingdom of Great Britain ) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years , 53 days Eadwig 23 November 955 1 October 959 1,408 3 years , 312 days James II 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 1,404 3 years , 309 days Edward the Martyr 9 July 975 18 March 978 984 2 years , 253 days Harold I 12 November 1037 17 March 1040 856 2 years , 126 days Harthacnut 17 March 1040 8 June 1042 813 2 years , 83 days Richard III 26 June 1483 22 August 1485 788 2 years , 57 days Harold II 5 January 1066 14 October 1066 282 282 days Edmund II 23 April 1016 30 November 1016 221 221 days Matilda ( disputed ) 7 April 1141 1 November 1141 208 208 days Edward V 9 April 1483 26 June 1483 78 78 days Edgar II 15 October 1066 17 December 1066 63 63 days Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 3 February 1014 40 40 days Jane ( disputed ) 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 9 days Scotland ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish monarchs Includes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I ( House of Alpin ) in 848 to Anne ( House of Stuart ) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707 , when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) James VI 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years , 246 days William I 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years , 360 days Constantine II 900 943 c . 15,500 c. 43 years David II 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years , 260 days Alexander III 6 July 1249 19 March 1286 13,405 36 years , 256 days Malcolm III 17 March 1058 13 November 1093 13,025 35 years , 241 days Alexander II 4 December 1214 6 July 1249 12,633 34 years , 214 days James I 4 April 1406 21 February 1437 11,281 30 years , 323 days Malcolm II 25 March 1005 25 November 1034 10,837 29 years , 245 days James V 9 September 1513 14 December 1542 10,688 29 years , 96 days David I 23 April 1124 24 May 1153 10,623 29 years , 31 days James III 3 August 1460 11 June 1488 10,174 27 years , 313 days Charles II 30 January 1649 29 May 1660 3 September 1651 6 February 1685 946 9,019 Total : 9,965 2 years , 216 days 24 years , 253 days 27 years , 104 days James IV 11 June 1488 9 September 1513 9,220 25 years , 90 days Mary I 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 8,988 24 years , 222 days Charles I 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years , 309 days Kenneth II 971 995 c . 8,700 c. 23 - 24 years James II 21 February 1437 3 August 1460 8,564 23 years , 164 days Robert I 25 March 1306 7 June 1329 8,475 23 years , 74 days Robert II 22 February 1371 19 April 1390 6,996 19 years , 56 days Alexander I 8 January 1107 23 April 1124 6,315 17 years , 106 days Macbeth 14 August 1040 15 August 1057 6,210 17 years , 1 day Robert III 19 April 1390 4 April 1406 5,828 15 years , 350 days Constantine I 862 877 c . 5,400 c. 15 years Kenneth MacAlpin 843 13 February 858 c . 5,100 c. 14 years William II 11 May 1689 8 March 1702 4,683 12 years , 301 days Malcolm IV 24 May 1153 9 December 1165 4,582 12 years , 199 days Giric ( co-ruler with Eochaid ? ) 878 889 c . 4.000 c. 11 years Donald II 889 900 c . 4,000 c. 11 years Malcolm I 943 954 c . 3,600 c. 10 - 11 years Edgar 1097 8 January 1107 c . 3,600 c. 10 years Kenneth III 997 25 March 1005 c . 2,900 c. 8 years Indulf 954 962 c . 2,700 c. 8 years Duncan I 25 November 1034 14 August 1040 2,089 5 years , 263 days Mary II 11 April 1689 28 December 1694 2,087 5 years , 261 days Amlaíb 971 977 c . 2,000 c. 5 - 6 years Anne ( also Kingdom of Great Britain ) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years , 53 days Dub 962 c. 966 - 967 c . 1,800 c. 5 years Cuilén c. 966 - 967 971 c . 1,800 c. 5 years Domnall mac Ailpín 858 13 April 862 c . 1.300 c. 4 years James VII 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 ( claimed until 16 September 1701 . ) 1,404 ( claimed 6,065 . ) 3 years , 309 days claimed 16 years , 222 days Margaret 25 November 1286 26 September 1290 1,401 3 years , 305 days John Balliol 17 November 1292 10 July 1296 1,331 3 years , 236 days Donald III 13 November 1093 1097 c . 1,000 c. 3 - 4 years Constantine III 1095 1097 c. 700 c. 2 years Áed mac Cináeda 877 878 c. 365 c. 1 year Lulach 15 August 1057 17 March 1058 212 212 days Duncan II May 1094 12 November 1094 c. 195 `` less than 7 months '' Ireland ( edit ) See also : Monarchy of Ireland The High King of Ireland ( 846 -- 1198 ) was primarily a titular title ( with the exception of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was regarded as the first `` King of Ireland '' ) . The later Kingdom of Ireland ( 1542 -- 1800 ) came into being under the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 , the long title of which was `` An Act that the King of England , his Heirs and Successors , be Kings of Ireland '' . In 1801 the Irish crown became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 1166 1193 c. 26 - 27 years Edward Bruce ( disputed ) June 1315 14 October 1318 c. 3 years , 100 days Brian Ua Néill ( disputed ) 1258 1260 c. 1 - 2 years Principalities ( edit ) Gwynedd ( edit ) See also : List of rulers of Gwynedd The Principality ( or Kingdom ) of Gwynedd ( 5th century -- 1216 ) was based in northwest Wales , its rulers were repeatedly acclaimed as `` King of the Britons '' before losing their power in civil wars or Saxon and Norman invasions . In 1216 it was superseded by the title Principality of Wales , although the new title was not first used until the 1240s . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Gruffudd ap Cynan 1081 1137 c. 55 - 56 years Llywelyn the Great 1195 11 April 1240 > 16,172 c. 44 - 45 years Owain Gwynedd 1137 1170 > 11,688 c. 33 years Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1195 > 8,766 c. 25 years Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1170 < 1 year Wales ( edit ) See also : List of Princes of Wales The Principality of Wales ( 1216 -- 1542 ) was a client state of England for much of its history , except for brief periods when it was de facto independent under a Welsh Prince of Wales ( see House of Aberffraw ) . From 1301 it was first used as a title of the English ( and later British ) heir apparent . The Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1253 11 December 1282 > 10,572 c. 29 years Owain Glyndŵr ( disputed ) 16 September 1400 c. 1416 > 5,585 c. 16 years Owain Goch ap Gruffydd 25 February 1246 1255 > 3,000 c. 9 years Owain Lawgoch ( disputed ) May 1372 July 1378 > 2,221 c. 6 years Dafydd ap Llywelyn 12 April 1240 25 February 1246 2,145 5 years , 319 days Dafydd ap Gruffydd 11 December 1282 3 October 1283 296 296 days Charles , Prince of Wales , is the longest - serving Prince of Wales , with a tenure of 7004219050000000000 ♠ 59 years , 355 days since his proclamation as such in 1958 . See also ( edit ) Current reigning monarchs by length of reign List of British monarchs by longevity List of British monarchy records List of longest - reigning monarchs Line of succession to the British throne Monarchy of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patricia Treble ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Palace calculations : Queen Elizabeth II set to lap Victoria '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the British Monarchy '' . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . On 9 September 2015 , The Queen will become the longest reigning British Monarch , surpassing Queen Victoria . Jump up ^ Warren Gaebel . `` Longest Reigning British Monarch '' . Warren Gaebel . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth is about to become Britain 's longest - reigning queen . Here 's how she 's changed monarchy '' . The Spectator. 2015 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Stewarts '' . www.stewartsociety.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88 '' . BBC News . 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ By PA Oct 13 , 2016 . `` Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand 's King Bhumibol dies '' . Aol.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest - reigning British monarch '' . Deutsche Welle. 2015 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Victoria Arbiter ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth II : The platinum monarch ? '' . CNN . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elledge , Jonn ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth II is about to become Britain 's longest reigning monarch so here are some charts '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ `` Royal And Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : George III , King of Great Britain , became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801 . ^ Jump up to : Anne , Queen of England and Queen of Scots , became Queen of Great Britain on 1 May 1707 . ^ Jump up to : Monarch 's total length of reign is the sum of the two reigns displayed . ^ Jump up to : Charles II King of England and King of Scots concurrently from 30 January 1649 to 6 February 1685 . ^ Jump up to : Charles I was King of England and King of Scots concurrently . ^ Jump up to : James VI , King of Scots , became James I , King of England , in 1603 . ^ Jump up to : William of Orange became William III , King of England , on 13 February 1689 and William II , King of Scots , on 11 May 1689 . ^ Jump up to : Mary II became Queen of England on 13 February 1689 and Queen of Scots on 11 May 1689 . Jump up ^ James was James II , King of England , and James VII , King of Scots , concurrently . Jump up ^ James was James II , King of England , and James VII , King of Scotland , concurrently . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign&oldid=848299565 '' Categories : Lists of British monarchs Lists of monarchs by length of reign Queens regnant United Kingdom - related lists of superlatives Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use British English from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles to be expanded from February 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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Milky Way

Milky Way - wikipedia Milky Way Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the galaxy . For other uses , see Milky Way ( disambiguation ) . Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way 's Galactic Center in the night sky above Paranal Observatory ( the laser creates a guide - star for the telescope ) . Observation data Type Sb , Sbc , or SB ( rs ) bc ( barred spiral galaxy ) Diameter 100 -- 180 kly ( 31 -- 55 kpc ) Thickness of thin stellar disk ≈ 2 kly ( 0.6 kpc ) Number of stars 100 -- 400 billion ( 2.5 × 10 ± 1.5 × 10 ) Oldest known star ≥ 13.7 Gyr Mass 0.8 -- 1.5 × 10 M Angular momentum ≈ 7067100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 J s Sun 's distance to Galactic Center 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) Sun 's Galactic rotation period 240 Myr Spiral pattern rotation period 220 -- 360 Myr Bar pattern rotation period 100 -- 120 Myr Speed relative to CMB rest frame 631 ± 20 km / s Escape velocity at Sun 's position 550 km / s Dark matter density at Sun 's position 0.0088 + 0.0024 − 0.0018 M pc or 0.35 + 0.08 − 0.07 GeV cm See also : Galaxy , List of galaxies The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System . The descriptive `` milky '' is derived from the appearance from Earth of the galaxy -- a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye . The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea , from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . From Earth , the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within . Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610 . Until the early 1920s , most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies . The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 light - years . The Milky Way is estimated to contain 100 -- 400 billion stars . There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Solar System is located within the disk , about 26,000 light - years from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of one of the spiral - shaped concentrations of gas and dust called the Orion Arm . The stars in the inner ≈ 10,000 light - years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge . The very center is marked by an intense radio source , named Sagittarius A * , which is likely to be a supermassive black hole . Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second . The constant rotation speed contradicts the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much of the mass of the Milky Way does not emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation . This mass has been termed `` dark matter '' . The rotational period is about 240 million years at the position of the Sun . The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference . The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies , which is a component of the Virgo Supercluster , which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Size and mass 3 Contents 4 Structure 4.1 Galactic quadrants 4.2 Galactic Center 4.3 Spiral arms 4.4 Halo 4.4. 1 Gaseous halo 4.5 Sun 's location and neighborhood 4.6 Galactic rotation 5 Formation 5.1 Age and cosmological history 6 Environment 7 Velocity 8 Etymology and mythology 9 Astronomical history 9.1 Mapping 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Appearance A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius ( including the Galactic Center ) as seen from an area not polluted by light ( the Black Rock Desert , Nevada ) . The bright object on the right is Jupiter , just above Antares . Play media This time - lapse video captures the Milky Way circling over ALMA . The `` Milky Way '' can be seen as a hazy band of white light some 30 degrees wide arcing across the sky . Although all the individual naked - eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way , the light in this band originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Dark regions within the band , such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where light from distant stars is blocked by interstellar dust . The area of the sky obscured by the Milky Way is called the Zone of Avoidance . The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light such as light pollution or stray light from the Moon . The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be seen . It should be visible when the limiting magnitude is approximately + 5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at + 6.1 . This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from any brightly lit urban or suburban location , but very prominent when viewed from a rural area when the Moon is below the horizon . The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness shows that more than one - third of Earth 's population can not see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution . As viewed from Earth , the visible region of the Milky Way 's Galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . The center of the Galaxy lies in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius ; it is here that the Milky Way is brightest . From Sagittarius , the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the Galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky , back to Sagittarius . The band divides the night sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . The Galactic plane is inclined by about 60 degrees to the ecliptic ( the plane of Earth 's orbit ) . Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth 's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic , relative to the Galactic plane . The north Galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12 49 , declination + 27.4 ° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and the south Galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination , depending on the time of night and year , the arc of the Milky Way may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky . For observers from approximately 65 degrees north to 65 degrees south on Earth 's surface , the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day . The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky ( fish - eye mosaic shot at Paranal , Chile ) . The bright object is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius , and the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left . Galactic north is downwards . Size and mass A photograph of galaxy UGC 12158 , which is thought to resemble the Milky Way in appearance . The Milky Way is the second - largest galaxy in the Local Group , with its stellar disk approximately 100,000 ly ( 30 kpc ) in diameter , and , on average , approximately 1,000 ly ( 0.3 kpc ) thick . As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way , if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter ( 24.3 mm ( 0.955 in ) ) , the Milky Way would be approximately the size of the continental United States . A ring - like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may belong to the Milky Way itself , rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane . If so , that would mean a diameter of 150,000 -- 180,000 light - years ( 46 -- 55 kpc ) . Schematic profile of the Milky Way . Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary , depending upon the method and data used . At the low end of the estimate range , the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8 × 10 solar masses ( M ) , somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km / s ( 570,000 mph ) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way . Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius , this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive , roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7 × 10 M within 160,000 ly ( 49 kpc ) of its center . In 2010 , a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7 × 10 M. According to a study published in 2014 , the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 M , which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy . Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter . A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs from the Galactic Center . Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1 -- 1.5 × 10 M. Recent studies indicate a range in mass , as large as 4.5 × 10 M and as small as 8 × 10 M . The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 × 10 M and 6.43 × 10 M. In addition to the stars , there is also interstellar gas , comprising 90 % hydrogen and 10 % helium by mass , with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one - third as molecular hydrogen . The mass of this gas is equal to between 10 % and 15 % of the total mass of the galaxy 's stars . Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1 % of the total mass of the gas . Contents Further information : Exoplanet The Milky Way contains between 200 and 400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets . The exact figure depends on the number of very - low - mass stars , which are hard to detect , especially at distances of more than 300 ly ( 90 pc ) from the Sun . As a comparison , the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion ( 10 ) stars . Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars , whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light years for the colder gas to thousands of light years for warmer gas . The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars . Rather , the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way . For reasons that are not understood , beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly ( 13 kpc ) from the center , the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius . Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly ( 55 kpc ) . At this distance or beyond , the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds . Hence , such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way . The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around − 20.9 . Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way , and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars . The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star , resulting in 100 -- 400 billion planets , according to a January 2013 study of the five - planet star system Kepler - 32 with the Kepler space observatory . A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth - sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way . On November 4 , 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun - like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun - like stars . The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light - years away , according to a 2016 study . Such Earth - sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants . Besides exoplanets , `` exocomets '' , comets beyond the Solar System , have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way . 360 - degree panorama view of the Milky Way ( an assembled mosaic of photographs ) by ESO . The galactic centre is in the middle of the view , with galactic north up . Structure Play media An artist 's impression that shows how the Milky Way would look from very different perspectives than from Earth . From some angles , the central bulge shows up as a peanut - shaped glowing ball of stars , and from above , the central narrow bar appears clearly . The many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds are also clearly seen . Artist 's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar Spitzer reveals what can not be seen in visible light : cooler stars ( blue ) , heated dust ( reddish hue ) , and Sgr A * as bright white spot in the middle . Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A * , location of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . The Milky Way consists of a bar - shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas , dust and stars . The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms . Astronomers began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1990s . Their suspicions were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way 's central bar to be larger than previously thought . Galactic quadrants Main article : Galactic quadrant A galactic quadrant , or quadrant of the Milky Way , refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way . In actual astronomical practice , the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . Quadrants are described using ordinals -- for example , `` 1st galactic quadrant '' , `` second galactic quadrant '' , or `` third quadrant of the Milky Way '' . Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees ( ° ) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center , the quadrants are as follows : 1st galactic quadrant -- 0 ° ≤ longitude ( l ) ≤ 90 ° 2nd galactic quadrant -- 90 ° ≤ l ≤ 180 ° 3rd galactic quadrant -- 180 ° ≤ l ≤ 270 ° 4th galactic quadrant -- 270 ° ≤ l ≤ 360 ° ( 0 ° ) Galactic Center Main article : Galactic Center The Sun is 25,000 -- 28,000 ly ( 7.7 -- 8.6 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . This value is estimated using geometric - based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles , with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range . In the inner few kpc ( around 10,000 light - years radius ) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge . It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies , and that instead it has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar . The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A * ( pronounced Sagittarius A-star ) . The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A * harbors a massive , compact object . This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole ( SMBH ) with an estimated mass of 4.1 -- 4.5 million times the mass of the Sun . The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus , being estimated at around 6995100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 M y . Observations indicate that there are SMBH located near the center of most normal galaxies . The nature of the Milky Way 's bar is actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc ( 3,000 -- 16,000 ly ) and 10 -- 50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . However , RR Lyrae variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way . X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar and the Galactic ridge . Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray / gamma - ray bubbles ( blue - violet ) of the Milky Way ( center ) In 2010 , two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core , using data from the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope . The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light - years ( 7.7 kpc ) ; they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night - sky of the southern hemisphere . Subsequently , observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles . These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly ( 200 pc ) of the Milky Way . Later , on January 5 , 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * . Spiral arms For more details on this topic , see Spiral galaxy . Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars , the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms . Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation , as traced by H II regions and molecular clouds . The Milky Way 's spiral structure is uncertain , and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way 's spiral arms . Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun , because galaxies commonly have arms that branch , merge , twist unexpectedly , and feature a degree of irregularity . The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique , and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way . Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7 ° to 25 ° . There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way 's center . These are named as follows , with the positions of the arms shown in the image at right : Observed ( normal lines ) and extrapolated ( dotted lines ) structure of the spiral arms . The gray lines radiating from the Sun 's position ( upper center ) list the three - letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations . Color Arm ( s ) cyan 3 - kpc Arm ( Near 3 kpc Arm and Far 3 kpc Arm ) and Perseus Arm purple Norma and Outer arm ( Along with extension discovered in 2004 ) green Scutum -- Centaurus Arm pink Carina -- Sagittarius Arm There are at least two smaller arms or spurs , including : orange Orion -- Cygnus Arm ( which contains the Sun and Solar System ) Two spiral arms , the Scutum -- Centaurus arm and the Carina -- Sagittarius arm , have tangent points inside the Sun 's orbit about the center of the Milky Way . If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk , it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point . Two surveys of near - infrared light , which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction , detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum -- Centaurus arm but not in the Carina -- Sagittarius arm : the Scutum - Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30 % more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm . This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms : the Perseus arm and the Scutum -- Centaurus arm . The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars . In December 2013 , astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star - forming regions matches the four - arm spiral description of the Milky Way . Thus , the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars . The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear . Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way 's spiral arms The Near 3 kpc Arm ( also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply 3 kpc Arm ) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 - centimeter radio measurements of HI ( atomic hydrogen ) . It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km / s . It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center . The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( Harvard - Smithsonian CfA ) . It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc ( about 10,000 ly ) from the Galactic Center . A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy . It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns : an inner one , formed by the Sagittarius arm , that rotates fast and an outer one , formed by the Carina and Perseus arms , whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound . In this scenario , suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms , the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring , and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm . The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed `` Nessie '' probably forms a dense `` spine '' of the Scutum -- Centarus Arm Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring ( or Outer Ring ) , a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago . However , several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way . Halo The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters , of which 90 % lie within 100,000 light - years ( 30 kpc ) of the Galactic Center . However , a few globular clusters have been found farther , such as PAL 4 and AM1 at more than 200,000 light - years from the Galactic Center . About 40 % of the Milky Way 's clusters are on retrograde orbits , which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation . The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way , in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star . Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths , the halo component does not . Active star formation takes place in the disk ( especially in the spiral arms , which represent areas of high density ) , but does not take place in the halo , as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars . Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk . Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way 's structure . With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 ) extends much further than previously thought , the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending further is apparent , and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm and of a similar extension of the Scutum - Centaurus Arm . With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart . Similarly , with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy , it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk . The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure ( spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon ) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models . The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way . The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way . This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light - years ( 9 kpc ) away . Gaseous halo In addition to the stellar halo , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , XMM - Newton , and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas . The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years , much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself . The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K ( 1.8 and 4.5 million F ) . Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one - sixth as much baryonic ( ordinary ) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old . However , only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way . If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed , it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way . Sun 's location and Neighborhood Diagram of the Sun 's location in the Milky Way . The angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system . Diagram of the stars in the Solar neighborhood The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , and in the Gould Belt , at a distance of 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is currently 5 -- 30 parsecs ( 16 -- 98 ly ) from the central plane of the Galactic disk . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs ( 6,500 ly ) . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is located in the Milky Way 's galactic habitable zone . There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs ( 49 ly ) from the Sun , giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs , or one star per 2,360 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest bright stars ) . On the other hand , there are 64 known stars ( of any magnitude , not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs ( 16 ly ) of the Sun , giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs , or one per 284 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest stars ) . This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars : in the entire sky , there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14 . The apex of the Sun 's way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way . The general direction of the Sun 's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center . The Sun 's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions . In addition , the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit . This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force ( damping ) term . These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth . However , a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun 's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation . It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so the Sun is thought to have completed 18 -- 20 orbits during its lifetime and 1 / 1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km / s ( 490,000 mph ) or 0.073 % of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km / h ( 52,000 mph ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ) . The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows the ecliptic . Galactic rotation Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the Galactic Center . Horizontal axis is distance from the Galactic Center in kpcs . The Sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . Scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars . The difference is due to dark matter . The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially , meaning that the rotation period varies with location . As is typical for spiral galaxies , the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center . Away from the central bulge or outer rim , the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 and 240 km / s ( 470,000 and 540,000 mph ) . Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled . This is unlike the situation within the Solar System , where two - body gravitational dynamics dominate , and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them . The rotation curve ( shown in the figure ) describes this rotation . Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low , whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation . If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars , gas , and other baryonic ( ordinary ) matter , the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center . However , the observed curve is relatively flat , indicating that there is additional mass that can not be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation . This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter . The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies , the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies . Alternatively , a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve . Formation Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years ago . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline Main article : Galaxy formation and evolution The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang . Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed . Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies . Nonetheless , these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way . Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars , the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly . Due to conservation of angular momentum , this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk . Therefore , later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk . Most younger stars , including the Sun , are observed to be in the disk . Since the first stars began to form , the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers ( particularly early in the Milky Way 's growth ) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo . The Milky Way is currently accreting material from two of its nearest satellite galaxies , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , through the Magellanic Stream . Direct accretion of gas is observed in high - velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud . However , properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass , angular momentum , and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years . This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies ; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies . According to recent studies , the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color -- magnitude diagram is known as the `` green valley '' , a region populated by galaxies in transition from the `` blue cloud '' ( galaxies actively forming new stars ) to the `` red sequence '' ( galaxies that lack star formation ) . Star - formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star - forming gas in the interstellar medium . In simulated galaxies with similar properties , star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now , even accounting for the expected , short - term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . In fact , measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies . Age and cosmological History Night sky from a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago . Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way , which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long - lived radioactive elements such as thorium - 232 and uranium - 238 , then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance , a technique called nucleocosmochronology . These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082 - 001 and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD + 17 ° 3248 . Once a white dwarf is formed , it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops . By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature , an age estimate can be made . With this technique , the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years . Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years , and a 95 % confidence upper limit of 16 billion years . Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way 's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80 - billion - year age of the Universe . In 2007 , a star in the galactic halo , HE 1523 - 0901 , was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old . As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time , this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . This estimate was made using the UV - Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R - process . The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes , from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology . Another star , HD 140283 , is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old . The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology . Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago . These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk . Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation , 10 to 8 billion years ago , when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before . The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed , but seemed to be the result of a break - up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light years in diameter and 50,000 light years wide . Close encounters between galaxies , like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas , which , over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at right angles to the main disc . Environment Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way The position of the Local Group within the Virgo Supercluster Main article : Local Group The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group , surrounded by a Local Void , itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster . Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids , devoid of many galaxies , the Microscopium Void to the `` north '' , the Sculptor Void to the `` left '' , the Bootes Void to the `` right '' and the Canes - Major Void to the South . These voids change shape over time , creating filamentous structures of galaxies . The Virgo Supercluster , for instance , is being drawn towards the Great Attractor , which in turn forms part of a greater structure , called Laniakea . Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way . The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 14,000 light - years . It has a close companion , the Small Magellanic Cloud . The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100 ° of the sky . The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way . Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf ( the closest ) , Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy , Ursa Minor Dwarf , Sculptor Dwarf , Sextans Dwarf , Fornax Dwarf , and Leo I Dwarf . The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light - years in diameter . These include Carina Dwarf , Draco Dwarf , and Leo II Dwarf . There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way , which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015 . There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way , such as Omega Centauri . In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction . This came as a surprise : according to standard cosmology , the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos , and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions . This discrepancy is still not fully explained . In January 2006 , researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way , causing vibrations when they pass through its edges . Previously , these two galaxies , at around 2 % of the mass of the Milky Way , were considered too small to influence the Milky Way . However , in a computer model , the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way . Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km / s ( 220,000 to 310,000 mph ) . In 3 to 4 billion years , there may be an Andromeda -- Milky Way collision , depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies ' relative motion . If they collide , the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low , but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy over the course of about a billion years . Velocity Although special relativity states that there is no `` preferred '' inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way , the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference . One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow , the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space . Individual galaxies , including the Milky Way , have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow . Thus , to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow , one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local , random motions . A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow . Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km / s ( 1,400,000 mph ) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference . The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters , including the Shapley supercluster , behind it . The Local Group ( a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing , among others , the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy ) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster , centered near the Virgo Cluster : although they are moving away from each other at 967 km / s ( 2,160,000 mph ) as part of the Hubble flow , this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster . Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km / s ( 1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph ) with respect to the photons of the CMB , toward 10.5 right ascension , − 24 ° declination ( J2000 epoch , near the center of Hydra ) . This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) as a dipole contribution to the CMB , as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue - shifted in the direction of the motion and red - shifted in the opposite direction . Etymology and mythology Main articles : List of names for the Milky Way and Milky Way ( mythology ) In Babylonia , the Milky Way was said to be the tail of Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk after he had slain the salt water goddess . It is believed this account , from the Enuma Elish had Marduk replace an earlier Sumerian story when Enlil of Nippur had slain the goddess . Llys Dôn ( literally `` The Court of Dôn '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least three of Dôn 's children also have astronomical associations : Caer Gwydion ( `` The fortress of Gwydion '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way , and Caer Arianrhod ( `` The Fortress of Arianrhod '' ) being the constellation of Corona Borealis . In western culture the name `` Milky Way '' is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved `` milky '' glowing band arching across the night sky . The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea , in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας , short for γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας ( galaxias ) -- from root γαλακτ - , γάλα ( `` milk '' ) + - ίας ( forming adjectives ) -- is also the root of `` galaxy '' , the name for our , and later all such , collections of stars . In Greek mythology it was supposedly made from the forceful suckling of Heracles , when Hera acted as a wetnurse for the hero . The Milky Way , or `` milk circle '' , was just one of 11 `` circles '' the Greeks identified in the sky , others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , Arctic and Antarctic circles , and two colure circles passing through both poles . Astronomical History See also : Galaxy § Observation history The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785 ; the Solar System was assumed near center In Meteorologica ( DK 59 A80 ) , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) wrote that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500 -- 428 BC ) and Democritus ( 460 -- 370 BC ) proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars . However , Aristotle himself believed the Milky Way to be caused by `` the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large , numerous and close together '' and that the `` ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere , in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions . '' The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger ( c. 495 -- 570 A.D. ) criticized this view , arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth , and that it should have parallax , which it does not . In his view , the Milky Way is celestial . This idea would be influential later in the Islamic world . The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī ( 973 -- 1048 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars '' . The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138 ) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth 's atmosphere , citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence . Ibn Qayyim Al - Jawziyya ( 1292 -- 1350 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars '' and that these stars are larger than planets . According to Jamil Ragep , the Persian astronomer Naṣīr al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) in his Tadhkira writes : `` The Milky Way , i.e. the Galaxy , is made up of a very large number of small , tightly clustered stars , which , on account of their concentration and smallness , seem to be cloudy patches . Because of this , it was likened to milk in color . '' Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , speculated ( correctly ) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars , held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales . The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate `` galaxies '' themselves , similar to our own . Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the `` extragalactic nebulae '' as `` island universes '' , a term still current up to the 1930s . The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky . He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center . In 1845 , Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral - shaped nebulae . He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae , lending credence to Kant 's earlier conjecture . Photograph of the `` Great Andromeda Nebula '' from 1899 , later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy In 1917 , Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31 ) . Searching the photographic record , he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way . As a result , he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs . He became a proponent of the `` island universes '' hypothesis , which held that the spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy , Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way , as well as the significant Doppler shift . The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope . With the light - gathering power of this new telescope , he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars . He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae . He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun , far too distant to be part of the Milky Way . Mapping The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2022 . See also Baade 's Window Oort constants List of galaxies Galactic astronomy Notes Jump up ^ Jay M. Pasachoff in his textbook Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe states the term Milky Way should refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky , while the galaxy should receive the full name Milky Way Galaxy . See : Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 1994 ) . Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe . Harcourt School . p. 500 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 001667 - 3 . Jump up ^ See also Bortle Dark - Sky Scale . 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The Astrophysical Journal . 586 : 170 -- 194 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0209127 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 586 ... 170P . doi : 10.1086 / 344477 . Jump up ^ Sergey E. Koposov ; Vasily Belokurov ; Gabriel Torrealba ; N. Wyn Evans ( 10 March 2015 ) . `` Beasts of the Southern Wild . Discovery of a large number of Ultra Faint satellites in the vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 805 : 130 . arXiv : 1503.02079 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 805 ... 130K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 805 / 2 / 130 . Jump up ^ Noyola , E. ; Gebhardt , K. ; Bergmann , M. ( April 2008 ) . `` Gemini and Hubble Space Telescope Evidence for an Intermediate - Mass Black Hole in ω Centauri '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 676 ( 2 ) : 1008 -- 1015 . arXiv : 0801.2782 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 676.1008 N . doi : 10.1086 / 529002 . Jump up ^ Lea Kivivali ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Nearby satellite galaxies challenge standard model of galaxy formation '' . Swinburne University of Technology . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pawlowski ; et al. ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Co-orbiting satellite galaxy structures are still in conflict with the distribution of primordial dwarf galaxies '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 442 : 2362 -- 2380 . arXiv : 1406.1799 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 442.2362 P . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu1005 . Jump up ^ `` Milky Way Galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum '' ( Press release ) . University of California , Berkeley . January 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Junko Ueda ; et al. `` Cold molecular gas in merger remnants . I. Formation of molecular gas disks '' . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 214 ( 1 ) . arXiv : 1407.6873 . Bibcode : 2014ApJS ... 214 ... 1U . doi : 10.1088 / 0067 - 0049 / 214 / 1 / 1 . Jump up ^ Wong , Janet ( April 14 , 2000 ) . `` Astrophysicist maps out our own galaxy 's end '' . University of Toronto . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark H. Jones ; Robert J. Lambourne ; David John Adams ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 298 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54623 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kocevski , D.D. ; Ebeling , H. ( 2006 ) . `` On the origin of the Local Group 's peculiar velocity '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 645 ( 2 ) : 1043 -- 1053 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510106 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 645.1043 K . doi : 10.1086 / 503666 . Jump up ^ Peirani , S ; Defreitaspacheco , J ( 2006 ) . `` Mass determination of groups of galaxies : Effects of the cosmological constant '' . New Astronomy . 11 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 330 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508614 . Bibcode : 2006NewA ... 11 ... 325P . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2005.08. 008 . ^ Jump up to : Kogut , A. ; et al. ( 1993 ) . `` Dipole anisotropy in the COBE differential microwave radiometers first - year sky maps '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 419 : 1 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9312056 . Bibcode : 1993ApJ ... 419 ... 1K . doi : 10.1086 / 173453 . Jump up ^ Jankowski , Connie ( 2010 ) . Pioneers of Light and Sound . Compass Point Books . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 7565 - 4306 - 1 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Jon ( 2010 ) . Big Bang & Black Holes . CreateSpace . p. 163 . ISBN 1 - 4528 - 6552 - 3 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ; Weiner , Edmund , eds . ( March 30 , 1989 ) . The Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198611862 . See the entries for `` Milky Way '' and `` galaxy '' . Jump up ^ Eratosthenes ( 1997 ) . Condos , Theony , ed . Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans : A Sourcebook Containing the Constellations of Pseudo-Eratosthenes and the Poetic Astronomy of Hyginus . Red Wheel / Weiser . ISBN 1890482935 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aristotle with W.D. Ross , ed. , The Works of Aristotle ... ( Oxford , England : Clarendon Press , 1931 ) , vol . III , Meteorologica , E.W. Webster , trans. , Book 1 , Part 8 , pp. 39 -- 40 Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . : `` ( 2 ) Anaxagoras , Democritus , and their schools say that the milky way is the light of certain stars . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 41 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` For it is natural to suppose that , if the motion of a single star excites a flame , that of all the stars should have a similar result , and especially in that region in which the stars are biggest and most numerous and nearest to one another . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 43 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` We have now explained the phenomena that occur in that part of the terrestrial world which is continuous with the motions of the heavens , namely , shooting - stars and the burning flame , comets and the milky way , these being the chief affections that appear in that region . '' ^ Jump up to : Montada , Josep Puig ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Ibn Bajja '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Heidarzadeh , Tofigh ( 2008 ) . A history of physical theories of comets , from Aristotle to Whipple . Springer . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 8322 - X . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Biruni '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Livingston , John W. ( 1971 ) . `` Ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyyah : A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 91 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 103 ( 99 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 600445 . JSTOR 600445 . Jump up ^ Ragep , Jamil ( 1993 ) . Nasir al - Din al - Tusi 's Memoir on Astronomy ( al - Tadhkira fi ` ilm al - hay ' a ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei , Sidereus Nuncius ( Venice , ( Italy ) : Thomas Baglioni , 1610 ) , pages 15 and 16 . Archived March 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . English translation : Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos , trans. , The Sidereal Messenger ( London , England : Rivingtons , 1880 ) , pages 42 and 43 . Archived December 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( November 2002 ) . `` Galileo Galilei '' . University of St. Andrews . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wright , An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe ... ( London , England : H. Chapelle , 1750 ) . On page 57 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright stated that despite their mutual gravitational attraction , the stars in the constellations do n't collide because they are in orbit , so centrifugal force keeps them separated : `` ... centrifugal force , which not only preserves them in their orbits , but prevents them from rushing all together , by the common universal law of gravity , ... '' On page 48 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright stated that the form of the Milky Way is a ring : `` ... the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space , without order or design , ... this phænomenon ( is ) no other than a certain effect arising from the observer 's situation , ... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space , ... it ( i.e. the Milky Way ( Via Lactea ) ) ( is ) a vast ring of stars ... '' On page 65 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way , around which the rest of the galaxy revolves , might not be visible to us : `` ... the central body A , being supposed as incognitum ( i.e. an unknown ) , without ( i.e. outside of ) the finite view ; ... '' On page 73 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright called the Milky Way the Vortex Magnus ( the great whirlpool ) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64 × 10 miles ( 13.9 × 10 km ) . On page 33 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy : `` ... ; therefore we may justly suppose , that so many radiant bodies ( i.e. stars ) were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void , but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe , crowded with myriads of glorious worlds , all variously revolving round them ; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states , animate ... '' Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels ... Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven ... ) , ( Koenigsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Johann Friederich Petersen , 1755 ) . On pages 2 -- 3 , Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright : `` Dem Herrn Wright von Durham , einen Engeländer , war es vorbehalten , einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun , welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet , und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat . Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel , sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen , und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume , die sie einnehmen . '' ( To Mr. Wright of Durham , an Englishman , it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation , which seemed , to him and to no one else , to be needed for a clever idea , the exploitation of which he has n't studied sufficiently . He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design ; rather , he found a systematic shape in the whole , and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy . ) Jump up ^ Kant ( 1755 ) , pages xxxiii -- xxxvi of the Preface ( Vorrede ) : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne , deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket , und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen , und versicherte mich leicht , daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können . Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich , daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer , und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt , müste geordnet seyn , weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander , wohl irreguläre Gestalten , aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden . Ich sahe auch ein : daß sie in dem System , darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden , vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten , weil sie nicht zirkelrunde , sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden , und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen . '' ( I considered the type of nebulous stars , which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars , and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses , and I readily assured myself , that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars . That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars , ( which were clustered ) around a common center , must be orderly , because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms , not measurable figures . I also realized : that in the system in which they find themselves bound , they must be restricted primarily to a plane , because they display not circular , but elliptical figures , and that on account of their faint light , they are located inconceivably far from us . ) Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( November 24 , 1998 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . George Mason University . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The term Weltinsel ( island universe ) appears nowhere in Kant 's book of 1755 . The term first appeared in 1850 , in the third volume of von Humboldt 's Kosmos : Alexander von Humboldt , Kosmos , vol. 3 ( Stuttgart & Tübingen , ( Germany ) : J.G. Cotta , 1850 ) , pages 187 , 189 . From page 187 : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Thomas Wright von Durham , Kant , Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der Weltinsel ( Sternschict ) zu betrachten , in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist . '' ( Thomas Wright of Durham , Kant , Lambert and first of all also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the world island ( star stratum ) , in which our solar system is included . ) In the English translation -- Alexander von Humboldt with E.C. Otté , trans. , Cosmos ... ( New York City : Harper & Brothers , 1897 ) , vols. 3 -- 5 -- see page 147 . Jump up ^ William Herschel ( 1785 ) `` On the Construction of the Heavens , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 75 : 213 -- 266 . Herschel 's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article 's last page . See : Google Books Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . The Royal Society of London Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Abbey , Lenny . `` The Earl of Rosse and the Leviathan of Parsontown '' . The Compleat Amateur Astronomer . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in spiral nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. `` Robert Julius Trumpler '' . National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sandage , Allan ( 1989 ) . `` Edwin Hubble , 1889 -- 1953 '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 83 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1989JRASC ... 83 ... 351S . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ `` New Milky Way Map Is a Spectacular Billion - Star Atlas '' . 2016 - 09 - 14 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gaia > Gaia DR1 '' . www.cosmos.esa.int . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Further reading Thorsten Dambeck in Sky and Telescope , `` Gaia 's Mission to the Milky Way '' , March 2008 , p. 36 -- 39 . Cristina Chiappini , The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way , American Scientist , November / December 2001 , pp. 506 -- 515 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milky Way Galaxy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milky Way Milky Way -- 3D Map Milky Way -- Basic plan map -- Includes spiral arms and Orion spur Milky Way -- IRAS ( infrared ) survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- H - Alpha survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- MultiWavelength -- Images and VRML models ( NASA ) Milky Way -- Panorama ( 9 billion pixels ) . Milky Way -- Animated tour , University of South Wales Milky Way -- SEDS Messier website Milky Way -- Infrared Images Milky Way Video ( 02 : 37 ) -- VISTA IR Telescope Image ( October 24 , 2012 ) Milky Way Video ( 06 : 37 ) -- in RealTime ( Oregon ; September 17 , 2016 ) All - Sky Map -- CMB radiation ( Planck ; one - year survey ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina -- Sagittarius Norma -- Cygnus Orion -- Cygnus Perseus Scutum -- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . 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where is earth within the milky way galaxy

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Succession (TV series)

Succession ( TV series ) - wikipedia Succession ( TV series ) Succession Genre Drama Created by Jesse Armstrong Starring Hiam Abbass Nicholas Braun Brian Cox Kieran Culkin Peter Friedman Natalie Gold Matthew Macfadyen Alan Ruck Parker Sawyers Sarah Snook Jeremy Strong Rob Yang Composer ( s ) Nicholas Britell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ilene S. Landress Kevin Messick Frank Rich Will Ferrell Adam McKay Jesse Armstrong Producer ( s ) Regina Heyman Dara Schnapper Cinematography Andrij Parekh Editor ( s ) Mark Yoshikawa Running time 56 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Gary Sanchez Productions Project Zeus Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround Original release June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Succession is an American drama television series about a dysfunctional American global - media family that premiered on June 3 , 2018 , on HBO . It was created by Jesse Armstrong with Will Ferrell and Adam McKay serving as executive producers . McKay also directed the pilot episode . In June 2018 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Succession follows `` the Roy family -- Logan Roy and his four children -- who control one of the biggest media and entertainment conglomerates in the world . The series tracks their lives as they contemplate what the future will hold for them once their aging father begins to step back from the company . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Hiam Abbass as Marcia `` Marcy '' Roy , the third wife of Logan Roy . Nicholas Braun as Greg Hirsch , the great - nephew of Logan Roy and grandson of Ewan Roy . Brian Cox as Logan Roy , the founder of media and entertainment conglomerate Waystar Royco . Kieran Culkin as Roman Roy , the third and youngest son of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Peter Friedman as Frank Vernon , the COO of Waystar Royco and long time confidante of Logan Roy . Natalie Gold as Rava Roy , the separated wife of Kendall Roy . Matthew Macfadyen as Tom Wamsgans , the fiance of Shiv Roy . Alan Ruck as Connor Roy , the eldest son of Logan Roy from his first marriage . Parker Sawyers as Alessandro Daniels , an executive of Waystar Royco present during the Vaulter acquisition meetings . Sarah Snook as Siobhan `` Shiv '' Roy , the youngest child and daughter of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Jeremy Strong as Kendall Roy , the second son of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Rob Yang as Lawrence Yee , the founder of media website Vaulter that is acquired by Waystar Royco . Recurring ( edit ) Scott Nicholson as Colin , Logan 's body man . J. Smith - Cameron as Gerri Killman , general counsel to Waystar Royco . David Rasche as Karl , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team . Arian Moayed as Stewy Hosseini , a financier and friend of Kendall 's who becomes a member of Waystar Royco 's board . Ashley Zukerman as Nate Sofrelli , a political strategist and former romantic partner of Shiv 's . He convinces her to work on the Eavis presidential campaign and the two of them are having an affair . Juliana Canfield as Jess Jordan , Kendall 's assistant . Dagmara Domińczyk as Karolina , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team . Justine Lupe as Willa , Connor Roy 's young girlfriend . Peggy J. Scott as Jeane , Logan 's secretary . Judy Reyes as Eva , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team and an executive producer at ATN , a news channel owned by Waystar Royco . Eric Bogosian as Gil Eavis , a liberal presidential candidate whom Nate introduces to Shiv . He is vocally opposed to Waystar Royco 's attempted takeover of local news networks and becomes a target of their cable news network ATN because of it . Swayam Bhatia as Sophie Roy , Kendall 's daughter . Quentin Morales as Iverson Roy , Kendall 's son . Molly Griggs as Grace , Roman 's girlfriend whom he breaks up with after she tells him that she enjoyed The Biggest Turkey in the World , a film Roman tried to kill while working in Waystar Royco 's film division . Larry Pine as Sandy Furness , the owner of a rival media conglomerate who plots a hostile takeover of Waystar Royco with Kendall . Caitlin FitzGerald as Tabitha , a woman who gave Tom a blowjob at his bachelor party and whom Roman is now dating . Mary Birdsong as Marianne , Logan 's niece and Greg 's mother . Jake Choi as Tatsuya , an associate of Lawrence . Eisa Davis as Joyce Miller , the former Attorney General of New York elected to a seat in the United States Senate for whom Shiv serves as a political strategist . James Cromwell as Ewan Roy , Logan 's estranged brother and Greg 's grandfather who resides in Canada . Darius Homayoun as Amir , Marcy 's son who announces at Thanksgiving dinner that he has been hired to head Waystar Royco 's animation division in Europe . Harriet Walter as Caroline Collingwood , the second wife of Logan Roy and Kendall , Shiv , and Roman 's mother . Jack Gilpin as Mr. Wamsgans , Tom 's Father . Kristin Griffith as Mrs. Wamsgans , Tom 's mother and a highly - respected attorney in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area . Guest ( edit ) Mark Blum as Bill ( `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' ) , the retiring head of Waystar Royco 's Adventure Parks division . Annika Boras as Anna Newman ( `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' ) , an on - air personality at ATN , the news network owned by Waystar Royco , that Kendall takes to the family 's annual charity event , the Roy Endowment Creative New York ( RECNY ) ball . David Patrick Kelly as Paul Chambers ( `` Which Side Are You On ? '' ) , a member of Waystar Royco 's board that votes against a vote of no confidence in regards to Logan . Griffin Dunne as Dr. Alon Parfit ( `` Austerlitz '' ) , a corporate therapist hired to work with the Roy family as Logan attempts to rehabilitate their public image . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Celebration '' Adam McKay Jesse Armstrong June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 0.582 `` Shit Show at the Fuck Factory '' Mark Mylod Tony Roche June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 0.491 `` Lifeboats '' Mark Mylod Jonathan Glatzer June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 0.605 `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' Adam Arkin Anna Jordan June 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 0.543 5 `` I Went to Market '' Adam Arkin Georgia Pritchett July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 0.583 6 `` Which Side Are You On ? '' Andrij Parekh Susan Soon He Stanton July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 0.673 7 `` Austerlitz '' Miguel Arteta Lucy Prebble July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 0.626 8 `` Prague '' S.J. Clarkson Jon Brown July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 0.637 9 `` Pre-Nuptial '' Mark Mylod Jesse Armstrong July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 0.558 10 `` Nobody Is Ever Missing '' Mark Mylod Jesse Armstrong August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 0.730 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On June 6 , 2016 , HBO announced that they had given the production a pilot order . The episode was set to be written by Jesse Armstrong and directed by Adam McKay . Executive producers for the pilot were to include Armstrong , McKay , Will Ferrell , Frank Rich , and Kevin Messick . On May 16 , 2017 , it was announced that HBO had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes . The previously announced creative was expected to continue their involvement as the series enters into production . On November 17 , 2017 , it was announced that Nicholas Britell would serve as the series ' composer . On April 26 , 2018 , it was announced that the series would premiere on June 3 , 2018 . On June 11 , 2018 , it was announced that HBO had renewed the series for a second season . Casting ( edit ) On October 6 , 2016 , it was announced that Brian Cox , Jeremy Strong , Kieran Culkin , Sarah Snook , Nicholas Braun , and Matthew Macfadyen had been cast in lead roles in the series ' pilot . On November 4 , 2016 , it was announced that Hiam Abbass , Alan Ruck , Rob Yang , Parker Sawyers , and Peter Friedman had also joined the main cast of the pilot . On January 24 , 2018 , it was reported that Ashley Zukerman had joined the series in a recurring role . On March 7 , 2018 , it was reported that Jake Choi had been cast in a recurring role . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the first season of the series began in October 2017 in New York City at locations including Lexington Avenue and East 75th Street . During the week of November 20 , 2017 , production took place in the Financial District of Manhattan . In December 2017 , the series was reportedly in production on the sixth episode . From mid-January 2018 to the end of the month , the production moved from New York to New Mexico . Filming reportedly took place around the Santa Fe area of the state . On February 22 , 2018 , filming took place in New Jersey which required the closing of the Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel . On February 25 , 2018 , filming took place at Eastnor Castle near Ledbury in Herefordshire , England . Release ( edit ) Promotional poster . Marketing ( edit ) On January 18 , 2018 , HBO released the first teaser trailer for the series . On March 27 , 2018 , a second teaser trailer was released . On April 26 , 2018 , the first full trailer was released . Premiere ( edit ) On April 27 , 2018 , the series held its official world premiere during the Series Mania Festival in Lille , France in which the pilot episode was screened . On May 22 , 2018 , the series held its official US premiere at the Time Warner Center in New York City . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has been met with a positive response from critics upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds a 86 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.2 out of 10 based on 57 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The spectacle of rich people behaving badly makes Succession entertaining , but only up to a point . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 70 out of 100 based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) Media outlets have characterized the show 's ratings as `` fairly low '' and `` bordering on miniscule . '' The premiere episode drew 582,000 viewers , down from the 1.39 million viewers that watched its lead - in Westworld . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baculinao , Michael ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` New Drama Series `` Succession '' Debuts This June on HBO `` . TVOvermind . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Reid ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Adam McKay , Kathryn Bigelow Projects Land Pilot Orders at HBO '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Drama Pilots From Adam McKay & Kathryn Bigelow '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Tycoon Family Drama From Adam McKay , Jihadi Recruitment Project From Kathryn Bigelow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , Megh ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Drama Pilot ' Succession ' from Adam McKay and Will Ferrell '' . Splitsider . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Will Ferrell and Adam McKay are also working on a drama pilot for HBO '' . AV Club . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay 's ' Succession ' Media Family Drama Picked Up To Series By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` HBO Gives Series Order to Family Drama ' Succession ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay 's Succession TV Series Lands a Full Order at HBO '' . / Film . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Will Ferrell - Adam McKay Political Drama ' Succession ' Ordered by HBO '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Joseph ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Succession : HBO Orders Family Drama Series by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` HBO picks up Adam McKay and Will Ferrell 's political drama '' . AV Club . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay Reteams With Composer Nicholas Britell On Two Projects '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Premiere Date Set For HBO 's Media - Family Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' Renewed For Season 2 By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Brian Cox , Jeremy Strong & Kieran Culkin Lead Cast Of HBO Drama Pilot From Adam McKay '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Alan Ruck , Parker Sawyers & More Join Adam McKay 's HBO Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Ashley Zukerman Set To Recur On Adam McKay 's HBO Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Single Parents ' : Kimrie Lewis & Jake Choi Cast In ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` New HBO drama , Succession , heads for New Mexico '' The Location Guide `` . The Location Guide . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Joshua ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Luke Cage ' Sets up Near Union Square + More NYC Projects Filming '' . Backstage . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rampell , Ed ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Actor / activist James Cromwell continues anti-fracking fight '' . People 's World . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cloutier , Benjamin ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` The New Mexico Film Office Announces HBO 's New Drama Series `` Succession '' to film in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Film Office . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' films fourth season in ABQ '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HBO series `` Succession '' filming in New Mexico `` . Ruidoso News . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelnicki , Tripp ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Santa Fe ranked among best small cities for moviemaking '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeff ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` HBO filming to close part of Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel Thursday '' . NJ.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel closed because of TV filming '' . 6abc Philadelphia . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reil , Maxwell ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` HBO show shuts down tunnel to film in A.C. '' Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Ben ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Film crews arrive at Eastnor Castle for filming of American drama series '' . Hereford Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Agard ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` HBO teases a familial power struggle in new ' Succession ' trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' Trailer : Business Management `` Is a Big Dick Competition '' in Adam McKay 's HBO Series `` . Collider . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Hunter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Succession Trailer : HBO 's New Family - Business Battle Royale '' . Vulture . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` First trailer for HBO 's Succession starring Brian Cox '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` HBO Premieres `` Succession '' Series Trailer - Dark Horizons `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` HBO 's ' Succession ' Opens 9th Series Mania to Applause '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Why Brian Cox Says Wealthy Family Drama ' Succession ' Is Both Timeless and Timely '' . Variety . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Succession : Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Succession : Season 1 - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY Season Finale Review : `` Succession '' `` . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : How ' Succession ' Quickly Became One of TV 's Best Comedies ( or Dramas ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Succession on IMDb HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies Here and Now How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vice Principals Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce Mosaic The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Sharp Objects Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals . ( since 2016 ) Ballers ( since 2015 ) Barry ( since 2018 ) Big Little Lies ( since 2017 ) Boxing After Dark ( since 1996 ) The Comeback ( 2005 ; since 2014 ) Crashing ( since 2017 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( since 2000 ) The Deuce ( since 2017 ) Divorce ( since 2016 ) Esme & Roy ( since 2018 ) Game of Thrones ( since 2011 ) Hard Knocks ( since 2001 ) HBO World Championship Boxing ( since 1973 ) High Maintenance ( since 2016 ) Insecure ( since 2016 ) Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( since 2014 ) Random Acts of Flyness ( since 2018 ) Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel ( since 1995 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( since 2003 ) Room 104 ( since 2017 ) Sesame Street ( since 2016 ) Silicon Valley ( since 2014 ) Succession ( since 2018 ) Tracey Ullman 's Show ( since 2016 ) True Detective ( since 2014 ) Veep ( since 2012 ) Vice ( since 2013 ) Vice News Tonight ( since 2016 ) Westworld ( since 2016 ) Wyatt Cenac 's Problem Areas ( since 2018 ) The Young Pope ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Camping ( 2018 ) Watchmen ( 2019 ) Chernobyl ( TBA ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Euphoria ( TBA ) Gentleman Jack ( TBA ) Los Espookys ( TBA ) Lovecraft Country ( TBA ) Mrs. Fletcher ( TBA ) The Time Traveler 's Wife ( TBA ) The Undoing ( TBA ) See also HBO Storybook Musicals HBO Latin America original series HBO Canada original series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succession_(TV_series)&oldid=856978064 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts English - language television programs HBO network shows Media portrayals of the upper class Serial drama television series Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by Gary Sanchez Productions Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 19 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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Yukon

Yukon - Wikipedia Yukon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Canadian territory . For other uses , see Yukon ( disambiguation ) . Yukon Flag Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : ( No official motto ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Confederation June 13 , 1898 ( 9th ) Capital Whitehorse Largest city Whitehorse Largest metro Whitehorse Government Commissioner Doug Phillips Premier Sandy Silver ( Liberal ) Legislature Yukon Legislative Assembly Federal representation ( in Canadian Parliament ) House seats 1 of 338 ( 0.3 % ) Senate seats 1 of 105 ( 1 % ) Area Total 482,443 km ( 186,272 sq mi ) Land 474,391 km ( 183,163 sq mi ) Water 8,052 km ( 3,109 sq mi ) 1.7 % Area rank Ranked 9th 4.8 % of Canada Population ( 2016 ) Total 35,874 Estimate ( 2017 Q3 ) 38,459 Rank Ranked 13th Density 0.08 / km ( 0.2 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Yukoner FR : Yukonnais ( e ) Official languages English , French GDP Rank 12th Total ( 2011 ) C $2.660 billion Per capita C $75,141 ( 3rd ) Time zone UTC - 8 Postal abbr . YT Postal code prefix Y ISO 3166 code CA - YT Flower Fireweed Tree Subalpine fir Bird Common raven Website www.gov.yk.ca Rankings include all provinces and territories Downtown Whitehorse along the Yukon River Yukon ( / ˈjuːkɒn / ; French : ( jykɔ̃ ) ; also commonly called the Yukon ) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada 's three federal territories ( the other two are the Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) . The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada , with 35,874 people . Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon 's only city . The territory was split from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and was named the Yukon Territory . The federal government 's Yukon Act , which received royal assent on March 27 , 2002 , established Yukon as the territory 's official name , though Yukon Territory is also still popular in usage and Canada Post continues to use the territory 's internationally approved postal abbreviation of YT . Though officially bilingual ( English and French ) , the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages . At 5,959 m ( 19,551 ft ) , Yukon 's Mount Logan , in Kluane National Park and Reserve , is the highest mountain in Canada and the second - highest on the North American continent ( after Denali in the U.S. state of Alaska ) . Most of Yukon has a subarctic climate , characterized by long cold winters and brief warm summers . The Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate . Notable rivers include the Yukon River , after which the territory was named , as well as the Pelly , Stewart , Peel , White and Tatshenshini rivers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Municipalities by population 4.2 Ethnicity 4.3 Language 4.4 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 6 Arts and culture 6.1 Events and festivals 7 Government 7.1 Federal representation 7.2 First Nations 8 Infrastructure 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The territory is named after the Yukon River , the longest river in Yukon . The name itself is from a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han , which means white water river and refers to `` the pale colour '' of glacial runoff in the Yukon River . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Yukon Long before the arrival of Europeans , central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people , and the area escaped glaciation . Sites of archeological significance in Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human occupation in North America . The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon . The volcanic eruption of Mount Churchill in approximately 800 AD in what is now the U.S. state of Alaska blanketed southern Yukon with a layer of ash which can still be seen along the Klondike Highway , and which forms part of the oral tradition of First Nations peoples in Yukon and further south in Canada . Coastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks . European incursions into the area only began early in the 19th century with the fur trade , followed by missionaries . By the 1870s and 1880s gold miners began to arrive . This drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force , just in time for the start of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897 . The increased population coming with the gold rush led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories and the formation of the separate Yukon Territory in 1898 . Geography ( edit ) Map of Yukon Main article : Geography of Yukon The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle , bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west and northwest for 1,210 km ( 752 mi ) mostly along longitude 141 ° W , the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south . Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea . Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains . Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake , the Yukon River . The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large , long and narrow glacier - fed alpine lakes , most of which flow into the Yukon River system . The larger lakes include Teslin Lake , Atlin Lake , Tagish Lake , Marsh Lake , Lake Laberge , Kusawa Lake and Kluane Lake . Bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake , with the greater part of its area within Yukon . Canada 's highest point , Mount Logan ( 5,959 m or 19,551 ft ) , is in the territory 's southwest . Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukon 's southwest are in Kluane National Park and Reserve , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Other national parks include Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in the north . Mount Logan from the southeast Other watersheds include the Mackenzie River , the Peel Watershed and the Alsek -- Tatshenshini , and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea . The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast and the Peel River and its tributaries in the northeast . Notable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce . Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate . The capital , Whitehorse , is also the largest city , with about three - quarters of the population ; the second largest is Dawson City ( pop. 2,016 ) , which was the capital until 1952 . Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate change in the Arctic Köppen climate types in Yukon While the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards , no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during extreme cold snaps . The temperature has dropped down to − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ) three times , 1947 , 1954 , and 1968 . The most extreme cold snap occurred in February 1947 when the abandoned town of Snag dropped down to − 63.0 ° C ( − 81.4 ° F ) . Unlike most of Canada where the most extreme heat waves occur in July , August , and even September , The Yukon 's extreme heat tends to occur in June and even May . The Yukon has recorded 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) three times . The first time was in June 1969 when Mayo recorded a temperature of 36.1 ° C ( 97 ° F ) . 14 years later this record was almost beaten when Forty Mile recorded 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) in May 1983 . The old record was finally broken 21 years later in June 2004 when the Mayo Road weather station , located just northwest of Whitehorse , recorded a temperature of 36.5 ° C ( 97.7 ° F ) . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Yukon City July ( ° C ) July ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) Whitehorse 21 / 8 70 / 46 − 11 / − 19 12 / − 2 Dawson City 23 / 8 73 / 46 − 22 / − 30 − 8 / − 22 Old Crow 20 / 9 68 / 48 − 25 / − 34 − 13 / − 29 Demographics ( edit ) Distribution of Yukon 's eight municipalities by type Main article : Demographics of Yukon The population of Yukon in the 2016 census is 35,874 , an increase of 5.8 % from 2011 . With a land area of 474,712.64 km ( 183,287.57 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 0.1 / km ( 0.2 / sq mi ) in 2011 . Municipalities by population ( edit ) Main article : List of municipalities in Yukon Name Status Official name Incorporation date 2016 Census of Population Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change Land area ( km2 ) Population density Carmacks Town Village of Carmacks 000000001984 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1984 493 503 2999801192842942350 ♠ − 2.0 % 7001369500000000000 ♠ 36.95 13.3 / km Dawson Town City of Dawson 000000001902 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1902 1,375 1,319 7000424564063684610 ♠ + 4.2 % 7001324500000000000 ♠ 32.45 42.4 / km Faro Town Town of Faro 000000001969 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1969 348 344 7000116279069767440 ♠ + 1.2 % 7002203570000000000 ♠ 203.57 1.7 / km Haines Junction Town Village of Haines Junction 000000001984 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1984 613 593 7000337268128161890 ♠ + 3.4 % 7001344900000000000 ♠ 34.49 17.8 / km Mayo Town Village of Mayo 000000001984 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1984 200 226 2998884955752212390 ♠ − 11.5 % 7000106000000000000 ♠ 1.06 188.7 / km Teslin Town Village of Teslin 000000001984 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1984 124 122 7000163934426229510 ♠ + 1.6 % 7000192000000000000 ♠ 1.92 64.6 / km Watson Lake Town Town of Watson Lake 000000001984 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1984 790 802 2999850374064837910 ♠ − 1.5 % 7000611000000000000 ♠ 6.11 129.3 / km Whitehorse City City of Whitehorse 000000001950 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1950 25,085 23,276 7000777195394397660 ♠ + 7.8 % 7002416540000000000 ♠ 416.54 60.2 / km Total municipalities -- -- -- 29,028 27,185 7000677947397461840 ♠ + 6.8 % 7002733090000000000 ♠ 733.09 39.6 / km Territory of Yukon -- -- -- 35,874 33,897 7000583237454642000 ♠ + 5.8 % 7005474712680000000 ♠ 474,712.68 0.08 / km Ethnicity ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2017 ) According to the 2006 Canada Census the majority of the territory 's population was of European descent , although it has a significant population of First Nations communities across the territory . The top ten ancestries were : Ranking Ethnic group Population 1 . English 8,795 2 . North American First Nations 7,070 3 . Scottish 7,005 4 . Canadian 6,075 5 . Irish 5,735 6 . German 4,835 7 . French 4,330 8 . Ukrainian 1,620 9 . Dutch ( Netherlands ) 1,475 10 . Norwegian 1,340 The 2011 National Household Survey examined Yukon 's ethnocultural diversity and immigration . At that time , 87.7 % of residents were Canadian - born and 24.2 % were of Aboriginal origin . The most common countries of birth for immigrants were the United Kingdom ( 15.9 % ) , the Philippines ( 15.0 % ) , and the United States ( 13.2 % ) . Among very recent immigrants ( between 2006 and 2011 ) living in Yukon , 63.5 % were born in Asia . Language ( edit ) First Nations linguistic groups by tribes / clans Linguistic group Tribe / clan Gwich'in Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation , Old Crow Hän Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation , Dawson City Upper Tanana White River First Nation , Beaver Creek Small communities near Tok ( Alaska ) Northern Tutchone Selkirk First Nation Little Salmon / Carmacks First Nation First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun , Mayo Southern Tutchone Champagne and Aishihik First Nations , Haines Junction Kluane First Nation , Burwash Landing Ta'an Kwach'an Council , Lake Laberge Kwanlin Dün First Nation , Whitehorse Kaska Ross River Dena Council , Ross River Liard River First Nation , Watson Lake Inland Tlingit Teslin Tlingit Council Tagish Carcross / Tagish First Nation Mother tongue , 2011 census Rank Language Population Percent 1 . English 28,065 82.9 % 2 . French 1,455 4.3 % 3 . German 805 2.4 % 4 . Tagalog 425 1.3 % 5 . Kaska 265 0.8 % 6 . Northern Tutchone 200 0.6 % 7 . Spanish 180 0.5 % 8 . Southern Tutchone 140 0.4 % 8 . Dutch 130 0.4 % 10 . Chinese 130 0.4 % The most commonly reported mother tongue among the 33,145 single responses to the 2011 Canadian census was English at 28,065 ( 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 % ) . The second-most common was 1,455 ( 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % ) for French . Among 510 multiple respondents , 140 of them ( 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 % ) reported a mother tongue of both English and French , while 335 ( 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 % ) reported English and a ' non-official language ' and 20 ( 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % ) reported French and a ' non-official language ' . The Yukon Language Act `` recognises the significance '' of aboriginal languages in Yukon ; however , only English and French are available for laws , court proceedings , and legislative assembly proceedings . Religion ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2012 ) The 2011 National Household Survey reported that 49.9 % of Yukoners reported having no religious affiliation , the highest percentage in Canada . The most frequently reported religious affiliation was Christianity , reported by 46.2 % of residents . Of these , the most common denominations were the Catholic Church ( 39.6 % ) , the Anglican Church of Canada ( 17.8 % ) and the United Church of Canada ( 9.6 % ) . Economy ( edit ) Yukon 's historical major industry was mining ( lead , zinc , silver , gold , asbestos and copper ) . The government acquired the land from the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1870 and split it from the Northwest Territories in 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush . Thousands of these prospectors flooded the territory , creating a colourful period recorded by authors such as Robert W. Service and Jack London . The memory of this period and the early days of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , as well as the territory 's scenic wonders and outdoor recreation opportunities , makes tourism the second most important industry . Manufacturing , including furniture , clothing , and handicrafts , follows in importance , along with hydroelectricity . The traditional industries of trapping and fishing have declined . Today , the government sector is by far the biggest employer in the territory , directly employing approximately 5,000 out of a labour force of 12,500 , on a population of 36,500 . On 1 May 2015 , Yukon modified its Business Corporations Act , in an effort to attract more benefits and participants to its economy . One amendment to the BCA lets a proxy be given for voting purposes . Another change will allow directors to pursue business opportunities declined by the corporation , a practice off - limits in most other jurisdictions due to the inherent potential for conflicts of interest . One of the changes will allow a corporation to serve as a director of a subsidiary registered in Yukon . The legislation also allows companies to add provisions in their articles of incorporation giving directors blanket approval to sell of all of the company 's assets without requiring a shareholder vote . If provided for by a unanimous shareholders agreement , a corporation is not required to have directors at all . There is increased flexibility regarding the location of corporate records offices , including the ability to maintain a records office outside of the Yukon so long as it is accessible by electronic means . Tourism ( edit ) Yukon welcome sign Yukon 's tourism motto is `` Larger than life '' . Yukon 's major appeal is its nearly pristine nature . Tourism relies heavily on this , and there are many organized outfitters and guides available to hunters and anglers and nature lovers of all sorts . Sports enthusiasts can paddle lakes and rivers with canoes and kayaks , ride or walk trails , ski or snowboard in an organized setting or access the backcountry by air or snowmobile , climb the highest peaks in Canada or take a family hike up smaller mountains , or try ice climbing and dog sledding . There are also various festivals and sporting events such as the Yukon International Storytelling Festival and Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous . There are many opportunities to experience pre-colonial lifestyles by learning about Yukon 's First Nations . Wildlife and nature observation is exceptional and a wide variety of large mammals , birds , and fish are easily accessible , whether or not within Yukon 's many territorial parks ( Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park , Tombstone Territorial Park , Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park , Coal River Springs Territorial Park ) and national parks ( Kluane National Park and Reserve , Vuntut National Park , Ivvavik National Park ) and reserves , or nearby Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park in British Columbia . The latitude enables the view of aurora borealis in Yukon . Arts and culture ( edit ) See also : Music of Yukon Although English is the main language used in the territory , as evidenced by the census , the Government of Yukon recognizes several aboriginal languages as part of the cultural heritage of the territory : the Tlingit , and the less common Tahltan , as well as seven Athapaskan languages , Upper Tanana , Gwitchin , Hän , Northern Tutchone , Southern Tutchone , Kaska and Tagish , some of which are rare . As noted above , the `` aboriginal identity population '' makes up a substantial minority , accounting for about 25 percent . Notwithstanding , the aboriginal culture is strongly reflected in such areas as winter sports , as in the Yukon Quest sled dog race . The modern comic - book character Yukon Jack depicts a heroic aboriginal persona . By far the strongest cultural and tourism aspect of Yukon , however , is the legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush ( 1897 -- 1899 ) , which inspired such contemporary writers at the time as Robert W. Service , Jack London and Jules Verne and which continues to inspire films and games from Mae West 's Klondike Annie to The Yukon Trail ( see Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush ) . Notable residents have included Leslie Nielsen , Erik Nielsen and Pierre Berton . Events and festivals ( edit ) See also : Category : Festivals in Yukon Yukon also has a wide array of cultural and sporting events and infrastructures that attract artists , participants and tourists from all parts of the world ; Yukon International Storytelling Festival , Dawson City Music Festival , Yukon Quest , Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous , the Adäka Cultural Festival , the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre , Northern Lights Centre , Klondike Gold Rush memorials and activities , Takhini Hot Springs , and the Whitehorse fish ladder . Government ( edit ) Chief Isaac of the Hän , Yukon Territory , 1898 In the 19th century , Yukon was a segment of North - Western Territory that was administered by the Hudson 's Bay Company , and then of the Northwest Territories administered by the federal Canadian government . It only obtained a recognizable local government in 1895 when it became a separate district of the Northwest Territories . In 1898 , it was made a separate territory with its own commissioner and an appointed Territorial Council . Prior to 1979 , the territory was administered by the commissioner who was appointed by the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . The commissioner had a role in appointing the territory 's Executive Council , served as chair , and had a day - to - day role in governing the territory . The elected Territorial Council had a purely advisory role . In 1979 , a significant degree of power was devolved from the commissioner and the federal government to the territorial legislature which , in that year , adopted a party system of responsible government . This change was accomplished through a letter from Jake Epp , the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development , rather than through formal legislation . In preparation for responsible government , political parties were organized and ran candidates to the Yukon Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1978 . The Progressive Conservatives won these elections and formed the first party government of Yukon in January 1979 . The Yukon New Democratic Party ( NDP ) formed the government from 1985 to 1992 under Tony Penikett and again from 1996 under Piers McDonald until being defeated in 2000 . The conservatives returned to power in 1992 under John Ostashek after having renamed themselves the Yukon Party . The Liberal government of Pat Duncan was defeated in elections in November 2002 , with Dennis Fentie of the Yukon Party forming the government as Premier . The Yukon Act , passed on April 1 , 2003 , formalized the powers of the Yukon government and devolved additional powers to the territorial government ( e.g. , control over land and natural resources ) . As of 2003 , other than criminal prosecutions , the Yukon government has much of the same powers as provincial governments , and the other two territories are looking to obtaining the same powers . Today the role of commissioner is analogous to that of a provincial lieutenant governor ; however , unlike lieutenant - governors , commissioners are not formal representatives of the Queen but are employees of the federal government . Although there has been discussion in the past about Yukon becoming Canada 's 11th province , it is generally felt that its population base is too sparse for this to occur at present . At the federal level , the territory is represented in the Parliament of Canada by a single Member of Parliament and one senator . Members of Parliament from Canadian territories are full and equal voting representatives and residents of the territory enjoy the same rights as other Canadian citizens . One Yukon Member of Parliament , Erik Nielsen , was the Deputy Prime Minister under the government of Brian Mulroney , while another , Audrey McLaughlin , was the leader of the federal New Democratic Party from 1989 to 1995 . Federal representation ( edit ) Main article : Yukon ( electoral district ) The entire territory is one riding ( electoral district ) in the Canadian House of Commons , also called Yukon . The current holder of the seat is Liberal Member of Parliament Larry Bagnell following his victory in the 2015 federal election . Yukon is allocated one seat in the Senate of Canada and has been represented by three Senators since the position was created in 1975 . The Senate position is held by Conservative senator Daniel Lang , who was appointed by then - Prime Minister Stephen Harper on December 22 , 2008 . It was previously filled by Ione Christensen , of the Liberal Party . Appointed to the Senate in 1999 by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , Christensen resigned in December 2006 to help her ailing husband . From 1975 to 1999 , Paul Lucier ( Liberal ) served as Senator for Yukon . Lucier was appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . First Nations ( edit ) Much of the population of the territory is First Nations . An umbrella land claim agreement representing 7,000 members of 14 different First Nations was signed with the federal government in 1993 . Eleven of the 14 Yukon First Nations have negotiated and signed comprehensive land claim and self - government agreements . The 14 First Nations speak eight different languages . The territory once had an Inuit settlement , located on Herschel Island off the Arctic coast . This settlement was dismantled in 1987 and its inhabitants relocated to the neighbouring Northwest Territories . As a result of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement , the island is now a territorial park and is known officially as Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park , Qikiqtaruk being the name of the island in Inuvialuktun . Government Seat Chief Carcross / Tagish First Nation Carcross Khà Shâde Héni Andy Carvill Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Haines Junction Steve Smith First Nation of Na - cho Nyak Dun Mayo Simon Mervyn Kluane First Nation Burwash Landing Mathieya Alatini Kwanlin Dün First Nation Whitehorse Doris Bill Liard River First Nation Watson Lake Daniel Morris Little Salmon / Carmacks First Nation Carmacks Eric Fairclough Ross River Dena Council Ross River Jack Caesar Selkirk First Nation Pelly Crossing Kevin McGinty Ta'an Kwach'an Council Whitehorse Kristina Kane Teslin Tlingit Council Teslin Richard Sidney Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in Dawson City Roberta Joseph Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation Old Crow Bruce Charlie White River First Nation Beaver Creek Angela Demit Infrastructure ( edit ) Road sign on Dempster Highway , Eagle Plains Before modern forms of transportation , the rivers and mountain passes were the main transportation routes for the coastal Tlingit people trading with the Athabascans of which the Chilkoot Pass and Dalton Trail , as well as the first Europeans . From the Gold Rush until the 1950s , riverboats plied the Yukon River , mostly between Whitehorse and Dawson City , with some making their way further to Alaska and over to the Bering Sea , and other tributaries of the Yukon River such as the Stewart River . Most of the riverboats were owned by the British - Yukon Navigation Company , an arm of the White Pass and Yukon Route , which also operated a narrow gauge railway between Skagway , Alaska , and Whitehorse . The railway ceased operation in the 1980s with the first closure of the Faro mine . It is now run during the summer months for the tourism season , with operations as far as Carcross . Today , major land routes include the Alaska Highway , the Klondike Highway ( between Skagway and Dawson City ) , the Haines Highway ( between Haines , Alaska , and Haines Junction ) , and the Dempster Highway ( linking Inuvik , Northwest Territories to the Klondike Highway ) , all paved except for the Dempster . Other highways with less traffic include the `` Robert Campbell Highway '' linking Carmacks ( on the Klondike Highway ) to Watson Lake ( Alaska Highway ) via Faro and Ross River , and the `` Silver Trail '' linking the old silver mining communities of Mayo , Elsa and Keno City to the Klondike Highway at the Stewart River bridge . Air travel is the only way to reach the far north community of Old Crow . Whitehorse International Airport serves as the air transport infrastructure hub , with scheduled direct flights to Vancouver , Kelowna , Calgary , Edmonton , Yellowknife , Inuvik , Ottawa , Dawson City , Old Crow and Frankfurt . Whitehorse International Airport is also the headquarters and primary hub for Air North , Yukon 's Airline . Every Yukon community is served by an airport or community aerodrome . The communities of Dawson City and Old Crow have regular scheduled service through Air North . Air charter businesses exist primarily to serve the tourism and mining exploration industries . See also ( edit ) Yukon portal Canada portal Arctic portal Main article : Outline of Yukon Canada Outline of Canada Index of Canada - related articles Bibliography of Canada Canada -- Wikipedia book History of the west coast of North America Bluefish Caves , archeological site Peel Watershed Yukon College Yukon Energy Corporation Yukon Field Force Yukon Members of Parliament Yukon Quest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mardy Derby ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Whitehorse Legion looking for a Yukon motto '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories '' . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , expenditure - based , by province and territory ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics Canada . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Yukon : Emblems and Symbols '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yukon Act , SC 2002 , c 7 '' . CanLII . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Statistics . `` Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables , 2016 Census '' . www12.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Table 8 Abbreviations and codes for provinces and territories , 2011 Census '' . Statistics Canada . December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Sir , I have great pleasure in informing you that I have at length after much trouble and difficulties , succeed ( ed ) in reaching the ' Youcon ' , or white water River , so named by the ( Gwich'in ) natives from the pale colour of its water . ... , I have the honour to Remain Your obt Servt , John Bell '' Hudson 's Bay Company Correspondence to George Simpson from John Bell ( August 1 , 1845 ) , HBC Archives , D. 5 / 14 , fos. 212 - 215d , also quoted in , Coates , Kenneth S. & William R. Morrison ( 1988 ) . Land of the Midnight Sun : A History of the Yukon . Hurtig Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 88830 - 331 - 9 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ In Gwich'in , adjectives , such as choo ( big ) and gąįį ( white ) , follow the nouns that they modify . Thus , white water is chųų gąįį ( water white ) . White water river is chųų gąįį han ( water white river ) . Peter , Katherine ( 1979 ) . Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį : Gwich'in Junior Dictionary ( PDF ) . Univ. of Alaska . pp. ii ( ą , į , ų are nasalized a , i , u ) , xii ( adjectives follow nouns ) , 19 ( nitsii or choo ( big ) ) , 88 ( ocean = chųų choo ( water big ) ) , 105 ( han ( river ) ) , 142 ( chųų ( water ) ) , 144 ( gąįį ( white ) ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Borkhataria , Cecile ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Did the first humans arrive in North America 10,000 years earlier than thought ? Bones fund in Canada cave show ' indisputable ' marks from stone tools '' . Daily Mail . ^ Jump up to : Services , Cultural . Archaeology Program . Department of Tourism and Culture . ( Online ) March 8th , 2011 . ( Cited : April 7th , 2012 . ) http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/archaeology.html . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Facts '' . International Boundary Commission . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Length of boundary by province -- Yukon - 1,210 km or 752 miles Jump up ^ Carl Duncan , `` The Dempster : Highway to the Arctic Archived May 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' accessed 2009.10. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Life At Minus 80 : The Men Of Snag '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Climate Data and Information Archive '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Communities '' . Yukon Government : Department of Community Services . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Association of Yukon Communities Incorporation Dates '' . Association of Yukon Communities . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada . `` Ethnic origins , 2006 counts , for Canada , provinces and territories '' . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity , 2011 National Household Survey '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Council of Yukon First Nations ^ Jump up to : `` Focus on Geography Series , 2011 Census , Yukon '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Language Act , Statues of the Yukon ( 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity , 2011 National Householder '' ( PDF ) . 2.statcan.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : cbc.ca : `` Go north , not west : Yukon lures businesses with new company rules '' , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT '' Archived October 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` O.I.C. 2015 / 06 BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT '' Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` O.I.C. 2015 / 07 SOCIETIES ACT '' Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 ^ Jump up to : theglobeandmail.com : `` Yukon 's move to draw corporations worries shareholders coalition '' , 18 Jun 2015 ^ Jump up to : deallawwire.com : `` Changes of note to the Yukon Business Corporations Act '' , 2 Jun 2015 Jump up ^ Travel Yukon Archived October 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Yukon First Nation Tourist Association '' . Yfnta.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Parks '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coal River Springs Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yukon Territory History and Culture , Pinnacle Travel Jump up ^ `` Dawson Music Festival '' . Dcmf.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre '' . Beringia.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Lights Centre '' . Northernlightscentre.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whitehorse fish ladder '' . Yukonenergy.ca . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coates and Morrison , p. 74 Jump up ^ Coates and Morrison , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Senators - Detailed Information '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former Yukon MLA named to Senate seat '' . Cbc.ca . December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Council '' . Ctfn.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Dän nätthe dä̀tthʼi ( Chief and Council ) '' . Champagne and Aishihik First Nations . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Governance and Administration '' . First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun . 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief and Council '' . Kluane First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Bill elected Kwanlin Dun chief '' . CBC News . 2014 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Liard First Nation '' . Kaska Dena Council . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief & Council '' . Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ross River Dena Council elects Jack Caesar as chief '' . CBC News . 2015 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Selkirk First Nation . `` The Council '' . Selkirk First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief and Council '' . Government of the Ta'an Kwäch'än Council . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Sidney elected chief of Teslin Tlingit Council '' . CBC News . 2016 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Roberta Joseph new chief of Dawson 's Tr'ondek Hwech'in '' . CBC News . 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Charlie elected new chief of Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation '' . CBC News . 2016 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief & Council '' . White River First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable , Summer 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Condor Airlines . 2017 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Coates , Kenneth ( 1985 ) , Canada 's colonies : a history of the Yukon and Northwest Territories , Lorimer , ISBN 0 - 88862 - 931 - 1 Coates , Ken S. & Morrison , William R. ( 1988 ) , Land of the Midnight Sun : A History of the Yukon , Edmonton : Hurtig Publishers , ISBN 0 - 88830 - 331 - 9 Cody , William J ( 2000 ) , Flora of the Yukon Territory , National Research Press , ISBN 0 - 660 - 18110 - X Hart , Ann ( 2000 ) , Alaska and the Yukon , JPM Publications , ISBN 2 - 88452 - 051 - 1 Laguna , Frederica De ( 2000 ) , Travels among the Dena : exploring Alaska 's Yukon Valley , Univ. of Washington Press , ISBN 0 - 295 - 97902 - X O'Reilly , Shauna ; Brennan O'Reilly ( 2009 ) , Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition , Arcadia Pub , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 7132 - 4 Webb , Melody ( 1993 ) , Yukon : The Last Frontier , University of British Columbia Press , ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0441 - 6 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYukonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Yukon Government Yukon at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Yukon Attraction & Service Guides Immigration Yukon William E. Meed Yukon Photography Collection - University of Washington Library Henry M. Sarvant Photography Collection - Images depicting his life in the Yukon from the University of Washington Library `` Territorial Battles : Yukon Elections , 1978 -- 2002 '' , Digital Archives , CBC Mapping the Way - Yukon First Nation Self - government Places adjacent to Yukon Alaska , United States Arctic Ocean Chukotka and Sakha , Russia Northwest Territories Alaska , United States Yukon Northwest Territories Alaska , United States British Columbia British Columbia Subdivisions of Yukon Regions Klondike Municipalities Carmacks Dawson City Faro Haines Junction Mayo Teslin Watson Lake Whitehorse Communities Beaver Creek Burwash Landing Carcross Conrad Champagne Landing Destruction Bay Ibex Valley Johnsons Crossing Keno City Lansdowne Marsh Lake Mount Lorne Old Crow Pelly Crossing Ross River Stewart Crossing Tagish Two and One - Half Mile Village Two Mile Village Upper Liard Ghost towns Clinton Creek Elsa Fortymile Paris Snag Parks Ivvavik Kluane Tombstone Vuntut Category : Yukon Portal : Yukon WikiProject : Canadian Territories Current Yukon territorial electoral districts Rural Klondike Kluane Lake Laberge Mayo - Tatchun Mount Lorne - Southern Lakes Pelly - Nisutlin Vuntut Gwitchin Watson Lake Whitehorse Copperbelt North Copperbelt South Mountainview Porter Creek Centre Porter Creek North Porter Creek South Riverdale North Riverdale South Takhini - Kopper King Whitehorse Centre Whitehorse West Former Copperbelt Dawson Faro McIntyre - Takhini Mount Lorne Southern Lakes Tatchun Whitehorse Yukon Electoral District No. 1 Yukon Electoral District No. 2 See also : 2011 election List of elections Legislative Assembly Politics of Yukon Premier Sandy Silver Former premiers Opposition Leader TBD Former Opposition Leaders Legislature Current assembly Cabinet Political parties Elections 2016 election Next election Past elections Yukon electoral districts Other Canadian politics Federal BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Category : Yukon Portal : Yukon WikiProject : Canadian Territories Provinces and territories of Canada Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Historical Former colonies and territories in Canada Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867 Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Related Area Bibliography Extreme points Government spending Gross domestic product Language policies Mountains Museums Name etymologies Population Regions Symbols Topics Unemployment Book Category Portal WikiProject Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal Coordinates : 64 ° N 135 ° W  /  64 ° N 135 ° W  / 64 ; 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A Whiter Shade of Pale

A Whiter Shade of Pale - wikipedia A Whiter Shade of Pale Jump to : navigation , search `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' A-side label of the UK vinyl single Single by Procol Harum from the album Procol Harum B - side `` Lime Street Blues '' Released 12 May 1967 Format 7 - inch record Recorded Olympic Sound Studios , London Genre Baroque rock Length 4 : 03 Label Deram Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Keith Reid , Matthew Fisher Producer ( s ) Denny Cordell Procol Harum singles chronology `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' is the debut song by the British rock band Procol Harum , released 12 May 1967 . The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks . Without much promotion , it reached number 5 on the Bilboard pop chart in the United States . One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love , it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide . With its haunting Bach - derived instrumental melody , soulful vocals , and unusual lyrics -- by the song 's co-authors Gary Brooker , Keith Reid and Matthew Fisher -- `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' reached No. 1 in several countries when released in 1967 . In the years since , it has become an enduring classic . It was the most played song in the last 75 years in public places in the UK ( as of 2009 ) , and the United Kingdom performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited in 2004 recognised it as the most - played record by British broadcasting of the past 70 years . Also in 2004 , Rolling Stone placed `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' 57th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In 1977 , the song was named joint winner ( along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ) of `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the Brit Awards . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . More than 1000 recorded cover versions by other artists are known . The song has been included in many music compilations over the decades and has also been used in the soundtracks of numerous films , including The Big Chill , Purple Haze , Breaking the Waves , The Boat That Rocked , Martin Scorsese 's segment of New York Stories , Stonewall , and Ken Burns and Lynn Novick 's documentary series The Vietnam War . Cover versions of the song have also been featured in many films , for example , by King Curtis in Withnail and I and by Annie Lennox in The Net . The original writing credits were for Brooker and Reid only . On 30 July 2009 , Matthew Fisher won co-writing credit for the music in a unanimous ruling from the Law Lords . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and personnel 2 Lyrics 3 Composition 4 Release and reception 5 Promotional films 6 Authorship lawsuit 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly singles charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Annie Lennox version 8.1 Charts 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Recording and personnel ( edit ) The song was performed and recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in London , England , with Gary Brooker providing the vocals and piano , Matthew Fisher on a Hammond M - 102 organ , David Knights on bass and Ray Royer on guitar . Drums were by session drummer Bill Eyden . A few days later , the song was re-recorded with the band 's then newly recruited drummer Bobby Harrison , but that version was discarded , and one of the original mono recordings was chosen for release . Producer for the record was Denny Cordell , and Keith Grant was the sound engineer . The song was included on the US release of the Procol Harum album , in September 1967 , but not on the later UK version . Lyrics ( edit ) Reid got the title and starting point for the song at a party . He overheard someone at the party saying to a woman , `` You 've turned a whiter shade of pale '' , and the phrase stuck in his mind . The original lyrics had four verses , of which only two are heard on the original recording . The third verse has been heard in live performances by Procol Harum , and more seldom also the fourth . The author of Procol Harum : Beyond the Pale , Claes Johansen , suggests that the song `` deals in metaphorical form with a male / female relationship which after some negotiation ends in a sexual act '' . This is supported by Tim de Lisle in Lives of the Great Songs , who remarks that the lyrics concern a drunken seduction , which is described through references to sex as a form of travel , usually nautical , using mythical and literary journeys . Other observers have also commented that the lyrics concern a sexual relationship . Contrary to the above interpretations , Reid was quoted in the February 2008 issue of Uncut magazine as saying : I was trying to conjure a mood as much as tell a straightforward , girl - leaves - boy story . With the ceiling flying away and room humming harder , I wanted to paint an image of a scene . I was n't trying to be mysterious with those images , I was trying to be evocative . I suppose it seems like a decadent scene I 'm describing . But I was too young to have experienced any decadence , then . I might have been smoking when I conceived it , but not when I wrote . It was influenced by books , not drugs . Structurally and thematically , the song is unusual in many respects . While the recorded version is 4 : 03 long , it is composed of only two verses , each with chorus . The piece is also more instrument - driven than most songs of the period , and with a much looser rhyme scheme . Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time ( for example , the chorus focuses on Chaucer 's `` The Miller 's Tale '' ) . Thus , this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock . The phrase a whiter shade of pale has since gained widespread use in the English language , noticed by several dictionaries . As such , the phrase is today often used in contexts independent of any consideration of the song . It has also been heavily paraphrased , in forms like `` an Xer shade of Y '' , to the extent that it has been recognised as a snowclone -- a type of cliché and phrasal template . Composition ( edit ) The song 's distinctive , Bach - inspired organ part was played on a Hammond M102 . The song is in moderate time in C major and is characterised by the bassline moving stepwise downwards in a repeated pattern throughout . In classical music this is known as a ground bass . The harmonic structure is identical for the organ melody , the verse and the chorus , except that the chorus finishes with a cadence . The main organ melody appears at the beginning and after each verse / chorus . But it is also heard throughout , playing variations of its theme and counterpointing the vocal line . As the chorus commences `` And so it was , and later ... '' , the vocal and organ accompaniment begin a short crescendo , with the organist running his finger rapidly down and up the entire keyboard . The final instrumental fades out to silence -- a common device in pop music of the time . Dutch author , and Bach aficionado , Maarten ' t Hart calls `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' an `` original adaptation '' of Johann Sebastian Bach 's Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 . Besides , the Hammond organ line of the song came from Bach 's `` Sleepers , Wake ! '' and `` Air on the G String '' , both of which use a similar stepwise bass motion . The similarity is referred to in the 1982 play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard and 1991 film The Commitments . A yet closer melodic influence that is seldom cited can arguably be found in the organ choral prelude `` O Mensch bewein dein ' Sünde groß '' ( O Man , Lament Your Sin So Great ) , BWV 622 , from Bach 's Orgelbüchlein ( Little Organ Book ) . The music also borrows ideas from `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' by Percy Sledge . Release and reception ( edit ) The single was released on 12 May 1967 in the United Kingdom by Deram Records and entered Record Retailer 's chart ( later the UK Singles Chart ) on 25 May . In two weeks it reached number 1 , where it stayed for six weeks . Writing in 2005 , Jim Irvin of Mojo said that its arrival at number 1 on 8 June 1967 , on the same day that the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the national albums chart , marked the start of the Summer of Love in Britain . According to music journalist and author Harvey Kubernik , in the context of the Summer of Love , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was the `` one song ( that ) stood above all others , its Everest - like status conferred by no less than John Lennon and Paul McCartney , who were enthralled by the Chaucerian wordplay and heavenly Baroque accompaniment '' . Kubernik also writes that , amid the search for higher consciousness during the flower power era , the song `` galvanised a congregation of disaffected youth dismissive of traditional religion but anxious to achieve spiritual salvation '' . In the United States , the single reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1 million copies . It also peaked at number 22 on the soul charts there . In the Netherlands , the song entered the chart at number 1 in June 1967 and again reached number 1 in July 1972 . A May 1972 re-release on Fly Records stayed in the UK charts for a total of 12 weeks and peaked at number 13 . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' has continued to receive critical acclaim . Along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was jointly recognised as `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the BRIT Awards , part of Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , it appeared at number 57 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . British TV station Channel 4 placed the song at number 19 in its chart of `` The 100 Greatest No. 1 Singles '' . Promotional films ( edit ) One of the clips for the song was filmed at Witley Court , part of which was gutted by fire in 1937 . The first promotional clip for `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was shot in the ruins of Witley Court in Worcestershire , England . It features four of the five musicians who played on the hit single : Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , David Knights and Ray Royer , in performance and walking through the ruins . Only the drummer in the video is n't on the record : early band member Bobby Harrison is seen miming to session man Bill Eyden 's drumming . The film was directed by Peter Clifton , whose insertion of Vietnam War newsreel footage caused it to be banned from airplay on the BBC 's Top of the Pops TV show . Procol Harum subsequently made a second promotional clip , using `` Scopitone '' technology . By this time , Robin Trower and B.J. Wilson had replaced Royer and Harrison in the band , so only three of the five musicians on the recording are represented . No performance footage appears in this film -- only scenes of the five musicians cavorting around London and running across fields . The same lineup , with Fisher wearing a monk 's cowl , mimed to the song on Top of the Pops , although Brooker sang live . Black - and - white footage of the performance has been shown online . The song represents 1967 in the 2004 release Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964 -- 2004 DVD . There was also a film shot as part of Joel Gallen 's Deja - View music video series . Originally airing on various networks in late 1985 through 1986 , this video starred Harry Dean Stanton and Bernie Taupin , but featured no member of the band . It has also aired on VH1 Classic , and has recently surfaced online . Authorship lawsuit ( edit ) In 2005 , former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Gary Brooker and his publisher , claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song . Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40 % of the composers ' share of the music copyright , rather than the 50 % he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005 . Brooker and publisher Onward Music were granted leave to appeal , and a hearing on the matter was held before a panel of three judges during the week of 1 October 2007 . The decision , on 4 April 2008 , by Lord Justice Mummery , in the Court of Appeal upheld Fisher 's co-authorship but ruled that he should receive no royalties as he had taken too long ( 38 years ) to bring his claim to litigation . Full royalty rights were returned to Brooker . On 5 November 2008 , Fisher was granted permission to appeal this decision to the House of Lords . Lawyers say it is the first time the Law Lords have been asked to rule on a copyright dispute involving a song . The appeal was heard in the House of Lords on 22 -- 23 April 2009 . On 30 July 2009 the Law Lords unanimously ruled in Fisher 's favour . They noted that the delay in bringing the case had not caused any harm to the other party ; on the contrary he had benefited financially from it . They also pointed out that there were no time limits to copyright claims under English law . The right to future royalties was therefore returned to Fisher . The musicological basis of the judgment , and its effect on the rights of musicians who contribute composition to future works , has drawn some attention in the music world . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set Austria Belgium Canada France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands New Zealand ( Listener ) Norway Poland Spain United Kingdom United States 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Ranking Australia 14 Canada 27 United States 38 Annie Lennox version ( edit ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Single by Annie Lennox from the album Medusa B - side `` Heaven '' `` ( I 'm Always Touched By Your ) Presence , Dear '' Released May 1995 Format CD single Length 5 : 15 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , Keith Reid Producer ( s ) Stephen Lipson Annie Lennox singles chronology `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was covered by Annie Lennox for her 1995 album Medusa . It was released as the second single in May 1995 and became a top - forty hit in Europe and Canada . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 56 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 48 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 37 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 45 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 77 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 39 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 66 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harrington , Joe S. ( 2002 ) . Sonic Cool : The Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 02861 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beckerman , Jim ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walk Away Renee ' collaborator Michael Brown of Englewood Cliffs , dies at 65 '' . The Record . Jump up ^ `` EveryHit.com '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ `` Procul Harum Signer Gary Brooker Wins A Whiter Shade of Pale Royalty Court Battle '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show 49 - The British are Coming ! The British are Coming ! : With an emphasis on Donovan , the Bee Gees and the Who . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . Digital.library.unt.edu. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whiter Shade ' most played ' song '' . BBC News . 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Shades Rivals in UK Survey '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The BRITs 1977 `` . Brits.co.uk . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Grammy.org Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions -- Martin 's Collection '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Beyond The Pale '' by Claes Johansen , pp. 68 , 86 , SAF Publishing , London , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Kubernik 2017 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Simpson , The rough guide to cult pop , Page 249 . Rough Guides , 2003 , ISBN 1843532298 . 15 December 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 229 - 3 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Claes Johansen , Procol Harum : beyond the pale , pp. 57 -- 62 . SAF Publishing , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 946719 - 28 - 4 . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 946719 - 28 - 0 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Keith Reid words '' . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lives of the Great Songs , Tim de Lisle , Trafalgar Square , 1995 , ISBN 1 - 85793 - 374 - 5 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth ( editor ) , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Reid , Keith & Brooker , Gary '' . Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920895 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth ( editor ) , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860720 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Susan , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . Oxford Dictionary of Phrase , Saying , & Quotation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280650 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Whiter shade of pale ' in common parlance '' . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Snowclones Database '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Pullum , Geoffrey K ; Liberman , Mark ( 2006 ) . Far from the Madding Gerund and Other Dispatches from the Language Log . Wilsonville , Or. : William , James & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59028 - 055 - 3 . Jump up ^ Holm - Hudson , Kevin ( 2008 ) . Genesis and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway . Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6147 - 4 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Irvin , Jim ( Summer 2005 ) . `` The Beatles : After Pepper '' . Mojo . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Kubernik 2017 , pp. 149 , 191 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 160 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` THE 100 GREATEST No. 1 SINGLES '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hereford and Worcester - Places - Witley court '' . BBC . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Procol Harum '' . Shindig ! . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Noel Holston ( 12 December 1985 ) . `` Deja View Looks Into The ' 60s '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade Of Pale - Harry Dean Stanton - Procol Harum '' . Youtube. 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deja View '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale authorship lawsuit '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Entertainment Organist wins Procol Harum battle . Jump up ^ `` Judgment in the AWSoP lawsuit appeal , 4 April 2008 '' . Procolharum.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC - Procol Harum ruling is overturned . Jump up ^ BBC News , 6 November 2008 , Lords House to hear Procol battle ; www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Law Lords hear Harum song battle '' . BBC News . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale : House of Lords asked to rule in copyright wrangle '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Victory for Whiter Shade organist '' . BBC . 30 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judgments -- Fisher ( Original Respondent and Cross-appellant ) v Brooker and others ( Original Appellants and Cross-respondents ) '' . 30 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gendelman , David . `` Blogs : : Crawdaddy : : Paste '' . Crawdaddy.wolfgangsvault.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 7 , No. 24 , August 12 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 11 August 1967 Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Magazine Charts '' . www.poparchives.com.au . Barry McKay . January 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Top Singles of 1967 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2736 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2743 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Annie Lennox '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Annie Lennox . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Kubernik , Harvey ( 2017 ) . 1967 : A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love . New York , NY : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 2052 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics A Whiter Shade of Pale : authorised lyrics of all four verses `` Procol Harum : The ultimate tale of A Whiter Shade Of Pale '' , article on the song 's 40th anniversary , from Classic Rock magazine Bill Eyden Obituary Procol Harum -- A Whiter Shade Of Pale , live video from Eagle Rock Entertainment 's official channel on YouTube `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Scopitone film on YouTube Preceded by `` Silence is Golden '' by The Tremeloes UK Singles Chart number one single 8 June 1967 -- 18 July 1967 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need Is Love '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` Black Velvet Band '' by Johnny McEvoy Ireland 1967 number one single 22 June 1967 -- 19 July 1967 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Black Velvet Band '' by Johnny McEvoy Preceded by `` This is My Song '' by Petula Clark Australia 1967 number one single 8 July 1967 -- 28 July 1967 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need is Love / Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' by The Beatles Procol Harum Gary Brooker Geoff Dunn Matt Pegg Josh Phillips Geoff Whitehorn Dave Ball Graham Broad Dave Bronze Pete Brown Mark Brzezicki Alan Cartwright Chris Copping Matthew Fisher Mick Grabham Bobby Harrison David Knights Dee Murray Keith Reid Tim Renwick Ray Royer Don Snow Peter Solley Henry Spinetti Jerry Stevenson Robin Trower Ian Wallace B.J. Wilson Studio albums Procol Harum Shine On Brightly A Salty Dog Home Broken Barricades Grand Hotel Exotic Birds and Fruit Procol 's Ninth Something Magic The Prodigal Stranger The Well 's on Fire Novum Live albums Procol Harum Live : In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra One More Time -- Live in Utrecht 1992 Live at the Union Chapel One Eye to the Future -- Live in Italy 2007 Procol Harum -- In Concert With the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir The Spirit of Nøkken MMX Some Long Road as Liquorice John Death Ai n't Nothin ' to Get Excited About Songs `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Homburg '' `` A Salty Dog '' `` Conquistador '' Related articles Discography Guy Stevens The Paramounts Book : Procol Harum The Box Tops Rick Levy Gary Talley Bill Cunningham Ron Krasinski Barry Walsh Rick Allen Thomas Boggs Alex Chilton Harold Cloud John Evans Bobby Guidotti Gene Houston Rick Pipkin Joe Savage Swain Schaefer Danny Smythe Larry Spillman Studio albums The Letter / Neon Rainbow Cry Like a Baby Non-Stop Tear Off ! Compilation albums Super Hits The Greatest Hits The Ultimate Box Tops The Best of the Box Tops - Soul Deep Songs `` The Letter '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Neon Rainbow '' `` Cry Like a Baby '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' Related articles Big Star Bell Records Sundazed Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale&oldid=803631770 '' Categories : Procol Harum songs 1967 singles Brit Award for British Single Debut singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Deram Records singles Arista Records singles Songs with lyrics by Keith Reid Song recordings produced by Denny Cordell Shorty Long songs Annie Lennox songs R.B. Greaves songs The Box Tops songs Songs written by Gary Brooker Popular songs based on classical works Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2010 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 08 . 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when was a whiter shade of pale recorded