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Nix v. Hedden

Nix v. Hedden - wikipedia Nix v. Hedden United States Supreme Court case Nix v. Hedden Supreme Court of the United States Submitted April 24 , 1892 Decided May 10 , 1893 Full case name John Nix , John W. Nix , George W. Nix , and Frank W. Nix v. Edward L. Hedden , Collector of the Port of New York Citations 149 U.S. 304 ( more ) 149 U.S. 304 ; 13 S. Ct. 981 ; 37 L. Ed . 745 ; 1893 U.S. LEXIS 2303 Prior history Judgment for defendant , 39 F. 109 ( C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1889 ) Subsequent history None Holding Tomatoes are `` vegetables '' and not `` fruit '' within the meaning of the Tariff Act of 1883 based on the common meaning of those words . Court membership Chief Justice Melville Fuller Associate Justices Stephen J. Field John M. Harlan Horace Gray Samuel Blatchford David J. Brewer Henry B. Brown George Shiras Jr . Howell E. Jackson Case opinions Majority Gray , joined by unanimous Laws applied Tariff Act of 1883 ( Mongrel Tariff ) Nix v. Hedden , 149 U.S. 304 ( 1893 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that , under U.S. customs regulations , the tomato should be classified as a vegetable rather than a fruit . The Court 's unanimous opinion held that the Tariff Act of 1883 used the ordinary meaning of the words `` fruit '' and `` vegetable , '' instead of the technical botanical meaning . Contents 1 Background of the case 2 The Court 's decision 3 Subsequent jurisprudence 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background of the case ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Nix founded the John Nix & Co. fruit commission in New York City in 1839 . The company became one of the largest sellers of produce in New York City at the time , and was one of the first companies to ship produce from Virginia , Florida , and Bermuda to New York . In 1883 , President Chester A. Arthur signed the Tariff Act of March 3 , 1883 , requiring a tax to be paid on imported vegetables , but not fruit . The John Nix & Co. company filed a suit against Edward L. Hedden , Collector of the Port of New York , to recover back duties paid under protest . They argued against the tariff by pointing out that , botanically , a tomato is a fruit due to its seed - bearing structure growing from the flowering part of a plant . At the trial , the plaintiffs ' counsel entered into evidence definitions of the words `` fruit '' and `` vegetables '' from Webster 's Dictionary , Worcester 's Dictionary , and the Imperial Dictionary . They called two witnesses , who had been in the business of selling fruit and vegetables for 30 years , and asked them , after hearing these definitions , to say whether these words had `` any special meaning in trade or commerce , different from those read . '' During testimony , one witness testified that in regard to the dictionary definition : ( the dictionary ) does not classify all things there , but they are correct as far as they go . It does not take all kinds of fruit or vegetables ; it takes a portion of them . I think the words ' fruit ' and ' vegetable ' have the same meaning in trade today that they had on March 1 , 1883 . I understand that the term ' fruit ' is applied in trade only to such plants or parts of plants as contain the seeds . There are more vegetables than those in the enumeration given in Webster 's Dictionary under the term ' vegetable , ' as ' cabbage , cauliflower , turnips , potatoes , peas , beans , and the like , ' probably covered by the words ' and the like ' Another witness testified that `` I do n't think the term ' fruit ' or the term ' vegetables ' had , in March 1883 , and prior thereto , any special meaning in trade and commerce in this country different from that which I have read here from the dictionaries . '' Both the plaintiffs ' counsel and the defendant 's counsel made use of the dictionaries . The plaintiffs ' counsel read in evidence from the same dictionaries the definitions of the word tomato , while the defendant 's counsel then read in evidence from Webster 's Dictionary the definitions of the words pea , eggplant , cucumber , squash , and pepper . Countering this , the plaintiff then read in evidence from Webster 's and Worcester 's dictionaries the definitions of potato , turnip , parsnip , cauliflower , cabbage , carrot and bean . The Court 's decision ( edit ) Botanically , a tomato is a fruit . However , in common parlance it is seen as a vegetable ; hence the United States Supreme Court ruled that a tomato is a vegetable for the purposes of the customs regulations . The court unanimously decided in favor of the respondent and found that the tomato should be classified under the customs regulations as a vegetable , based on the ways in which it is used , and the popular perception to this end . Justice Horace Gray , writing the opinion for the Court , stated that : The passages cited from the dictionaries define the word ' fruit ' as the seed of plants , or that part of plants which contains the seed , and especially the juicy , pulpy products of certain plants , covering and containing the seed . These definitions have no tendency to show that tomatoes are ' fruit , ' as distinguished from ' vegetables , ' in common speech , or within the meaning of the tariff act . Justice Gray , citing several Supreme Court cases ( Brown v. Piper , 91 U.S. 37 , 42 , and Jones v. U.S. , 137 U.S. 202 , 216 ) stated that when words have acquired no special meaning in trade or commerce , the ordinary meaning must be used by the court . In this case dictionaries can not be admitted as evidence , but only as aids to the memory and understanding of the court . Gray acknowledged that botanically , tomatoes are classified as a `` fruit of the vine '' ; nevertheless , they are seen as vegetables because they were usually eaten as a main course instead of being eaten as a dessert . In making his decision , Justice Gray mentioned another case where it had been claimed that beans were seeds -- Justice Bradley , in Robertson v. Salomon , 130 U.S. 412 , 414 , similarly found that though a bean is botanically a seed , in common parlance a bean is seen as a vegetable . While on the subject , Gray clarified the status of the cucumber , squash , pea , and bean . Subsequent jurisprudence ( edit ) Nix has been cited in three Supreme Court decisions as a precedent for court interpretation of common meanings , especially dictionary definitions . ( Sonn v. Maggone , 159 U.S. 417 ( 1895 ) ; Saltonstall v. Wiebusch & Hilger , 156 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) ; and Cadwalader v. Zeh , 151 U.S. 171 ( 1894 ) ) . Additionally , in JSG Trading Corp. v. Tray - Wrap , Inc. , 917 F. 2d 75 ( 2d Cir. 1990 ) , a case unrelated to Nix aside from the shared focus on tomatoes , a judge wrote the following paragraph citing the case : In common parlance tomatoes are vegetables , as the Supreme Court observed long ago ( see Nix v. Hedden 149 U.S. 304 , 307 , 13 S. Ct. 881 , 882 , 37 L. Ed . 745 ( 1893 ) ) , although botanically speaking they are actually a fruit . ( 26 Encyclopedia Americana 832 ( Int'l . ed. 1981 ) ) . Regardless of classification , people have been enjoying tomatoes for centuries ; even Mr. Pickwick , as Dickens relates , ate his chops in `` tomata '' sauce . In 2005 , supporters in the New Jersey legislature cited Nix as a basis for a bill designating the tomato as the official state vegetable . See also ( edit ) Carrot -- defined to be a fruit in European Union law , for the purpose of jam classification ; Annex III ( A ) ( 1 ) , Council Directive 2001 / 113 / EC of 20 December 2001 relating to fruit jams , jellies and marmalades and sweetened chestnut purée intended for human consumption Ketchup as a vegetable Jaffa Cakes , the subject of a 1991 UK tribunal which decided that they were cakes , rather than biscuits ( cookies ) , which would attract value - added tax . Toy Biz v. United States -- decided that action figures of certain superheroes are legally toys , not dolls List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 149 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FindLaw 's United States Supreme Court case and opinions '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Truck Farms : How They Supply Food For The Great Cities '' . Fruit Trade Journal and Produce Record . 56 : 14 . January 20 , 1917 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Garden Tomato - Solanum lycopersicum - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life '' . Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ 149 U.S. at 305 . Jump up ^ `` Are Tomatoes Fruits or Vegetables ? '' . 2010 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ State of New Jersey , 212th Legislature , No . A1210 References ( edit ) Works related to Nix v. Hedden at Wikisource External links ( edit ) Rocknel Fastener , Inc. v. United States -- 34 page PDF covering a similar case hinging on the difference between screws and bolts . The difference is outlined in a 21 - page PDF Distinguishing Bolts From Screws . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nix_v._Hedden&oldid=851957702 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases Tomatoes United States statutory interpretation case law Collectors of the Port of New York 1893 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Հայերեն עברית Latviešu Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 17 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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John Winchester (Supernatural)

John Winchester ( Supernatural ) - wikipedia John Winchester ( Supernatural ) Jump to : navigation , search John Winchester Supernatural character Jeffrey Dean Morgan as John Winchester First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Dark Side Of The Moon '' Created by Eric Kripke Portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan Matt Cohen ( young ) Nels Guloien ( child ) Information Species Human Gender Male Occupation Hunter Former mechanic Former Marine Family Henry Winchester ( father , deceased ) Millie Winchester ( mother , unknown ) Spouse ( s ) Mary Campbell ( wife ) Children Dean Winchester ( son ) Sam Winchester ( son ) Adam Milligan ( son ) Nationality United States John Eric Winchester is a fictional character on The CW 's series Supernatural , and the protagonist of the comic book spin - off series Supernatural : Origins . Developed by series creator Eric Kripke , the character is mainly portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan . John is the father of Sam and Dean Winchester , the show 's protagonists . Seeking revenge after his wife Mary was killed by the demon Azazel , John Winchester became a hunter and raised his two sons to fight the supernatural . John disappears early in Supernatural , and the first season revolves primarily around Sam and Dean trying to find him . Morgan was also filming episodes of Grey 's Anatomy while the first season of Supernatural was under production , and future appearances of the character were hindered by his busy schedule . While Morgan 's portrayal has been praised , fans and critics were generally frustrated at the character for keeping so many secrets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characterization 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 5.2 Footnotes Plot ( edit ) The father of series protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester , John Winchester first appears in the pilot episode of the series , but plot devices such as flashbacks and time travel detail his background in later seasons . Apparently abandoned by his father at a young age -- his father actually died while serving a secret order known as the Men of Letters -- John Winchester grew up hating the man . John left high school to join the Marine Corps , eventually attaining the rank of corporal and receiving many medals for his service in Vietnam . After leaving the service , he found a job as a mechanic , and fell in love with Mary Campbell . In the fourth season episode `` In the Beginning , '' Dean is sent back through time by the angel Castiel . Dean meets his parents ' former selves , and ends up convincing John to buy the 67 Chevy Impala that he eventually inherits . Dean later watches John being killed by Azazel , though the demon then resurrects him in exchange for Mary 's permission to enter her house in ten years . When the angel Anna Milton travels back in time in the fifth season episode `` The Song Remains the Same '' to prevent the births of Sam and Dean , John agrees to serve as a temporary vessel for the archangel Michael to stop her . Michael subsequently kills Anna and erases John and Mary 's memories of the incident . Azazel later uses his pact with Mary to enter their home in the pilot episode , and ultimately kills her . The second season episode `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part One '' reveals that she had witnessed the demon secretly feeding his blood to Sam . John investigated the incident and learned of the existence of the supernatural . His desire to find and kill Azazel led him to become a hunter of supernatural creatures . He took his sons with him during his travels , but often left them alone in motels for long periods of time during his hunts , leaving Dean with instructions to `` shoot first and ask questions later '' while watching over Sam . As revealed in the fourth season episode `` Jump the Shark , '' John slept with a woman he met while away on a hunt . Learning over a decade later that he had fathered her son Adam , John made occasional visits over the years to partake in father - son activities with him . He hid the truth from Adam to protect him , and never revealed to him the existence of Sam and Dean , nor vice versa . Meanwhile , John trained Sam and Dean to become hunters . However , Sam later left this life to start anew in college , leading to a fallout between John and his son . Twenty - two years after Mary 's death , John disappears while on a hunt , forcing Sam and Dean to reunite in an unsuccessful attempt to find him . Sam returns to the life of a hunter after Azazel kills his girlfriend . John reluctantly chooses to avoid his sons throughout most of the season while he investigates something , eventually reuniting with them in the episode `` Shadow . '' However , the demonic Meg Masters attacks them and reveals that Azazel is after John . After escaping from Meg , the brothers split up from their father to keep him from the demons . When vampires murder his old mentor and steal the Colt -- a mystical gun capable of killing anything -- John teams up with Sam and Dean in `` Dead Man 's Blood '' to retrieve it . Because demons can not be killed by conventional means , they hope that the Colt will be effective against Azazel . In response , Meg begins killing the Winchesters ' friends in `` Salvation , '' and threatens to kill more unless they deliver the Colt . John is captured after trying to give her a fake gun , and reveals himself to be possessed by Azazel when the brothers come to his rescue in the first season finale `` Devil 's Trap . '' However , he manages to resist the demon 's control . Despite John 's pleas for Sam to shoot him with the Colt , Sam can not bring himself to do so and allows Azazel to escape . As the Winchesters flee in Dean 's Impala , a demonically - possessed trucker crashes into them . In the second season premiere , `` In My Time of Dying , '' Sam and John awake in the hospital with only minor injuries , but a dying Dean is comatose . John secretly summons Azazel , and seems to know what the demon 's plans are . He then makes a deal to save Dean , giving up his life , soul , and the Colt . Before dying , John instructs Dean to kill Sam should he become evil . The fourth season episode `` On the Head of a Pin '' reveals that the demon Alastair tortured John in Hell for over a century , with John refusing the demon 's offer to stop if he himself would torture someone else . His soul escapes from Hell in the second season finale `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part 2 '' when a gateway to Hell is opened . He saves Dean from Azazel , and distracts the demon by temporarily forcing him out of his host , long enough for Dean to kill Azazel with the Colt when he returns to his usual body . John then gives Sam and Dean a loving smile before becoming engulfed in a white light . However , the fifth season episode `` Dark Side of the Moon '' suggests that he might not be in Heaven . Characterization ( edit ) Actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan deemed John a `` tormented soul , '' motivated by an `` equal combination of revenge and protecting his sons . '' Following the death of their mother , Sam and Dean became secondary to John 's quest of killing the demon responsible , although Morgan believed that this aspect changed once John began spending more time with them again . Though he thought that John was not the world 's best dad and `` definitely made a lot of mistakes , '' the actor noted that `` he did things , even when they were wrong , for the good of his sons . '' John Kubicek of BuddyTV felt that this reasoning extended to John 's decision to hide the truth from Adam to protect him . Kubicek also suggested that John became involved in Adam 's life to achieve `` some level of normalcy '' as a father , an opportunity he had previously lost following the death of Sam and Dean 's mother . Overall , Morgan felt that John `` loved those kids more than he loved his own life , '' with the character 's demonic pact with Azazel serving as `` his way of finding redemption . '' Regarding his portrayal of the character , Morgan commented , `` I played him with extra angst . I think what was on the page , what I foresaw -- not knowing where it was going , because no one would ever tell me anything -- there was always a lot more going on in his head than he was going to show anybody , including his sons . Because , indeed , there was a lot more going on . '' Kripke later confirmed this , stating , `` It 's our view that John knew everything the producers of the show know . John knew stuff we 're not even ready to reveal , that wo n't come out for a couple of seasons . He was an awesome hunter , and by the time he showed up in ' Dead Man 's Blood ' , he knew it all . '' Development ( edit ) In writing the pilot episode , series creator Eric Kripke made several dramatic revisions to John 's storyline . The first draft of the script had Sam and Dean being raised by their aunt and uncle , though this was changed when Kripke realized that the backstory became much less complicated by having John raise them on the road . Another revision had John dying at the end of the episode instead of Sam 's girlfriend Jessica . Though he survives in the final version of the pilot , the writers decided halfway through production of the first season that John did have to die , as they believed his separation from his sons `` split the show '' by having him away `` doing more interesting things than the boys are doing . '' Kripke also felt that John kept Sam and Dean away from the `` front lines '' , his death being required to allow the brothers to `` explore , investigate and confront the yellow - eyed demon directly . '' The writers initially intended for John to die in the car accident in `` Devil 's Trap , '' but they ultimately postponed his death to prevent the finale from becoming too dark . Following the character 's eventual escape from Hell , executive producer Ben Edlund stated that even the writers are unsure of where John 's soul ended up . Evil Dead - actor Bruce Campbell was Kripke 's first choice to portray the character . However , Campbell was unavailable , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan eventually received the role . Due to the fact that Morgan 's scene in the pilot episode takes place 22 years before the series , Morgan expected to be replaced by an older actor for subsequent episodes . Being only 12 years older than Jensen Ackles , who portrays the eldest son Dean , Morgan was surprised when he was asked to reprise the role . Ackles and Jared Padalecki often teased him about the age difference during filming . Throughout the season , Morgan became frustrated at times due to his character 's avoidance of his sons , stating , `` It pissed off everybody , it pissed off us as actors , it pissed off the audience watching , because none of us really knew where we were gon na go . '' However , he reasoned that John 's motivation for his actions was due to having knowledge that nobody else had . During production of Supernatural 's first season , Morgan was also working on the shows Weeds and Grey 's Anatomy , so he was often traveling back and forth between Los Angeles and Vancouver , British Columbia . This interfered at times with Morgan 's acting , as he had trouble getting `` Winchester - y enough '' after portraying the nice character of Denny Duquette on Grey 's Anatomy . Morgan commented , `` I was stuck in Denny - land , where I was being too nice . Winchester 's harder to find . Denny 's more me . He 's an intense guy , John is . And Denny , for a guy who 's having trouble living , he 's just a charming dude . '' Morgan was at first reluctant to return for Supernatural 's second season due to his role on Grey 's Anatomy . Although he lent his voice for the third season episode `` Long - Distance Call , '' future appearances of Morgan as the character after the second season have been hindered due to the actor 's busy schedule . Nevertheless , both Kripke and writer Sera Gamble have stated that they `` would love to have him back . '' The scheduling conflict has continued into the sixth season of Supernatural , with executive producer Robert Singer revealing that the writers had considered bringing the character back in the alternate reality episode `` My Heart Will Go On '' instead of Ellen Harvelle , but due to concerns that they would not be able to secure Morgan 's return , they ultimately chose Ellen for the deceased character they would have ( temporarily ) return in the episode . During the production of the fifth season , Morgan had an interview with MovieWeb in which he stated that no one from the show had contacted him about making another appearance , and expressed the desire to return for at least one more episode in what was then - believed to be the show 's final season , as he had enjoying working with on - screen sons Jensen Ackles and Jared Padalecki and he felt that John 's storyline had ended too soon . Reception ( edit ) While critics praised Morgan for his performance in the role , their reaction to the character has generally been mixed . Don Williams of BuddyTV felt that John is a `` rather divisive character '' , with some fans not understanding John 's motivation for keeping his sons in the dark . However , Williams himself found the character to be `` completely fascinating '' . He chose `` In My Time of Dying '' as the second best episode of the series , mainly because of John 's contributions , stating , `` Even if you 're not a huge fan of Poppa Winchester , I think it 's impossible not to be moved by the final ten minutes of this episode ... John 's final speech to Dean , where he finally tells his son that he 's proud of him , is one hell of a tear - jerker , and both Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Jensen Ackles knock that scene out of the park . '' Williams praised Matt Cohen 's performance of a younger version of the character in the time - travel episode `` In the Beginning '' , believing that he `` did an excellent job at portraying a more innocent John Winchester than we 've ever seen before '' . Diana Steenbergen of IGN also criticized John for his lack of explanation , feeling that `` it is not exactly easy to watch John treat Dean and Sam so dismissively , especially after they have been nearly killing themselves all season to find him '' . However , Steenbergen praised Morgan for his acting , writing , `` Even though he is used sparingly throughout the series , Jeffrey Dean Morgan is always effective as John . '' She also felt that he brought `` emotional weight '' to the character , allowing the audience to `` feel John 's weariness , and his resignation that things will most likely not go well '' . While Brian Tallerico of UGO enjoyed Morgan 's performance , he was happy that the character was killed off because John 's presence made Sam and Dean into `` followers '' that were `` merely existing in the wake of their father '' . With their father gone , the brothers are no longer prevented from `` heading up the battle with the other side '' . References ( edit ) Bibliography ( edit ) Nicholas Knight ( 2007 ) . Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 1 . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 535 - 4 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eric Kripke Answers Fan Questions at Comic - Con '' . The CW Source . August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sean Elliott ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Supernatural 's Eric Kripke & Robert Singer Return Dad to the Show & a Prequel Comic '' . IFMagazine . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Writer : Adam Glass , Director : Serge Ladouceur ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` As Time Goes By '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 12 . CW . Jump up ^ Caims , Bryan ( February 2008 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 2 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : Steve Boyum ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` In the Beginning '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 3 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble & Nancy Weiner , Director : Steve Boyum ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Song Remains the Same '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 13 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : David Nutter ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Pilot '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 1 . WB . Jump up ^ Writers : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part 2 '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 21 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : J. Miller Tobin ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 8 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Adam Kane ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` After School Special '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 13 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Jump the Shark '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 19 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Ken Girotti ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` Home '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 9 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Shadow '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 16 . WB . Jump up ^ Writers : Cathryn Humphris & John Shiban , Director : Tony Wharmby ( April 20 , 2006 ) . `` Dead Man 's Blood '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 20 . WB . Jump up ^ Writers : Sera Gamble & Raelle Tucker , Director : Robert Singer ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Salvation '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 21 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Devil 's Trap '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 22 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` In My Time of Dying '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 1 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Raelle Tucker , Director : Rachel Talalay ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hunted '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 10 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Eric Kripke & Michael T. Moore , Director : Kim Manners ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part 2 '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 22 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Ben Edlund , Director : Mike Rohl ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` On the Head of a Pin '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 16 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Jeff Woolnough ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Dark Side of the Moon '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 16 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Knight , p. 136 Jump up ^ John Kubicek ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` Supernatural : Papa Winchester Was a Rolling Stone '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ # Nicholas Knight ( 2008 ) . Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 2 . Titan Books . p. 143 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 657 - 1 . Jump up ^ Knight , p. 14 Jump up ^ Knight , pp. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Knight , p. 123 Jump up ^ Neil Wilkes ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' writer John Shiban '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Knight , p. 124 Jump up ^ Jennifer Godwin ( July 26 , 2009 ) . `` Supernatural 's Deviled Execs Spill ( Many ) Season Five Secrets '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Kate ( December 2007 ) . `` Lore & Order '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 1 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Kate O'Hare ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` Actor Morgan Juggles ' Grey 's , ' ' Supernatural ' and ' Weeds ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caims , Bryan ( February 2008 ) . `` In the Name of the Father '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 2 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 26 Jump up ^ William Keck ( April 20 , 2006 ) . `` Jeffrey Dean Morgan awaits his fate '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Wilkes ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' writer talks season four '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on ' Grey 's , ' ' House , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Bones , ' ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Supernatural , ' and more ! '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Supernatural ' : How John Winchester almost returned in tonight 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jeffrey Dean Morgan Wants to Return to Supernatural This Season ! '' . MovieWeb . September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Don Williams ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 ' Supernatural ' Episodes of All Time : # 2 `` In My Time of Dying '' `` . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Don Williams ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural : Meet Mary Winchester , Demon Hunter '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen ( September 3 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural Flashback : `` Dead Man 's Blood '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural : `` Pilot '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Supernatural Flashback : `` Salvation '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian Tallerico . `` Supernatural Episode 2.1 : `` In My Time of Dying '' Review `` . UGO . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! '' `` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? '' `` The Devil in the Details '' `` Beyond the Mat '' `` Safe House '' `` Hell 's Angel '' `` Do n't Call Me Shurley '' `` All in the Family '' `` We Happy Few '' `` Alpha and Omega '' Season 12 `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' `` Mamma Mia '' `` The Foundry '' `` American Nightmare '' `` The One You 've Been Waiting For '' `` Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox '' `` Rock Never Dies '' `` LOTUS '' `` First Blood '' `` Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets '' Season 13 Characters Main Sam Winchester Dean Winchester Ruby Bela Talbot Castiel Crowley Lucifer Supporting John Winchester Mary Winchester Bobby Singer Jo Harvelle Ellen Harvelle Anna Milton Jody Mills Antagonists Azazel Meg Masters Lilith Uriel Alastair Zachariah Rowena Other Awards and nominations Supernatural Wiki Supernatural : Bloodlines `` Carry On Wayward Son '' Wikipedia books : Supernatural Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Winchester_(Supernatural)&oldid=815000485 '' Categories : Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional demon hunters Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Fictional exorcists Fictional characters from Kansas Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel Fictional Vietnam War veterans Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional vigilantes Fictional con artists Fictional mechanics Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Português Slovenčina Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 04 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays dean and sam dad in supernatural

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Kotri Junction railway station

Kotri Junction railway station - Wikipedia Kotri Junction railway station Jump to : navigation , search Kotri Junction Station کوٹری جوڑ اسٹیشن ‬ Location Kotri Station Road Kotri , Sindh 76000 Pakistan Coordinates 25 ° 22 ′ 00 '' N 68 ° 17 ′ 51 '' E  /  25.3668 ° N 68.2976 ° E  / 25.3668 ; 68.2976 Coordinates : 25 ° 22 ′ 00 '' N 68 ° 17 ′ 51 '' E  /  25.3668 ° N 68.2976 ° E  / 25.3668 ; 68.2976 Owned by Ministry of Railways Line ( s ) Karachi -- Peshawar Railway Line Kotri -- Attock Railway Line Other information Station code KOT Services Preceding station Kotri Junction railway station Following station Bholari Line Karachi - Peshawar Line Hyderabad Jn . Terminus Line Kotri - Attock Line Jamshoro Kotri Junction railway station ( Urdu : کوٹری جوڑ ریلوے اسٹیشن ‬ ‎ , Sindhi : کوٹری جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن ‎ ) is located in Kotri city , Jamshoro district of Sindh province , Pakistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Services 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Kotri Junction station is among the oldest railway stations in Pakistan . It served as the northern terminus point of the Scinde Railway , which was established in March 1855 . A railway line was to be constructed between Karachi and Kotri and work on the Karachi terminus commenced in April 1858 . By 13 May 1861 , the station opened to the public . This was the first railway line for public traffic between Karachi and Kotri , a distance of 108 miles ( 174 km ) . Services ( edit ) The following trains stop at Kotri Junction station : Preceding station Pakistan Railways Following station Drigh Road toward Karachi Cantonment Allama Iqbal Express Hyderabad Junction toward Sialkot Junction Braudabad toward Karachi City Bolan Mail Sind University toward Quetta Landhi Junction toward Karachi Cantonment Khyber Mail Hyderabad Junction toward Peshawar Cantonment See also ( edit ) List of railway stations in Pakistan Pakistan Railways References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official Web Site of Pakistan Railways Jump up ^ Grace 's Guide `` Scinde Railway '' Retrieved on 2 January 2016 Jump up ^ H.M. Government `` Statute Law Repeals : Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law ( Repeals ) Bill ; April 2012 '' ; pages 134 - 135 , paragraphs 3.78 - 3.83 Retrieved on 2 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` Money Market and City Intelligence '' , `` The Times '' , Wednesday , 15 June 1859 , # 23333 , 7a . External links ( edit ) Official Web Site of Pakistan Railways Karachi -- Peshawar Railway Line Kiamari Karachi City Karachi Cantonment Departure Yard Drigh Road Drigh Colony Malir Landhi Junction Jummah Goth Bin Qasim Dabheji Ran Pethani Jungshahi Braudabad Jhimpir Meting Bholari Kotri Junction Hyderabad Junction Detha Allahdino Sand Palijani Wahab Shah Oderolal Tando Adam Junction Jalal Marri Shahdadpur Lundo Sarhari Nawabshah Bucheri Daur Bandhi Kot Lalloo Pad Idan Junction Bhiria Road Lakha Road Mahrabpur Junction Setharja Ranipur Riyasat Gambat Pir Katpar Tando Mustikhan Khairpur Begmanji Rohri Junction Mando Dairo Sangi Pano Akil Mahesar Ghotki Sarhad Mirpur Mathelo Daharki Reti Walhar Machi Goth Sadiqabad Adamshaba Rahim Yar Khan Tarinda Kotsamaba Sahja Khanpur Junction Jhetha Bhutta Firoza Liaquatpur Dera Nawab Sahib Mubarakpur Kalanchwala Samasata Junction Bahawalpur Lodhran Junction Shah Nal Gilawala Zarif Shaheed Shujabad Chak Sher Shah Junction Muzaffarabad Multan Cantonment Multan City Piran Ghaib Tatipur Riazabad Kot Abbas Shaheed Khanewal Junction Dera Taj Rajput Nagar Waris Ali Shaheed Kacha Khuh Mohsinwal Mian Channun Kassowal Chichawatni Harappa Sahiwal Yusafwala Okara Cantonment Okara Kissan Renala Khurd Akhtarabad Habibabad Sehjowal Pattoki Wan Adhan Changa Manga Bhoe Asal Kot Radha Kishn Prem Nagar Raiwind Junction Jia Bagga Kana Kacha Kot Lakhpat Walton Lahore Cantonment Lahore Junction Badami Bagh Shahdara Bagh Junction Kala Shah Kaku Muridke Sadhoke Kamoke Eminabad Gujranwala City Gujranwala Gujranwala Cantonment Ghakkhar Mandi Dhaunkal Wazirabad Junction Haripur Band Gujrat Deona Juliani Lala Musa Junction Chak Pirana Kharian Cantonment Kharian Choa Kariala Sarai Alamgir Jhelum Kala Kaluwal Dina Ratial Bakrala Tarki Sohawa Missa Keswal Gujar Khan Ghungrila Mandra Junction Kaliamawan Sihala Chaklala Rawalpindi Nur Golra Sharif Junction Sangjani Taxila Cantonment Junction Wah Cantonment Budho Wah Hasan Abdal Burhan Faqirabad Sanjwal Attock City Junction Rumian Attock Khurd Khairabad Kund Jhangira Road Akora Khattak Hayat Sher Pao Shahid Nowshera Junction Khushhal Pir Piai Pabbi Taru Jabba Nasarpur Peshawar City Peshawar Cantonment Kotri -- Attock Railway Line Kotri Junction Jamshoro Sindh University Petaro Unarpur Budhapur Manjhand Sann Amri Laki Shah Saddar Channa Halt Sehwan Sharif Bubak Road Bhan Khudabad Dadu Piaro Goth Rehmani Nagar Balishah Shah Panjo Halt Radhan Sihar Badah Mohenjodaro Bakhsh Jatoi Bakrani Road Mashori Sharif Larkana Junction Brohi Shah Nawaz Bhutto Mahiota Ruk Habib Kot Junction Shikarpur Sultankot Abad Jacobabad Junction Dilmurad Haibat Shahid Kandkot Bakhshapur Kashmore Mithan Kot Rajanpur Badli Mazari Fazilpur Dhandi Muhammad Pur Diwan Azmatwala Jampur Paigah Dera Ghazi Khan Yaru Khosa Basti Laghar Shadan Lund Kot Adu Junction Dera Dinpanah Ashanpur Kot Sultan Jaman Shah Layyah Rajan Shah Karor Lal Ehsan Notak Sultan Karori Halt Bhakkar Kotla Jam Darya Khan Panj Girain Shah Alam Maibal Kallur Kot Piplan Alluwali Khanqah Sirajia Kundian Junction Mianwali Pai Khel Daud Khel Junction Massan Sohan Bridge Makhad Road Injra Khattakabad Chhab Jhamat Uchhri Jand Junction Langar Chura Sharif Halt Nammal Domel Basal Junction Sulaimanabad Jhalar Kanjur Attock City Junction Hyderabad -- Khokhrapar Branch Line Kotri Junction Hyderabad Junction Tando Jam Tajpur Nasarpur Road Rashidabad Halt Tando Allahyar Sultanabad Mirpur Khas Jamrao Junction Balochabad Abdullahabad Halt Shadipalli Saindad Pithoro Junction Faqir Turko Mangrio Dhoro Naro Sadhar Halt Hasisar Sumrasar Halt Chor New Chhor Khokhrapar Zero Point Hyderabad -- Badin Branch Line Kotri Junction Hyderabad Junction Zeal Pak Kathar Norai Sharif Tando Muhammad Matli Palh Talhar Badin Railway stations in Pakistan Railway stations by province Balochistan Aab - e-gum Ahmedwal Alam Reg Alozai Azad Badinzai Bakhtiarabad Domki Beleli Bostan Junction Chaman Churmian Dalbandin Damboli Dera Allah Yar Dera Murad Jamali Dingra Dozan Galangur Gat Gulistan Hirok Kan Mehtarzai Khanai Khan Muhammad Chah Kila Saifullah Kishingi Koh - e-Taftan Kolpur Kuchlak Mach Mangoli Mirjaveh Mushkaf Muslimbagh Nok Kundi Nushki Nuttall Padag Road Perak Pehro Kunri Panir Peshi Qilla Abdullah Quetta Sar - i - Ab Sheikh Mandah Sheikh Wasil Sibi Junction Spezand Junction Shela Bagh Tozghi Wali Khan Yakmach Yaru Zhob Tribal Areas Jamrud Bagiarari Medanak Chaghi Shahgai Kata Kushta Zintara Sultan Khel Landi Kotal Torra Tigga Landi Khana Capital Territory Islamabad Golra Sharif Junction Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Akora Khattak Baldher Burhan Charsadda Dargai Daud Khel Junction Faqirabad Gujar Garhi Hathiyan Hayat Sher Pao Shahid Haripur Hazara Havelian Isa Khel Jhangira Road Kalabagh Kalpani Kamar Mashani Khairabad Kund Khushhal Kot Najib Ullah Lakki Marwat Junction Mardan Junction Mari Indus Nasarpur Nowshera Junction Peshawar City Peshawar Cantonment Pir Piai Pabbi Rashkai Risalpur Cantonment Rumian Sakhakot Sanjwal Serai Saleh Takht - I - Bhai Taru Jabba Trag Punjab Attock City Junction Attock Khurd Bahawalpur Chiniot Dandot RS Faisalabad Gujar Khan Gujrat Jallo Jhang Sadar Jhelum Khanewal Junction Khanpur Khewra Lahore Junction Lahore Cantonment Liaquat Pur Moghalpura Junction Mudduki Multan Cantonment Pind Dadan Khan Rahim Yar Khan Rawalpindi Sargodha Junction Sialkot Junction Tariqabad Vehari Wagah Sindh Abad Allahdino Sand Arian Road Badin Bandhi Begmanji Bero Chandia Bhiria Road Bholari Bhurgari Bin Qasim Braudabad Bucheri Chor Dabheji Daharki Daur Departure Yard Detha Drigh Road Garhi Khairo Gambat Ghotki Gosarji Habib Kot Hyderabad Junction Jacobabad Junction Jalal Marri Jamrao Junction Jhimpir Jummah Goth Jungshahi Kambar Karachi Cantonment Karachi City Khairpur Khokhrapar Kiamari Kotri Junction Kot Lalloo Lakha Road Landhi Junction Larkana Junction Lundo Machi Goth Mando Dairo Mahesar Mahrabpur Junction Malir Cantonment Matli Meting Mirpur Mathelo Mirpur Khas Nawabshah Junction Norai Sharif Oderolal Pad Idan Junction Pano Akil Palijani Pir Muhammad Metlo Halt Pir Katpar Pithoro Junction Rashidabad Halt Ran Pethani Ranipur Riyasat Reti Rohri Junction Sarhad Sangi Sarhari Setharja Shahdadpur Shikarpur Silra Shahdadkot Sukkur Sultanabad Sultankot Talhar Tando Allahyar Tando Adam Junction Tando Jam Tando Muhammad Tando Mustikhan Usta Muhammad Wahab Shah Walhar Zero Point This article about a railroad station in Pakistan is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotri_Junction_railway_station&oldid=824168678 '' Categories : Railway stations in Jamshoro District Railway stations on Hyderabad -- Badin Branch Line Railway stations on Kotri -- Attock Railway Line ( ML 2 ) Railway stations on Karachi -- Peshawar Line ( ML 1 ) Pakistani railway station stubs Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Infobox station with markup inside name Pages with no open date in Infobox station Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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the first railway line between karachi and kotri was constructed in

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Jacob Black

Jacob Black - wikipedia Jacob Black Jacob Black Twilight character Jacob Black as portrayed by Taylor Lautner in New Moon . First appearance Twilight Last appearance Breaking Dawn Created by Stephenie Meyer Portrayed by Taylor Lautner Information Nickname ( s ) Jake Species Shape Shifter Gender Male Occupation Protector of La Push Title Beta / Alpha 's Second ( New Moon and Eclipse ) , Alpha / Leader ( Breaking Dawn ) Family Billy Black ( father ) , Sarah Black ( mother , deceased ) , Rachael and Rebecca ( older twin sisters ) , Ephraim Black ( great - grandfather , deceased ) , Quil Ateara V ( second cousin ) Significant other ( s ) Renesmee Cullen ( imprinted ) Nationality American Jacob `` Jake '' Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer . He is described as an attractive Native American of the Quileute tribe in La Push , near Forks , Washington . In the second book of the series ( New Moon ) , he discovers that he can shapeshift into a wolf . For the majority of the series , Jacob competes with Edward Cullen for Bella Swan 's love . In the films Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , Breaking Dawn : Part 1 , and Breaking Dawn : Part 2 , Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Role in the books 2.1 Twilight Saga 2.2 New Moon 2.3 Eclipse 2.4 Breaking Dawn 3 Characterization 3.1 Physical appearance 3.2 Personality and abilities 4 Film portrayal 5 Team Jacob 6 References 7 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) According to Stephenie Meyer , Jacob was originally meant to be a device through which Bella could learn Edward 's secret in Twilight . Meyer , her agent , and her editor all liked the character so much that they decided to give him a larger role in the following book , New Moon , with Meyer referring to the character as , `` my favorite gift that New Moon gave to me . '' `` Jacob was my first experience with a character taking over -- a minor character developing such roundness and life that I could n't keep him locked inside a tiny role ... From the very beginning , even when Jacob only appeared in chapter six of Twilight , he was so alive . I liked him . More than I should for such a small part . '' Meyer has said that after Jacob started emerging as a prominent character in New Moon . Role in the books ( edit ) Twilight saga ( edit ) Jacob is given a small role in the first book of the series . He is introduced as the son of Billy Black , an old Swan family friend . When Bella uses him to get information on Edward Cullen and his family , Jacob tells her Quileute legends and introduces her to the idea that Edward is a vampire . Bella comes to like Jacob , and he develops a crush on her . New Moon ( edit ) In New Moon , Jacob 's character is used as a device to help Bella emerge from her months - long depression , brought on by her distress over Edward 's departure . The friendship between the two characters grows strong , but Jacob also develops romantic feelings for Bella that she does not reciprocate . It is revealed that , as a member of the Quileute tribe , Jacob is descended from an ancient line of `` shapeshifters '' that assume wolf form . In their backstory , the Quileutes and vampires are mortal enemies . When Jacob undergoes his first transformation into a wolf in front of Bella , it is in response to Paul , one of the pack members who becomes enraged when he was slapped by Bella , causing him to phase and attempt to attack her . Jacob rushes outside to defend Bella , and he jumps high over her and phases in midair . Jacob rushes at Paul first and bites and pushes him . Jacob is shown in this scene to be very talented even when this was his first transformation at attacking and countering Paul as he is able to hit him before he has a chance to attack . A scene shows him tackling Paul causing him to crash into a boat rack . He and Paul later arrive at Emily Young 's house and Paul apologizes to Bella . Soon , he becomes busy patrolling the forest with his pack , searching for vampires in the area . When Bella is caught by the vampire Laurent alone in a clearing , she is saved by Jacob and the wolf pack , who chase and kill Laurent . Sam first emerges from the woods , Laurent noticing more emerge runs away . Sam closes in on him but is struck back by Laurent just before he was about to tackle him . He later claims that Laurent was nothing but a simple kill . During the chase , Laurent is cornered by part of the pack while Jacob goes for the kill . Jacob and his friends are able to cover a range of 1.67 miles in just 1 minute meaning they are able to run at nearly or close to 100 mph at full run . Jacob serves as a rescue for Bella and a foil to Edward on multiple occasions in the narrative . When Bella , who has taken increasingly dangerous risks to feel closer to Edward , impulsively jumps off a cliff and almost drowns , Jacob rescues her . After Edward mistakenly believes she has died and plans to kill himself , Bella and Alice Cullen , rush to Italy to prevent his suicide , leaving Jacob heartbroken . Jacob is disgusted by Edward 's return and by Bella 's willingness to take Edward back after he left her . Jacob reminds Edward of his tribe 's treaty with the Cullen family , which states that the Cullens are not allowed to bite humans . Bella interrupts and points out to Jacob that she wants to become a vampire , and it 's her own decision . This angers Jacob , and he attempts to start a fight with Edward . Edward decides to leave with Bella , but Jacob grabs him and says : `` You do n't speak for her . '' causing Edward to uppercut punch him into the air , causing him to transform . Edward and Jacob are stopped immediately by Bella as she says : `` You ca n't harm each other without harming me . '' Jacob , now feeling full of guilt and knowing that he would not harm her due to him still having a tremendous crush on her and her being his best and closest friend , decides to accept her wish , but he is feeling hurt by her decision which causes him to run away . Eclipse ( edit ) In Eclipse , Jacob , enraged that Bella plans to become a vampire , attempts to distance himself by not returning her phone calls and refusing to see her . Later , during the scene when Jacob visits Bella and Edward to discuss the vampire Victoria 's return , he tells Bella that he misses her and wishes that they could remain friends . With Edward 's approval , Bella begins to visit Jacob on a regular basis . On one of these visits , Jacob tells Bella that he is in love with her and that he wants her to choose him over Edward . Bella is caught off guard by his confession and tells him she only thinks of him as a friend . He forcibly kisses her , and she reacts by punching him in the face . This breaks her hand , though it does not affect Jacob because he is a werewolf and does n't get hurt easily . This act later enrages Edward , and the two get into a heated argument in front of Bella 's house . They come extremely close to a physical fight , until Bella pushes Edward always and pleads for them to stop . Edward , still fuming with rage , tells Jacob that if Bella gives him the word , he will harm him . Bella 's father comes outside at that moment , and demands to know what 's going on . Jacob admits that he kissed Bella , and she broke her hand punching him . Jacob apologizes and leaves . Later on , Jacob 's shapeshifter wolf pack and the Cullen family join forces to defeat Victoria and the army of newborn vampires she has created . The wolf pack have agreed to meet at their house . They are in their wolf form as they do n't trust the Cullen 's enough to be in their human form as they possibly believe this to be a plot to destroy the pack . Carlisle greets them and tells how they should accurately and successfully attack a newborn . Sam telepathically asks what a newborn is and what the difference is between them and the newborn . He tells them that the newborns are a fresh breed of vampires that were humans forcibly turned with a combination of both human and vampire strength with most of their human element relying on intelligence . Carlisle tells them that they should never let a single one get their arms around them as they are strong enough to crush their bodies . He also says that they should never go for the `` obvious '' kill as they can get outnumbered easily and lose most of the pack . As the Cullen 's demonstrate their tactics to the wolves on how they deal with newborns , Jacob also in his wolf form comes up to Bella . He nudges close to her as he still has a crush on her . She tells Jacob that if they join this attack many of them could get hurt or even killed . In response Jacob places his head in front of her and she pets him . Suddenly Edwards sees this and Jacob looks at him with a disgusted and annoyed look and walks off . The night before the battle , Edward and Jacob are alone with Bella on the top of a mountain . They are there , in a secluded spot , to protect her from Victoria and her blood - hungry army . It is night , and a blizzard beats at their tent . Bella is freezing to death , huddled in a blanket hold and shivering violently . Edward watches on with despair , as he can do nothing to help because his vampire skin is ice - cold . Jacob , being a werewolf , is never cold and has very a warm body . Because of his enhanced senses he can hear Bella 's teeth chattering as he claims that he `` ca n't sleep with all that teeth chattering going on . '' He moves forward to lay down with Bella , knowing his body heat would keep her warm . Edward shoves him away , outraged , and says he will not go near her . Jacob demands that Edward lets him go . Bella , hardly conscious , pleads for them not to fight . Jacob insists that Bella needs his warmth , and reluctantly Edward lets him crawl into the blankets with her . She cuddles into his warmth , still hardly conscious . Bella stops shaking and chattering . She falls asleep in his arms . While she is sleeping , Edward and Jacob begin to talk quietly . As the night wears on , their private conversation softens and the two become closer . Right before the battle the next morning , Jacob overhears Edward and Bella discussing their engagement . He did not know about this , because Bella was trying to keep it a secret until the battle was over , for she knew he 'd be reckless with his anger . Jacob is outraged , and refuses to believe that Bella truly loves Edward more than him . He threatens suicide by hoping he 'd be killed in the battle . He is about to run off to join the soon - to - be-battle . Bella , in an attempt to stop him from getting killed , demands to be kissed by him . Jacob does n't hesitate , and he kisses her passionately . Then , he leaves for the battle and Bella feels relieved to know that he no longer wants to be killed while fighting . After he is gone , she comes to the realization that she does love Jacob . In the battle , Jacob fights ferociously and savagely . He is in his wolf form as is the rest of the pack . He kills many vampires and together , with the Cullens , they defeat Victoria 's newborn army . The battle is over , but one newborn vampire who had remained hidden the whole time , emerges from hiding . Leah , one of the wolves , immediately attacks . The enemy vampire wraps his arms around her neck and tries to strangle her , but Jacob lunges forward and knocks him off . They engage in a brief but vicious fight . Jacob falls and the vampire crushes his body with violent force . At once the vampire is pulled off by the other wolves and killed . Jacob is now back in human form . He is writhing on the ground naked and in extreme agony . Carlisle , the doctor vampire , announces that the bones in the right half of his body are crushed . The other wolves , now back in their human form too , stare in horror as Carlisle continues to inspect him . He tells the others that Jacob is healing from but at an extremely low rate and says that he needs to re-align Jacobs bones in order to speed up his healing . Leah is full of guilt and shame , and insists that she `` had him '' ( the vampire ) . Sam tells her to shut up . Sam suggested that they bring Jacob back to Billy 's house so he start helping Jacob . Then , they haul Jacob off the ground and carry him off . At Jacob 's house , Bella overhears Jacob screaming in pain as Carlisle re-aligns him . One of the pack tells Bella that Carlisle is doing this to speed up Jacobs healing . He is in bed with a high fever . Bella is worried and apologizes to him , wishing he 'll get better soon . She also admits that it was a mistake to kiss him , and tries to tell him that even if she does love him , he has to accept that it is Edward who truly lies in her heart . Then she leaves , and Jacob his angered and deeply hurt . The epilogue is written from Jacob 's point of view ; angry and heartbroken at Bella 's decision to become a vampire . He runs away in his wolf form to escape his pain . Breaking Dawn ( edit ) Jacob returns after an absence of several weeks to attend Bella and Edward 's wedding in Breaking Dawn . Though described as being still visibly pained by her decision , he tells Bella that he wants her to be happy . Bella tells him that she and Edward plan to have a normal honeymoon before she becomes a vampire . Jacob becomes enraged , because he knows that Edward 's vampire strength could kill her . Sam and the rest of the pack stop him before he phases into wolf form and gets into a fight with Edward . When Bella and Edward return from their honeymoon , Jacob becomes the narrator of the story for several chapters , during which he learns that she is pregnant with Edward 's half - human , half - vampire baby and is extremely ill . When Jacob informs the pack of Bella 's pregnancy , their leader Sam Uley plans an attack on the Cullens in order to kill Bella and her unborn child because of the threat he believes the child presents . Jacob , who feels that the Cullens are innocent , fights back against Sam and leaves the pack . Fulfilling his birthright as Alpha wolf , he is joined in a new pack by Seth and Leah Clearwater , who aid Jacob in protecting the Cullens . After the birth of Renesmee Carlie Cullen , Edward and Bella 's daughter , Jacob `` imprints '' - an involuntary response in which a wolf finds his soulmate - on her . Afterward , Jacob is completely over Bella , and they remain close friends . The relationship between Jacob and the Cullens is also dispelled , and he and Edward come to view each other as friends after Jacob emotionally bonds with Renesmee . Characterization ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Physical appearance ( edit ) Wolf form : Jacob 's wolf form is that of a large russet brown wolf . He has equivalent abilities to his brothers . He is shown to be very intelligent in both reasoning and coordinating others . He is the largest and strongest wolf in the pack . Human form : In the first film , Jacob has a very skinny physique that undergoes major physical changes by the second film . Being a werewolf , Jacob develops a massive physique . He is able to lift heavy objects that no human is capable of picking up . For example , a dirt bike he easily picked up from his father 's truck . After becoming a wolf , he cuts off his long hair and gets the Quileute tattoo on his upper right arm . Personality and abilities ( edit ) Bella describes Jacob as a `` happy person '' who extends his happiness to the people around him . As Jacob 's character emerges in New Moon , he is shown to be cheery , passionate , and adventurous , but hot - headed . Jacob is also able to shape - shift at will into a giant wolf , and sometimes when angered he will involuntarily phase . His body temperature is warmer than a human 's body should be , reaching about 108.9 ° F ( 42.7 ° C ) , which allows him to withstand very cold weather . In human form , his body heals within seconds , he possesses superhuman strength and speed , has a high durability rate , sharp senses and free running abilities . In wolf form he can communicate with his wolf pack telepathically , has enhanced superhuman strength and speed and a substantial size increase . While in wolf form , his teeth can cut through the granite - hard bodies of a vampire with ease . Members of Quileute wolf - pack do age if they do not phase for a long time , which was pointed out when they were talking about the tribe 's history , as long as they phase from every now and again they do n't age with Jacob 's body physically grown to the equivalent of a 25 - year - old in Breaking Dawn but stopping after that . Jacob is the largest and strongest of the pack . Once they begin phasing , a Quileute shape - shifter may `` imprint '' - a method of finding one 's soulmate - on someone , and will act as whatever the imprintee wants or needs , whether it be an older brother , friend , protector , or lover . Jacob imprints on Edward and Bella 's newborn daughter , Renesmee in Breaking Dawn . While treating Jacob in Eclipse , Carlisle takes a blood sample and runs some tests on it . He discovers that he has 24 pairs of chromosomes , one more than a human . A distinction is made in Breaking Dawn between the old world Children of the Moon ( `` true werewolves '' ) and this shape - shifting Quileute tribe . The former are held to be a more ferocious and territorial type , with a transformative venomous bite and who involuntarily phase as do traditional werewolves on the full moon . The latter are implied as being blessed with the supernatural ability to shapeshift into other giant animals or `` spirits of nature '' . Film portrayal ( edit ) Taylor Lautner Taylor Lautner played the part of Jacob Black in the film adaptation of Twilight . Due to major physical changes in the character of Jacob between Twilight and New Moon , director Chris Weitz considered replacing Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray `` the new , larger Jacob Black . '' In an attempt to keep the role , Lautner stated , `` I have been working out . I 've been working out since the day we finished filming Twilight . I just weighed myself today ; I 've put on 19 pounds ... ( and ) I 'm guaranteeing Weitz 11 more ( pounds ) by filming . '' Lautner would continue to play the role of Jacob in New Moon , and all the subsequent films . He also did his own stunts . Team Jacob ( edit ) Many fans of the Twilight franchise , particularly teenagers , have debated whether Edward or Jacob is the better match for Bella . Both sides of the debate have coalesced around informal `` teams '' of followers , whether `` Team Jacob '' or `` Team Edward '' . In a poll done by Novel Novice Twilight and appearing on NNT News in 2008 , Team Jacob got 2,641 votes and Team Edward got 5,130 votes . A poll done by Top 7 with over 43,000 votes had Jacob trailing Edward by around 3,000 votes . Lautner portrayed a diehard Edward supporter in a December 12 , 2009 sketch lampooning Twilight fans on Saturday Night Live . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Moon Story '' . www.StephenieMeyer.com . Stepheniemeyer.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Twilight series . Park Avenue , New York City : Little , Brown . p. 498 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2006 ) . New Moon . Twilight series . Park Avenue , New York : Little , Brown . p. 563 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 16019 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2007 ) . Eclipse . Twilight series . Park Avenue , New York : Little , Brown . p. 629 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 16020 - 9 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2008 ) . Breaking Dawn . Twilight series . Park Avenue , New York : Little , Brown . p. 756 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 06792 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ' Twilight ' to film one or two days in LaPush '' . www.peninsuladailynews.com. 2008 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` ' New Moon ' Casting News : Michael Copon , Ben Barnes Push For Roles In ' Twilight ' Sequel '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Exclusive : Taylor Lautner Talks About His Campaign To Stay On ' New Moon ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Lautner to Reprise His Role as Jacob in New Moon '' ( Press release ) . Summit Entertainment . 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top Twilight Characters '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Top7 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Taylor Lautner On ' SNL ' Recap : Defending Taylor Swift , Joining Team Edward And More '' . Hollywood Crush , MTV . External links ( edit ) Twilight portal Fictional characters portal Stephenie Meyer Official Website Facebook.com : Jacob Black hide The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? 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Star vs. the Forces of Evil

Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Wikipedia Star vs. the Forces of Evil Star vs. the Forces of Evil Genre Comedy Adventure Fantasy Created by Daron Nefcy Developed by Jordana Arkin Dave Wasson Creative director ( s ) Dominic Bisignano Voices of Eden Sher Adam McArthur Alan Tudyk Theme music composer Brad Breeck ( opening ) Daron Nefcy & Ego Plum ( ending ; seasons 1 & 2 ) Daron Nefcy & Brian H. Kim ( ending ; season 3 ) Opening theme `` I 'm from Another Dimension '' performed by Brad Breeck Ending theme `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil End Theme '' performed by Eden Sher ( uncredited - seasons 1 - 2 ) `` Shining Star '' performed by Agnes Shin ( season 3 - present ) Composer ( s ) Brian H. Kim Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 56 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Daron Nefcy Dave Wasson ( co-executive , season 1 ) Jordana Arkin ( co-executive , season 1 ) Producer ( s ) Aaron Hammersley ( supervising ) Dominic Bisignano ( supervising ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Disney Television Animation Release Original network Disney XD ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Disney Channel ( 2018 -- present ) Original release January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and developed by Jordana Arkin and Dave Wasson , which airs on Disney XD . The first Disney XD series created by a woman , and the third overall for Disney Television Animation ( following Pepper Ann and Doc McStuffins ) , it follows the adventures of Star Butterfly ( voiced by Eden Sher ) , the turbulent young heir to the royal throne in the dimension of Mewni , who is sent to Earth so she can complete her education and learn to be a worthy princess , and Marco Diaz ( Adam McArthur ) , a human teenager who becomes her roommate and best friend , as they live their daily lives , and go on adventures in other dimensions . Star vs. the Forces of Evil typically follows a format of two 11 - minutes long independent `` segments '' per episode , with individual writing and directing credits for each , although it occasionally opts for a single , 22 - minutes long story instead . The first episode aired on January 18 , 2015 on Disney Channel as a special preview , becoming the most - watched animated series debut in Disney XD 's history ; the first season subsequently officially premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . The third season started on July 15 , 2017 and concluded on April 7 , 2018 . On February 28 , 2017 , the series was officially renewed for a fourth season . Nearly a year after the renewal , it was announced that the show would be moving to Disney Channel for its fourth season . Contents 1 Plot 2 Background and production 3 Promotion and release 3.1 International 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil characters Star Butterfly is a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni , and the heir to the royal throne of the Butterfly Kingdom . As per tradition , she is given the family heirloom wand on her 14th birthday . After she accidentally sets fire to the family castle , her parents King and Queen Butterfly decide that a safer option is to send her to Earth as a foreign exchange student , so she can continue her magic training there . She befriends Marco Diaz and lives with his family while attending Echo Creek Academy . Going in a series of misadventures using `` dimensional scissors '' that can open portals , Star and Marco must deal with everyday school life while protecting Star 's wand from falling into the hands of Ludo , a villain from Mewni who commands a group of monsters . Besides also dealing with her ex-boyfriend Tom , in Season 3 , Star goes up against more serious villains like Toffee and Miss Heinous while uncovering the mystery behind her relative Eclipsa Butterfly . Background and production ( edit ) Nefcy said she originally created Star as a girl who wanted to be a magical girl like Sailor Moon , and Marco as a boy who was obsessed with Dragon Ball Z and karate ; they would be enemies instead of friends . In this earlier version , Star did not have any actual magical powers ; she instead would approach and solve problems primarily through the force of her determination alone . Nefcy began pitching the show when she was in her third year of college , when Cartoon Network was actively soliciting the creation of pilots for prospective new shows . Nefcy originally placed Star in the fourth grade , reflecting on a time in her own childhood when she held a self - described obsession with the animated series Sailor Moon . However , Nefcy later adjusted the character 's age to fourteen during the time she made her series proposition to Disney . An executive at that time made the suggestion for Star to have actual magical powers . Nefcy worked this concept into the show 's current iteration , along with the idea of different dimensions as show locations , the framing device of Star being a foreign exchange student , and the plot aspects relating to Star being a princess and the subsequent consequences of her royal birthright . Nefcy said that the overall concept has evolved over about six years . In addition to Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z , Nefcy has said that she had heavy influence in her youth from the animated Japanese shows Magic Knight Rayearth , Revolutionary Girl Utena and Unico , the last of which featured a pink unicorn . She also cited shows unrelated to Japanese animation such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and was influenced by independent comic series such as Scott Pilgrim and The Dungeon . With regards to the development of more strong female characters , Nefcy said that she `` looked at TV over the years and I have had to go to Japan when I was younger to find the cartoons that had the characters that I wanted to see . It was always a question of ' Well , why is n't that on TV in the U.S. ? ' '' One of the concepts she likes about the show is that it does n't make high school the most important experience for teenagers . She also likes that Star does her own thing instead of being concerned about fitting in . Nefcy did not want the gimmick about keeping the magic powers a secret from others as typical of magical girl shows , so she had the students already know about it and Marco 's parents as well . She also portrays Star as not really a superhero as she does not specifically go after super-villains except when they attack her , and that she does n't really save people . Nefcy said that the episodes balance comedy and drama : `` we really want our characters to feel like teenagers and have them going through the normal emotions that teenagers go through , but in this magical setting . '' Storyboarding and design are done in Los Angeles . In describing the process , Nefcy said that the show is storyboard - driven , with each episode mapped out by the storyboard artists . The storyboarders also do the writing , taking a two - page outline and turning it into a full script . A storyboard for 11 minutes would require about 2000 drawings to be done in a six - week period . After pre-production in the US , the first season animation was done at Mercury Filmworks in Ottawa , Canada . Mercury had also done Wander Over Yonder and the Mickey Mouse series . For the rest of first season , the animation was done in the Philippines . The second season was animated by Sugarcube and Rough Draft Studios , both located in South Korea . The theme song was done by Brad Breeck , who also did Gravity Falls ' opening theme ; Nefcy said : `` when we were listening to it we did n't know , because we just listened blind '' . Brian Kim was chosen among a group of about ten people as the show 's composer . Kim describes the music for each dimension as having a different sound and relating it to indie rock in Los Angeles . The show was initially scheduled to premiere on Disney Channel after being greenlighted in March 2013 , for a premiere in the Fall of 2014 , before being switched over to Disney XD . However , on February 23 , 2018 , it was announced that the show would be moving to Disney Channel for its fourth season . Promotion and release ( edit ) The show 's title sequence was promoted at Comic - Con 2014 six months prior to its scheduled broadcast premiere . As a result , the footage was uploaded by fans to YouTube who then started generating fan art and fan fiction . The first episode premiered on Disney Channel in January 2015 . The positive reaction on social media prompted Disney XD to order a second season of the series in February 2015 , six weeks ahead of its launch of the series on Disney XD in March . Disney sitcom actors Olivia Holt and Kelli Berglund participated in promoting the series the weeks before its Disney XD premiere , with Holt dressing up as Star . The second season premiered on July 11 , 2016 , The show 's third season was ordered ahead in March 2016 . It premiered on July 15 , 2017 with a two - hour long television movie entitled `` The Battle for Mewni '' and consisted of the first four episodes . A live chat featuring Star and Marco was aired on Disney XD on July 17 . The remaining third - season episodes starting airing on November 6 , 2017 . A fourth season was also ordered ahead of the third season premiere . International ( edit ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil premiered in Canada on the DHX - owned Disney XD on April 6 , 2015 , and was later moved to the Corus - owned Disney XD on December 1 . The series premiered on Disney XD channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 16 , 2015 , in Australia on August 3 , and in the Middle East and Africa on October 5 . It also premiered on November 8 on Disney Channel in Southeast Asia . The series premiered on March 6 , 2016 , as Star Butterfly in French on Disney La Chaîne in Canada . The show premiered on November 2 on Disney XD in Italy , and on Disney Channel on November 2 , 2016 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 13 January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 41 22 July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 38 21 July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) Reception ( edit ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil has received positive reviews by critics . Kevin Johnson of The A.V. Club gave the pilot episode a B+ , saying that the show was something children could have a lot of fun with , noting how the show follows current trends in western animation `` towards large - eyed characters and quirky visual trends '' . Johnson stated that Star vs. the Forces of Evil `` excels on wild , silly , and clever set - pieces to bring the laughs and action '' , but expected that adult viewers wo n't get much out of it . Furthermore , the premiere of Star vs. the Forces of Evil became the most - watched animated series debut in Disney XD 's history . Following the end of the second season , Disney XD announced it had ordered a fourth season of the show , and that in 2016 , Star and another animated show Milo Murphy 's Law had reached over 100 million consumer views combined across its media platforms . In reviewing episodes from the first season , Marcy Cook of The Mary Sue described the show as a blend of others such as Invader Zim and a sanitized Ren & Stimpy , with great appeal to tween and teen girls as well some laugh out loud moments for adults . She said , `` ( I ) t 's really cool to see a girl who is into cuteness and rainbows also kick - ass and enjoy it '' . Cook was bothered by the short episodes that made the plot seem rushed or underdeveloped . Cook was bugged by Marco 's retconned personality from the pilot episode where he was a safety conscious kid to the series where he was a martial arts fight seeker . Caitlin Donovan of entertainment website Epicstream listed it among her top 10 animated series of 2015 . She found the first few episodes to be `` a little rough for me , like the show was trying too hard to be funny and weird '' , but that the show got better with character development and relationship building , with `` a really dramatic , high - tension finale to the first season '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The episode `` Party with a Pony '' was showcased in the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in June 2015 . Year Award Nominee Result Ref 2015 Annecy International Animated Film Festival TV Series For `` Party with a Pony '' Nominated 2016 Annie Awards Best Animated TV / Broadcast Production for Children 's Audience For `` Blood Moon Ball '' Nominated Other media ( edit ) A comic book series titled Deep Trouble was written by storyboarder Zach Marcus and illustrated by character designer Devin Taylor , both of whom are part of the Star crew . They have been released monthly by Joe Books starting in September 2016 . A Cinestory comic was also developed and released . The book Star and Marco 's Guide to Mastering Every Dimension , authored by Amber Benson and supervising producer Dominic Bisignano , was released on March 7 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Disney XD ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Disney Tries Something New With ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women In Animation Host ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . Disney . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Sets Animated Ratings High with Premiere of ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Disney XD Press '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Channel Launching Toon Series ' Amphibia ' & ' The Owl House ' , Renews ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star Vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Kristen ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Daron Nefcy of Disney 's Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Nerdist . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Get a Little Weird and Wild with Daron Nefcy 's Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil on Disney XD '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Comic - Con Helped Create Fans for Disney XD 's Star vs. The Forces of Evil Six Months Before Its First Episode Airs - Jim Hill '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ daronnefcy ) ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` @ chuck_kopsho nope , now it 's Sugarcube and RDK '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` - Recently I got the wonderful opportunity to visit ... '' daronnefcy.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian H. Kim '' . brianhkim.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` We wanted the different dimensions to have a different `` sound . '' Echo Creek is very laid - back LA indie rock . # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Channel Greenlights Animated Series About Magical Princess From Young Creator '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Disney XD Orders Season 2 Of ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' Ahead Of Its Launch - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes with Olivia Holt - Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Disney Video '' . Disney Video . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puppies - Star vs. the Forces of Evil - Disney Video '' . Disney Video . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Stars to Guest on Disney XD 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryn Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ daronnefcy ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` I just want to be clear that the movie is the 1st 4 episodes of S3 played together . It will play like a movie but it is the premiere of S3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo0hnxp4RdI Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil ' Debuts on April 6 '' . Animation World Network ( Press release ) . Toronto . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD '' . disneychannel.ca Buzz Blog . Corus Entertainment . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VGX / TV Holidays ( April 8 , 2015 ) . Disney XD UK Easter Continuity 2015 . YouTube . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ P , Chuck ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` New on Foxtel in August : 200 + shows including Texas Rising , Rogue and 7 Days In Hell '' . The Green Room . Foxtel . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Germishuys , Andrew ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Programming Highlights For October 2015 '' . South African Movie Database . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Vs The Forces Of Evil Premiere '' . Disney Philippines . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Vs The Forces Of Evil Premiere '' . Disney Singapore . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Butterfly '' . La chaîne Disney . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marco e Star - Dal 7 Novembre '' ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Vs . The Forces Of Evil : `` Star Comes To Earth / Party With APony '' ( sic ) `` . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` You Should Give Star Vs The Forces of Evil a Try '' . themarysue.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Epicstream '' . epicstream.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wolff . `` Annecy Animation Festival hosts toon legends - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : CITIA . `` Annecy > Programme > Index '' . annecy.org . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Annie Award Winners - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newsdesk , Laughing Place Disney ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` '' Star vs. The Forces of Evil '' Season 2 to Kick Off July 11 on Disney XD - LaughingPlace.com `` . laughingplace.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` - This is the 1st cover of the new Star original ... '' daronnefcy . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Star vs. The Forces of Evil Cinestory Comic '' . Joe Books Inc . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Benson , Amber ; Bisignano , Dominic ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil Star and Marco 's Guide to Mastering Every Dimension '' . Disney Press . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. The Forces of Evil ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney Press website Star vs. the Forces of Evil on IMDb Star Vs . The Forces of Evil at the Big Cartoon DataBase 2010s portal Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Television portal Disney XD original programming Current Avengers Assemble ( since 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! 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who is the creator of star vs the forces of evil

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It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia

It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Wikipedia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Jump to : navigation , search It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Genre Sitcom Created by Rob McElhenney Developed by Rob McElhenney Glenn Howerton Starring Charlie Day Glenn Howerton Rob McElhenney Kaitlin Olson Danny DeVito Opening theme `` Temptation Sensation '' by Heinz Kiessling Composer ( s ) Cormac Bluestone Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 134 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Charlie Day Glenn Howerton Rob McElhenney Michael Rotenberg Nick Frenkel Scott Marder Rob Rosell David Hornsby Dan Attias John Fortenberry Matt Shakman Producer ( s ) Tom Lofaro Fred Savage Matt Shakman Randall Einhorn Dave Chernin John Chernin Hunter Covington Todd Biermann Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Cinematography Peter Smokler John Tanzer Editor ( s ) Josh Drisko Tim Roche Robert Bromwell Camera setup Single - camera Running time 18 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) 3 Arts Entertainment RCG Productions FX Productions ( 2007 -- 16 ) FXP ( 2017 -- present ) Distributor FX Networks 20th Television Release Original network FX ( 2005 -- 12 ) FXX ( 2013 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 2005 -- 08 ) 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2009 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2010 -- present ) Original release August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) -- present External links Website www.fxnetworks.com/shows/its-always-sunny-in-philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of debauched , self - centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia . The series was renewed for a twelfth season that premiered on January 4 , 2017 . On April 1 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running ( number of seasons ) live - action sitcom in American TV history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast and syndication 6 Music 6.1 Soundtrack track listing 7 Reception 8 Other media 8.1 The Nightman Cometh live 8.2 Russian adaptation 8.3 Book 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows `` The Gang '' , a group of five depraved underachievers : twins Dennis Reynolds ( Glenn Howerton ) and Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds ( Kaitlin Olson ) , their friends Charlie Kelly ( Charlie Day ) and Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald ( Rob McElhenney ) , and ( from season 2 onward ) Frank Reynolds ( Danny DeVito ) , Dennis ' and Dee 's legal father . The Gang runs the dilapidated Paddy 's Pub , an Irish bar in South Philadelphia . Each member of the gang shows varying degrees of dishonesty , egotism , selfishness , greed , pettiness , ignorance , laziness , and unethical behavior ; they are often engaged in controversial activities . Episodes usually find them hatching elaborate schemes and often conspiring against one another and others for personal gain , vengeance , or simply the entertainment of watching another 's downfall . They habitually inflict mental , emotional , and physical pain on each other and anyone who crosses their path . They also regularly use blackmail to manipulate one another and others outside of the group . The Gang 's unity is never solid , and any of them would quickly dump any of the others for quick profit or personal gain , regardless of the consequences . Everything they do results in contention among themselves , and much of the show 's dialogue involves the characters arguing or yelling at one another . Despite their lack of success or achievements , they maintain high opinions of themselves and display an obsessive interest in their own reputations and public images . The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating , disgusting , or shocking . Some of these situations include smoking crack cocaine and pretending to be mentally challenged in order to qualify for welfare , attempted cannibalism , kidnapping , blackface , hiding naked inside a couch in order to eavesdrop on people , tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance , forcing each other to eat inedible items , huffing paint , foraging in the sewers for valuables , sleeping with each other 's romantic interests , seducing a priest , secretly feeding someone their dead pet , plugging their open wounds with trash , setting a room full of people on fire and locking the door to avoid an uncomfortable Thanksgiving meal , fantasizing about killing each other , pretending to have AIDS in order to get priority access to amusement park rides , taking out life insurance on a suicidal person , orally siphoning gasoline , and stalking their crushes . During the Season 7 episode `` The Gang Gets Trapped '' , in which The Gang breaks into a family 's home and has to hide from them when they return , an angry monologue by Dennis captures the essence of The Gang 's modus operandi : `` We immediately escalate everything to a ten ... somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea , then all of a sudden everyone 's on the gas , nobody 's on the brakes , nobody 's thinking , everyone 's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another ! Until , finally , we find ourselves in a situation where we 've broken into somebody 's house -- and the homeowner is home ! '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters McElhenney , Howerton , Day , Olson , and DeVito at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con . Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly -- Charlie was a co-owner at Paddy 's Pub , but traded his capital investment for `` goods and services '' , half a sandwich , and other undisclosed compensation . He is a childhood friend of Mac , and high school friend of Dennis and Dee . He is also the roommate of Frank , who may be his biological father . Charlie does most of the actual work and maintenance ( referred to as `` Charlie Work '' ) at the pub . He is unable to properly read or write , and is an alcoholic substance abuser who is often seen huffing glue or paint . He lives in squalor with Frank in a run - down , vermin - infested apartment and suffers from deep - seated psychological problems , believing his dreams to be haunted by a figure known as `` The Nightman '' , who breaks into his home and rapes him . Charlie has unresolved anger issues , often screaming as a means of getting his point across . He also has an unhealthy obsession with `` The Waitress '' , a recurring character who finds Charlie repulsive and shows no interest in him . Despite his character flaws , he is typically the most compassionate and moral member of the gang . Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds -- Dennis is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub and is Dee 's twin brother . Easily the most sociopathic of the characters , Dennis is abrasive , narcissistic , selfish , histrionic , and vain . Dennis graduated from the University of Pennsylvania . It is at times hinted that Dennis may be a psychopathic serial killer , but this remains ambiguous . After the season 12 finale it is unclear whether or not Dennis will be returning for the show 's 13th and 14th seasons . Rob McElhenney as Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald -- Mac is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub . He is Charlie Kelly 's childhood friend and Dennis 's high school friend and later roommate . The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac 's life , he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the `` sheriff of Paddy 's '' . He also often brags about his hand - to - hand combat skills , although he typically flees from physical confrontation . Mac is a Roman Catholic , though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions , despite his often amoral behavior , such as engaging in casual sex with numerous women , including Dennis ' mother . Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings , he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity , much to the annoyance of the gang , until the season 12 episode `` Hero or Hate Crime ? '' , when he finally comes out . Kaitlin Olson as Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds -- Dee is Dennis 's twin sister and is the bartender at Paddy 's Pub . Dee dreams of becoming an actress , although she lacks any apparent talent and suffers from debilitating stage fright . She wore a back brace in high school , leaving her with the nickname of `` The Aluminum Monster '' , and she is constantly referred to by the gang as a bird , due to their perception of her as a giant , awkward , avian - like creature . She majored in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania , but did not graduate . Dee lives alone in an apartment . Her comments and ideas are usually disregarded by the others , though they will often repeat what she has said word - for - word and pretend it was their idea , at which point it will be hailed as a great idea . She is often left to deal with the negative consequences of the gang 's activities . Though often the butt of the gang 's jokes , she is frequently involved in their schemes . She is portrayed as the angriest and most physically violent of the group and has a history of assault , including setting her roommate on fire in college . Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds -- Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee , and may be the biological father of his roommate Charlie . He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters , but chose to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his `` whore wife '' . He has since embraced his `` feral '' nature and describes himself as `` fringe class '' . Despite having substantial financial resources , he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie , where they live in squalor and sleep together on a pullout couch . The two also share similar interests , such as playing the inexplicable game of ' Night Crawlers ' and foraging naked in sewers for valuables . He is also a severe compulsive gambler , seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette , usually with his chain smoking , and high - stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends . He styles himself a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in the group 's schemes . He is frequently armed with a handgun and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 7 August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) September 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 15 ) FX 10 June 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 29 ) August 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ) 15 September 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) November 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) 13 September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 5 12 September 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 17 ) December 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) 6 14 September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) December 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) 7 13 September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) 8 10 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) December 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) 9 10 September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) FXX 10 10 January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 11 10 January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) 12 10 January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) Production ( edit ) The show began as a short film idea written by Rob McElhenney and Glenn Howerton about a man telling his friend he might have cancer , while the friend is only intent on trying to borrow a cup of sugar for the `` shitload of coffee '' he has made . This was then developed into a pilot called It 's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder by Charlie Day , Glenn Howerton , and Rob McElhenney . It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200 , but Day would later comment , `` We shot it for nothing ... I do n't know where this $200 came from ... We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and ( the ) next thing you know , we 're eleven years in and we 're still doing the show . '' This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios , their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives . After viewing the pilot , FX Network ordered the first season . Although it is often stated publicly that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was one of the first shows to be shot in 24p standard - definition video , using Panasonic 's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera , from the sixth season forward , the show was shot in 24p using high - definition video cameras . Danny DeVito joined the cast in the first episode of the second season , playing the father of Dennis ( played by Glenn Howerton ) and Dee ( played by Kaitlin Olson ) . In March 2017 , after the conclusion of the twelfth season , Glenn Howerton revealed he might not return to the series , due to working on other projects . In an August 2017 interview , Charlie Day said that he believes Howerton will be back , and that he would not feel right continuing without him . Broadcast and syndication ( edit ) The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 13 , 2005 . According to McElhenney , word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season , which ran from June 29 to August 17 , 2006 . Reruns of edited first - season episodes began airing on FX 's parent network , Fox , in June 2006 , for a planned three - episode run -- `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' , `` Gun Fever '' ( which was renamed as `` Gun Control '' ) and `` Charlie Gets Molested '' were shown . The show would not be shown on broadcast television again until 2011 , when FX began offering the show for syndication . The third season ran from September 13 , 2007 to November 15 , 2007 . On March 5 , 2008 , FX renewed It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season . On July 15 , 2008 , it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series , consisting of the fifth and sixth seasons . All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run . The fifth season ran from September 17 , 2009 to December 10 , 2009 . On May 31 , 2010 , Comedy Central began airing reruns of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule . The sixth season ran from September 16 , 2010 until December 9 , 2010 , running twelve episodes , plus the Christmas special . The seventh season ran from September 15 , 2011 until December 15 , 2011 , running 13 episodes . On August 6 , 2011 , FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons ( the show 's eighth and ninth ) running through 2013 . On March 28 , 2013 , FX renewed the show for a tenth season , along with the announcement that the series would move to its new sister network , FXX . In April 2017 , it was announced by Kaitlin Olson that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus . In an interview with TV Guide Olson stated , `` We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year . So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick I 'll step right into Sunny after that . '' The show is currently under contract for two more seasons and is expected to return in 2019 . On October 2 , 2017 , the show premiered on Viceland . Music ( edit ) The theme song is a piece of production music called `` Temptation Sensation '' by German composer Heinz Kiessling . Additionally , Kiessling 's work ( `` On Your Bike '' and `` Blue Blood '' ) can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show , along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ( `` Off Broadway '' ) , Joe Brook ( `` Moonbeam Kiss '' ) and Karl Grell ( `` Honey Bunch '' ) . Many of the tracks heard in the series have been taken from Cafe Romantique , an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music , the production music library unit of Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show . Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra 's album , Easy Listening Symph - O - Nette ( `` Take A Letter Miss Jones '' , `` Golly Gee Whiz '' , and `` Not a Care in the World '' ) and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ( `` Birdcage '' , `` Cotton Club '' and `` Quintessential '' ) are heard in several episodes . The soundtrack , featuring most of the music heard on the show , was released in 2010 . Soundtrack track listing ( edit ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( Music from the Original TV Series ) No . Title Music Artist Length 1 . `` Temptation Sensation ( Main Title Theme ) '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 53 2 . `` Derby Day '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 39 3 . `` Blue Blood '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 54 4 . `` On Your Bike '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 15 5 . `` Take the Plunge '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3 : 10 6 . `` Hotsy - Totsy '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 18 7 . `` Off Broadway '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 31 8 . `` Coconut Shy '' Heinz Kiessling The Diamontinos 2 : 25 9 . `` Honey Bunch '' Karl Grell The Ralph Manning Orchestra 2 : 44 10 . `` Glitterati Party '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 51 11 . `` Singles Soiree '' Richard Faecks The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2 : 09 12 . `` Pink Deville '' Paul Rothman The Ole Olafsen Band 2 : 34 13 . `` Captain 's Table '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 44 14 . `` Starlet Express '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 31 15 . `` Final Fling '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 29 16 . `` Sweetheart Serenade '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 54 17 . `` Tea at Tiffani 's '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 28 18 . `` Moonbeam Kiss '' Joe Brook The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2 : 21 19 . `` Grand Central '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3 : 15 Total length : 50 : 05 Reception ( edit ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show , calling it `` not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series , period '' . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively , commenting `` it is smug enough to think it 's breaking ground , but not smart enough to know it is n't '' . Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review , saying it was `` invariably clever and occasionally a laugh - out - loud riot , all while lampooning taboo topics '' . Later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic , receiving 70 / 100 , 78 / 100 and 85 / 100 for seasons 4 , 5 and 6 respectively . The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld -- particularly due to the self - centered nature of its main characters . The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote `` It 's like Seinfeld on crack , '' a quote that became widely used to describe the series , to the point that FX attached the tagline , `` It 's Seinfeld on crack . '' In 2014 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at # 7 in the `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' , with the comment that `` it 's a great underdog story ... If it sounds too dark for you , consider that there 's an episode about making mittens for kittens , and it 's adorable . '' In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Sunny was `` more popular in college towns ( and most popular in Philadelphia ) '' . In 2015 , Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes , stating `` for 10 seasons , the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy 's Pub . '' They claimed the two - part season 4 episode , `` Mac and Charlie Die '' is the sitcom 's greatest episode yet . Year Award Category Winner / nominee Result 2008 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Danny DeVito Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Nominated 2011 Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Charlie Day Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won 2012 People 's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy Nominated 2013 Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or a Variety Program Marc Scizak Nominated 2014 Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won Other Media ( edit ) The Nightman Cometh live ( edit ) In September 2009 , the cast took their show live . The `` Gang '' performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City , Boston , Seattle , San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Philadelphia . Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis . Actress Rhea Perlman ( wife of Danny DeVito ) assumed the role of Gladys . Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities , but in the end the cast settled on 6 . Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as `` essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of `` The Nightman Cometh '' , which was the final episode for season four . There are some added moments , added scenes , added songs , and extended versions of songs that already existed . '' Two new songs were included in the performance and a longer running time allowed for greater improvisation by the actors . The performance was also preceded by a preview screening of a season five episode . The Los Angeles performance , filmed at The Troubadour , was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set . Russian adaptation ( edit ) A Russian adaptation of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12 , 2014 . This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно ( V Moskve vsegda solnechno , It 's Always Sunny in Moscow ) and like the original , centers around four friends , who own a bar called `` Philadelphia '' in Moscow . Book ( edit ) A book based upon It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6 , 2015 , titled The Gang Writes a Self - Help Book : The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four - Hour Giant , Today . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Dan ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` FX renews ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , ' extends deal with stars '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny ' & ' Man Seeking Woman ' Get Return Dates On FXX '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Renewed for Seasons 13 and 14 at FXX '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is Glen Howerton Leaving ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' ? '' . UPROXX. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Kyle ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Day Claims ' It 's Always Sunny ' Pilot was Shot for Nothing , Report of $200 is False '' . MStarsNews . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Was This Glenn Howerton 's ' Always Sunny ' Farewell ? ' It 's A Little Complicated , ' He Says '' . Uproxx . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Day Would n't Want To Do ' It 's Always Sunny ' Without Dennis '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Premiere '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0635 ) `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0636 ) `` Gun Control '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0637 ) `` Charlie Gets Molested '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Gets Another Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` FX Shows Love for It 's Always Sunny '' . IGN . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 5 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Debuts On Comedy Central May 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Guide 2011 '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` FX Renews Louie and Wilfred , Orders Two More Seasons of It 's Always Sunny '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' Renewed For Season 10 And ' The League ' For Season 6 On FX '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 13 Will Be a Year Late '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on VICELAND - Begins Oct 2 '' . Viceland . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' soundtrack to be released September 1 : Ta - da , ta - da , ta - da - daah - daah - daah ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Bar None : `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' and `` The Mindy Project '' `` . New Yorker . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 31 , 2005 ) . `` Review : ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Storm , Jonathan ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Slackers ' revenge -- The jokers of ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' take on a ( fictional ) Inquirer critic , while those on Testees take the juvenile quotient even higher '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Why you need to watch It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` 20 Best ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Episodes '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Nightman Cometh ' to a city near you '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : Live ! '' . IGN . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Alyssa ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Rob McElhenney & Glenn Howerton Interview '' . Flash Flood Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Howerton Talks `` It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' And More ! `` . Icon vs. Icon . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ В Москве всегда солнечно ( in Russian ) . THT - Online . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia by The Gang '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Official website It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on IMDb It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia at TV.com It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Characters Charlie Kelly Dennis Reynolds Mac Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Category FX original programming Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . 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( 2014 -- 15 ) Wilfred ( 2014 ) Axe Cop ( 2015 ) Stone Quackers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Man Seeking Woman ( 2015 -- 17 ) See also : Animation Domination High - Def Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Larry Sanders Show ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Action ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) Arrested Development ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 ) Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) The Big C ( 2010 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2012 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley ( 2015 ) Silicon Valley ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia&oldid=819398484 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2010s American comedy television series Alcohol abuse in television American black comedy television programs American satirical television programs American television sitcoms Culture of Philadelphia English - language television programs FX network shows FXX original programs Gay - related television programs Irish - American culture in Philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Narcissism in fiction Single - camera television sitcoms Television shows set in Philadelphia Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Track listings with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 09 . 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List of WWE United States Champions

List of WWE United States champions - wikipedia List of WWE United States champions Jump to : navigation , search Current champion Baron Corbin The WWE United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested in the American promotion WWE on the SmackDown brand . It was originally known as the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship and began as a regional championship created by and defended in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling , run by Jim Crockett , Jr . Harley Race became the inaugural champion on the title 's introduction on January 1 , 1975 . Turner Broadcasting bought the company in November 1988 and renamed it World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) after its primary television program . In March 2001 , the then - WWF bought selected assets of WCW . This resulted in the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship becoming a championship for the WWF , who referred to it as the WCW United States Championship . At Survivor Series in November 2001 , the WCW United States and WWF Intercontinental Championships were unified , resulting in the United States Championship being deactivated . In July 2003 , the title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship . Since the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake - up , it is exclusively contested on the SmackDown brand . The championship is contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others used their real name . As of November 6 , 2017 , the current champion is Baron Corbin , who is in his first reign . Overall , there have been 87 different champions . Ric Flair holds the record for having the most reigns at six , while John Cena holds the record for most reigns under the WWE banner at five . Lex Luger holds the record for longest reign , with his third reign lasting a total of 523 days , while Dean Ambrose holds the longest reign under the WWE banner , at 351 days ( overall the third longest in the title 's history ) . Only two men , Lex Luger and Rick Rude , have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title history 1.1 Names 1.2 Reigns 2 Combined reigns 2.1 Notes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Title history ( edit ) Names ( edit ) Name Years NWA United States Heavyweight Championship ( Mid-Atlantic version ) January 1 , 1975 -- January 27 , 1981 NWA United States Heavyweight Championship ( Undisputed version ) January 27 , 1981 -- 1991 WCW United States ( Heavyweight ) Championship 1991 -- 2001 WWE United States Championship 2003 -- present Reigns ( edit ) As of November 6 , 2017 . Reign The reign number for the specific champion listed Location The city in which the title was won Event The event promoted by the respective promotion in which the title was won † Indicates the title changes not recognized by the WWE + Indicates the current reign is changing daily No . Wrestler Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref . Harley Race 000000001975 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1975 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 Tallahassee , FL House show Defeated Johnny Weaver in a tournament final to become the inaugural NWA United States Heavyweight Champion for Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling . WWE recognizes Race 's reign as lasting 184 days . Johnny Valentine 000000001975 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1975 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Greensboro , NC House show -- Vacated -- 000000001975 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1975 -- -- -- Vacated when Johnny Valentine suffered a career - ending injury in a plane crash . Terry Funk 000000001975 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1975 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Greensboro , NC House show Defeated Paul Jones in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes Funk 's reign as lasting 19 days . Paul Jones 000000001975 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1975 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 Greensboro , NC House show 5 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1976 7002217000000000000 ♠ 217 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mulligan 's reign as lasting 218 days . 6 Paul Jones 000000001976 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1976 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Jones ' reign as ending on November 28 , 1976 . -- Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1976 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Charlotte , NC House show -- Paul Jones 000000001976 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1976 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Winston - Salem , NC House show 7 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1976 7002204000000000000 ♠ 204 Raleigh , NC House show 8 Bobo Brazil 000000001977 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1977 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Norfolk , VA House show 9 Ric Flair 000000001977 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1977 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Richmond , VA House show 10 Ricky Steamboat 000000001977 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 1977 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Charleston , SC House show WWE recognizes Steamboat 's reign as lasting 73 days . 11 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001978 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1978 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mulligan 's reign as lasting 78 days . 12 Mr. Wrestling 000000001978 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1978 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mr. Wrestling 's reign as lasting 22 days . 13 Ric Flair 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 Charlotte , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as lasting 252 days , ending on December 17 , 1978 14 Ricky Steamboat 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1978 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Steamboat 's reign as lasting 105 days . 15 Ric Flair 000000001979 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1979 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as lasting 134 days . -- Vacated -- 000000001979 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1979 -- -- -- Vacated when Ric Flair won the NWA World Tag Team Championship four days prior . 16 Jimmy Snuka 000000001979 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1979 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes Snuka 's reign as lasting 233 days , ending on April 20 , 1980 , although in reality , the end date was April 19 , 1980 . 17 Ric Flair 000000001980 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1980 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as beginning on April 20 , 1980 and ending on July 26 , 1980 , although in reality , he won the title on April 19 , 1980 . -- Greg Valentine 000000001980 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1980 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121 Charlotte , NC House show -- Ric Flair 5 000000001980 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 1980 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Greenville , SC House show Although this reign is not recognized , a WWE.com article recognized Flair as a six - time champion . 18 Roddy Piper 000000001981 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1981 7002193000000000000 ♠ 193 Raleigh , NC House show The title became the undisputed NWA United States Heavyweight Championship in January 1981 after the NWA San Francisco office , the last other promotion to recognize its own United States Heavyweight Champion , closed . WWE recognizes Piper 's reign as lasting 194 days . 19 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001981 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1981 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 32 days . -- Vacated -- 000000001981 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1981 -- -- -- Vacated when Wahoo McDaniel was injured by Abdullah the Butcher . 20 Sgt . Slaughter 000000001981 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1981 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a tournament final for the vacant title . 21 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001982 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1982 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Richmond , VA House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 18 days . 22 Sgt . Slaughter 000000001982 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1982 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Greenville , SC House show Awarded the title due to Wahoo McDaniel being injured by Don Muraco and Roddy Piper before the match . 23 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001982 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 1982 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Charlotte , NC House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 75 days . 24 Greg Valentine 000000001982 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1982 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 Norfolk , VA House show 25 Roddy Piper 000000001983 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1983 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Piper 's reign as lasting 15 days . 26 Greg Valentine 000000001983 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1983 7002228000000000000 ♠ 228 Greensboro , NC House show Valentine won when Roddy Piper suffered a large cut over his left ear and the referee stopped the match . WWE recognizes Valentine 's reign as lasting 229 days . 27 Dick Slater 000000001983 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1983 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 Shelby , NC House show 28 Ricky Steamboat 000000001984 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1984 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Greensboro , NC House show 29 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001984 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1984 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Greensboro , NC House show -- Vacated -- 000000001984 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1984 -- -- -- Wahoo McDaniel was stripped of the title due to Tully Blanchard interfering in McDaniel 's title defense . 30 Wahoo McDaniel 5 000000001984 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1984 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Manny Fernandez in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 168 days . 31 Magnum T.A. 000000001985 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1985 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 Charlotte , NC House show 32 Tully Blanchard 000000001985 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1985 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130 Charlotte , NC House show 33 Magnum T.A. 000000001985 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1985 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Greensboro , NC Starrcade This was an `` I Quit '' steel cage match . WWE recognizes Magnum T.A. 's reign as lasting 154 days , with Magnum T.A. being stripped of the title on May 1 , 1986 . -- Vacated -- 000000001986 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1986 -- -- -- Magnum T.A. was stripped of the title for attacking NWA president Bob Geigel . 34 Nikita Koloff 000000001986 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1986 7002328000000000000 ♠ 328 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Magnum T.A. in a best of seven series for the vacant title , though WWE officially says it was a tournament final . Koloff defeated Wahoo McDaniel on September 28 , 1986 to unify the NWA National Heavyweight Championship into the U.S. title . 35 Lex Luger 000000001987 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1987 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 Greensboro , NC House show This was a steel cage match . 36 Dusty Rhodes 000000001987 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1987 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 Chicago , IL Starrcade This was a steel cage match . -- Vacated -- 000000001988 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1988 -- -- -- Dusty Rhodes was stripped of the title for attacking NWA President Jim Crockett . 37 Barry Windham 000000001988 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1988 7002283000000000000 ♠ 283 Houston , TX House show Defeated Nikita Koloff in a tournament final for the vacant title . 38 Lex Luger 000000001989 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1989 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Chicago , IL Chi - Town Rumble 39 Michael Hayes 000000001989 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1989 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Nashville , TN WrestleWar 40 Lex Luger 000000001989 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1989 7002523000000000000 ♠ 523 Bluefield , WV House show 41 Stan Hansen 000000001990 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1990 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Chicago , IL Halloween Havoc 42 Lex Luger 000000001990 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1990 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 St. Louis , MO Starrcade This was a Texas Bullrope match . During Luger 's reign in 1991 , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) split from the NWA and the title was renamed as the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship . -- Vacated -- 000000001991 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1991 -- Baltimore , MD The Great American Bash Vacated when Lex Luger won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship . 43 Sting 000000001991 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1991 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Atlanta , GA House show Defeated Steve Austin in a tournament final for the vacant title . 44 Rick Rude 000000001991 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1991 7002378000000000000 ♠ 378 Savannah , GA Clash of the Champions XVII -- Vacated -- 000000001992 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1992 -- -- -- Vacated due to Rick Rude suffering an injury . 45 Dustin Rhodes 000000001993 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1993 7002110000000000000 ♠ 110 Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a match that was originally made to determine the No. 1 contender , but upon Rick Rude 's vacation of the title , it was instead made to decide the new champion . Aired on tape delay on January 16 , 1993 . -- Vacated -- 000000001993 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1993 -- -- WorldWide Vacated following a title defense against Rick Rude that ended in a double pinfall . Aired on tape delay on May 15 , 1993 . 46 Dustin Rhodes 000000001993 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1993 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Defeated Rick Rude in a rematch for the vacant title . Aired on tape delay on September 11 , 1993 . 47 Steve Austin 000000001993 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1993 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 Charlotte , NC Starrcade ' 93 : 10th Anniversary This was a two out of three falls match . 48 Ricky Steamboat 000000001994 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1994 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Cedar Rapids , IA Clash of the Champions XXVIII 49 Steve Austin 000000001994 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1994 < 1 Roanoke , VA Fall Brawl 1994 : War Games Awarded the title due to Ricky Steamboat being injured . 50 Jim Duggan 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 51 Vader 000000001994 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1994 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Nashville , TN Starrcade -- Vacated -- 000000001995 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1995 -- Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Vader was stripped of the title by WCW commissioner Nick Bockwinkel for hospitalizing Dave Sullivan one week prior . 52 Sting 000000001995 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1995 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 Dayton , OH The Great American Bash Defeated Meng in a tournament final for the vacant title . 53 Kensuke Sasaki 000000001995 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1995 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Tokyo , Japan WCW World in Japan Won the title at a New Japan Pro-Wrestling event . 54 One Man Gang 000000001995 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1995 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Nashville , TN Starrcade : World Cup of Wrestling Won in a post-PPV dark match . Although the match was restarted and Kensuke Sasaki subsequently retained the title , it was never acknowledged by WCW , nor is it acknowledged by WWE . 55 Konnan 000000001996 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1996 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 Canton , OH Main Event 56 Ric Flair 5 000000001996 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1996 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 Daytona Beach , FL Bash at the Beach -- Vacated -- 000000001996 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1996 -- -- -- Vacated due to Ric Flair suffering a shoulder injury . 57 Eddie Guerrero 000000001996 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1996 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Nashville , TN Starrcade Defeated Diamond Dallas Page in a tournament final for the vacant title . 58 Dean Malenko 000000001997 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1997 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 North Charleston , SC Uncensored 59 Jeff Jarrett 000000001997 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1997 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Boston , MA Monday Nitro 60 Steve McMichael 000000001997 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1997 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Nashville , TN Clash of the Champions XXXV 61 Curt Hennig 000000001997 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1997 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Charlotte , NC Monday Nitro 62 Diamond Dallas Page 000000001997 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1997 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 Washington , D.C. Starrcade 63 Raven 000000001998 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1998 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Denver , CO Spring Stampede This was a `` Raven 's Rules '' match . 64 Goldberg 000000001998 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1998 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Colorado Springs , CO Monday Nitro This was a `` Raven 's Rules '' match . WWE.com mistakenly lists Goldberg 's reign as lasting 91 days , ending on July 20 , 1998 . -- Vacated -- 000000001998 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 1998 -- Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Vacated when Goldberg won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship . 65 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1998 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Salt Lake City , UT Monday Nitro Defeated Diamond Dallas Page for the vacant title . 66 Lex Luger 5 000000001998 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1998 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Rapid City , SD Monday Nitro WWE recognizes Luger 's reign as lasting 3 days , ending on August 13 , 1998 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 67 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1998 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Fargo , ND Thunder WWE recognizes Hart 's reign as lasting 74 days , beginning on August 13 , 1998 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 68 Diamond Dallas Page 000000001998 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 1998 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Phoenix , AZ Monday Nitro 69 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 1998 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Chattanooga , TN Monday Nitro This was a no disqualification match . 70 Roddy Piper 000000001999 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1999 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Buffalo , NY Monday Nitro 71 Scott Hall 000000001999 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1999 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Oakland , CA SuperBrawl IX -- Vacated -- 000000001999 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1999 -- Lexington , KY Thunder Scott Hall was stripped of the title by WCW President Ric Flair . 72 Scott Steiner 000000001999 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1999 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 Tacoma , WA Spring Stampede Defeated Booker T in a tournament final for the vacant title . -- Vacated -- 000000001999 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1999 -- Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Scott Steiner was stripped of the title by WCW President Ric Flair . 73 David Flair 000000001999 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1999 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Awarded the title by his father and WCW President Ric Flair . 74 Chris Benoit 000000001999 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1999 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Boise , ID Monday Nitro 75 Sid Vicious 000000001999 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 1999 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Winston - Salem , NC Fall Brawl 76 Goldberg 000000001999 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Paradise , NV Halloween Havoc Won the title when Sid Vicious suffered excessive bleeding and the referee stopped the match . 77 Bret Hart 000000001999 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 1999 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Phoenix , AZ Monday Nitro 78 Scott Hall 000000001999 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1999 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Indianapolis , IN Monday Nitro This was a four - way ladder match , also involving Sid Vicious and Goldberg . 79 Chris Benoit 000000001999 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Washington , D.C. Starrcade Awarded the title when Scott Hall suffered a knee injury during the match . 80 Jeff Jarrett 000000001999 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1999 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Baltimore , MD Monday Nitro This was a ladder match . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2000 -- Cincinnati , OH Souled Out Vacated due to Jeff Jarrett suffering an injury . 81 Jeff Jarrett 000000002000 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2000 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Columbus , OH Monday Nitro Awarded by WCW Commissioner Kevin Nash . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2000 -- Denver , CO Monday Nitro All WCW titles were declared vacant by Vince Russo and Eric Bischoff after WCW was rebooted . 82 Scott Steiner 000000002000 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2000 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Chicago , IL Spring Stampede Defeated Sting in a tournament final for the vacant title . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2000 -- Daytona Beach , FL Bash at the Beach Scott Steiner was stripped of the title when he used the banned Steiner Recliner submission hold on Mike Awesome . 83 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2000 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Auburn Hills , MI Monday Nitro Defeated Mike Awesome in a tournament final for the vacant title . Storm unofficially renamed the title the WCW Canadian Heavyweight Championship . 84 Terry Funk 000000002000 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Amarillo , TX House show Title change was not recognized by WCW , but is recognized by WWE . 85 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2000 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Lubbock , TX House show Title change was not recognized by WCW , but is recognized by WWE . 86 Gen. Rection 000000002000 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2000 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Paradise , NV Halloween Havoc Defeated Lance Storm and Jim Duggan in a handicap match . 87 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2000 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 London , England Monday Nitro 88 Gen. Rection 000000002000 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2000 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Milwaukee , WI Mayhem 89 Shane Douglas 000000002001 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2001 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Indianapolis , IN Sin This was a First Blood Chain match . 90 Rick Steiner 000000002001 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2001 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Tupelo , MS Monday Nitro 91 Booker T 000000002001 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2001 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 Jacksonville , FL Greed Title and other selected assets of WCW were purchased by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . Title was subsequently referred to as the WCW United States Championship and was defended on WWF programming . 92 Chris Kanyon 000000002001 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2001 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Pittsburgh , PA SmackDown ! Given the title by Booker T as he was also the WCW Champion . WWE recognizes Kanyon 's reign as lasting 46 days , beginning on July 26 , 2001 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 93 Tajiri 000000002001 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2001 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Antonio , TX Raw Is War 94 Rhyno 000000002001 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2001 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Pittsburgh , PA Unforgiven 95 Kurt Angle 000000002001 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2001 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Kansas City , MO Raw 96 Edge 000000002001 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Boston , MA Raw -- Unified -- 000000002001 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2001 -- Greensboro , NC Survivor Series Edge defeated WWF Intercontinental Champion Test to unify the two titles . Edge became the Intercontinental Champion while the United States title was deactivated . In May 2002 , the WWF became the WWE . 97 Eddie Guerrero 000000002003 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2003 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Denver , CO Vengeance Title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship as an exclusive title of the SmackDown brand . Guerrero defeated Chris Benoit in a tournament final for the revived title . 98 Big Show 000000002003 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2003 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 Baltimore , MD No Mercy 99 John Cena 000000002004 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2004 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 New York , NY WrestleMania XX WWE mistakenly lists Cena 's reign as lasting 137 days , ending on July 29 , 2004 . The match description for Booker T 's title win states that Cena was stripped of the title `` a few weeks prior '' to the July 29 , 2004 tape delay episode of SmackDown ! -- Vacated -- 000000002004 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2004 -- Winnipeg , MB SmackDown ! John Cena was stripped of the title after attacking SmackDown ! General Manager Kurt Angle . Aired on tape delay on July 8 , 2004 . 100 Booker T 000000002004 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2004 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 Cincinnati , OH SmackDown ! This was an eight - way elimination match , also involving John Cena , René Duprée , Kenzo Suzuki , Rob Van Dam , Billy Gunn , Charlie Haas , and Luther Reigns . WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as lasting 66 days , beginning on July 29 , 2004 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 101 John Cena 000000002004 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2004 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 East Rutherford , NJ No Mercy This was the fifth match of a Best of Five series . WWE recognizes Cena 's reign as lasting 4 days , ending on October 7 , 2004 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 102 Carlito Caribbean Cool 000000002004 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2004 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Boston , MA SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Carlito 's reign as beginning on October 7 , 2004 and ending on November 18 , 2004 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 103 John Cena 000000002004 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2004 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 Dayton , OH SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Cena 's reign as beginning on November 18 , 2004 and ending on March 3 , 2005 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 104 Orlando Jordan 000000002005 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2005 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 Albany , NY SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Jordan 's reign as lasting 171 days , beginning on March 3 , 2005 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 105 Chris Benoit 000000002005 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2005 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Washington , D.C. SummerSlam WWE recognizes Benoit 's reign as lasting 61 days , ending on October 21 , 2005 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 106 Booker T 000000002005 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2005 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Reno , NV SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as beginning on October 21 , 2005 and ending on November 25 , 2005 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . -- Vacated -- 000000002005 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2005 -- Sheffield , England SmackDown ! Vacated when Booker T 's title defense against Chris Benoit ended in a double pinfall . Aired on tape delay on November 25 , 2005 . 107 Booker T 000000002006 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2006 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Philadelphia , PA SmackDown ! Booker T faced Chris Benoit in a Best of Seven series , winning the first three matches ; Randy Orton substituted for Booker T after that due to injury , losing the next three matches , but winning the final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as lasting 37 days , beginning on January 13 , 2006 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 108 Chris Benoit 000000002006 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2006 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Baltimore , MD No Way Out 109 John Bradshaw Layfield 000000002006 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2006 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Rosemont , IL WrestleMania 22 WWE recognizes JBL 's reign as lasting 54 days , ending on May 26 , 2006 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 110 Bobby Lashley 000000002006 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2006 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Bakersfield , CA SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Lashley 's reign as beginning on May 26 , 2006 and ending on July 14 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 111 Finlay 000000002006 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2006 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Minneapolis , MN SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Finlay 's reign as beginning on July 14 , 2006 and ending on September 1 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 112 Mr. Kennedy 000000002006 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2006 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Reading , PA SmackDown ! This was a triple threat match , also involving Bobby Lashley . WWE recognizes Kennedy 's reign as beginning on September 1 , 2006 and ending on October 13 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 113 Chris Benoit 5 000000002006 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2006 7002222000000000000 ♠ 222 Jacksonville , FL SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Benoit 's reign as lasting 219 days , beginning on October 13 , 2006 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 114 Montel Vontavious Porter 000000002007 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2007 7002343000000000000 ♠ 343 St. Louis , MO Judgment Day This was a two out of three falls match . 115 Matt Hardy 000000002008 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2008 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Baltimore , MD Backlash The title became exclusive to the ECW brand following the 2008 WWE draft . 116 Shelton Benjamin 000000002008 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 2008 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 Uniondale , NY The Great American Bash The title was returned to SmackDown due to Benjamin 's status as a SmackDown wrestler . WWE recognizes Benjamin 's reign as lasting 243 days , ending on March 20 , 2009 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 117 Montel Vontavious Porter 000000002009 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2009 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Corpus Christi , TX SmackDown The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2009 WWE draft . WWE recognizes Porter 's reign as lasting 73 days , beginning on March 20 , 2009 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 118 Kofi Kingston 000000002009 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2009 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 Birmingham , AL Raw 119 The Miz 000000002009 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2009 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 Wilkes - Barre , PA Raw 120 Bret Hart 5 000000002010 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2010 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Toronto , ON Raw This was a no disqualification , no countout match . -- Vacated -- 000000002010 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2010 -- Toledo , OH Raw Vacated when Bret Hart became the Raw General Manager . 121 R - Truth 000000002010 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2010 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Toledo , OH Raw Defeated The Miz to win the vacant title . 122 The Miz 000000002010 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2010 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 Charlotte , NC Raw This was a fatal four - way match , also involving John Morrison and Zack Ryder . 123 Daniel Bryan 000000002010 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2010 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 Rosemont , IL Night of Champions WWE recognizes Bryan 's reign as lasting 177 days . 124 Sheamus 000000002011 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2011 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 St. Louis , MO Raw If Sheamus lost , he would have quit the WWE . Title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2011 WWE draft . 125 Kofi Kingston 000000002011 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2011 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Tampa , FL Extreme Rules This was a tables match . The title became exclusive to Raw due to Kingston 's status as a Raw wrestler . 126 Dolph Ziggler 000000002011 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2011 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Washington , D.C. Capitol Punishment On August 29 , 2011 , the brand extension ended , allowing the United States Champion to appear on both Raw and SmackDown . 127 Zack Ryder 000000002011 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2011 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Baltimore , MD TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs 128 Jack Swagger 000000002012 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2012 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Anaheim , CA Raw WWE recognizes Swagger 's reign as lasting 50 days . 129 Santino Marella 000000002012 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2012 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 Boston , MA Raw 130 Antonio Cesaro 000000002012 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2012 7002239000000000000 ♠ 239 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Match aired live on YouTube and WWE.com as part of the SummerSlam pre-show . WWE recognizes Cesaro 's reign as lasting 240 days . 131 Kofi Kingston 000000002013 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2013 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Greenville , SC Raw 132 Dean Ambrose 000000002013 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2013 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 St. Louis , MO Extreme Rules 133 Sheamus 000000002014 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2014 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Albany , NY Raw This was a 20 - man battle royal . Sheamus lastly eliminated Dean Ambrose to win the match and the title . WWE recognizes Sheamus ' reign as lasting 183 days . 134 Rusev 000000002014 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2014 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 Buffalo , NY Raw Backstage Pass 135 John Cena 000000002015 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2015 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 Santa Clara , CA WrestleMania 31 136 Seth Rollins 000000002015 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2015 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Brooklyn , NY SummerSlam This was a title for title match , in which Rollins also defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . WWE recognizes Rollins ' reign as lasting 29 days . 137 John Cena 5 000000002015 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2015 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Houston , TX Night of Champions 138 Alberto Del Rio 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2015 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 Los Angeles , CA Hell in a Cell This was an open challenge . WWE recognizes Del Rio 's reign as lasting 79 days . 139 Kalisto 000000002016 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 New Orleans , LA Raw WWE recognizes Kalisto 's reign as lasting 3 days , ending on January 14 , 2016 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 140 Alberto Del Rio 000000002016 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2016 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Lafayette , LA SmackDown WWE recognizes Del Rio 's reign as lasting 10 days , beginning on January 14 , 2016 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 141 Kalisto 000000002016 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2016 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 Orlando , FL Royal Rumble 142 Rusev 000000002016 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2016 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 Newark , NJ Extreme Rules The brand extension returned and the title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2016 WWE draft . WWE recognizes Rusev 's reign as lasting 127 days . 143 Roman Reigns 000000002016 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2016 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 Indianapolis , IN Clash of Champions WWE recognizes Reigns ' reign as lasting 107 days . 144 Chris Jericho 000000002017 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2017 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 New Orleans , LA Raw This was a 2 - on - 1 handicap match , also involving Kevin Owens , who teamed with Jericho . Jericho pinned Roman Reigns to win the title . 145 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2017 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Orlando , FL WrestleMania 33 The title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake - up . WWE recognizes Owens ' reign as lasting 29 days . 146 Chris Jericho 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2017 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 San Jose , CA Payback Since Jericho won , he was transferred to the SmackDown brand . WWE recognizes Jericho 's reign as lasting 3 days . 147 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Fresno , CA SmackDown Live 148 AJ Styles 000000002017 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2017 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 New York , NY House show WWE recognizes Styles ' reign as lasting 17 days . 149 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2017 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Philadelphia , PA Battleground WWE recognizes Owens ' reign as lasting 3 days . 150 AJ Styles 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Richmond , VA SmackDown Live This was a triple threat match also involving Chris Jericho . 151 Baron Corbin 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2017 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 + Detroit , MI Hell in a Cell This was a triple threat match also involving Tye Dillinger . Combined Reigns ( edit ) Inaugural champion and WWE Hall of Famer Harley Race Record six - time champion Ric Flair Lex Luger is the longest reigning champion in history , with a record of 523 days Dean Ambrose is the longest reigning champion under the WWE banner , with a record of 351 days As of November 6 , 2017 . † Indicates the current champion Rank Wrestler No. of reigns Combined days Combined days recognized by WWE Luger , Lex Lex Luger 5 948 950 Flair , Ric Ric Flair 6 773 709 Valentine , Greg Greg Valentine 512 392 Mulligan , Blackjack Blackjack Mulligan 509 500 5 Porter , Montel Vontavious Montel Vontavious Porter 419 416 6 Cena , John John Cena 5 403 405 7 Rude , Rick Rick Rude 378 8 Benoit , Chris Chris Benoit 5 357 9 Ambrose , Dean Dean Ambrose 351 10 Koloff , Nikita Nikita Koloff 328 11 Miz ! The Miz 321 12 Sgt . Slaughter ! Sgt . Slaughter 305 13 Magnum T.A. ! Magnum T.A. 302 274 14 McDaniel , Wahoo Wahoo McDaniel 5 296 300 15 Windham , Barry Barry Windham 283 16 Rusev ! Rusev 272 273 17 Booker T ! Booker T 271 266 18 Steamboat , Ricky Ricky Steamboat 265 267 19 Austin , Steve Steve Austin 240 Benjamin , Shelton Shelton Benjamin 240 243 21 Cesaro , Antonio Antonio Cesaro 239 240 22 Sting ! Sting 234 23 Snuka , Jimmy Jimmy Snuka 231 233 24 Sheamus ! Sheamus 230 231 25 Rhodes , Dustin Dustin Rhodes 229 26 Piper , Roddy Roddy Piper 220 222 27 Kingston , Kofi Kofi Kingston 209 28 Hart , Bret Bret Hart 5 188 186 29 Jarrett , Jeff Jeff Jarrett 184 30 Race , Harley Harley Race 183 184 31 Ziggler , Dolph Dolph Ziggler 182 32 Bryan , Daniel Daniel Bryan 176 177 33 Jordan , Orlando Orlando Jordan 173 171 34 Steiner , Scott Scott Steiner 169 35 Marella , Santino Santino Marella 167 36 Guerrero , Eddie Eddie Guerrero 161 37 Konnan ! Konnan 160 38 Jones , Paul Paul Jones 156 150 39 Page , Diamond Dallas Diamond Dallas Page 147 Big Show ! Big Show 147 41 Rhodes , Dusty Dusty Rhodes 141 42 Blanchard , Tully Tully Blanchard 130 43 Slater , Dick Dick Slater 129 44 Kalisto ! Kalisto 120 122 45 Storm , Lance Lance Storm 115 46 Reigns , Roman Roman Reigns 106 107 47 Hennig , Curt Curt Hennig 104 48 Duggan , Jim Jim Duggan 100 49 Owens , Kevin Kevin Owens 96 98 50 Valentine , Johnny Johnny Valentine 93 51 AJ Styles ! AJ Styles 91 92 52 Del Rio , Alberto Alberto Del Rio 90 89 53 Vader , Big Van Big Van Vader 88 54 Jericho , Chris Chris Jericho 85 86 Malenko , Dean Dean Malenko 85 56 Hardy , Matt Matt Hardy 84 57 Goldberg ! Goldberg 78 92 58 Hall , Scott Scott Hall 66 59 Rection ! Gen. Rection 64 60 Layfield , John Bradshaw John Bradshaw Layfield 51 54 61 Hansen , Stan Stan Hansen 50 62 Lashley , Bobby Bobby Lashley 49 Finlay ! Finlay 49 Swagger , Jack Jack Swagger 49 50 65 Kanyon ! Chris Kanyon 48 46 66 Sasaki , Kensuke Kensuke Sasaki 44 67 Carlito ! Carlito Caribbean Cool 42 Kennedy , Mr.Mr . Kennedy 42 Sid Vicious ! Sid Vicious 42 70 Steiner , Rick Rick Steiner 41 71 Flair , David David Flair 35 72 One Man Gang ! One Man Gang 33 73 Corbin , Baron Baron Corbin † 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 + 74 Rhyno ! Rhyno 29 Ryder , Zack Zack Ryder 29 76 Rollins , Seth Seth Rollins 28 29 77 McMichael , Steve Steve McMichael 25 78 Bobo Brazil ! Bobo Brazil 22 Douglas , Shane Shane Douglas 22 80 Angle , Kurt Kurt Angle 21 Wrestling , Mr.Mr . Wrestling 21 22 R - Truth ! R - Truth 21 83 Funk , Terry Terry Funk 19 20 84 Hayes , Michael Michael Hayes 15 85 Tajiri ! Tajiri 13 86 Edge ! Edge 6 87 Raven ! Raven Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ric Flair 's fifth reign is not recognized by WWE , but a WWE.com article recognized him as a 6 - time champion Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Greg Valentine as a 2 - time champion . His first reign is not recognized by WWE . Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Blackjack Mulligan as a 3 - time champion . His second reign is not recognized by WWE . Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Paul Jones as a 2 - time champion . His third reign is not recognized by WWE . See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal WWE United States Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WWE Entertainment , Inc . Acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting '' . WWE. 2001 - 03 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Father / Son Champions '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ambrose 's record U.S. Title reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWA / WCW United States Heavyweight Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE United States Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE United States Championship official history '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Sempervive , Mike ( 2003 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Bring The Pain : Detailed history of U.S. Heavyweight Title '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The plane crash that changed wrestling '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( July 29 ) : Ric Flair vs. Bobo Brazil , Nick Bockwinkel vs. Mil Mascaras '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW / WWE U.S. Heavyweight Title '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . 29 ( 5 ) : 93 -- 94 . 2008 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Ric Flair and David Flair -- United States Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . The Dirtiest Player in the Game also had six stints with the United States Title , which is enough to build a legacy on in and of itself ^ Jump up to : `` Sgt . Slaughter 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Slaughter 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ PWI 2002 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts . Ambler , PA : London Publishing . 2002 . p. 120 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . Greg Valentine was awarded the title when the match was halted due to a bloody gash over Roddy Piper 's left ear that rendered him unable to continue . Jump up ^ `` Magnum T.A. 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tully Blanchard 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magnum T.A. 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1985 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Magnum TA beat Tully Blanchard ( 16 : 00 ) in a `` steel cage I quit '' match to win the NWA U.S. Title . Jump up ^ 2002 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts . Ambler , PA : London Publishing . 2002 . p. 120 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . This match was the final bout in a best - of - seven series to fill the vacancy created in May 1986 when Magnum T.A. was stripped of the title for attacking NWA president Bob Geigel . ^ Jump up to : `` Nikita Koloff 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NWA National Heavyweight Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Bash 87 results '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 29 . Lex Luger ( w / JJ Dillon ) defeated NWA U.S. Champion Nikita Koloff in a steel cage match via knockout with the Torture Rack after hitting him in the back with a steel chair thrown in the ring by Dillon while referee Earl Hebner was knocked out . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1987 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Dusty Rhodes pinned Lex Luger ( 16 : 23 ) in a `` steel cage '' match to win the NWA US Title . Jump up ^ `` Dusty Rhodes ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Windham 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( May 13 ) : Rick Martel wins AWA gold , Kurt Angle wins TNA title , Nash & Hall beat one man to win tag titles '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Hayes ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ F4W Staff ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( May 7 ) : Jeff Jarrett ends David Arquette 's WCW title reign , Nick Bockwinkel Vs. Ray Stevens '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Hansen 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lex Luger 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sting 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rick Rude 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Rhodes ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Rhodes ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1993 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Steve Austin beat Dustin Rhodes ( 15 : 00 ) in two straight falls to win the WCW US Title . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Steamboat 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Duggan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Vader 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sting 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NJPW : WCW World in Japan results '' . Strong Style Spirit . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . New Japan vs. WCW -- WCW U.S. Heavyweight Title : Kensuke Sasaki beat Sting ( c ) ( 12 : 47 ) with a Northern Light bomb to become the 57th champion . Jump up ^ `` One Man Gang 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Konnan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ric Flair 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dean Malenko 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Steve McMichael 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Hennig 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dallas Page 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Raven 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history : Brisco beats Race for NWA title , Gagne beats Crusher for AWA title , Robinson vs. Gagen '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dallas Page 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Roddy Piper 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Hall 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Steiner 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Flair 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Vicious ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Hall 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff Jarrett 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Jarrett 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Steiner 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2000 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Stampede : Spring back in WCW 's step '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2000 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Booker new champ at the Bash '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Funk 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Rection 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Rection 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Douglas ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Steiner 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Kanyon 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tajiri 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rhyno 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edge 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Big Show 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Booker T 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Carlito 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Oxqf6gmQqw Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Jordan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WWE SummerSlam 2005 results '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Booker T 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WWE No Way Out 2006 results '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` JBL 's first reign '' . WWE.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Lashley 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Finlay 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Kennedy 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Smackdown Results -- 9 / 1 / 06 -- Reading , PA -- ( NEW U.S. Champion ... ) '' . Wrestle View . 2006 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Friday Night SmackDown ! results , 2006 '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Andy . `` Smackdown : Batista is # 1 '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MVP 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Caldwell 's Judgment Day Report 5 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Hardy 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Backlash PPV Report 4 / 27 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV event `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Shelton Benjamin 's first reign '' . WWE. 2008 - 07 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( 2008 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Great American Bash PPV Report 7 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MVP 's second reign '' . WWE. 2009 - 03 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 3 / 20 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Raw Results -- 6 / 1 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Raw Results -- 10 / 5 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bret Hart 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Raw Results -- 5 / 17 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Raw Results -- 5 / 24 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` R - Truth 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Raw Results -- 6 / 14 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Noble 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dolph Ziggler 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Zack Ryder 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Raw SuperShow results : Laurinaitis snaps ! '' . WWE . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Santino Marella ` s first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Cesaro 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Ambrose 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rusev 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rollins ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalisto 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kalisto 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` 5 / 22 WWE Extreme Rules PPV Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Live Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 9 / 25 WWE C. of Champions Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW REPORT 1 / 9 : Reigns vs. Owens & Jericho , Shawn Michaels , Foley 's Performance Review , Undertaker `` rumored '' to appear `` . pwtorch.com . TDH Communications Inc . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 33 live review : Undertaker vs. Roman Reigns , Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Shane McMahon , Seth Rollins vs. Triple H in an unsanctioned match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 4 / 30 Powell 's WWE Payback Live Review : Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman , Kevin Owens vs. Chris Jericho for the U.S. Championship , Samoa Joe vs. Seth Rollins , Randy Orton vs. Bray Wyatt in a House of Horrors match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . 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Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) 1892 ( first version ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1892 to 1923 `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1923 to 1954 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1954 ( current version ) 4 U.S.C. § 4 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' The Pledge of Allegiance is an oath of allegiance to the United States , addressed to both the flag and the Republic . It was composed by Rear Admiral George Balch in 1887 , and revised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 . In 1942 it was formally adopted by Congress . Congress gave it the name The Pledge of Allegiance in 1945 . In 1954 the words `` under God '' were added . Though many countries have oaths of allegiances for specific purposes , the US remains one of the few to use such an oath in childhood education . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recital 2 Origins 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges 2.2 Bellamy 's account 3 Changes 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' 4 Salute 5 Music 6 Controversy 6.1 Legal challenges 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Recital Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . A number of states state flag pledges of allegiance to be recited after this . The United States Flag Code says : The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . Origins Balch and Bellamy pledges The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education . Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' Bellamy 's original Pledge read : I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds . As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . Bellamy 's account In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . '' The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution , Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' ) , but held that `` fraternity was too remote of realization , and ... ( that ) equality was a dubious word . '' Concluding `` Liberty and justice were surely basic , were undebatable , and were all that any one Nation could handle . If they were exercised for all . they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity . '' After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth 's Companion , the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program . Bellamy noted that , `` In later years the words ' to my flag ' were changed to ' to the flag of the United States of America ' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools . '' Bellamy disliked the change , as `` it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition . '' Changes A plaque in Lansing , MI , dated 1918 , listing the Balch Pledge , which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923 . In 1906 , The Daughters of the American Revolution 's magazine , The American Monthly , listed the `` formula of allegiance '' as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance , which reads : I pledge allegiance to my flag , and the republic for which it stands . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country . One country , one language and one flag . -- Balch Pledge of Allegiance In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution , such as in 1915 's `` Proceedings of the Twenty - Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution '' and 1916 's annual `` National Report , '' the Balch Pledge , listed as official in 1906 , is now categorized as `` Old Pledge '' with Bellamy 's version under the heading `` New Pledge . '' However , the `` Old Pledge '' continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923 . In 1923 , the National Flag Conference called for the words `` my Flag '' to be changed to `` the Flag of the United States , '' so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US . The words `` of America '' were added a year later . Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time , in the following form , on June 22 , 1942 : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . -- 1942 Pledge of Allegiance Addition of `` under God '' `` Under God '' redirects here . For the book , see Under God ( book ) . Louis Albert Bowman , an attorney from Illinois , was the first to suggest the addition of `` under God '' to the pledge . The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea . He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . At a meeting on February 12 , 1948 , he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words `` under God '' added . He said that the words came from Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words `` under God '' , all the reporters ' transcripts of the speech as delivered do , as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said `` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '' Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings . In 1951 , the Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization , also began including the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . In New York City , on April 30 , 1951 , the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words `` under God '' after the words `` one nation . '' Over the next two years , the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide . On August 21 , 1952 , the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal , and copies of this resolution were sent to the President , the Vice President ( as Presiding Officer of the Senate ) , and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24 , 1952 , adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart . Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter . This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation . These attempts were eventually a success . In 1952 , Holger Christian Langmack suggested in a letter to President Truman adding `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . Langmack was a Danish philosopher and educator who came to the US in 1911 . He was one of the originators of the National Prayer Breakfast and a religious leader in Washington , D.C. Truman met with Langmack and with several others to discuss the addition . At the suggestion of a correspondent , Representative Louis C. Rabaut ( D - Mich . ) , of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words `` under God '' to the Pledge in 1953 . Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty ( left ) and President Eisenhower ( second from left ) on the morning of February 7 , 1954 , at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church . Before February 1954 , no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded . The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty . Some American presidents honored Lincoln 's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended , New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln 's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12 . On February 7 , 1954 , with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln 's pew , the church 's pastor , George MacPherson Docherty , delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled `` A New Birth of Freedom . '' He argued that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose . He noted that the Pledge 's sentiments could be those of any nation : `` There was something missing in the pledge , and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life . '' He cited Lincoln 's words `` under God '' as defining words that set the US apart from other nations . President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently , just a year before . He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service . Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8 , 1954 , Rep. Charles Oakman ( R - Mich . ) , introduced a bill to that effect . Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . Eisenhower said : From this day forward , the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town , every village and rural school house , the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty ... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America 's heritage and future ; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country 's most powerful resource , in peace or in war . -- Dwight D. Eisenhower The phrase `` under God '' was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14 , 1954 , by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942 . On October 6 , 1954 , the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution , first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954 , which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance . Even though the movement behind inserting `` under God '' into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge , author Kevin Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed . Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push - back against atheistic communism during the Cold War , but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role . Salute Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute . An early version of the salute , adopted in 1887 , known as the Balch Salute , which accompanied the Balch pledge , instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag , the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead , followed by being placed flat over the heart , and finally falling to the side . In 1892 , Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute . It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag , palm down , and ended with the palm up . Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute , which was adopted in Germany later , the US Congress stipulated that the hand - over-the - heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute . Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22 , 1942 , when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22 , 1942 . Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 ( Section 301 ( b ) ( 1 ) of title 36 , United States Code ) , language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag , when the colors are presented , and during the National Anthem . Music Musical setting by Irving Caesar A musical setting for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' was created by Irving Caesar , at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase `` under God '' was signed into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . The composer , Irving Caesar , wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime . Dedicated to social issues , he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government , so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties . It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day , June 14 , 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the `` Singing Sergeants '' . A July 29 , 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge . Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted , including by Beck ( 2003 ) , Lovrekovich ( 2002 and 2001 ) , Roton ( 1991 ) , Fijol ( 1986 ) , and Girardet ( 1983 ) . Controversy Main article : Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance In 1940 , the Supreme Court , in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruled that students in public schools , including the respondents in that case -- Jehovah 's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry -- could be compelled to swear the Pledge . In 1943 , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court reversed its decision . Justice Robert H. Jackson , writing for the 6 to 3 majority , went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds , and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country , concluding with : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . -- Robert H. Jackson , West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette In a later case , the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge . First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag ( 1942 , photo by Dorothea Lange ) . Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds . One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it , and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing , which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance . Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day , small children in schools , can not really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making . Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting this phrase violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . In 2004 , linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , but to Lincoln and his contemporaries , `` under God '' meant `` God willing '' , so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd . Legal challenges Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah 's Witnesses , a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God , and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag . They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment . The first case was in 1935 , when two children , Lillian and William Gobitas , ages ten and twelve , were expelled from the Minersville , Pennsylvania , public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance . In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow , whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase `` under God '' an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school . In 2004 , the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , an appeal of the ruling , and rejected Newdow 's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent , and therefore lacked standing , thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school - sponsored recitation . On January 3 , 2005 , a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families . On September 14 , 2005 , District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor . Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , Judge Karlton issued an Order stating that , upon proper motion , he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to `` one Nation under God . '' A 2005 Bill , H.R. 2389 , to prohibit the Supreme Court 's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government 's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance , died in the Senate after having passed in the House . This action is viewed in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the Judiciary . Even if a similar bill is enacted , its practical effect may not be clear : proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress 's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III , Section 2 of the Constitution , but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights , since amendments postdate the original text of the Constitution and may thus implicitly limit the scope of Article III , Section 2 . Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional , the US separation of powers would be disturbed , or rendered non-functional . Mark J. Pelavin , former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism , said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that : Today 's House adoption of the so - called `` Pledge Protection Act '' is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans . By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts , including the Supreme Court , from cases involving the Pledge , this legislation sets a dangerous precedent : threatening religious liberty , compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded , and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts ' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes . Today , the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance , but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights , civil rights , or any other fundamental concern . -- Mark J. Pelavin , Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism In 2006 , in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre , a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution . As a result of that decision , a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called `` unpatriotic '' by a teacher . In 2009 , a Montgomery County , Maryland , teacher berated and had school police remove a 13 - year - old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom . The student 's mother , assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland , sought and received an apology from the teacher , as state law and the school 's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge . On March 11 , 2010 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District . In a 2 -- 1 decision , the appellate court ruled that the words were of a `` ceremonial and patriotic nature '' and did not constitute an establishment of religion . Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented , writing that `` the state - directed , teacher - led daily recitation in public schools of the amended ' under God ' version of the Pledge of Allegiance ... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . '' On November 12 , 2010 , in a unanimous decision , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge 's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students ' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary . A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13 , 2011 . In September 2013 , a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts . In May 2014 , Massachusetts ' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists , saying that the words `` under God '' represent a patriotic , not a religious , exercise . In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit , ruling that `` ... the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who do n't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message . '' The case against the Matawan - Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase `` under God '' in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion , making non-believers `` second - class citizens . '' In a twenty - one page decision , Bauman wrote , `` Under ( the association members ' ) reasoning , the very constitution under which ( the members ) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional , an absurd proposition which ( association members ) do not and can not advance here . '' Bauman said the student could skip the pledge , but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have `` conscientious scruples '' that do not allow it . He noted , `` As a matter of historical tradition , the words ' under God ' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ' In God We Trust ' from every coin in the land , than the words ' so help me God ' from every presidential oath since 1789 , or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787 . '' See also Australian citizenship affirmation , a similar concept Ceremonial deism Flag Salute Loyalty oaths in the United States Youth 's Companion Building , where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published References ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance '' . Historic Documents . Independence Hall Association : ushistory.org . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 4 , Chapter 1 , Section 4 , US Code '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Teachers Magazine for Primary Grades . Ives - Butler Company . 1911 - 01 - 01 . p. 273 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Melanie . `` One Nation , Indivisible '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch , Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001 , U.S. Army Ordnance Corps '' . www.goordnance.army.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Society & Community . Faith in America : The Legal Dilemma '' . NOW with Bill Moyers . PBS . June 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Pledge of Allegiance and Our Flag of the United States '' . Their History and Meaning . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Amy ( September 2015 ) , `` PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow ; Francis Bellamy had no idea how famous , and controversial , his quick ditty would become '' , Smithsonian Magazine Jump up ^ `` American & State Pledges '' . Speck 's Web . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Code 2011 , Title 4 , Chap. 1 , Sec. 4 . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubal , Timothy ( October 2008 ) . Cultural Movements and Collective Memory : Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth . Basingstoke , Hampshire , GBR : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy '' . Freemasonry.bcy.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Overland Monthly . Samuel Carson . 1891 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine . National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . 1906 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Frances Bellamy . `` '' A Brief Synopsis of the Story of the Origin of the Pledge taken from the Detailed Narrative by Frances Bellamy , Author of the Pledge `` '' . Congressional Record 91 Cong . Rec. ( 1945 ) House : 5510 -- 5511 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Francis , `` The Story of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , '' University of Rochester Library Bulletin , Vol . VIII , Winter 1953 . Jump up ^ Margarette S. Miller ( 1946 ) . I Pledge Allegiance . Christopher Publishing House , Youth 's companion . Jump up ^ Francis Bellamy -- The word `` to '' was inserted between `` my Flag and '' and `` the Republic '' in October 1892 . Jump up ^ Dr. John W. Baer . `` The Pledge of Allegiance A Short History '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Margarette S. ( 1976 ) . Twenty Three Words : A Biography of Francis Bellamy : Author of the Pledge of Allegiance . Portsmouth , Vir. : Printcraft Press . pp. 63 - 65 ISBN 0 - 686 - 15626 - 9 Jump up ^ Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1917 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The Congress . 1915 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 77 - 623 , Chap. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 , H.J. Res. 303 , enacted June 22 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Baer , John W. ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 . Annapolis , MD : Free State Press . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 863 - 7 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Knights of Columbus . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the words `` UNDER GOD '' came to be added to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 83 - 396 , Chap. 297 , 68 Stat. 249 , H.J. Res. 243 , enacted June 14 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` God In America : God in the White House '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` How ' One Nation ' Did n't Become ' Under God ' Until The ' 50s Religious Revival '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32309 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Rendering Hand Salute of U.S. Flag '' . Military.com . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1957 - 04 - 20 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1960 - 09 - 19 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Irving Caesar Welcome '' . www.irvingcaesar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' H. Con . Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24 - B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Copyright Office , Copyright search for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' `` . Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , 642 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1943 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holloman ex rel . Holloman v. Harland , 370 F. 3d 1252 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens ; 03 - B - 1544 , United States District Court , District of Colorado Jump up ^ Olander , Herbert T. ( December 1941 ) . `` Children 's Knowledge of the Flag Salute '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 300 -- 305 . JSTOR 27528245 . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds ' under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere '' . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` '' ( Next ) Under God , '' Phrasal Idiom `` . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , 1993 , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Salute Cases '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis , 310 U.S. 586 , 60 S. Ct. 1010 , 84 L. Ed . 1375 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( September 16 , 2005 ) , `` Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional '' , The Chicago Defender , archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass `` Court - Stripping '' Measure that Would Deny Rights in `` . Brennancenter.org. 2005 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are : Mark J. Pelavin , Senior Advisor to the President '' . Union for Reform Judaism . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court - stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment ( 12 July 2006 ) '' . Jewsonfirst.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F. Supp. 2d 1350 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frazier v. Alexandre , No. 05 - 81142 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) '' . National School Boards Association . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chea , Terence ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fed . appeals court upholds ' under God ' in pledge '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District ( 9th Cir . March 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Pledge of Allegiance 's God reference now upheld by court '' . LA Times . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District ( 1st Cir . Nov 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Court OKs NH law allowing ' God ' pledge in schools '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , MA : Christopher M. Mayer . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law ... Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` High court spurns atheist 's ' under God ' challenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , CA : Hearst Corporation . A Sacramento atheist 's challenge to the addition of `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance ... Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Freedom From Religion Foundation , Petitioner v. United States , et al '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Under God ' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts '' . CNN.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts court rules ' under God ' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists '' . The Washington Post . 2014 - 05 - 09 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Under God ' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge , judge says '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo . `` Hearing ' Under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students , NJ judge rules '' . NorthJersey.com . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools '' . Forbes . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Further reading Martin , Leisa A. ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Examining the Pledge of Allegiance '' . Social Studies . 99 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 131 . doi : 10.3200 / tsss. 99.3. 127 - 131 . John W. Baer ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 ( Free State Press , Inc . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9650620 - 2 - 2 Excerpt , Chapter Eight : `` Under God '' and Other Questions About the Pledge . Richard J. Ellis ( 2005 ) . To the Flag : The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance ( Lawrence : University of Kansas Press ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1372 - 2 Marc Leepson ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography ( Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 32308 - 5 Kevin M. Kruse ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America , Basic Books , ISBN 0465049494 . External links Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource 4 U.S.C. § 4 Docherty 's Sermon Manuscript , Feb. 7 , 1954 Minister Reprises `` Under God '' Sermon ( hide ) National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)&oldid=808742612 '' Categories : 1892 documents American culture American nationalism Oaths of allegiance Flags of the United States Pledge of Allegiance Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Iñupiak Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 21 : 38 . 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Constitution of India

Constitution of India - Wikipedia Constitution of India Constitution of India The original text of the Preamble Ratified 26 November 1949 Date effective January 26 , 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Purpose To replace the Indian Independence Act Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India . It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles , establishes the structure , procedures , powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles and the duties of citizens . It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world . B.R. Ambedkar , the chairman of the Drafting Committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect . It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy , as it is not created by the Parliament but , by a constituent assembly , and adopted by its people , with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament can not override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 . With its adoption , the Dominion of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document . To ensure constitutional autochthony , the framers of the constitution repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament via Article 395 of the constitution . India celebrates its coming into force on 26 January each year , as Republic Day . It declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , assuring its citizens of justice , equality , and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity among them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation used as sources 2 Constituent assembly 2.1 Drafting 2.2 Influence of other constitutions 3 Structure 3.1 Parts 3.2 Schedules 3.3 Appendices 4 The constitution and the government 5 The constitution and the legislature 5.1 Amendment 5.2 Limitations 6 The constitution and the judiciary 6.1 Judicial review 7 The constitution -- a living document 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Notes on Article 21 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 , it repealed the Indian Independence Act . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic . The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930 . Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 324 , 366 , 367 , 379 , 380 , 388 , 391 , 392 , 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950 . Previous legislation used as sources It is drawn from many sources . Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz . Government of India Act 1858 , Indian Councils Act 1861 , Indian Councils Act 1892 , Indian Councils Act 1909 , Government of India Act 1919 , Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two , with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it , to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution , for the separate states . Constituent Assembly A meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India , 1950 CE Main article : Constituent Assembly of India It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years ( two years , eleven months and eighteen days to be precise ) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India , during which , it held eleven sessions over 165 days . Of these , 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India . While deliberating upon the draft Constitution , the assembly moved , discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled . Dr B.R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey , Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly . There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi . The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo - Indians . Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community . Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau and K.M. Munshi , Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly . Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members . The first temporary 2 - day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha . Later , Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly . The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946 . Drafting B.N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946 . He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948 . This draft was debated , revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 . On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly , a proposal for forming various committees was presented . Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights , the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee . On 29 August 1947 , the Drafting Committee was appointed , with Dr B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor . These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi ( KM Munshi , Ex - Home Minister , Bombay ) , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer ( Ex - Advocate General , Madras State ) , N Gopalaswami Ayengar ( Ex-Prime Minister , J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet ) , BL Mitter ( Ex-Advocate General , India ) , Md . Saadullah ( Ex - Chief Minister of Assam , Muslim League member ) and DP Khaitan ( Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer ) . The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau ( who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice , 1950 -- 54 ) . Later BL Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao ( Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara ) . On DP Khaitan 's death , TT Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee . A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947 , which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years . Finally on 26 November 1949 , the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution . 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete . This day is celebrated as National Law Day or Constitution Day . Jawaharlal Nehru signing the Constitution The assembly met in sessions open to the public , for 166 days , spread over a period of 2 years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution , the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . The original Constitution of India is hand - written with beautiful calligraphy , each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent , ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation , in the Indus Valley , to the present . The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda . It was published in Dehra Dun , and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India . The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India . Rs. 1 , 00 , 00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly . It has undergone many amendments since its enactment . The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house , New Delhi . There are two original versions of this -- one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution can be viewed here . Influence of other constitutions British Constitution Parliamentary form of government The idea of single citizenship The idea of the Rule of law Institution of Speaker and his role Lawmaking procedure Procedure established by Law United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government Judicial review President as supreme commander of armed forces Equal Protection under law Irish Constitution Directive principles of state policy Australian Constitution Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties , even on matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Terminology for the Preamble French Constitution Ideals of Liberty , Equality and Fraternity Canadian Constitution A quasi-federal form of government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments Residual powers retained by the central government Constitution of the Soviet Union Fundamental Duties u / a 51 - A A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission to oversee the development of the economy Other Constitutions Emergency Provision u / a 356 , Weimar Constitution ( Germany ) Amendment of Constitution , South Africa Due Procedure of Law , Japan Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest . At its commencement , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . It is made up of approximately 145,000 words , making it the second largest active constitution in the world . In its current form ( September 2012 ) , it has a preamble , 25 parts with 448 articles , 12 schedules , 5 appendices and 101 amendments , the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016 . Parts The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts : Preamble with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment . Part I -- Union and its Territory Part II -- Citizenship . Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The Union Part VI -- The States Part VII -- States in the B part of the First schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- The Union Territories Part IX -- The Panchayats Part IXA -- The Municipalities Part IXB -- The Co-operative Societies . Part X -- The scheduled and Tribal Areas Part XI -- Relations between the Union and the States Part XII -- Finance , Property , Contracts and Suits Part XIII -- Trade and Commerce within the territory of India Part XIV -- Services Under the Union , the States Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency Provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amendment of the Constitution Part XXI -- Temporary , Transitional and Special Provisions Part XXII -- Short title , date of commencement , Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals . Schedules Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government . First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- This lists the states and territories of India , lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change . Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ) , 65 ( 3 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , 97 , 125 , 148 ( 3 ) , 158 ( 3 ) , 164 ( 5 ) , 186 and 221 ) -- This lists the salaries of officials holding public office , judges , and Comptroller and Auditor General of India . Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ) , 99 , 124 ( 6 ) , 148 ( 2 ) , 164 ( 3 ) , 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of Oaths -- This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges . Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Parliament ) per State or Union Territory . Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions ) . Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , and Mizoram . Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- The union ( central government ) , state , and concurrent lists of responsibilities . Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- The official languages . Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain Acts and Regulations . Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- `` Anti-defection '' provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures . Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) , Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) . Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 . Appendix II -- Re-statement , with reference to the present text of the Constitution , of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1978 . Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act , 2002 . Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act , 2003 . The Constitution and the government Institutions of governance -- the Parliament , the President , the Judiciary , the Executive , etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it . With the aid of the Constitution , India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive , under Articles 52 and 53 . The President 's duty is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution . Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit . The common features of a federation such as written Constitution , supremacy of Constitution , rigidity of Constitution , two government , division of powers , bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution , single citizenship , integrated judiciary , flexible Constitution , a strong Centre , appointment of state governor by the Centre , All - India Services , Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form . Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government . Analogous to President and Prime Minister , each has a Governor ( in case of states ) or Lieutenant Governor ( in the case of Union territories ) and a Chief Minister . Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State can not be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution . This power , known as President 's rule , was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds , and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre . Post -- Bommai judgment , such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult , as the courts have asserted their right to review it . Consequently , very few state governments have been disbanded since . The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas . Also , Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . The Constitution and the legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendment The process of addition , variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers , is called amendment of the constitution . The procedure is laid out in Article 368 . An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two - thirds members are present and voted . In addition to this , certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 ( with exception to money bills ) , there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses ( Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill . During recess of Parliament , President can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers per Article 123 , Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment . Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament , are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 ( 1 ) by Twenty - fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India . As of September 2015 , there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament , out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass , the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world . The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies . As a result , the document is amended roughly twice a year , and three times every two years . In 2000 , the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) was set up to look into updating the constitution . Government of India , establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law . Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify , which means , while amending anything in the Constitution , it can not tinker with the `` basic structure '' or its framework , which is immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended , nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution . Yet , this `` doctrine of basic features '' lays down that , the Constitution when `` read as a whole '' , that what comes to be understood as its basic features can not be abridged , deleted or abrogated . What these `` basic features '' are , have not been defined exhaustively anywhere , and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a `` basic feature '' is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case . The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India : The Supremacy of the Constitution Republican and Democratic form of the Government Secular Character of the Constitution Maintenance of Separation of powers The Federal Character of the Constitution This implies that the Parliament , while amending the Constitution , can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters . The Supreme Court / High Court ( s ) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated , by performing Judicial review . This is typical of Parliamentary governments , where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament , which in many respects is supreme . In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967 , the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . Extent of land ownership and practice of profession , in this case , were held to be a fundamental right . The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 . The Constitution and the Judiciary The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter . It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution , to be its watchdog , by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive , who otherwise , are free to enact or implement these , from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution . It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people , as enshrined in the Constitution , from infringement by any organ of the state . It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states , as assigned to them by the Constitution . While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate , it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state , citizens or interest groups . And crucially , independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution , and which being inalienable , has come to mean -- that which can not be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive . Judicial review Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution , Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13 . Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy . Article 13 states that : All pre-constitutional laws , if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution , shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict . In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force , if it is compatible with the constitution as amended . This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse . In a similar manner , laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution , otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio . In such situations , the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution . If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency , and where a separation is possible , the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void . In addition to article 13 , articles 32 , 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India . Due to the adoption of the thirty - eighth amendment , the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies . Later with the Forty - second Amendment of the Constitution of India , article 31 C was widened and article 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ) were added , which stated that any law passed by the parliament ca n't be challenged in the court on any ground . The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore ca n't be taken away quashing Article 368 ( 4 ) & ( 5 ) as well as 31 C . The Constitution -- a living document `` The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document , and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy , respectively ) acting together , as its chief instruments and its conscience , in realising the goals set by it for all the people . '' The Constitution 's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities , though not in vague terms , instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute , so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time , to apply to new and ever - changing and demanding situations , making the Constitution a living and an organic document . Justice Marshall asserts : `` It is the nature of ( a ) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked '' . It is a document intended `` to endure for ages '' and therefore , it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively , in the existing social and political context . For instance , `` right to life '' as guaranteed under Article 21 , has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights In the conclusion of his Making of India 's Constitution , Justice Khanna writes : `` If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . '' See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code of India Notes ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 till the nation split up in 1990 . Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally . Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956 , whereas newly added Part IVA , IXA , IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Although the last article of the Constitution is Article 395 , the total number , as of March 2013 is 465 . New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location in the original constitution . In order not to disturb the original numbering , the new articles are inserted with alpha numeric enumerations . For example , Article 21A pertaining to Right to Education was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act . Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment , the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993 . Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state , administered federally , usually populated by a predominant Scheduled Tribe . Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people , identified in the Constitution , struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50 , have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art . 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' Jump up ^ Right to speedy trial Right to water Right to livelihood Right to health Right to education References Jump up ^ `` Preface , The constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co. p. 3 . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . The Hindu : opinion . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Hari ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . p. 120 . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors . '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . p. 18 / 30 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law & Justice . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Constitution Day '' . 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day , saluting two remarkable judges , Firstpost , 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day , DNA India , 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS '' . India Code Information System . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' . www.wdl.org . World Digital Library . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sridhar , Madabhushi . `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ) , Hyderabad . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Borrowed features of Constitution '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Miglani , Dr. Deepak . `` Constitution of India : A ' Bag of Borrowings ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest '' . scocablog.com . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india '' . Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chishti , Seema ; Anand , Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless , needless '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 28 August 1976 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights . but in a landmark judgement in 2007 , the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs . v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 ^ Jump up to : Menon , N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Parliament and the Judiciary '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 3.2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar , R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad , R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen . `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play '' . Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) . Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . p. 568 . ISBN 9788180382536 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : aDvantage . `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law '' . www.legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780674047662 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal , Milan ( 2008 ) . `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law '' . Boston College International Comparative Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ) . Hasan , Zoya ; Sridharan , E. ; Sudarshan , R. , eds . Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas , Practices , Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed . ) . Delhi : Permanent Black . p. 187 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Bishwajit . `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC '' . the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution . `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary '' . Chapter 1 . New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ) . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events , Processes and Ideology ( First ed . ) . Oxon ( UK ) , New York ( USA ) : Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` A step in the Wrong Direction '' . The Week . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ V. Venkatesan -- A fresh look at the relevance of three early doctrines that have defined the Indian Constitution over the years . Front - line ( Vol. 29 -- Issue 05 : : 10 -- 23 Mar. 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jain , M.P. ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh , Jindal Global Law School . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 9780674047662 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Vikram ( 2010 ) . `` The biographer of the Indian constitution '' . Seminar . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari , Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections '' . ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ H.R. Khanna . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co , Lucknow , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Bibliography Khanna , Justice H.R ( 2015 ) . Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008 , ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6 . Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8 . Austin , Granville ( 2003 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7 . Baruah , Aparajita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1965 ) . Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ) . 1 -- 2 . S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd . Basu , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1981 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . Prentice - Hall of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2 . Das , Hari Hara ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Dash , Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ) . The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study . Chaitanya Pub . House . Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . ISBN 9788180382536 . Ghosh , Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ) . The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed . World Press . Jayapalan , N. ( 1998 ) . Constitutional History of India . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4 . Khanna , Hans Raj ( 1981 ) . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Rahulrai , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Pylee , M.V. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8 . Sen , Sarbani ( 2007 ) . The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4 . Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . External links Find more aboutConstitution of Indiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Original as published in the Gazette of India Original Unamended version of the Constitution of India Ministry of Law and Justice of India -- The Constitution of India Page Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008 Constitutional predilections `` Constitution of India '' . 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Magic in Harry Potter

Magic in Harry Potter - wikipedia Magic in Harry Potter In J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series , magic is depicted as a supernatural force that can be used to override the usual laws of nature . Many fictional magical creatures exist in the series , while ordinary creatures sometimes exhibit new magical properties in the novel 's world . Objects , too , can be enhanced or imbued with magical property . The small percentage of humans who are able to perform magic are referred to as witches and wizards , in contrast to the non-magical muggles ( British English ) or No - Majs ( American English ) . In humans , magic or the lack thereof is an inborn attribute . It is inherited , carried on `` dominant resilient genes '' . Magic is the norm for the children of magical couples and less common in those of muggles . Exceptions exist : those unable to do magic who are born to magical parents are known as squibs , whereas a witch or wizard born to muggle parents is known as a muggle - born , or by the derogatory term `` mudblood '' . While muggle - borns are quite common , squibs are extremely rare . Rowling based many magical elements of the Harry Potter universe on real - world mythology and magic . She has described this as `` a way of giving texture to the world '' . The books present the idea that the Muggle interpretation of these stories is a distorted version of what goes on in the wizarding world . The magic of Harry Potter became the subject of a 2017 British Library exhibition and accompanying documentary . The exhibition , entitled Harry Potter : A History of Magic , is the first at the British Library to feature a living author as its subject . Contents 1 Using magic 1.1 Spellcasting 2 The limits of magic 2.1 Death 2.2 Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's Law of Elemental Transfiguration 2.3 Emotion 3 Magical abilities 3.1 Animagi 3.2 Metamorphmagi 3.3 Parseltongue 3.4 Seers 3.5 Legilimency and Occlumency 3.6 Apparition and Disapparition 3.7 Other teleportation 3.8 Veela charm 3.9 Magical resistance 4 Subjects at Hogwarts 4.1 Transfiguration 4.2 Defence Against the Dark Arts 4.3 Charms 4.4 Potions 4.5 Astronomy 4.6 History of Magic 4.7 Herbology 4.8 Arithmancy 4.9 Study of Ancient Runes 4.10 Divination 4.11 Care of Magical Creatures 4.12 Muggle Studies 4.13 Alchemy 4.14 Flying 4.15 Apparition 5 Spell - like effects 5.1 Unbreakable Vow 5.2 Priori Incantatem 6 Dark Arts 6.1 Unforgivable Curses 6.2 Dark Mark 6.3 Inferius 6.4 Horcrux 7 Portraits 7.1 Portraits in the Headmaster 's office 7.2 The Fat Lady 7.3 Photographs 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Using magic ( edit ) Witches and wizards need training to learn how to control their magic . With young and untrained children , magic will manifest itself subconsciously in moments of strong apprehension , fear , anger and sadness . For example , Harry Potter once made his hair grow back after a bad haircut , set a boa constrictor on his cousin Dudley at the London Zoo , and made Aunt Marge inflate to an enormous size . While this reaction is usually uncontrollable , as an untrained child , Lord Voldemort was able to make things move without touching them , make animals do what he wanted without training them , make `` bad things happen to people '' who annoyed him , or make them hurt if he wanted to . In addition , Lily Potter was able to guide and control the blooming of a flower by wanting to . Almost all magic is done with the use of a wand . On the subject of wandless magic , Rowling says : `` You can do unfocused and uncontrolled magic without a wand ( for instance when Harry blows up Aunt Marge ) but to do really good spells , yes , you need a wand . '' A wizard or witch is only at their best when using their own wand . When using another 's wand , one 's spells are not as strong as they normally would be . Within the books , technical details of magic are obscure . Of Harry 's lessons , only those involving magical creatures , potions or divination are given in any detail . Severus Snape once told Harry Potter that `` Time and space matter in magic '' during Harry 's first Occlumency lesson in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Albus Dumbledore told Harry after finding the magically concealed boat to reach the locket Horcrux that `` Magic always leaves traces , sometimes very distinctive traces . '' Spellcasting ( edit ) Spells are the every - purpose tools of a wizard or witch ; short bursts of magic used to accomplish single specialised tasks such as opening locks or creating fire . Typically casting requires an incantation , most often in a modified form of Latin ( see Dog Latin ) , and gesturing with a wand . However , Rowling has revealed that particularly talented wizards can cast spells without the aid of wand , although magic produced with one is generally more precise and powerful . Spells can also be cast non-verbally , but with a magical wand . This special technique is taught in the sixth year of study at Hogwarts and requires the caster to concentrate on the incantation . Some spells ( e.g. Levicorpus ) are apparently designed to be used non-verbally . While most magic shown in the books requires the caster to use their voice , some do not ( and this may depend on the witch or wizard ) . Dumbledore has been known to do impressive feats of magic without speaking , such as conjuring enough squashy purple sleeping bags to accommodate the entire student population or during his duel with Voldemort towards the end of Order of the Phoenix . It is possible to use a wand without holding it . In Order of the Phoenix , Harry himself performs Lumos to light his wand when it is lying on the ground somewhere near him . Additionally , Animagi and Metamorphmagi do not need wands to undergo their transformations . Spells are divided into rough categories , such as `` charms '' , `` curses '' , `` hexes '' , or `` jinxes '' . Although offensive and potentially dangerous curses exist in number , three are considered usable only for great evil , which earns them the special classification of `` Unforgivable Curses '' . The limits of magic ( edit ) Before publishing the first Harry Potter novel , Rowling spent five years establishing the limitations of magic -- determining what it could and could not do . `` The most important thing to decide when you 're creating a fantasy world , '' she said in 2000 , `` is what the characters ca n't do . '' For instance , while it is possible to conjure things out of thin air , it is far more tricky to create something that fits an exact specification rather than a general one ; moreover , any objects so conjured tend not to last . Death ( edit ) Rowling has described death as the most important theme in the books . Consequently , as Dumbledore states in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , there is no spell that can truly bring the dead back to life . While corpses can be transformed into obedient Inferi on a living wizard 's command , they are little more than zombies with no soul or will of their own . However , there are some methods of communicating with the dead , though with limited results . For example , all Hogwarts headmasters appear in a portrait when they die , allowing consultation by future generations . It is also possible through the rare Priori Incantatem effect to converse with ghost - like `` shadows '' of magically murdered people . The Resurrection Stone also allows one to talk to the dead , but those brought back by the Stone are not corporeal , nor do they wish to be disturbed from their peaceful rest . Throughout the series , this limit is continually mentioned , and wizards try to transcend it at their own peril . Likewise , it is not possible to make oneself immortal unless one makes use of an object of great power to sustain life , such as the Philosopher 's Stone or horcruxes . If one were to possess the three Deathly Hallows , it is fabled that they would possess the tools to become the `` master of death '' . However , it is hinted that to be a true `` master of death '' is to be willing to accept that death is inevitable . Other methods of extending life include drinking unicorn blood , which will keep a person alive even if death is imminent , but at the terrible price of being cursed forever . Being magical can contribute to one 's longevity , as there are several characters in the series who are unusually long - lived ( such as Griselda Marchbanks , who was an invigilator during Albus Dumbledore 's O.W.L examinations ) . It is revealed by Nearly Headless Nick in the fifth book that all witches and wizards have the choice of becoming ghosts upon dying ; however , it is described as `` a pale imitation of life '' . Snape states that a ghost is merely `` the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth '' . Death is studied at the Department of Mysteries in a chamber containing an enigmatic veil , which Rowling has described as `` the divide between life and death '' . With regard to what is on the other side , she elaborated : `` Do I believe you go on ? Yes , I do believe you go on . I do believe in an afterlife , although I 'm absolutely doubt - ridden and always have been but there you are . '' Sirius falls through this veil in Order of the Phoenix after he is hit with a curse from Bellatrix . Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's law of Elemental Transfiguration ( edit ) The Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's Law of Elemental Transfiguration is a magical theory mentioned by Hermione and later repeated by Ron in the final book . She explains that food is one of these : witches or wizards can cook and prepare food using magic , and even multiply it , but not create it out of nothing . There are numerous examples in the series of food appearing to have been conjured from nothing , such as the sudden materialisation of ingredients in the pots of Molly Weasley 's kitchen and when Professor McGonagall creates a self - refilling plate of sandwiches for Harry and Ron in Chamber of Secrets . In all cases , these events can be reasonably explained as food either being multiplied or transported from elsewhere . One example of the latter is banqueting at Hogwarts -- the food is prepared by elves in the kitchens and laid onto four replica tables , directly below the actual house tables in the Great Hall . The food is then magically transported to the tables . This is the only exception mentioned explicitly in the series . However , Rowling herself has stated once in an interview that money is something wizards can not simply materialise out of thin air , or the economic system of the wizarding world would then be gravely flawed and disrupted . While the Philosopher 's Stone does permit alchemy , this is portrayed as an extremely rare , even unique , object , whose owner does not exploit its powers . Emotion ( edit ) As explained earlier , young untrained wizards can trigger uncontrolled magic when they are in the state of heightened emotions . But emotions also affect trained witches and wizards and their magical abilities . For instance , in Half - Blood Prince , a heartbroken Nymphadora Tonks temporarily loses her power as a Metamorphmagus when Remus Lupin starts distancing himself from her . The form of her Patronus changes to reflect her depression . Another example is Merope Gaunt , who only demonstrated any magical ability when removed from her father 's oppression , but then lost it again when her husband abandoned her . Several magical spells require the use of certain emotions when casting them . The Patronus charm , for example , requires the caster to concentrate on a happy memory . ( Force of will , under extenuating circumstances , helps a lot . An example of this is when Harry is able to conjure a corporeal Patronus when Sirius is in danger of being administered the Dementor 's Kiss . ) Another example is the Cruciatus Curse , which causes immense pain ; as Harry discovers during a duel with Bellatrix Lestrange , effective use of this forbidden dark magic requires sadistic desires . Love ( in its broadest meaning ) is depicted as a particularly powerful form of magic . According to Dumbledore , love is a `` force that is at once more wonderful and more terrible than death , than human intelligence , than forces of nature . '' Lily 's voluntary sacrifice on Harry 's behalf saves him from Voldemort as a baby , and Harry makes a similar sacrifice to save his friends at the end of Deathly Hallows . A certain key prophecy in the series describes Harry as having `` power the Dark Lord knows not '' , referencing his capacity for love . True love is impossible to create magically ; Amortentia , a love potion , can only create a powerful sense of infatuation and obsession . Magical abilities ( edit ) The following is a list of special abilities that a wizard or witch in the Harry Potter universe may have . Animagi ( edit ) An Animagus ( portmanteau of animal and magus ) is a witch or wizard who can turn into a particular animal or magical creature at will . This ability is not innate : it must be acquired by magical means . All Animagi must register at a central authority by law , though a number of characters are revealed over the course of the series to have remained unregistered illegally : James Potter , Sirius Black , Peter Pettigrew and Rita Skeeter . Animagi transformation can be performed wandlessly . Sirius and Peter are left wandless for over 10 years , but both retain the ability with no apparent ill effects . When Animagi transform , they take on the appearance of a normal animal . However , in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , it is noted that Ron 's pet rat Scabbers ( later revealed as Peter Pettigrew 's Animagus form ) has lived over twelve years when only expected to live three . Also , an Animagus in animal form retains the ability to think like a human , which is the principal difference between being an animagus and being transfigured into an animal . Otherwise , they would forget that they were a wizard and be trapped , unknowingly , in this form unless transformed back by another wizard . Characteristics of an Animagus ' human form can manifest themselves in the animal transformation ; for example , the markings around McGonagall 's eyes as a cat resemble her glasses . When an Animagus registers , they must record all the defining physical traits of their animal form so that the Ministry can identify them . Each Animagus has a specific animal form , and can not transform into any other animal . The animal can not be chosen : it is uniquely suited to that individual 's personality , and in most cases the Animagus will change into the same animal used in the person 's Patronus Charm . Explicit emphasis is placed in the books on the differences between Animagi and werewolves . Animagi have full control over their transformations and retain their minds , whereas werewolves ' transformations are involuntary and include severe changes in personality . After the person has transformed into a werewolf , he no longer remembers who he is ; he would kill his best friend if he got anywhere near him . A werewolf only responds to the call of his own kind . The only way that a werewolf can retain his sanity , intelligence and memory while transformed is using the Wolfsbane Potion . Metamorphmagi ( edit ) A Metamorphmagus ( a portmanteau of metamorph and magus ) is a witch or wizard born with the innate ability to change some or all of their appearance at will . The talent can not be acquired ; a witch or wizard who has it must be born with it . Nymphadora Tonks and her son , Teddy Lupin are currently the only known Metamorphmagi in the series ; it is a very rare ability , possibly hereditary . Tonks is known to change her hair colour and style according to her mood . She even appears as an old woman on occasion . She can also change her nose appearance , as she does when eating with the Weasley family to entertain Ginny and Hermione . Her son , Teddy Lupin , also inherited this trait , as his hair is mentioned repeatedly changing colour . The extent of these appearance - altering abilities and the limits thereof are not entirely clear . According to Rowling , a Metamorphmagus can alter his or her appearance completely , for instance , from black to white , young to old , handsome to plain and so on . In one example , Tonks changes her facial appearance by reshaping her nose into `` a beaklike protuberance like Snape 's '' , to `` something resembling a button mushroom '' , and `` one like a pig snout '' which reminded Harry of his cousin Dudley . The emotional state of a Metamorphmagus can affect their abilities . Parseltongue ( edit ) Parseltongue is the language of snakes . It is often associated with Dark Magic , although Dumbledore stated that it is not necessarily an evil quality . Those possessing the ability to speak it ( `` Parselmouths '' ) occur very rarely . People apparently acquire the skill through learning or via a method of xenoglossia , such as through genetic inheritance ( or by use of Dark or dangerous Magic ) . Harry was a Parselmouth until the age of 17 . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets explains this was because of Voldemort 's passing on some of his abilities to Harry the night he tried to kill him . Deathly Hallows reveals that a part of Voldemort 's soul within Harry grants him this ability , which is later destroyed leaving Harry stripped of the ability . Other known Parselmouths include Salazar Slytherin and his descendants , including the Gaunts and Voldemort . Dumbledore can also understand Parseltongue ; however , he learned it and did not naturally possess the ability . In Half - Blood Prince he repeats Morfin Gaunt 's words `` the big house over the way '' , which were spoken in Parseltongue . Ron uses Parseltongue in the final book to reopen the Chamber of Secrets , but he is only imitating the sound of a phrase Harry used earlier in the book . Rowling borrowed the term from `` an old word for someone who has a problem with the mouth , like a hare lip '' . Professor Francis Nolan , Professor of Phonetics at University of Cambridge , designed the version of Parseltongue used in the films as an ergative - absolutive language featuring geminate consonants and VSO word order . It has a high frequency of fricative and pharyngeal consonants to acoustically approximate the physiology of a snake . Seers ( edit ) A Seer is a witch or wizard with the clairvoyant ability to predict future events . The predictions given through this ability can sometimes be self - fulfilling prophecies , and Dumbledore states in Order of the Phoenix that not all of them come true , depending on the choices made by those mentioned . This would seem to indicate that a Seer predicts possible or likely events , at least in some cases . In the Hall of Prophecy at the Department of Mysteries , thousands upon thousands of glass spheres are imbued with records of prophecies made by Seers . Only a person mentioned in a prophecy can safely retrieve it ; anyone else who tries to do so will be driven insane . According to McGonagall , true Seers are extremely rare . Sybill Trelawney is the only Seer portrayed in the books , although it is mentioned that Sybill 's great - great - grandmother , Cassandra Trelawney , was a renowned Seer in her day . Trelawney is considered an `` old fraud '' by her students , and is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in the fifth book for it . However , she has twice made true prophecies . Sybill Trelawney is noted to never remember that she has made a prophecy when it is a true one . She speaks in a hoarse voice , and only if a wizard is present will anyone know about it . Legilimency and Occlumency ( edit ) Legilimency is the magical skill of extracting feelings and memories from another person 's mind -- a form of magical `` telepathy '' ( although Snape , an able practitioner of the art , dismisses the colloquial term `` mind - reading '' , as a drastic oversimplification ) . It also allows one to convey visions or memories to another person , whether real or imaginary . A witch or wizard possessing this skill is called a Legilimens , and can , for example , detect lies and deceit in another person , witness memories in another person 's past , or `` plant '' false visions in another 's mind . The counter-skill to Legilimency is Occlumency ( and its user , known as an Occlumens ) , by which one can compartmentalize one 's emotions , or prevent a Legilimens from discovering thoughts or memories which contradict one 's spoken words or actions . An advanced form of Occlumency is planting false temporary memories inside an Occlumens ' own head while blocking all other true memories , so if a Legilimens , even a highly skilled one , were to attempt to read the mind , he or she would find false memories only and believe everything was right . The skills are first elaborated in Order of the Phoenix . Legilimency and Occlumency are not part of the normal curriculum at Hogwarts , and most students would graduate without learning them . Voldemort , Snape , and Dumbledore are all known to be skilled in Legilimency and Occlumency . Voldemort is said to be the master of Legilimency by Snape , as he , in almost all cases , immediately knows if someone lied to him . In addition , in Deathly Hallows , Voldemort repeatedly uses Legilimency to interrogate his victims . Voldemort practices Occlumency throughout the period of Half - Blood Prince to deny Harry access to his thoughts and emotions . However , in Deathly Hallows , Voldemort repeatedly loses grip , resulting in occasional but very powerful burst of thoughts , visions and emotions to be sent to Harry . Throughout the books , Snape is repeatedly said to be highly skilled in Occlumency . This is how Snape was able to lie to Voldemort for years . Even before Order of the Phoenix , Harry repeatedly gets the impression that Snape can read minds . Bellatrix Lestrange and Draco also have skill in Occlumency , since Bellatrix was clearly said to have taught Draco to shield his thoughts from Snape . During the Order of Phoenix Snape is instructed by Dumbledore to give Harry lessons in Occlumency . Whether as a result of Snape 's poor instruction , or poor aptitude on Harry 's part , Harry did not make any progress . ( Only once did Harry manage to overcome Snape with the use of Occlumency . ) In Deathly Hallows , Harry finally masters Occlumency -- shutting his mind to Voldemort -- when Dobby dies . He realises that his grief -- or as Dumbledore calls it , love -- is what can block out the Dark Lord . Queenie Goldstein , in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , is shown to be a proficient Legilimens , as she is able to read the minds of Jacob Kowalski and others in the film , as well as sense and hear them through their thoughts . Apparition and Disapparition ( edit ) Apparition is a magical form of teleportation , through which a witch or wizard can disappear ( `` Disapparate '' ) from one location and reappear ( `` Apparate '' ) in another . It is sometimes accompanied by a distinctive cracking or popping sound , though the most skilled wizards can Apparate `` so suddenly and silently '' that they seem to have `` popped out of the ground '' ( Dumbledore ) . The act is also accompanied by a very unpleasant squeezing sensation , as though being sent through a tight rubber tube , according to Harry . The Ministry of Magic licenses Apparition . A witch or wizard must be 17 years old or older and have a licence to Apparate as a means of transportation in much the same way real - world governments require individuals to have a licence to drive a motor vehicle . Students at Hogwarts may attend Ministry - administered Apparition lessons during their sixth year , and take their examination once they turn seventeen . It is shown that although it is possible to Apparate without a licence , it is not usually done ( unless in lessons ) and is illegal . In Deathly Hallows , Harry does not possess a licence , but since his Trace has been lifted , the Ministry is likely unaware that he does it . Learning to Apparate is difficult , and students run the risk of splinching -- being physically split between the origin and destination -- which requires the assistance of the Ministry 's Accidental Magic Reversal Squad to undo properly , although essence of dittany can also mend certain wounds . Splinching is quite common during lessons , and can be uncomfortable ( and at times rather gruesome ) depending on the body parts splinched , but is ultimately harmless if properly reversed . It is implied that though Ron can Apparate , he is n't terribly skilled at it , seeing as he splinches himself at least three times ( once losing half an eyebrow , two fingernails and part of his arm . ) ; Harry and Hermione both pick up the skill quickly in comparison . As explained in the Half - Blood Prince , there is no word spell to Apparate or Disapparate , but the caster has to concentrate on the location on which he has to apparate , needs to be fully focused on the spell , and also has to `` feel '' it through the whole body . It has been indicated that it is considered rude to Apparate directly into a private area , such as a home . Dumbledore states in Half - Blood Prince that it would be `` quite as rude as kicking down the front door '' . For this reason , and for reasons of security , many homes have Anti-Apparition spells protecting them from uninvited intrusions . The accepted way to travel to a home is to Apparate to a nearby location and continue to the final destination on foot . Apparition is considered unreliable over long distances , and even experienced users of the technique sometimes prefer other means of transport , such as broomsticks . Rowling has stated that Apparating over long distances depends on the skill of the wizard , and `` Cross-continental Apparition would almost certainly result in severe injury or death . '' Indeed , even the prodigiously skilled Lord Voldemort elects to fly back to England after visiting the far - flung Nurmengard . For reasons of security , the grounds and buildings of Hogwarts are protected by ancient Anti-Apparition and Anti-Disapparition spells , which prevent humans from Apparating on the school grounds . There is also a spell that prevents individuals from Disapparating , which Dumbledore places on the Death Eaters captured at the Ministry in Order of the Phoenix ; a sister spell , which allows one to Apparate into a location but prevents them from Disapparating out of it , is cast by the Death Eaters in Hogsmeade in concordance with the Caterwauling Charm . Dumbledore is the only person who can both Apparate and Disapparate from the school grounds , since he is the headmaster . A witch or wizard can use Side - Along Apparition to take others with them during Apparition . Dumbledore successfully transports Harry this way several times in Half - Blood Prince , and notably , Harry 's first non-lesson attempt at the skill is the Side - Along Apparition with the weakened Dumbledore when they return from the seaside cave . In the Order of the Phoenix film , Death Eaters and Order members Apparate and Disapparate in clouds of smoke . Death Eaters appear and disappear in black smoke , Order members in white . In the film , both sides also appear to be able to `` half - apparate '' in which their bodies were made out of smoke , giving them the ability to fly . Both times Fred and George apparated and disapparated , they did it with a pop as in the books . In the books , the words `` Apparate '' and `` Disapparate '' , like many other neologisms used by Rowling , are capitalised , whereas established English words such as `` jinx '' and `` hex '' are not . The words themselves are most likely derived from the French apparaître and disparaître , meaning ' to appear ' and ' to disappear ' . Another possible derivation is from the English word `` apparition '' , meaning `` a supernatural appearance of a person or thing ; anything that appears , especially something remarkable or startling ; an act of appearing '' , which comes from the Latin `` apparitio '' , meaning attendance . `` Disapparate '' probably comes from the same word but with the prefix : `` dis - '' expressing negation or reversal . Other teleportation ( edit ) Some magical creatures have their own forms of instantaneous travel , such as a house elf 's ability to teleport or a phoenix 's ability to appear and disappear in a burst of flame . Unlike wizards , these creatures are not restricted by anti-Apparition magic . Dobby , Kreacher and the rest of the house - elf population can Apparate within the Hogwarts grounds , as they demonstrate on multiple occasions , most notably when Dobby visits Harry in the hospital wing , and when Harry summons Dobby and Kreacher and assigns them to tail Draco Malfoy . Fawkes disapparates from the headmaster 's office at Hogwarts along with Dumbledore when the latter evades arrest at the hands of Ministry officials in Order of the Phoenix . Some magical devices like the Floo Network , Portkeys and Vanishing Cabinets also provide forms of magical teleportation . Veela charm ( edit ) An ability attributed to Veela and those of Veela heritage , such as Fleur Delacour . It is used to charm males , much like the Sirens in The Odyssey . Men who are exposed to it over time become more resistant to it , although the Veela charm takes full effect if the Veela surprises the man , as noted by Ron in Half - Blood Prince . As shown in Goblet of Fire , Veela hair can be used as cores to create magical wands . According to famed wandmaker Mr. Ollivander , these wands are a little `` temperamental '' . Magical resistance ( edit ) This refers to a certain degree of immunity against hexes and spells found in powerful creatures such as trolls , dragons , and giants . Hagrid is resistant to certain spells , like the Stunning Spell , due to his giant blood . This type of resistance is not insurmountable ; if enough Stunning Spells , for example , are fired at a creature with magical resistance at once , the creature may still be rendered unconscious . Also , wizards and witches can resist certain spells with the power of their own sheer will , such as Harry did in Goblet of Fire , when Barty Crouch Jr. disguised as Alastor Moody tried to control Harry with the Imperius curse and Harry resisted . Subjects at Hogwarts ( edit ) At Hogwarts , students must study a core group of subjects for the first two years , after which they must choose between several electives . During their final two years , students are permitted to take more specialized subjects such as Alchemy . Transfiguration , Defence Against the Dark Arts , Charms , Potions , Astronomy , History of Magic , and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years , as well as flying lessons . At the end of their second year , students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year . The five choices are Arithmancy , Muggle Studies , Divination , Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures . Very specialised subjects such as Alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years , if there is sufficient demand . There is a total of twelve named Professors at Hogwarts , each specializing in one of these subjects . Transfiguration ( edit ) Transfiguration is essentially the art of changing the properties of an object . Transfiguration is a theory - based subject , including topics such as `` Switching Spells '' ( altering only a part of some object , such as when Hagrid gave Dudley a pig tail ) ; Vanishing Spells ( causing an object to completely disappear ) ; and Conjuring Spells ( creating objects out of thin air ) . It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa -- Minerva McGonagall , the class 's teacher , transfigures her desk into a pig and back in Philosopher 's Stone . Defence Against the Dark Arts ( edit ) Defence Against the Dark Arts , commonly shortened to D.A.D.A. , is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts , and to be protected from Dark creatures . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with Death - Eaters in charge of the school , the subject is renamed the Dark Arts , and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions . The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members -- throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year . Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject . During the period the story takes place , the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell ( book one ) , Gilderoy Lockhart ( book two ) , Remus Lupin ( book three ) , Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor `` Mad - eye '' Moody ( book four ) , Dolores Umbridge ( book five ) , Severus Snape ( book six ) , and Amycus Carrow ( book seven ) . Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that `` They 're startin ' ter think the job 's jinxed . No one 's lasted long for a while now . '' In Half - Blood Prince , Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected . The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling . The position had also been coveted by Snape , but he was denied the position as well . Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half - Blood Prince . Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died , the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue , set nineteen years afterwards . Furthermore , she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject . Charms ( edit ) Charms is the class that teaches how to develop incantations for the uses of bewitchment . Rowling has described Charms as a type of magic spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties . Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic , as the lessons are largely practical . Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in Charms classes , which are on the second floor of Hogwarts . The class is taught by Filius Flitwick . Potions ( edit ) Further information : Potions in Harry Potter Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects . It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures . As to the question of whether a muggle could brew a potion , given the correct magical ingredients , Rowling has said , `` Potions seems , on the face of it , to be the most muggle - friendly subject . But there does come a point in which you need to do more than stir . '' Rowling later confirmed on Pottermore that `` There is always some element of wandwork necessary to make a potion . '' Snape 's lessons are depicted as unhappy , oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle , whilst Slughorn 's , who replaces Snape as Potions Master , are shown as more cheerful and even fun at times . Astronomy ( edit ) Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy Tower , the tallest tower in Hogwarts , and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra . Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes . No astronomy lessons are shown in the books , but they are frequently referenced . Rowling describes one of Harry 's Astronomy exams in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Also , bits of the Astronomy Tower are seen throughout the film series , such as HP2 and HP3 , and featured in Half - Blood Prince , as the place where Dumbledore died , and seen in Deathly Hallows . Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars , constellations and planets , and their location , movements , and environments . History of magic ( edit ) History of Magic is the study of magical history . Cuthbert Binns ' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts . They are only lectures , given without pause , about significant events in wizarding history . Topics have included goblin rebellions , giant wars , and the origins of wizarding secrecy . This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost , as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed . Herbology ( edit ) Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of , utilise and combat them . There are at least three greenhouses described in the books , holding a variety of magical plants . Herbology is also the only subject Neville excels in . The epilogue to Deathly Hallows explains that he later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher . Arithmancy ( edit ) Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers . As Harry Potter does not take this subject , the class is never described in the books . It is , however , a favourite subject of Hermione . Arithmancy is reportedly difficult , as it requires memorising or working with many charts . In Order of the Phoenix , it is mentioned that the study of Arithmancy is required to become a Curse - Breaker for Gringotts . The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector . Study of ancient Runes ( edit ) Study of Ancient Runes , more commonly known as Ancient Runes , is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts . Because only Hermione studies it , little else is known about this subject , taught by Professor Bathsheba Babbling . In Deathly Hallows Dumbledore bequeaths his copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , which is written in ancient runes , to Hermione . Divination ( edit ) Divination is the art of predicting the future . Various methods are described , including tea leaves , fire omens , crystal balls , palmistry , cartomancy ( including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot ) , astrology , and dream interpretations . Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as `` one of the most imprecise branches of magic '' . Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts such as the `` Inner Eye '' . Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent . Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney , and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in Harry 's fifth year . In the sixth ( and presumably seventh ) year , Firenze and Professor Trelawney share Divination classes , divided by year . Care of magical creatures ( edit ) Care of Magical Creatures is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts . Classes are held outside the castle . In Harry 's first two years , the class is taken by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires `` in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs '' . Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties . Although Hagrid is obviously very experienced and knowledgeable , he does n't `` have a normal person 's view of what 's dangerous '' , an example being that the Care of Magical Creatures students were required to get a literally ferocious textbook called the `` Monster Book of Monsters '' , and so consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students , which sometimes results in chaos . When Hagrid is absent , his lessons are taken over by Wilhelmina Grubbly - Plank , a witch and an acquaintance of Dumbledore 's . Muggle Studies ( edit ) Muggle Studies is a class which involves the study of the muggle ( non-magical ) culture `` from a wizarding point of view . '' The only need for witches and wizards to learn about muggle ways and means is to ensure they can blend in with muggles while needing to do so ( for example , at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup ) . As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Hermione , and for just one year , little is known about its curriculum . In the opening chapter of the final book , Voldemort murders Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure - blood origins . For the rest of the academic year covered by Deathly Hallows , the Death Eater Alecto Carrow teaches Muggle Studies . However , her lessons ( which are made compulsory ) mainly describe muggles and muggle - borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution . Alchemy ( edit ) Alchemy classes are not mentioned in the Harry Potter series ; however , Rowling has used Alchemy as an example of a ' specialized ' subject offered when there is sufficient demand . Alchemy is a philosophical tradition searching for the philosopher 's stone , which is said to have the power to turn base metals into gold and to contain the elixir of life , which makes or keeps the drinker young and immortal . As mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Nicholas Flamel created a Philosopher 's Stone , but it was destroyed at the end of Harry 's first year . Flying ( edit ) Flying is the class that teaches the use of broomsticks made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch . The subject is the only one that requires physicality . The only flying lesson depicted in the Harry Potter series is in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Apparition ( edit ) Apparition is an optional class for those in the sixth and seventh years at Hogwarts , in preparation for obtaining their licence . In Harry 's sixth year , Wilkie Twycross , a Ministry of Magic Apparition instructor , teaches the lessons . Magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent Apparition and Disapparition inside the castle ; however Half - Blood Prince explains that these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practice . Students are warned , though , that they will not be able to Apparate outside of the Great Hall and that it would be unwise to try . Spell - like effects ( edit ) Unbreakable Vow ( edit ) The Unbreakable Vow is a voluntary agreement made between two witches or wizards . It must be performed with a witness ( `` Bonder '' ) on hand , holding their wand on the agreeing persons ' linked hands to bind them with magic as a tongue of flame . The Vow is not literally `` unbreakable '' as the person taking it is still able to go back on his or her word , but doing so will cause instant death . The Unbreakable Vow was first introduced in Half - Blood Prince , in which Snape made a promise to Narcissa Malfoy to protect Draco , with Bellatrix as the `` Bonder '' , as her son attempted to fulfil the Dark Lord 's task , and for Snape to fulfil the task if something should prevent Draco from doing it . Another example in Half - Blood Prince occurs when Ron tells Harry how Fred and George tried to make him undertake an Unbreakable Vow , but because of their father 's intervention , they did not succeed . Priori Incantatem ( edit ) Priori Incantatem ( from Latin : priorem incantatum - a previous spell ) , or the Reverse Spell Effect , is used to detect the spells cast by a wand . The spells cast by the wand will emerge in smoky or ghost - like replicas in reverse order , with the latest spell emerging first . It is first encountered in Goblet of Fire when the house elf Winky is found holding Harry 's wand . This spell is used to reveal that it was indeed Harry 's wand that cast the Dark Mark . In Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin 's wand , knowing that , when examined , the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer . In Deathly Hallows , Harry fears that a Priori Incantatem spell will be used on Hermione 's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it . This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly - and - phoenix - feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier . As a result , the protection of the shared cores was lost and , worse still , this would now be made known to Voldemort . During the final duel between Harry and Voldemort , the latter mentions that he knows that the holly and phoenix wand is destroyed , implying that the Priori Incantatem has indeed been performed on Hermione 's wand , as they had feared . Forcing two wands that share the source of their cores to do battle can also cause a more potent form of Priori Incantatem . The tips of the two wands will connect , forming a thick golden `` thread '' of energy , and the two wands ' masters fight a battle of wills . The loser 's wand will regurgitate shadows of spells that it has cast in reverse order . This phenomenon occurs during the duel between Harry and Voldemort at the end of Goblet of Fire . Their simultaneous spells ( Harry and Voldemort cast `` Expelliarmus '' and `` Avada Kedavra '' respectively ) trigger the threads , and as Voldemort loses the battle of wills , his wand regurgitates , in reverse order , echoes of the people his wand had last murdered : Cedric Diggory ; Frank Bryce ; Bertha Jorkins ; as well as Harry 's parents . Harry was previously informed by Mr. Ollivander that the holly wand that `` chose '' Harry was the `` brother '' of the yew wand that gave him the lightning - shaped scar on his forehead , although the significance of this was not discussed then . Dumbledore later reveals to Harry that his and Voldemort 's wands both contain a tail feather given by Dumbledore 's pet phoenix , Fawkes . Dark Arts ( edit ) The Dark Arts are magical spells and practices that are usually used for malicious purposes . Practitioners of Dark Arts are referred to as Dark witches or wizards . The most prominent of these is Voldemort , known to them as the Dark Lord . His followers , known as Death Eaters , practice the Dark Arts while doing his bidding . The type of spells characteristic of Dark Arts are known as curses , which usually cause harm to the target . All , to a certain degree , are in some circumstances justifiable . The motivation of the caster affects a curse 's result . This is most notable in the case of Cruciatus : when cast by Harry , angered by the death of his godfather at Bellatrix 's hands and desiring to punish her , it causes a short moment of pain . As Bellatrix herself comments , righteous anger does not allow the spell to work for long . When cast by figures such as Voldemort , who desire to inflict pain for its own sake , it causes intense agony that can last as long as the Dark witch or wizard desires . Use of Dark Magic can corrupt the soul and body ; Voldemort has used such magic in his quest to prolong his life and obtain great power . The Dark Arts also cause Voldemort to look deformed and inhuman , a side effect of splitting his soul into Horcruxes . According to Snape , the Dark Arts `` are many , varied , ever - changing and eternal ... unfixed , mutating , indestructible '' . In magical dueling , there are any number of spells that may be used to attack , immobilise , or disarm an opponent without causing pain or lasting harm ; however , spells such as the Cruciatus Curse or Sectumsempra , judged to be Dark by reliable authorities , wound or seriously distress a victim in some way . Dark spells can be classified into three groups : jinxes , hexes & curses . In the wizarding world , use of the Dark Arts is strongly stigmatised and even illegal ; however , these spells are prevalent enough that even before the rise of Voldemort , many schools , ( including Hogwarts ) , taught Defence Against the Dark Arts as a standard subject . Techniques include anti-curses and simple spells to disable or disarm attackers or fight off certain creatures . Some schools , such as Durmstrang , teach Dark Magic . A Dark Arts class is also taught at Hogwarts while it is under Death Eater control . Unforgivable curses ( edit ) The Unforgivable Curses are some of the most powerful known Dark Arts spells . They were first classified as unforgivable in 1717 . Used by the books ' villains , such as Voldemort and the Death Eaters and in some cases the Ministry of Magic , their use inspires horror and great fear amongst others . The curses are so named because their use is forbidden and unforgivable in the wizarding world and is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban . The only exception is if a person is proved to have done them under the influence of mind control . These curses are thus very rarely used openly . The Unforgivable Curses include : Avada Kedavra , the Killing Curse . The curse is used for murder . This is one of the most powerful curses . Normally , it can not be stopped or deflected , but it can be dodged or obstructed with a physical object . The spell causes immediate , painless death , and can not be reversed . Casting it requires immense magical power , so much so that the combined power of an entire class of 4th year students is not sufficient for it . The curse , when summoned , is shown as a bright green light ( a bolt or beam of green light in the films ) . Harry Potter is the only person known to have survived ( twice ) , nullified ( once ) and deflected ( once ) this curse . Crucio , the Cruciatus Curse . The curse is used for torturing a person by causing them physical pain and agony . The strength of the curse is determined by the person who cast it . The curse is so powerful that it can even torture a person to the point that they are exhausted to death , or in a more sadistic case , it causes permanent amnesia and insanity ( the case of Neville 's parents , who were tortured by Bellatrix Lestrange ) . Effective casting requires the caster to have sadistic desires . Harry finds out in Order of the Phoenix while attempting to use the Cruciatus Curse on Bellatrix that the caster must truly want their victim to suffer for the spell to work , and that his righteous anger is not enough . The curse , when summoned , is shown in a bright - faded blue light ( though it is usually invisible or even a red bolt of light in the films ) . When Hogwarts was under Death Eater control , the Dark Arts teacher forced the students in his class to use the Cruciatus Curse on students who had been assigned detention . Imperio , the Imperius Curse . The curse is used for mind control or hypnosis and can force the victim to do things he / she would be unwilling to do or even incapable of under normal circumstances . The strength ( and also the duration ) of the curse is determined by the determination of the person who cast it , as well as by the level of resistance of the victim . The curse , when summoned , is shown in a bright haze ( while it was either invisible or green , mist - like haze in the films ) . Harry Potter resisted an Imperius Curse cast by Voldemort . The use of the Unforgivable Curses was authorised against Voldemort and his followers by Bartemius Crouch Sr , during the First Wizarding War . ( Shortly after his resurrection , Voldemort names two Death Eaters `` killed by Aurors '' . ) In addition , in Deathly Hallows , the Unforgivable Curses are used liberally by good characters , ranging from Professor McGonagall with the Imperius Curse , to Harry effectively using the Cruciatus Curse . He also uses the Imperius Curse on a goblin and a suspicious Death Eater during their disguised attack upon Gringotts Bank . Dark Mark ( edit ) The Dark Mark is the symbol of Voldemort and the Death Eaters and takes the form of a skull with a snake coming out of the mouth in place of a tongue . The mark is cast into the sky by Death Eaters whenever they have murdered someone . The spell used by Death Eaters to conjure the Mark is Morsmordre . It first appears in Goblet of Fire and is described as a `` colossal skull , composed of what looked like emerald stars , with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue '' . Once in the sky it was `` blazing in a haze of greenish smoke '' . Dark Marks are also branded on the left forearm of the closest followers of Voldemort . The mark serves as a connection between Voldemort and each who bears it ; he can summon them by touching his mark , causing it and those of his followers to burn and change colour . Death Eaters can summon Voldemort in the same fashion . Following Voldemort 's ultimate defeat , the Dark Marks on his Death Eaters fade into a scar `` similar '' to Harry 's . In the books , the Dark Mark is described as green ; however , in the films , it was only green at the Quidditch World Cup . In all other film appearances it has been grey . Inferius ( edit ) Distinguish from Infernus . An Inferius ( plural : Inferi ) is a corpse controlled through a Dark wizard 's spells . An Inferius is not alive , but a dead body that has been bewitched into acting like a puppet for the witch or wizard ; this manifests itself as a white mist in the controlled corpse 's eyes . They can not think for themselves : they are created to perform a specific duty assigned by the Dark wizard who commands them , and as seen in the Inferi guarding Voldemort 's Horcrux in a seaside cave , remain idle until their task can be performed . This task is then thoughtlessly carried out , whether or not it will produce any result . Inferi are difficult to harm by magic ; however , they can be repelled by fire or any other forms of heat or light , as the Inferi in Voldemort 's cave had never been exposed to either of these elements . When defeated , they return to their idle state . Inferi are considered dangerous and frightening enough by the magical world that impersonating an Inferius ( as Mundungus Fletcher does in Half - Blood Prince ) is an offence worthy of imprisonment in Azkaban . The Ministry of Magic fears that Voldemort is killing enough people to make an army of Inferi : as they are dead , they are very difficult to stop . When Voldemort was hiding one of his Horcruxes in the past , he filled a lake in a cave with many Inferi , which were to attack and drown anyone but Voldemort who came into the cavern and took the locket . When Harry and Dumbledore took the locket , the Inferi attacked Harry ; Dumbledore repelled them with a rope of fire . It is also revealed that the Inferi almost killed Kreacher after he drank from the basin to help Voldemort hide his Horcruxes , but having been ordered to return to his master after his task with Voldemort was complete , he was able to apparate out of the cave . These Inferi later killed Regulus Black when he stole the Horcrux and ordered Kreacher to destroy it . In Latin , the word inferus ( plural : inferi ) means `` below '' , often referring in the plural to `` the gods below '' ( see di inferi ) or the spirits of the dead . Inferius is a neuter singular form of inferior , a comparative adjective meaning `` lower '' . Horcrux ( edit ) See also : Magical objects in Harry Potter § Horcruxes A horcrux is an object created using dark magic to attain effective immortality . The concept is first introduced in the sixth novel , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although horcruxes are present in earlier novels without being described or expanded upon . To create a horcrux , a witch or wizard must first prepare the chosen object in a ritual which is referred to only as `` too horrible to go into detail about '' . Following the preparation of the object , the witch or wizard must then take a life , an act which splits the soul . Following that , further dark rituals are required in order to remove the soul shard from the maker and place it into the prepared object . Once this is done , the Horcrux becomes impervious to almost all forms of destruction , requiring extremely powerful magic or substances to do so . Ordinarily , when one 's body is killed , the soul departs for the next world . If , however , the body of a horcrux owner is killed , that portion of his soul which had remained in his body will not pass on to the next world , but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard . If all of someone 's horcruxes are destroyed , then his soul 's only anchor in the material world would be his body , the destruction of which would then cause his final death . Portraits ( edit ) In the Harry Potter series the subjects of magical portraits ( even those of characters that are dead ) can move , interact with living observers , speak and demonstrate apparent emotion and personality . Some can even move to other portraits to visit each other , or relay messages , or ( if more than one painting of the subject exists ) move between separate locations by way of their portraits . An example of this is Phineas Nigellus Black , who has a painting in the Headmaster 's office and at Number 12 Grimmauld Place . Many such portraits are found on the walls of Hogwarts . Some portraits are used to conceal the entrance of a room or passageway . For example , the Fat Lady 's portrait covers the entrance to the Gryffindor common room , and she can swing the portrait open when given the correct password or close to prevent entry . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , there is a portrait of Ariana Dumbledore in the Room of Requirement that conceals a secret passageway to the Hog 's Head . There is also a painting of a large fruit bowl in front of the Hogwarts kitchen , which will swing open if the pear is tickled to reveal a hidden door . Portraits are enchanted to move by the artist , but the degree to which they can interact with others depends on the power of the subject . Rowling has commented that a portrait is merely a faint imprint of the deceased subject , imitating their basic personality and thought patterns . They are therefore `` not as fully realised as ghosts '' . In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child the portrait of Albus Dumbledore describes himself as only `` paint and memory '' and Professor McGonagall ( his successor as headteacher of Hogwarts ) comments that , although she speaks to Dumbledore to help her in making decisions , she is careful to remember that `` portraits do n't represent even half of their subjects '' . Portraits in the Headmaster 's office ( edit ) The portraits in the Headmaster 's office depict all the former Heads of Hogwarts , with the exception of Dolores Umbridge . They advise the Headmaster and are `` honour - bound to give service to the present headmaster '' ( according to Armando Dippet ) . Rowling has explained that portraits of past headteachers tend to be more realistic than most , as the subject in question usually imparts knowledge and teaches them how to behave before their death . The portrait of Snape was installed in the Headmaster 's Office at Harry 's request . The Fat Lady ( edit ) The portrait of the Fat Lady covers the door to Gryffindor Tower . She will open it ( sometimes grudgingly ) when the correct password is uttered . She is often upset after being awoken , and is sometimes seen drunk with her best friend , Violet . The Fat Lady has no other known name -- even the unfailingly polite Albus Dumbledore refers to her only as `` the Fat Lady '' -- and it may be that she does not represent a real person but is instead an invention of her portrait 's artist . In Philosopher 's Stone , she leaves her portrait in the middle of the night , locking Harry , Ron , Hermione , and Neville out of Gryffindor Tower , forcing them to run across the school . Luckily for them , when they return , she has returned to her portrait , allowing them to escape into Gryffindor Tower . In Prisoner of Azkaban , Sirius Black slashes the Fat Lady 's portrait when she wo n't let him in without a password and it is some time before she dares to guard Gryffindor Tower again . After her portrait is restored , she requests protection in case someone tries to attack her portrait again . Thus , two security trolls are hired . In Half Blood Prince , she gets so annoyed with Harry 's late return that she pretends the password has changed and tries to call him back when he heads off to talk to Dumbledore . When Harry later confirms Dumbledore 's death , she lets out a sob and , for the only time in the series , she opens without the password for Harry in her grief . In the first film the Fat Lady is played by Elizabeth Spriggs , and by Dawn French in the third film . Photographs ( edit ) Wizarding photographs of people have similar properties to magical painted portraits : the figures within move about or even sometimes leave the frame . They appear in wizard newspapers and other print media , as well as on Chocolate Frog cards . Colin Creevey mentions in Chamber of Secrets that a boy in his dormitory said that if he develops the film from his Muggle camera ' in the right potion ' , the pictures will move . However , unlike portraits , figures in wizarding pictures can not speak and display little sentience . It appears that they do have some knowledge of current events , as in Order of the Phoenix , the family photograph on Arthur 's desk shows everyone except Percy `` who appeared to have walked out of it '' , mirroring the deterioration of Percy 's relationship with his family . It is also mentioned that in a photo taken by Colin Creevey of Gilderoy Lockhart and Harry , Harry 's picture had walked out and was resisting all of Lockhart 's efforts to pull him back in . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ jkrowling.com '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter : A History of Magic. 28 October 2017 . BBC . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter 's 20th birthday to be marked with British Library show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.K Rowling Official Site '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ , chapter 13 Jump up ^ `` 2001 : Accio Quote ! , the largest archive of J.K Rowling interviews on the web '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of Magic in North America '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` JKR quotes about `` the rules '' of Harry Potter 's Wizarding World : `` . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and Me . Accio Quote. 28 December 2001 . BBC . Jump up ^ Anelli , Melissa . `` More About that Veil '' . Harry , A History . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. Pottermore Presents : Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78110 - 628 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's Official Site , rumour section '' . Archived from the original on 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix '' , page 85 . Scholastic , 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of JK Rowling web chat -- Harry Potter Beyond '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K Rowling at the Royal Albert Hall 26 June 2003 '' . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Prince , Alan ( 2011 ) . The True Story of Severus Snape : An Essay About Harry Potter 's Most Disputed Character , p. 52 . Jump up ^ , chapter 26 Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Welcome to my new website ! '' . jkrowling.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 1998 : Accio Quote ! , the Largest Archive of J.K. Rowling quotes on the web , quick-quote.quill.org Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Silver and Opals '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jen ( 24 July 2007 ) . `` Stop your sobbing ! More Potter to come '' . TODAYshow.com . NBC . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ 2006 : Accio Quote ! , the largest archive of J.K. Rowling interviews on the web , quick-quote.quill.org Jump up ^ `` Potions '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Steve Vander Ark . `` HP-lexicon.org '' . HP-lexicon.org . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling 's Official Site Archived 24 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ , chapter 9 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles ( 1879 ) . `` q.v. , inferus , as positive noun I.B , as comparative adjective II. A '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Morphology of inferius by The Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` '' PotterCast Interviews J.K. Rowling , part one . '' ( 2007 ) , Accio Quote ! `` . www.accio-quote.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. `` Hogwarts Portraits '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . J.K. Rowling Official Web Site. 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ , chapter 6 Jump up ^ , chapter 7 Further reading ( edit ) Highfield , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Science of Harry Potter : How magic really works . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03153 - 5 . Teare , Elizabeth ( 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the technology of magic '' . In Whited , Lana A . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a literary phenomenon . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . pp. 29 -- 342 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 9 . Black , Sharon ( 2003 ) . `` The Magic of Harry Potter : Symbols and Heroes of Fantasy '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 34 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 247 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1025314919836 . External links ( edit ) Magic on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_in_Harry_Potter&oldid=857107490 '' Categories : Harry Potter universe Magic in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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Gilbert Gottfried

Gilbert Gottfried - wikipedia Gilbert Gottfried Jump to : navigation , search Gilbert Gottfried Gottfried at the Montclair Film Festival in April 2016 ( 1955 - 02 - 28 ) February 28 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Brooklyn , New York City , New York , United States Medium Stand - up , film , television Years active 1970 -- present Genres Satire , crude humor , blue comedy , improvisational comedy , black comedy , insult comedy Subject ( s ) Religion , race relations , racism , pop culture , sex Spouse Dara Kravitz ( m . 2007 ) Website www.gilbertgottfried.com Gilbert Gottfried ( born February 28 , 1955 ) is an American stand - up comedian , actor and voice actor . His numerous roles in film and television include voicing the parrot Iago in Disney 's Aladdin , Digit in the children 's cartoon / educational math - based show Cyberchase and Kraang Subprime in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Gottfried was also the voice of the Aflac Duck until 2011 . Since 2014 , Gottfried has hosted a podcast titled Gilbert Gottfried 's Amazing Colossal Podcast , which airs new episodes each week featuring discussions of classic movies and celebrity interviews , most often with veteran actors , comedians and comedy writers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Early career ( 1970 -- 1998 ) 1.2 Voice acting , television and films ( 1999 -- present ) 2 Personal life 3 Comedic style 4 Controversial jokes 4.1 1991 Emmy Awards 4.2 September 11 joke 4.3 Japanese tsunami jokes 5 Filmography 5.1 Movies 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 5.4 Commercials 6 References 7 External links Career ( edit ) Early career ( 1970 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) At age 15 , Gottfried began doing amateur stand - up in New York City and , after a few years , became known around New York as `` the comedian 's comedian . '' In 1980 , Saturday Night Live was being retooled with a new staff and new comedians ; the producers noticed Gottfried and hired him as a cast member for season 6 . Gottfried 's persona in SNL sketches was very different from his later characterization : he rarely ( if ever ) spoke in his trademark screeching , obnoxious voice and never squinted . During his 12 - episode stint , he was given very little airtime and seldom used in sketches . Gottfried recalls a low point was having to play a corpse in a sketch about a sports organist hired to play inappropriate music at a funeral . Despite this , he had one recurring character ( Leo Waxman , husband to Denny Dillon 's Pinky Waxman on the recurring talk show sketch , `` What 's It All About ? '' ) and two celebrity impersonations : David A. Stockman and controversial film director Roman Polanski . Gottfried at the 1991 Emmy Awards Gottfried also played accountant Sidney Bernstein in the 1987 film Beverly Hills Cop II . Although not a regular , he also appeared in The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys , as well as voicing the crazed dentist Dr. Bender and his son Wendell in The Fairly OddParents and the voice of Jerry the Belly Button Elf on Ren and Stimpy . Three of his most prominent roles came in 1990 , 1991 , and 1992 , when he was cast as the adoption agent Igor Peabody in Problem Child and Problem Child 2 and the parrot Iago in Aladdin . When asked how he prepared for the role , Gottfried said , `` I did the whole DeNiro thing . I moved to South America ! I lived in the trees ! '' Gottfried reprised the role in Aladdin : The Return of Jafar , Aladdin and the King of Thieves , the television series and various related media , such as Kingdom Hearts and House of Mouse . Gottfried also voiced Berkely Beetle in 1994 's Thumbelina . In 1996 , he starred as a talking smoke detector , in `` Be Cool about Fire Safety , '' a short fire safety video for younger audiences . Gottfried was the host of the Saturday edition of USA Up All Night for its entire run from 1989 to 1998 . Voice acting , television and films ( 1999 -- present ) ( edit ) On the most recent version of Hollywood Squares , Gottfried was a regular guest . On one particular episode , he was the last square on the board for a five - square win , but both contestants repeatedly got his answers wrong , prompting Gottfried to yell `` YOU FOOL ! '' with every incorrect response . It took seven tries before a contestant finally correctly agreed with him , specifically on a question of `` smog '' being a combination of smoke and fog . Gottfried has provided the voice of the duck in the Aflac commercials and Digit in Cyberchase , as well as Mr. Mxyzptlk in Superman : The Animated Series . He also voiced a nasty wisecracking criminal genius named Nick - Nack in two episodes of Superboy ( he also co-wrote an issue of Superboy : The Comic Book , which featured Nick - Nack 's origin ) . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Gottfried has made regular appearances . In 2004 , Comedy Central featured Gottfried 's stand - up material for Shorties Watchin ' Shorties . Gottfried was part of an online advertising campaign for Microsoft 's Office XP software , showing , in a series of Flash - animated cartoons , that the Clippy office assistant would be removed . In 2006 , Gottfried topped the Boston Phoenix 's tongue - in - cheek list of the world 's 100 Unsexiest Men . In April 2006 , Gottfried performed with the University of Pennsylvania 's Mask and Wig Club in their annual Intercollegiate Comedy Festival . Also in 2006 , he made an appearance on the Let 's Make a Deal portion of Gameshow Marathon ( as a baby in a large high chair , he says `` Hey Ricki , I think I need my diaper changed ! '' ) , and in the Dodge Viper in the big deal ( where he tells the contestants `` What were you thinking ? ! '' because neither one picked it ) . He also guest - starred in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy as Santa Claus in the one - hour Christmas Special . He voiced Rick Platypus in an episode of My Gym Partner 's a Monkey entitled `` That Darn Platypus '' . Gottfried at the Writers Guild of America East Solidarity Rally in Washington Square on November 27 , 2007 He appeared as Peter 's horse in an episode of Family Guy entitled `` Boys Do Cry '' ( in which Peter Griffin is enthused to learn that Gottfried is providing the horse 's voice ) . He also guest - starred in Hannah Montana as Barny Bittmen . In January 2009 , Gottfried worked again with David Faustino for an episode of Faustino 's show Star - ving . In 2011 , Gottfried appeared in the episode `` Lost Traveler '' on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Leo Gerber , a sarcastic computer professional working for the NYPD 's Technical Assistance Response Unit , which producer Warren Leight said could become a recurring character . Gottfried read a section from the hit book Fifty Shades of Grey in a June 2012 YouTube video , which was created with the aim of using Gottfried 's trademark voice to make fun of the book 's graphic sexual content . In 2013 , Gottfried became a member of `` Team Rachael '' on the second season of Food Network 's Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off . In March 2013 he appeared on ABC 's Celebrity Wife Swap . He swapped wives with Alan Thicke . He is also a commentator on truTV Presents : World 's Dumbest ... On May 28 , 2014 , Sideshow Network premiered Gilbert Gottfried 's Amazing Colossal Podcast , an interview series where Gottfried and his co-host Frank Santopadre discuss classic movies and talk to `` Hollywood legends and behind - the - scenes talents '' who shaped Gottfried 's childhood and influenced his comedy . His first guest was Dick Cavett . Gottfried was the third contestant fired during the seventh season of the NBC reality show The Celebrity Apprentice . Gottfried 's most recent role came in 2016 when he played the ' Pig Man ' in a comedy / fantasy film Abnormal Attraction . Personal life ( edit ) In the late 1990s , Gottfried met Dara Kravitz at a Grammy Awards party . They were married in 2007 and have two children together , daughter Lily and son Max . They reside in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan . Gottfried was raised in a Jewish family , but he has commented on his podcast that he did not have a bar mitzvah . One of his sisters was Arlene Gottfried , a New York Street photographer , who died in 2017 . Comedic style ( edit ) Danny Gallagher of the Dallas Observer wrote that `` Gottfried has one of the most original formulas in the history of comedy '' , adding : `` You do n't just laugh at the punchline when Gilbert Gottfried tells a joke . You laugh at the setup . You laugh at his comments about the joke . You even laugh at the segues between his jokes . '' Gottfried is known for speaking in a loud and grating voice , which is not his natural speaking voice . Mark Binneli of Rolling Stone described Gottfried as a `` squinting , squawking mass of contradictions '' , noting his status as `` one of America 's filthiest stand - ups and one of the most successful voice - over artists in children 's entertainment . '' Gottfried is known for joking about recent tragedies . In a July 2012 op - ed for CNN , he wrote : `` I have always felt comedy and tragedy are roommates . If you look up comedy and tragedy , you will find a very old picture of two masks . One mask is tragedy . It looks like it 's crying . The other mask is comedy . It looks like it 's laughing . Nowadays , we would say , ' How tasteless and insensitive . A comedy mask is laughing at a tragedy mask . ' '' Controversial jokes ( edit ) 1991 Emmy Awards ( edit ) At the 43rd Primetime Emmy Awards , Gottfried made `` an endless series of masturbation jokes '' in reference to Paul Reubens ' arrest for masturbating in an adult movie theater . Viewers on the east coast saw the entire set live , but Fox censored the broadcast for the west coast delay . Fox issued an apology , stating that Gottfried 's jokes were `` irresponsible and insulting '' . Gottfried said that producers stated he would not be invited back , and Rolling Stone wrote that the monologue resulted in him being `` blacklisted '' . September 11 joke ( edit ) During his monologue at a Friars Club roast of Hugh Hefner three weeks after the September 11 attacks , Gottfried joked that he had intended to catch a plane , but could not get a direct flight because `` they said they have to stop at the Empire State Building first '' . This was one of the first public examples of 9 / 11 humor . Audience members responded with hisses and a cry of `` Too soon ! '' Gottfried then abandoned his prepared remarks and launched into the venerable Aristocrats joke , winning back the audience . Penn Jillette and Paul Provenza used Gottfried 's monologue as a segment in their 2005 film The Aristocrats . Japanese Tsunami jokes ( edit ) In March 2011 , Gottfried made a series of jokes on his Twitter account about the earthquake disaster in Japan . Aflac , which does 75 % of its business in Japan , responded by dismissing Gottfried from voicing its duck mascot on March 14 , 2011 , and announced a casting call for his replacement as the voice of the duck . He was replaced by Daniel McKeague ( who did an impression of Gottfried ) on April 26 , 2011 . Filmography ( edit ) Movies ( edit ) Year Title Role 1984 Gallavants Edil ( voice ; on his first film role ) 1984 The House of God Paramedic 1985 Bad Medicine Tony Sandoval Beverly Hills Cop II Sidney Bernstein Hot to Trot Dentist Never on Tuesday Lucky Larry Lupin 1990 The Adventures of Ford Fairlane Johnny Crunch 1990 Seriously ... Phil Collins Roger 1990 Problem Child Mr. Peabody 1991 Problem Child 2 Mr. Peabody 1991 Horror Hall of Fame 2 Boris 1992 Aladdin Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 1992 Highway to Hell Hitler 1994 Aladdin : The Return of Jafar Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 1994 Thumbelina Berkeley Beetle ( voice ) 1994 Saved By The Bell : Wedding In Las Vegas Burt Banner 1994 Double Dragon Walter 1995 The Magic Gift of the Snowman Charlatan ( voice ) 1995 Problem Child 3 Dr. Peabody Aladdin and the King of Thieves Iago the Parrot ( voice ) Escape from It 's a Wonderful Life Angry man on porch Be Cool About Fire Safety Seymour Smoke 1997 Def Jam 's How to Be a Player Tony the Doorman 1998 Dr. Dolittle Compulsive Dog ( voice ) 1999 Goosed Alan Levy 2001 Longshot Mr. Chadwick 2002 Back by Midnight Security Guard Funky Monkey Dr. Spleen The Amazing Floydini Magic Store owner Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Duck 2005 The Aristocrats Himself 2007 Farce of the Penguins `` I 'm Freezing My Nuts Off '' Penguin ( voice ) 2008 Gilbert Gottfried : Dirty Jokes Himself 2009 The Lindabury Story Himself Jack and the Beanstalk Grayson the Goose 2011 Miss December The Police Officer 2013 Beecher Baby Bouncer Himself 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West Abraham Lincoln 2016 Sharknado : The 4th Awakens Ron McDonald 2016 The Comedian 's Guide to Survival Himself 2016 Abnormal Attraction Pig Man 2016 Director 's Cut Superintendent 2016 Unbelievable ! ! ! ! Major LeGrande Bushe 2016 Gender Bender Dr. Montalto 2016 Hospital Arrest Jerome Carter 2016 Life , Animated Himself 2017 The Comedian Himself 2017 Gilbert Himself 2017 80 's Creature House Grim Reaper 2017 Animal Crackers Mario Zucchini ( voice ) 2017 Sharknado 5 : Global Swarming Ron McDonald Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 -- 1981 Saturday Night Live Various characters Cast member ; 12 episodes 1983 -- 1984 Thicke of the Night Various characters The Cosby Show Mr. Babcock `` Say Hello to a Good Buy '' 1990 Superboy Nick - Nack ( voice ) 1991 Night Court Oscar Brown 1993 -- 1995 Bonkers Two - Bits ( voice ) Problem Child Mr. Peabody 1994 Living Single Larry Friedlander 1994 -- 1995 Aladdin ( TV series ) Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 1994 Beavis and Butthead Gus Baker ( voice ) The Ren & Stimpy Show Jerry the Bellybutton Elf / Porkchop Monster ( voice ) 1994 -- 1997 Duckman Art DeSalvo ( voice ) Recurring role 1994 -- 1995 Wings ( 1990 TV series ) Lewis ( guest role ) 1995 Married ... with Children Adventures in Wonderland Mike McNasty Bump in the Night Stink Bug ( voice ) Aladdin on Ice Iago the Parrot ( voice ) TV movie 1995 -- 1996 Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat Additional Characters Voice Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Roy In the House Mr. Comstock Adventures from the Book of Virtues Additional voices Escape From It 's a Wonderful Life Angry man on porch Big Bag Himself Troubles the Cat segment 1996 -- 2000 Superman : The Animated Series Mr Mxyzptlk ( voice ) 1997 Bear in the Big Blue House Large Possum ( voice ) 1998 Cosby Cellmate `` Fifteen Minutes of Fame '' Noddy Jack Frost `` Jack Frost is Coming to Town '' Hercules Cilon ( voice ) 1999 Dilbert TV Series Accounting Troll ( voice ) `` Hunger '' Dr. Katz , Professional Therapist ( TV series ) Himself Episodes 503 and 506 Timon & Pumbaa The Woodpecker ( voice ) 2000 Clerks : The Animated Series Jerry Seinfeld , Patrick Swayze ( voices ) 2001 -- 2005 The Fairly OddParents Dr. Bender / Wendel ( voices ) 2001 -- 2003 Disney 's House of Mouse Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 2002 Mickey 's House of Villains Iago the Parrot ( voice ) 2002 -- present Cyberchase Digit , Widget ( voices ) Daytime Emmy ( Nominee ) Outstanding New Approaches - Daytime Children 's Daytime Emmy Awards 2009 2002 Son of the Beach Noccus Johnstein `` Chip 's A Goy '' and Hamm Stroker 's Suck My Blood Celebrity Deathmatch Himself ( voice ) `` Gottfried in the Arena '' 2003 Becker Alan CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Comic `` Last Laugh '' Home Movies Tonko the Parrot ( voice ) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Various sketches VH1 's Celebrity Paranormal Project and I Love Toys 2005 Billy and Mandy Save Christmas Santa Claus ( voice ) 2007 The Emperor 's New School Additional voices Season 2 , Episode 11 Family Guy Peter 's Horse ( voice ) My Gym Partner 's a Monkey Rick Platypus ( voice ) `` That Darn Platypus '' 2008 Hannah Montana Barney Bitman `` ( We 're So Sorry ) Uncle Earl '' VH1 's I Love the New Millennium 4 Episodes The Comedy Central Roast : Bob Saget Himself The Replacements Himself `` A Buzzwork Orange '' Back at the Barnyard Barn Buddy ( voice ) Big & Small Small ( voice ) Sesame Street Denny the Distractor `` Hurry Up , You 're Running Out of Time '' The View Horny the Dwarf Joy 's Month in ReView The Weird Al Show Himself Pyramid Himself Celebrity Guest Hollywood Squares Himself Regular 2009 Star - ving Himself `` Gilbert 's Kid '' The Comedy Central Roast : Joan Rivers Himself Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy Himself ' Til Death Tommy Guest starred The Comedy Central Roast : David Hasselhoff Himself Robotomy Tickle Me Psycho ( voice ) `` The Playdate '' 2011 The Comedy Central Roast : Donald Trump Himself Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Leo Gerber 2012 The Comedy Central Roast : Roseanne Barr Himself The Burn with Jeff Ross Himself 2013 -- 2014 TruTV Presents : World 's Dumbest ... Himself 2013 Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off Himself Celebrity Wife Swap Himself `` Gilbert Gottfried / Alan Thicke '' MAD Linkong , Father , Crash ( voices ) 2014 Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja Ranginald Bagel The Celebrity Apprentice 7 Himself Dinner with Friends with Brett Gelman and Friends Himself Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas Mr. Greenway ( voice ) Last Comic Standing ' Himself Big Brother 16 Otev ( voice ) Newbridge Tourism Board Presents : We 're Newbridge , We 're Comin ' To Get Ya ! Himself Anger Management Dudley Guest starred 2014 -- 2016 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Kraang Subprime ( voice ) 2016 Mighty Magiswords Prohyas ' stomach ( voice ) Guest starred 2017 Episodes Himself Season 5 , Episode 1 2017 Justice League Action Mr. Mxyztplk ( voice ) 2017 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Jared Kushner ( voice ) Season 4 , Episodes 10 and 19 2018 Transformers : Cyberverse Thundercracker ( voice ) Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 1999 Disney 's Arcade Frenzy Iago the Parrot 2001 Disney 's Aladdin in Nasira 's Revenge Iago the Parrot 2002 Kingdom Hearts Iago the Parrot 2006 Kingdom Hearts II Iago the Parrot APB : All Points Bulletin Joker Ammo 2014 Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Mister Mxyzptlk Commercials ( edit ) MTV ( 1980s ) Pepsi ( 1991 ) Pop - Tarts : Voice of the Toaster ( 1995 ) Aflac : Voice of the Aflac duck ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Subway ( 2000 ) Office XP : Voice of Clippy ( 2001 ) Glad ( 2003 ) Shoedini ( 2010 ) Easterns Automotive Group commercials ( 2012 ) Eat24 ( 2015 Super Bowl commercial ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gilbert Gottfried . New York Times '' . Jump up ^ gilbertpodcast.com Jump up ^ `` About Gilbert '' . Gilbertgottfried.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Edgers , Geoff ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` The first time Prince could have saved Saturday Night Live '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Megh ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Saturday Night 's Children : Gilbert Gottfried ( 1980 -- 1981 ) '' . Splitsider . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cook , Ross , Corbett , Vega '' . Comedy Central . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Jensen & Ryan Stewart ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) . `` The 100 unsexiest men in the world -- Ultimate Lists '' . ThePhoenix.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Gilbert Gottfried to Annoy SVU Cast - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2011 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Gilbert Gottfried reads Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Youtube.com. 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Vulgarity 's Abrasive Master , but Not at Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sideshow Network '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abnormal Attraction ( 2016 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Discussion of : What It 's Like Being Married to Gilbert Gottfried - ' NYT ' takes a look at Gottfried 's marriage ahead of ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' '' . Newser.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gallagher , Danny ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried Talks About the Voice that Made Him a Comedy Icon '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melendez , Angel ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried on Showbiz Stupidity and Hollywood Legends '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mark , Binelli ( July 18 , 2005 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried : The Annoying Guy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , Gilbert ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` If you do n't want to hear an edgy joke , do n't listen '' . CNN . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koseluk , Chris ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Emmy timeline '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuklenski , Valerie ( August 21 , 1991 ) . `` Blue Sunday at Emmy Awards '' . UPI . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halle , Howard ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` What 's eating Gilbert Gottfried ? '' . Time Out . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Frank ( 2005 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Why Have a Night Like This in Times Like These ? '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) . `` The Aristocrats '' . Roger Ebert.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Worst Gilbert Gottfried Tsunami Jokes '' . BuzzFeed . ^ Jump up to : Cina , Mark ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried Fired as Aflac Duck After Japan Tweets '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Aflac Duck 's New Voice Comes From a Minnesota Sales Manager '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NODDY - Jack Frost Is Coming to Town '' . KET. 1999 - 06 - 06 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gilbert Gottfried bio '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( 31 May 1991 ) . `` Another Pop Culture Moment '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Macarthur , Kate ( January 1 , 2001 ) . `` Slim Subway spokesman has expanding influence '' . Advertising age . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stenger , Richard ( 12 April 2001 ) . `` Microsoft 's ' Clippy ' headed for the trash '' . CNN . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gentilviso , Chris ( 2010 - 08 - 18 ) . `` 25 Worst ( We Mean Best ) Infomercials - Shoedini '' . Time . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( 2012 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Brian Orakpo , Gilbert Gottfried do Eastern Motors jingle - DC Sports Bog '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Paper , Baltimore City . `` Eastern Motors with Gilbert Gottfried '' . citypaper.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Brokenbough , Aaron ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Snoop Dogg and Gilbert Gottfried star in Eat24 's Super Bowl commercial '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Gilbert Gottfried on IMDb Gilbert Gottfried at the Internet Broadway Database VIAF : 225400369 LCCN : no2004093583 ISNI : 0000 0003 6211 2019 GND : 101903680X SUDOC : 179323113 BNF : cb14182618r ( data ) MusicBrainz : e271b6f4 - ca5b - 43ac - ab5d - ec9eea5ed066 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Gottfried&oldid=812240312 '' Categories : 1955 births Living people 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Jewish American comedians American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American podcasters American sketch comedians American stand - up comedians American television hosts Comedians from New York City Comedians from New York ( state ) Jewish male comedians Male actors from New York City Participants in American reality television series American male video game actors People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Pages using Infobox comedian with unknown parameters Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bikol Central Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kernowek Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Papiamentu Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 20 : 42 . 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Boston Celtics

Boston Celtics - wikipedia Boston Celtics Jump to : navigation , search `` Celtics '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Celts , Gaels , Celtic F.C. , or Gaelic ( disambiguation ) . Boston Celtics 2017 -- 18 Boston Celtics season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1946 History Boston Celtics 1946 -- present Arena TD Garden Location Boston , Massachusetts Team colors Green , black , gold President Rich Gotham General manager Danny Ainge Head coach Brad Stevens Ownership Boston Basketball Partners ( Wyc Grousbeck , CEO and governor ) Affiliation ( s ) Maine Red Claws Championships 17 ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 ) Conference titles 21 ( 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 2008 , 2010 ) Division titles 22 ( 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 21 ( 00 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , LOSCY ) Website www.nba.com/celtics Uniforms Home Away Third The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division . Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league 's first decade , the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC . The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden , which they share with the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's Boston Bruins . The franchise are the most successful in NBA history , with 17 championships , which accounts for 24.3 percent of all NBA championships since the league 's founding . As a percentage of championships won , the Celtics are the most successful franchise to date in the major four traditional North American professional sports leagues . They have played the Los Angeles Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA finals , including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010 , where the Celtics have won nine meetings . Four Celtics players ( Bob Cousy , Bill Russell , Dave Cowens and Larry Bird ) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards . Both the nickname `` Celtics '' and their mascot `` Lucky the Leprechaun '' are a nod to Boston 's historically large Irish population . After winning sixteen championships throughout the 20th century , the Celtics rose again after struggling through the 1990s to win a championship in 2008 with the help of Kevin Garnett , Paul Pierce , and Ray Allen in what was known as the new `` Big Three '' era , following the original `` Big Three '' era that featured Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , and Robert Parish , which combined to win the 1981 , 1984 , and 1986 championships . Following the win in 2008 , general manager Danny Ainge began a rebuilding process with the help of head coach Brad Stevens , who led the Celtics to a return to the playoffs from 2015 . During the following season , the Celtics clinched the top seed in the Eastern Conference , and eventually reached the Conference Finals prior to losing to the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1946 -- 1950 : Early years 1.2 1950 -- 1957 : Arrival of Bob Cousy and Red Auerbach 1.3 1957 -- 1969 : The Bill Russell era 1.4 1970 -- 1978 : Heinsohn and Cowens duo 1.5 1979 -- 1992 : The Larry Bird era 1.6 1993 -- 1998 : Rebuilding 1.7 1998 -- 2013 : The Paul Pierce era 1.7. 1 2004 -- 2007 : The `` Doc '' is here 1.7. 2 2007 -- 2012 : The new ' Big Three ' : Pierce , Allen and Garnett 1.8 2013 -- present : Brad Stevens era 1.8. 1 2017 roster overhaul : Irving and Hayward 2 Rivalries 2.1 Atlanta Hawks 2.2 New York Knicks 2.3 Philadelphia 76ers 2.4 Detroit Pistons 2.5 Los Angeles Lakers 2.6 Brooklyn Nets 3 Season - by - season record 4 Records , retired numbers and awards 4.1 FIBA Hall of Fame 5 Home arenas 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retained draft rights 6.3 Captains 6.4 Franchise leaders 7 Coaches 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Assistant coaches 8 Logos and uniforms 8.1 Logos 8.2 Uniforms 9 Television and radio 10 Management 10.1 Ownership history 10.2 Team presidents 10.3 General managers 10.4 Other 11 Medical staff 11.1 Team physicians 11.2 Team athletic trainers 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Boston Celtics 1946 -- 1950 : early years ( edit ) The Boston Celtics were formed on June 6 , 1946 , by Boston Garden - Arena Corporation President Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America , and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949 . In 1950 , the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper , becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player . 1950 -- 1957 : arrival of Bob Cousy and Red Auerbach ( edit ) Bob Cousy played 13 years for the team , winning 6 NBA titles . The Celtics struggled during their early years , until the hiring of coach Red Auerbach . In the franchise 's early days , Auerbach had no assistants , ran all the practices , did all the scouting -- both of opposing teams and college draft prospects -- and scheduled all the road trips . One of the first great players to join the Celtics was Bob Cousy , whom Auerbach initially refused to draft out of nearby Holy Cross because he was `` too flashy '' . Cousy eventually became the property of the Chicago Stags , but when that franchise went bankrupt , Cousy went to the Celtics in a dispersal draft . After the 1955 -- 56 season , Auerbach made a stunning trade . He sent perennial All - Star Ed Macauley to the St. Louis Hawks along with the draft rights to Cliff Hagan in exchange for the second overall pick in the draft . After negotiating with the Rochester Royals -- a negotiation that included a promise that the Celtics owner would send the highly sought - after Ice Capades to Rochester if the Royals would let Russell slide to # 2 -- Auerbach used the pick to select University of San Francisco center Bill Russell . Auerbach also acquired Holy Cross standout , and 1957 NBA Rookie of the Year , Tommy Heinsohn . Russell and Heinsohn worked extraordinarily well with Cousy , and they were the players around whom Auerbach would build the champion Celtics for more than a decade . 1957 -- 1969 : the Bill Russell era ( edit ) Bill Russell played 13 years for the team , winning 11 NBA titles . With Bill Russell , the Celtics advanced to the 1957 NBA Finals and defeated the St. Louis Hawks in seven games , giving the Celtics the first of their record 17 championships . Russell went on to win 11 championships , making him the most decorated player in NBA history . In 1958 , the Celtics again advanced to the NBA Finals , this time losing to the Hawks in 6 games . However , with the acquisition of K.C. Jones that year , the Celtics began a dynasty that would last for more than a decade . In 1959 , the Celtics won the NBA Championship after sweeping the Minneapolis Lakers , the first of their record eight consecutive championships . During that time , the Celtics met the Lakers in the Finals five times , starting an intense and often bitter rivalry that has spanned generations . In 1964 , the Celtics became the first NBA team to have an all African - American starting lineup . On December 26 , 1964 , Willie Naulls replaced an injured Tommy Heinsohn , joining Tom ' Satch ' Sanders , K.C. Jones , Sam Jones , and Bill Russell in the starting lineup . The Celtics defeated St. Louis 97 -- 84 . Boston won its next 11 games with Naulls starting in place of Heinsohn . The Celtics of the late - 1950s -- 1960s are widely considered as one of the most dominant teams of all time . Auerbach retired as coach after the 1965 -- 66 season and Russell took over as player - coach , which was Auerbach 's ploy to keep Russell interested . With his appointment , Russell also became the first African - American coach in any U.S. pro sport . Auerbach would remain the general manager , a position he would hold well into the 1980s . However , that year the Celtics ' string of NBA titles was broken as they lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . The aging team managed two more championships in 1968 and 1969 , defeating the Los Angeles Lakers each time in the NBA Finals . Russell retired after the 1969 season , effectively ending a dominant Celtics dynasty that had garnered 11 NBA titles in 13 seasons . The streak of 8 consecutive championships is the longest streak of consecutive championships in U.S. professional sports history . 1970 -- 1978 : Heinsohn and Cowens duo ( edit ) Tom Heinsohn coached the Boston Celtics to the 1974 and 1976 NBA Championship . Dave Cowens had helped the Celtics win 2 titles during the mid-1970s . The 1970 season was a rebuilding year , as the Celtics had their first losing record since the 1949 -- 50 season . However , with the acquisition of Dave Cowens , Paul Silas , and Jo Jo White , the Celtics soon became dominant again . After losing in the Eastern Conference Finals in 1972 , the Celtics regrouped and came out determined in 1973 and posted an excellent 68 -- 14 regular season record . But the season ended in disappointment , as they were upset in 7 games by the New York Knicks in the Conference Finals . John Havlicek injured his right shoulder in game six and was forced to play game 7 shooting left handed . The Celtics returned to the playoffs the next year , defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in the NBA Finals in 1974 for their 12th NBA Championship . The teams split the first four games , and after the Celtics won Game 5 in Milwaukee they headed back to Boston leading 3 games to 2 , with a chance to claim the title on their home court . However , the Bucks won Game 6 when Kareem Abdul - Jabbar nestled in a hook shot with 3 seconds left in the game 's second overtime , and the series returned to Milwaukee . But Cowens was the hero in Game 7 , scoring 28 points , as the Celtics brought the title back to Boston for the first time in five years . In 1976 , the team won yet another championship , defeating the Phoenix Suns in 6 games . The Finals featured one of the greatest games in the NBA 's history . With the series tied at two games apiece , the Suns trailed early in the Boston Garden , but came back to force overtime . In double overtime , a Gar Heard turn - around jumper at the top of the key sent the game to a third overtime , at which point the Celtics prevailed . Tommy Heinsohn coached the team for those two championships . After the 1976 championship and a playoff appearance in 1977 , Boston went into another rebuilding phase . In the 1977 NBA draft , the Celtics drafted a young forward from UNC Charlotte named Cedric Maxwell . `` Cornbread '' Maxwell did not contribute much in his rookie season , but he showed promise . Auerbach 's job became even tougher following the 1977 -- 78 season in which they went 32 -- 50 as John Havlicek , the Celtics ' all - time leading scorer , retired after 16 seasons . 1979 -- 1992 : the Larry Bird era ( edit ) The Celtics owned two of the top eight picks in the 1978 NBA draft . Since the Celtics had two draft choices , Auerbach took a risk and selected junior Larry Bird of Indiana State with the 6th pick , knowing Bird would elect to remain in college for his senior year . The Celtics would retain his rights for one year -- a rule that was later changed -- and Auerbach believed Bird 's potential would make it worth the wait . Auerbach also felt that when the college season ended the Celtics would have a great chance to sign Bird . Auerbach was right and Bird signed soon after leading Indiana State to the NCAA Championship game , where they fell to a Michigan State University team . ( The other pick was Freeman Williams , who was traded before the 1978 -- 79 season began . ) In 1978 , ownership was changed as Irv Levin traded his stake in the Celtics with John Y. Brown , Jr. 's Buffalo Braves , so he could move the Braves to California , where they became known as the San Diego Clippers . As part of the deal , trades were made between the Braves / Clippers franchise and the Celtics franchise which resulted in many former Braves joining the team . One of the moves that irked Auerbach was a trade Brown made with the Braves that saw his franchise center Bob McAdoo join the Celtics for three first round draft picks Auerbach had planned on using for the future rebuilding project he was trying to undertake . The dispute nearly led to Auerbach resigning as general manager for a position with the New York Knicks . With public support strongly behind Auerbach , Brown sold the team to Harry Mangurian rather than run the risk of having Auerbach leave the team . The Celtics would struggle through the season , going 29 -- 53 without Bird . Newcomers Chris Ford , Rick Robey , Cedric Maxwell and Nate Archibald failed to reverse the team 's momentum . Bird debuted for the Celtics during the 1979 -- 80 season , a year after being drafted . With a new owner in place , Auerbach made a number of moves that would bring the team back to prominence . He almost immediately traded McAdoo , a former NBA scoring champion , to the Detroit Pistons for guard M.L. Carr , a defensive specialist , and two first - round picks in the 1980 NBA draft . He also picked up point guard Gerald Henderson from the CBA. Carr , Archibald , Henderson and Ford formed a highly competent backcourt , with their unique skills blending in perfectly with the talented frontcourt of Cowens , Maxwell and Bird , who would go on to win NBA Rookie of the Year honors . The Celtics improved by 32 games , which at the time was the best single - season turnaround in NBA history , going 61 -- 21 and losing to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . That record was later broken by the Celtics about 30 years later . After the season , Auerbach completed what may be the most lopsided trade in NBA history . Auerbach had always been a fan of stockpiling draft picks , so even after the success of the 1979 -- 80 season , the Celtics had both the 1st and 13th picks in the 1980 NBA draft left over from the M.L. Carr trade . Auerbach saw an opportunity to improve the team immediately , sending the two picks to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for center Robert Parish and the Warriors ' first round pick , the 3rd overall . With the draft pick , Auerbach picked University of Minnesota power forward Kevin McHale . With these three future Hall of Famers on the team , henceforth known as the first ' Big 3 ' , the Celtics had a core in place to again become a dominant team . The Celtics went 62 -- 20 under coach Bill Fitch in 1980 -- 81 , despite losing center Dave Cowens to retirement late in training camp . Once again the Celtics matched up with the 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . Boston fell behind 3 games to 1 before coming back to win a classic 7th game , 91 -- 90 . The Celtics went on to capture the 1981 NBA Championship over the Houston Rockets , just two years after Bird had been drafted . Maxwell was named NBA Finals MVP . The following year the Celtics again tried to come back from a 3 -- 1 deficit against the Sixers in the rematch but this time lost Game 7 at Boston Garden . In 1983 the Celtics were swept in the playoffs for the first time by the Milwaukee Bucks ; afterwards Fitch resigned and the team was sold to new owners led by Don Gaston . In 1983 -- 84 the Celtics , under new coach K.C. Jones , would go 62 -- 20 and finally get back to the NBA Finals after a three - year hiatus . In the finals , the Celtics came back from a 2 -- 1 deficit to defeat the Lakers , winning their 15th championship . Bird renewed his college rivalry with Lakers star Magic Johnson during this series . After the series Auerbach officially retired as general manager but maintained the position of team President . Auerbach was succeeded by Jan Volk as general manager . Volk had been with the Celtics since graduating from Columbia Law School in 1971 and had been the team 's General Counsel since 1976 and the team 's Assistant G.M. since 1980 . During the off - season , in Volk 's first major transaction since assuming the GM role , the Celtics traded Henderson to the Seattle SuperSonics for their first round pick in the 1986 NBA draft . In 1985 , the Lakers and Celtics met again , but this time the Lakers took the championship . This was the first time the Lakers had defeated the Celtics for a championship , as well as the only time the Celtics lost a championship at Boston Garden . During the following off - season , the Celtics acquired Bill Walton from the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Cedric Maxwell . Walton was a big star with the Portland Trail Blazers , but injuries had kept him from living up to expectations . He was willing to come off the bench , deferring to the three big men already with the team . Walton , considered the best passer of all NBA centers in history , stayed healthy and was a big part of the Celtics ' success in 1986 . Dennis Johnson was another key member of the Celtics , along with the `` Big 3 '' . In 1985 -- 86 the Celtics fielded one of the best teams in NBA history . The 1986 Celtics won 67 games , going 40 -- 1 at their home games . Bird won his third consecutive MVP award and Walton won the Sixth Man of the Year Award . They won the franchise 's 16th championship and last of the 20th century , defeating the Houston Rockets in the NBA Finals 4 games to 2 . Thanks to the 1984 trade of Gerald Henderson and the subsequent fall of the Seattle SuperSonics , at the end of the 1985 -- 86 the Celtics owned not only the best team in the NBA but also the second pick in the 1986 NBA draft . The Celtics drafted Len Bias with the pick and had high hopes for the young University of Maryland star . Fans believed Bias had superstar potential , and that he would be the perfect complement to the aging , but still strong , Celtics . The hope was his presence would ensure the franchise would remain a powerhouse after Bird , McHale and Parish retired . Unfortunately , Bias died 48 hours after he was drafted , after using cocaine at a party and overdosing . It would be the first in a long string of bad luck for the Celtics , one that would continue until the next manifestation of the ' Big Three ' in Boston . Despite the loss of Bias , the Celtics remained competitive in 1986 -- 87 , going 59 -- 23 and again winning the Eastern Conference Championship . However , injuries took their toll , and the Celtics ceded the NBA championship to the Lakers in six games . It would be 21 years before they would reach the NBA Finals again . The Celtics ' reign as the Eastern Conference champions ended in 1988 , after the team lost to the Detroit Pistons in six games . After the 1987 -- 88 season , head coach K.C. Jones retired . Jones was replaced as head coach by assistant Jimmy Rodgers . Rodgers faced immediate trouble in 1988 -- 89 when , only 6 games into the season , Larry Bird decided to have surgery to remove bone spurs in his feet . The injury sidelined Bird until well after the All - Star Break , although he hoped to return that year . However , despite his best attempts to return he was unable to make it back as the Celtics stumbled to a 42 -- 40 record and a first round playoff defeat to the Detroit Pistons . Bird returned in 1989 -- 90 and led the Celtics to a 52 -- 30 record . In the playoffs , after winning the first two games of a Best of 5 series against the New York Knicks , the Celtics collapsed , losing 3 straight , including the decisive 5th game at the Boston Garden . In the wake of the embarrassing defeat , Rodgers was fired and replaced by assistant coach and former Celtics ' player Chris Ford . Under Ford 's leadership the Celtics improved to 56 -- 26 in 1990 -- 91 , recapturing the Atlantic Division title even though Bird missed 22 games with a variety of injuries . The Celtics fell to the Detroit Pistons in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . In 1992 , a late season rally allowed the Celtics to catch the New York Knicks and repeat as Atlantic Division champions . The team finished 51 -- 31 and matched up with the Indiana Pacers in the First round , this time sweeping the series . In the Eastern Conference Semifinals the Celtics lost a grueling 7 game series to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Due to back problems , Larry Bird played in only 45 of the 82 regular season games , and only 4 of the 10 playoff games ; during games he was frequently lying on the floor when out of the lineup , instead of sitting on the bench . After 13 seasons with the club and winning a gold medal in the Barcelona Olympics with the Dream Team , Bird retired in 1992 , primarily due to his back injuries . Among his lasting contributions to the game was the `` Bird exception '' , which allows teams to exceed the salary cap to re-sign their own free agents , at an amount up to the maximum salary . 1993 -- 1998 : rebuilding ( edit ) At the time of Bird 's retirement , former Celtics guard Chris Ford was the coach of the Celtics. 26 - year - old Reggie Lewis ( out of Boston 's Northeastern University ) was seen as Bird 's successor as the franchise player for the Celtics . Lewis , a small forward , fainted during a 1993 first round playoff matchup with the Charlotte Hornets which the Celtics lost in four games . It was later revealed that Lewis had heart problems , yet he was able to get doctors to clear him for a comeback . He died of a heart attack while shooting baskets at Brandeis University during the offseason . The Celtics honored his memory during the following season by retiring his number 35 . The original Big 3 era came to an end in 1994 , after Robert Parish signed with the Hornets The year before , Kevin McHale retired after the Celtics ' playoff loss to the Hornets . The Celtics finished the year out of the playoffs with a 32 -- 50 mark . In 1994 , the Celtics hired former player and legendary towel - waving Celtic cheerleader M.L. Carr to be the team 's new V.P. of Basketball Operations , working alongside G.M. Jan Volk . In his first draft in charge of the Celtics , he drafted University of North Carolina star Eric Montross with his first round draft pick . Montross became the new heir apparent in the paint , but failed to develop and was eventually traded . 1994 -- 95 was the Celtics ' final season in the Boston Garden . The Celtics signed the aging Dominique Wilkins as a free agent , and he led the team in scoring with 17.8 PPG . Second - year player Dino Rađa , a power forward from Croatia , added an interior presence to the team that had been lacking in 1993 -- 94 . The Celtics made the playoffs , losing to the heavily favored Orlando Magic in 4 games . In 1995 , the Celtics moved from the Boston Garden to the Fleet Center ( later TD BankNorth , then TD Garden ) . Carr fired Chris Ford and took the coaching reins himself . After drafting Providence College star Eric Williams , the Celtics struggled to a 33 -- 49 record . Things got worse in 1996 -- 97 as the Celtics lost a franchise record 67 games , setting an unwanted NBA record winning only once against other Atlantic Division teams and just fifteen victories overall despite the emergence of 1st - round draft pick Antoine Walker . With Carr 's coaching stint deemed a failure , he stepped aside to another job in the organization when owner Paul Gaston convinced star college coach Rick Pitino to join the franchise as the team 's president , director of basketball operations , and head coach . Pitino 's appointment as team president was controversial as Auerbach , who had filled that role for more than 25 years , first heard about this change from local media people . Unfortunately for the franchise , Pitino was not the savior everyone expected him to be . Auerbach bore the insult of being elbowed out with dignity , even as the team failed to improve . The Celtics received the third and sixth draft picks in the 1997 NBA draft , and used the picks to select a brand new backcourt through Chauncey Billups and Ron Mercer . The young team that lost 67 games the year before was dismantled , with David Wesley , Dino Rađa and Rick Fox being let go , and Williams traded to the Denver Nuggets for a pair of second round draft picks ( Williams would return to the Celtics in 1999 and played for four years ) . Walter McCarty was also acquired in a trade with the Knicks . With a promising start , upsetting the defending champions Chicago Bulls at home on opening night , and hard play from the youngsters that led to leaderships in turnovers and steals , the team improved its victories from 15 to 36 despite many losing streaks . Billups was subsequently traded to the Raptors during his rookie year , and Mercer was traded to the Nuggets during his third season . 1998 -- 2013 : the Paul Pierce era ( edit ) Paul Pierce , 2008 NBA Finals MVP , was drafted 10th overall in the 1998 NBA draft . The following year in the 1998 NBA draft , the Celtics drafted Paul Pierce , a college star who had been expected to be drafted much earlier than the Celtics ' 10th overall pick . Pierce had an immediate impact during the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 NBA season , averaging 19.5 points and being named Rookie of The Month in February as he led the league in steals . However , the Celtics continued to struggle as Pitino failed to achieve meaningful success . After Boston lost to the Toronto Raptors on March 1 , 2000 , on a buzzer - beater by Vince Carter , Pitino delivered the memorable `` Larry Bird is not walking through that door , fans '' speech . He resigned in January 2001 . Following the resignation of Rick Pitino , the Celtics saw modest improvement under coach Jim O'Brien . Paul Pierce matured into an NBA star and was ably complemented by Antoine Walker and the other players acquired over the years . While the team was 12 -- 21 when Pitino left , O'Brien's record to finish the season was 24 -- 24 . Following the 2000 -- 01 season O'Brien was given the job of head coach on a permanent basis . As a result of numerous trades , the Celtics had three picks in the 2001 NBA draft . They selected Joe Johnson , Joe Forte , and Kedrick Brown . Only Johnson managed to succeed in the NBA , becoming a perennial All - Star after leaving the Celtics . The Celtics entered the 2001 -- 02 season with low expectations . The team 's success in the latter stages of 2000 -- 01 was largely forgotten , and critics were surprised when the team , along with the New Jersey Nets , surged to the top of the Atlantic Division ahead of the Philadelphia 76ers , who were fresh off a trip to the NBA Finals . The Celtics won a hard - fought 5 - game series with the 76ers in the first round , 3 -- 2 . Pierce scored 46 points in the series - clinching blowout at the Fleet Center . In the Conference Semifinals , the Celtics defeated the favored Detroit Pistons 4 -- 1 . In their first trip to the Eastern Conference Finals since 1988 , the Celtics jumped out to a 2 -- 1 series lead over the Nets , after rallying from 21 points down in the fourth quarter to win Game 3 , but would lose the next three games to fall 4 -- 2 . In 2003 , the Celtics were sold by owner Paul Gaston to Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. , led by H. Irving Grousbeck , Wycliffe Grousbeck and Steve Pagliuca . The team made it back to the playoffs but were swept by the Nets in the second round , despite bringing Game 4 to double overtime . Before their elimination , the team hired former Celtics ' guard Danny Ainge as general manager , moving Chris Wallace to another position in the organization . Ainge believed the team had reached its peak and promptly sent Antoine Walker to the Dallas Mavericks ( along with Tony Delk ) . In return , the Celtics received the often - injured Raef LaFrentz , Chris Mills , Jiří Welsch , and a first - round pick in 2004 . The Celtics made the playoffs , only to be swept in the first round by the Indiana Pacers , losing all 4 games by blowout margins . Head coach Doc Rivers led the Celtics to an NBA title in 2008 . 2004 -- 2007 : the `` Doc '' is here ( edit ) The Celtics were a young team under new coach Doc Rivers during the 2004 -- 05 season , having drafted youngsters Al Jefferson , Delonte West and Tony Allen in the 2004 Draft . Yet they seemed to have a core of good young players , led by Pierce and rookie Al Jefferson , to go along with a group of able veterans . The Celtics went 45 -- 37 and won their first Atlantic Division title since 1991 -- 92 , receiving a boost from returning star Antoine Walker in mid-season . The Pacers defeated them in the first round yet again , with the series culminating in an embarrassing 27 - point loss in Game 7 at the Fleet Center . After the season Walker was traded again , this time to the Miami Heat . Despite Pierce 's career season , in which he averaged career - highs in points ( 26.8 ) , the Celtics missed the playoffs with a 33 -- 49 record , owing largely to a young roster and constant roster shuffling , which saw the likes of Marcus Banks , Ricky Davis and Mark Blount traded for underachieving former first - overall pick Michael Olowokandi and former all - star Wally Szczerbiak . The Celtics continued to rebuild in the 2006 NBA draft . The Celtics selected Kentucky point guard Rajon Rondo , who was to become a key piece in the team 's revival . In the second round the Celtics added Leon Powe . The 2006 -- 07 season was a gloomy one for the franchise , starting with the death of Red Auerbach at 89 . Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946 . The Celtics went 2 -- 22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Pierce to injury , the result of a stress reaction in his left foot . At first , the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL and MCL on a needless dunk attempt after the whistle . The Celtics compiled a record of 24 -- 58 , second - worst in the NBA , including a franchise record 18 - game losing streak . At the end of the season , the Celtics , with the second worst record in the NBA , were at least hopeful that they could secure a high draft pick and select either Greg Oden or Kevin Durant to help rebuild the franchise , but the Celtics fell to fifth in the Draft Lottery . 2007 -- 2012 : the New ' Big three ' : Pierce , Allen and Garnett ( edit ) The Boston Celtics celebrate after winning the 2008 NBA championship . The 17th championship banner was raised above the TD Garden rafters on October 28 , 2008 . In the summer of 2007 , GM Danny Ainge made a series of moves that returned the Celtics to prominence . On draft night , he traded the No. 5 pick Jeff Green , Wally Szczerbiak and Delonte West to Seattle for perennial all - star Ray Allen and Seattle 's second - round pick which the team used to select LSU 's Glen `` Big Baby '' Davis . Then the Celtics traded Ryan Gomes , Gerald Green , Al Jefferson , Theo Ratliff , and Sebastian Telfair to Minnesota , where Ainge 's former teammate Kevin McHale was the G.M. , and swapped 2009 first round draft picks , for MVP Kevin Garnett . These moves created the `` Boston Three Party '' ( the nickname given to describe the combining of Allen , Garnett , and Pierce by Scott Van Pelt in a `` This Is Sportscenter '' commercial ) , which would revitalize the team and lead them back to glory . The Celtics completed the largest single - season turnaround in NBA history . The new ' Big Three ' of Pierce , Allen and Garnett went 66 -- 16 in the regular season , a 42 - game improvement . However , the team struggled initially in the playoffs . The Atlanta Hawks took them to seven games in the first round , as did the Cleveland Cavaliers in the conference semifinals . The Celtics defeated the Detroit Pistons in six games of the Eastern Conference Finals , winning two road games . In the 2008 NBA Finals , the Celtics faced MVP Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers for the 11th time , the first time since 1987 . The Celtics won Game 1 at home 98 -- 88 , fueled by strong play by Garnett and Pierce 's dramatic comeback from a second half knee injury . They would also go on to win Game 2 108 -- 102 , despite nearly blowing a 24 - point lead in the fourth quarter . As the series shifted to Los Angeles , the Lakers stifled Pierce and Garnett in Game 3 and won 87 -- 81 . However , the Celtics would overcome a 24 - point deficit in Game 4 to win 97 -- 91 , the largest comeback in NBA Finals history . After again blowing a large lead , the Lakers hung on to win Game 5 103 -- 98 , sending the series back to Boston . In Game 6 , the Celtics overpowered the Lakers , winning 131 -- 92 , clinching their 17th NBA title , and first since 1986 . It remains the most lopsided win in a championship - clinching game ; Paul Pierce was named Finals MVP . The win in Game 6 was a sense of relief , as it was a difficult path to this championship ; in that game , these Celtics set a record for most games a team had ever played in a postseason , with 26 , surpassing the 1994 New York Knicks , whom Coach Doc Rivers played for , and the 2005 Detroit Pistons , each of whom played 25 , but lost their respective finals in seven games ( Knicks in 1994 , Pistons in 2005 ) . The Celtics during the 2008 -- 09 season opener . L-R : Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett , Eddie House , Kendrick Perkins and Ray Allen . The 2008 -- 09 Celtics started off the season at 27 -- 2 , the then - best starting record in NBA history . They also had a pair of 10 + game winning streaks including a franchise record 19 - game streak . After the All Star Break , Kevin Garnett was injured in a loss against the Utah Jazz , missing the last 25 games of the season . Garnett was eventually shelved for the playoffs . The 2009 Celtics still finished with 62 victories , but their playoff run would end against the Magic in the second round , losing in seven games after leading 3 -- 2 , the first such occurrence in team history . In the prior round they were pushed to a Game 7 against the Chicago Bulls , with four of those games went to overtime , yet the Celtics ' experience was too much for the young Bulls . The following year , with the return of Garnett from injury and the additions of Rasheed Wallace and Marquis Daniels , the Celtics started the season 23 -- 5 and at one point had the best record in the NBA . However , Doc Rivers decided to lessen his aging stars ' minutes to keep them fresh for the playoffs . As a result , the Celtics sputtered to an even 27 -- 27 record the rest of the way and finished the 2009 -- 10 regular season with a 50 -- 32 record , with a better road ( 26 -- 15 ) than home ( 24 -- 17 ) record . Despite previous predictions the Celtics would never go deeper into the playoffs , the Celtics still managed to make the NBA Finals despite their lowly fourth seeding . They defeated the Miami Heat in five games , upset the top - seeded Cavaliers in six games and toppled the defending Eastern champion Magic , avenging their loss from the previous season . Rajon Rondo emerged as a bonafide superstar during post-season play , continuing his rise to fame beginning with his first All - Star appearance . For the 12th time , the adversary were the Lakers . After taking a 3 -- 2 lead heading into Los Angeles for Game 6 , the Celtics appeared poised to pack in their 18th title . But Kendrick Perkins , the team 's starting center , suffered a severe knee injury early in Game 6 , and the Celtics would lose Game 6 , and go on to blow a 13 - point lead in Game 7 . After speculation coach Doc Rivers would resign to spend more time with his family , he affirmed on June 30 , 2010 , that he would return to the team for the 2010 -- 11 season . During the 2010 off season , with Perkins expected to be out until February 2011 , the Celtics signed two former All - Star centers , Shaquille O'Neal and Jermaine O'Neal , along with Turkish center Semih Erden , their 2008 second round pick , and the return of Delonte West . Shaquille O'Neal's presence wound up leading to Perkins departure : the Celtics were 33 -- 10 in games Perkins had missed during the year due to injury , with a 19 -- 3 record with O'Neal played over 20 minutes . Consequently , Perkins was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder in February , when the Celtics were 41 -- 14 and held the Eastern Conference leaderboard despite another rash of injuries . Following the trade , however , they proceeded to win only 15 of their final 27 games to finish with a 56 -- 26 record , sliding to the third seed , due to the injuries -- O'Neal played only five minutes -- and difficult adjustment of new Celtics such as Jeff Green , Nenad Krstić and Carlos Arroyo . The 2010 -- 11 season still provided three landmarks : the Celtics became the second team to reach 3,000 victories , Paul Pierce became the third Celtic to score 20,000 points after Larry Bird and John Havlicek , and Ray Allen broke the NBA record for most three - pointers made in a career . The 2011 NBA Playoffs started with the Celtics sweeping the New York Knicks 4 -- 0 in the opening round , but in the second round they were ousted by eventual Eastern champions Miami Heat in five games . Shaquille O'Neal , limited to 12 minutes in two games of the second round , retired at the end of the season . At the 2011 NBA draft , the Celtics acquired two Purdue teammates , JaJuan Johnson and E'Twaun Moore . During the short preseason following the 2011 NBA lockout , the Celtics signed free agents Marquis Daniels , Chris Wilcox , Keyon Dooling and Greg Stiemsma , while acquiring Brandon Bass from the Magic for Glen Davis and Von Wafer . They also re-signed Jeff Green , only to have it voided after a physical revealed that Green was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm , forcing him to miss the season . The Celtics started the season 0 -- 3 with Paul Pierce out with a heel injury and his replacement Mickaël Piétrus taking long to debut . The struggles let to the longest losing streak in the ' Big Three ' era with five games , and by the All Star break , the Celtics were below . 500 with a 15 -- 17 record . However , they were one of the hottest teams after the break , going 24 -- 10 the rest of the year and winning their 5th division title in a row . The Celtics would end up making the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference in the 2012 NBA Playoffs . In the playoffs , the Celtics faced the Atlanta Hawks in the first round , beating them in six games led by strong play from Pierce and Garnett . In the Conference Semifinals the Celtics faced the Philadelphia 76ers led by Doug Collins and a young group of promising players that would push the Celtics into a full - seven game series . Following a Game 7 85 -- 75 win the Celtics faced the Miami Heat in the Eastern Conference Finals , who had defeated them in the playoffs the previous year . After losing the first two games in Miami , Boston fought back and won the next three games . With the possibility of closing the series at home , the C suffered a blowout loss at the TD Garden of 98 -- 79 , taking the series back to Miami for Game 7 , where the Celtics built an early lead but eventually lost 101 -- 88 ; Miami would go on to defeat the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Finals . Rajon Rondo became the Celtics ' leader after the ' Big Three ' left . The 2012 offseason started with the Celtics having only six players under contract . While Kevin Garnett renewed , Ray Allen chose to sign with the Miami Heat for less money , bringing the five - year ' Big Three ' era to a somewhat acrimonious end . The Celtics also signed free agents Jason Terry , Jason Collins , Darko Miličić and Leandro Barbosa ; acquired Courtney Lee in a three - team sign and trade -- where Johnson , Moore , Sean Williams and a future second round pick were sent to the Houston Rockets and the Portland Trail Blazers got Sasha Pavlovic ; drafted three players , Jared Sullinger , Fab Melo and Kris Joseph ; and renewed with Brandon Bass along with Chris Wilcox and Jeff Green , who both were returning to play after sustaining season - ending heart ailments . Despite losing Rondo and Sullinger to injury , the Celtics compiled a seven - game winning streak , including victories over the Heat in double overtime and the Nuggets in triple overtime . The winning streak was snapped on February 12 when Leandro Barbosa suffered a season - ending torn ACL . To compensate , the Celtics signed swingman Terrence Williams , forwards D.J. White and Shavlik Randolph , and traded Barbosa and Collins to the Washington Wizards in exchange for guard Jordan Crawford . The Celtics finished the season with 41 wins , but played only 81 games after a home game against the Indiana Pacers on April 16 was cancelled following the Boston Marathon bombings ; the game was not made up with both teams already assured of their playoff positions . The 41 wins were the lowest totals the Celtics achieved as a playoff - bound team since 2004 . The Celtics trailed 3 -- 0 to the New York Knicks in the first round of the 2013 NBA Playoffs , before losing the series in six games . In Game 6 , the Celtics nearly completed a come back when they went on a 20 -- 0 run to cut the lead to 4 , but that was the closest they got as the New York Knicks would take over to win . During the offseason , head coach Doc Rivers was allowed out of his contract and left to coach the Los Angeles Clippers , giving the Celtics a 2015 unprotected first round pick as compensation . A few days later , Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett ( after waiving his no - trade clause ) , along with Jason Terry and D.J. White , were traded to the Brooklyn Nets for Keith Bogans , MarShon Brooks , Kris Humphries , Kris Joseph , Gerald Wallace , and three future first - round draft picks ( 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ) , with the right to swap 2017 first - round picks with Brooklyn . The deal was later approved by the league on July 12 , 2013 , effectively ending the ' Big 3 ' era and marking the start of a youth movement for the team . 2013 -- present : Brad Stevens era ( edit ) Brad Stevens is the Celtics ' current head coach . On July 3 , 2013 , the Celtics announced that Brad Stevens , the head coach of Butler University , would replace Doc Rivers as head coach . Halfway through the season , in January , Rajon Rondo made his return and was named the 15th Team Captain in team history , and the team furthered the youth movement by acquiring two draft picks in a three team trade that sent Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks to the Golden State Warriors while the Celtics received the Heat center Joel Anthony . The 2013 -- 14 season marked the Celtics ' first missed playoffs since the ' Big Three ' . The next off - season , the Celtics drafted Marcus Smart with the 6th overall pick and James Young with the 17th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft , and signed Evan Turner . The 2014 -- 15 season had several roster moves , the most prominent being Rondo and rookie Dwight Powell traded to the Dallas Mavericks for center Brandan Wright , forward Jae Crowder , veteran point guard Jameer Nelson , and future picks . A total of 22 players spent time with the Celtics , leading scorer and rebounder Sullinger suffered a season - ending left metatarsal stress fracture , and the team was only tenth in the East with 28 games remaining . However , midseason acquisition Isaiah Thomas helped the team win 22 of their last 34 games , finishing the season with a 40 -- 42 record , enough for the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference Playoffs . The Celtics were swept by the second seeded Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round . In the 2015 NBA draft Boston selected Terry Rozier , R.J. Hunter , Jordan Mickey , and Marcus Thornton with the 16th , 28th , 33rd , and 45th selections respectively . During the off - season , the Celtics signed forward Amir Johnson and traded Gerald Wallace and Chris Babb in exchange for Warriors forward David Lee . The Celtics finished the 2015 -- 16 NBA season with a 48 -- 34 record , earning the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference . They played the fourth seed Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the playoffs . After leading by 3 points in the fourth quarter of Game 1 , guard Avery Bradley went down with a hamstring injury , making him sit out for the rest of the series . The Celtics lost the series 4 -- 2 to the Hawks , ending their season . On July 8 , 2016 , the Celtics signed 4 - time All - Star Al Horford . The Celtics finished the 2016 -- 17 season with a 53 -- 29 record and clinched the top seed in the Eastern Conference . After a hip injury ended Thomas ' impressive playoff run in game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals , the Celtics eventually lost to the Cavaliers in five games . 2017 roster overhaul : Irving and Hayward ( edit ) For the 2017 NBA draft , the Celtics won the draft lottery , earning them the first pick . They were projected to select freshman guard Markelle Fultz , but the pick was subsequently traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for the third pick in the 2017 draft and future picks . The 76ers would go on to draft Fultz , while the Celtics used the third pick to select freshman forward Jayson Tatum . Semi Ojeleye , Kadeem Allen , and Jabari Bird were selected with the 37th , 53rd , and 56th selections , respectively , in the second round . At the start of the off - season , the team signed Tatum and Ante Žižić , among others , with the biggest acquisition being the signing of Gordon Hayward . On August 22 , 2017 , the Celtics agreed to a deal that sent Isaiah Thomas , Jae Crowder , Žižić , and the Brooklyn Nets ' 2018 first - round draft pick to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . An additional draft pick ( Celtics ' 2020 second - round ) was later added to the package from the Celtics to the Cavaliers after doctors revealed that Thomas 's injury was more significant than initially anticipated . By the end of the off - season , only 4 Celtics ' players remained from the 2016 -- 17 squad , with Marcus Smart being the longest tenured Celtic from the 2014 NBA draft . Rivalries ( edit ) Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) The Celtics - Hawks rivalry is a rivalry in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association that has lasted for over five decades , although the two teams have played each other since the 1949 -- 50 season , when the then - Tri-Cities Blackhawks joined the NBA as part of the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America merger . However , the Blackhawks could not field a truly competitive team until they moved to St. Louis as the St. Louis Hawks after a four - year stopover at Milwaukee . The two teams have faced each other eleven times in the NBA Playoffs , four times in the NBA Finals , with the Celtics winning ten of twelve series against the Hawks , including three out of four NBA Finals . While the Hawks have only defeated the Celtics twice out of eleven series in the NBA Playoffs , they still often managed to make their series with the Celtics memorable . The rivalry intensified in 2016 with Hawks All - Star Center Al Horford spurning the team and joining the Celtics . New York Knicks ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Knicks rivalry The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams , both of which are in the NBA 's Atlantic division . It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams . Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence . The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season , with the Celtics winning 276 times . The two teams have also faced each other 61 times during the playoffs , with the Celtics winning 34 times . Philadelphia 76ers ( edit ) Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia 76ers being defended against by Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics . Main article : 76ers -- Celtics rivalry The Celtics and the Philadelphia 76ers are the two teams who have the most meetings in the NBA Playoffs , playing each other in 19 series , of which the Celtics have won 12 . The 76ers are considered as the Celtics ' biggest rival in the Eastern Conference . The rivalry reached its peak when players Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain of the 76ers played each other from 1965 to 1968 . Their play would result in the Celtics not winning every NBA Finals series in the 1960s when the Sixers won in 1967 . During the early 1980s , the teams constantly fought for conference championships with Larry Bird leading the Celtics and Julius Erving leading the 76ers . Detroit Pistons ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Pistons rivalry The rivalry between the Celtics and the Detroit Pistons peaked in the 1980s , featuring players such as Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , Robert Parish , Isiah Thomas , Bill Laimbeer , Dennis Rodman , and Joe Dumars . These teams met in the NBA Playoffs five times in 7 seasons from 1985 to 1991 , with the Celtics winning in 1985 and 1987 , and the Pistons coming out on top en route to back - to - back Finals appearances in 1988 and their championship seasons of 1989 and 1990 . Led by Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett and Ray Allen in the 2008 Eastern Conference Finals the Celtics defeated the Pistons in 6 games to advance to the NBA Finals where they went on to beat the Lakers also in 6 games . Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Lakers rivalry The rivalry between the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers involves the two most storied franchises in NBA history . It has been called the NBA 's best rivalry . The two teams have met a record twelve times in the NBA Finals , starting with their first Finals meeting in 1959 . They would go on to dominate the league in the 1960s and the 1980s , facing each other six times in the 1960s , three times in the 1980s , in 2008 , and in 2010 . The rivalry had been less intense since the retirements of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in the early 1990s , but in 2008 it was renewed as the Celtics and Lakers met in the Finals for the first time since 1987 , with the Celtics winning the series in six games . They faced off once again in the 2010 NBA Finals which the Lakers won in seven games . The two teams have won the two highest numbers of championships , the Celtics 17 , the Lakers 16 ; together , the 33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history . Brooklyn Nets ( edit ) The Boston Celtics were once rivals of the New Jersey Nets during the early 2000s due to their respective locations and their burgeoning stars . The Nets were led by Jason Kidd and Kenyon Martin , while the Celtics were experiencing newfound success behind Paul Pierce and Antoine Walker . The rivalry began to heat up in the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals , which was preceded by trash talking from the Celtics who claimed Martin was a `` fake '' tough guy . Things progressed as the series started , and on - court tensions seemed to spill into the stands . Celtics ' fans berated Kidd and his family with chants of `` Wife Beater ! '' in response to Kidd 's 2001 domestic abuse charge . When asked about the fan barbs being traded , Kenyon Martin stated , `` Our fans hate them , their fans hate us . '' Bill Walton said at the time that Nets - Celtics was the `` beginning of the next great NBA rivalry '' during the Eastern Conference Finals in 2002 with the Nets advancing to the NBA Finals , though New Jersey would go on to sweep Boston in the 2003 playoffs . In 2012 , the year the Nets returned to New York in the borough of Brooklyn , there were indications that the rivalry might be rekindled when an altercation occurred on the court on November 28 , resulting in the ejection of Rajon Rondo , Gerald Wallace , and Kris Humphries . Rondo was suspended for two games in the aftermath , while Wallace and Kevin Garnett were fined . The story was revisited on December 25 , when Wallace grabbed Garnett 's shorts and the two had to be broken up by referees and players alike . However , the rivalry between the Nets and the Celtics appeared significantly cooled off by the June 2013 blockbuster trade that dealt Celtics stars Garnett and Paul Pierce to the Nets in exchange for Wallace , Humphries , and others . This move was billed as a merger of the two Atlantic Division teams . Celtics announcer Sean Grande said `` It 's almost as if you found a great home for these guys . You could n't have found a better place . These guys will be in the New York market , they 'll be on a competitive team , they 'll stay on national TV . It 's funny , because the enemy of my enemy is my friend . So with Celtics fans feeling the way they do about the Heat , feeling the way they do about the Knicks , the Nets are going to become almost the second ( Boston ) team now . '' Season - by - season record ( edit ) List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Boston Celtics seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , % = Winning Percentage ; Season GP % Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 81 41 40 . 506 3rd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Knicks ) 2013 -- 14 82 25 57 . 305 4th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 40 42 . 488 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) 2015 -- 16 82 48 34 . 585 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Hawks ) 2016 -- 17 82 53 29 . 646 1st , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) Records , retired numbers and awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics accomplishments and records The Celtics have a NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row , and 11 championships in 13 years . They also have 52 playoff appearances . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics , and the franchise is the one with the most retired numbers in all American sports , with 21 . FIBA Hall of Fame ( edit ) Boston Celtics FIBA Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 6 Bill Russell 1956 -- 1969 2007 Home arenas ( edit ) Boston Garden TD Garden Arena Location Duration Boston Arena Boston , Massachusetts 1946 -- 1955 Boston Garden Boston , Massachusetts 1946 -- 1995 Hartford Civic Center Hartford , Connecticut 1975 -- 1995 TD Garden Boston , Massachusetts 1995 -- present Players ( edit ) Main article : Boston Celtics all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) Boston Celtics roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Allen , Kadeem ( TW ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 15 Arizona 6.0 ! C 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Baynes , Aron 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1986 -- 12 -- 09 Washington State 1.5 ! G 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Bird , Jabari ( TW ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 03 UC Berkeley 2.5 ! G / F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Brown , Jaylen 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1996 -- 10 -- 24 UC Berkeley 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Hayward , Gordon 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 23 Butler 5.5 ! F / C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Horford , Al 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1986 -- 06 -- 03 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Irving , Kyrie 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Larkin , Shane 7000180340000000000 ♠ 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1992 -- 10 -- 02 Miami ( FL ) 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Morris , Marcus 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1989 -- 09 -- 02 Kansas 4.0 ! F 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Nader , Abdel 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1993 -- 09 -- 25 Iowa State 4.0 ! F 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Ojeleye , Semi 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1994 -- 12 -- 05 Southern Methodist 1.5 ! G 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Rozier , Terry 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 17 Louisville 1.5 ! G 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Smart , Marcus 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 06 Oklahoma State 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tatum , Jayson 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 -- 03 -- 03 Duke 5.5 ! F / C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Theis , Daniel 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 243 lb ( 110 kg ) 1992 -- 04 -- 04 Germany 4.0 ! F 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Yabusele , Guerschon 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1995 -- 12 -- 17 France Head coach Brad Stevens Assistant coach ( es ) Jerome Allen Jay Larrañaga Walter McCarty Scott Morrison Micah Shrewsberry Alvin Williams Jamie Young Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 -- 10 -- 17 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Captains ( edit ) Former Celtics captain Paul Pierce being defended by LeBron James . All - time Team captains Captain Tenure Bob Cousy 1950 -- 1963 Frank Ramsey & Bill Russell 1963 -- 1964 Bill Russell 1964 -- 1966 John Havlicek January 16 , 1967 -- 1978 Jo Jo White & Dave Cowens October 17 , 1978 -- November 14 , 1978 Jo Jo White November 14 , 1978 -- January 30 , 1979 Dave Cowens & Chris Ford January 31 , 1979 -- 1979 Dave Cowens 1979 -- October 1 , 1980 Larry Bird 1983 -- 1992 Reggie Lewis 1992 -- 1993 Robert Parish 1993 -- 1994 Dominique Wilkins & Dee Brown 1994 -- 1995 Dee Brown 1995 -- 1996 Rick Fox 1996 -- 1997 Dee Brown & Antoine Walker October 8 , 1997 -- December 2 , 1997 Dee Brown , Antoine Walker , & Pervis Ellison December 2 , 1997 - February 18 , 1998 Antoine Walker and Pervis Ellison February 18 , 1998 -- 1998 Antoine Walker 1998 -- 1999 Antoine Walker & Dana Barros 1999 -- 2000 Antoine Walker & Paul Pierce 2000 -- 2003 Paul Pierce 2003 -- 2013 Rajon Rondo January 17 , 2014 -- December 19 , 2014 none December 20 , 2014 -- present Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) 1 . John Havlicek ( 26,395 ) 2 . Paul Pierce ( 24,021 ) 3 . Larry Bird ( 21,791 ) 4 . Robert Parish ( 18,245 ) 5 . Kevin McHale ( 17,335 ) 6 . Bob Cousy ( 16,955 ) 7 . Sam Jones ( 15,411 ) 8 . Bill Russell ( 14,522 ) 9 . Dave Cowens ( 13,192 ) 10 . Jo Jo White ( 13,188 ) 11 . Bill Sharman ( 12,287 ) 12 . Tom Heinsohn ( 12,194 ) 13 . Antoine Walker ( 11,386 ) 14 . Don Nelson ( 9,968 ) 15 . Satch Sanders ( 8,766 ) 16 . Frank Ramsey ( 8,378 ) 17 . Cedric Maxwell ( 8,311 ) 18 . Reggie Lewis ( 7,902 ) 19 . Ed Macauley ( 7,882 ) 20 . Dennis Johnson ( 6,805 ) 21 . Danny Ainge ( 6,257 ) 22 . Kevin Garnett ( 6,233 ) 23 . Ray Allen ( 5,987 ) 24 . Bailey Howell ( 5,812 ) 25 . Rajon Rondo ( 5,783 ) 26 . Don Chaney ( 5,689 ) 27 . Dee Brown ( 5,512 ) 28 . Larry Siegfried ( 5,420 ) 29 . K.C. Jones ( 5,011 ) 30 . Avery Bradley ( 5,000 ) 31 . Kevin Gamble ( 4,895 ) 32 . Rick Fox ( 4,759 ) 33 . Tiny Archibald ( 4,550 ) 34 . Isaiah Thomas ( 4,422 ) 35 . Eric Williams ( 4,248 ) 36 . Paul Silas ( 3,744 ) 37 . Dino Radja ( 3,733 ) 38 . Gerald Henderson ( 3,521 ) 39 . Jeff Green ( 3,252 ) 40 . Brandon Bass ( 3,216 ) 41 . Chris Ford ( 3,194 ) 42 . Jim Loscutoff ( 3,156 ) 43 . Dana Barros ( 3,109 ) 44 . Sherman Douglas ( 2,981 ) 45 . Ricky Davis ( 2,940 ) 46 . Steve Kuberski ( 2,929 ) 47 . Kendrick Perkins ( 2,917 ) 48 . Jared Sullinger ( 2,856 ) 49 . Rick Robey ( 2,829 ) 50 . Walter McCarty ( 2,806 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes John Havlicek 46,471 Bill Russell 40,726 Paul Pierce 40,360 Robert Parish 34,977 Larry Bird 34,443 Bob Cousy 30,131 Kevin McHale 30,118 Dave Cowens 28,551 Jo Jo White 26,770 Sam Jones 24,285 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Bill Russell 21,620 Robert Parish 11,051 Dave Cowens 10,170 Larry Bird 8,974 John Havlicek 8,007 Kevin McHale 7,122 Paul Pierce 6,651 Satch Sanders 5,798 Tom Heinsohn 5,749 Antoine Walker 4,782 Most assists Player Assists Bob Cousy 6,945 John Havlicek 6,114 Larry Bird 5,695 Rajon Rondo 4,474 Paul Pierce 4,305 Bill Russell 4,100 Jo Jo White 3,686 Dennis Johnson 3,486 K.C. Jones 2,908 Dave Cowens 2,828 Most steals Player Steals Paul Pierce 1,583 Larry Bird 1,556 Rajon Rondo 990 Robert Parish 873 Antoine Walker 828 Dee Brown 675 Danny Ainge 671 Dennis Johnson 654 Dave Cowens 569 Reggie Lewis 561 Most blocks Player Blocks Robert Parish 1,703 Kevin McHale 1,690 Larry Bird 755 Paul Pierce 668 Kendrick Perkins 646 Dave Cowens 473 Reggie Lewis 417 Kevin Garnett 394 Cedric Maxwell 378 Tony Battie 369 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Paul Pierce 1823 Antoine Walker 937 Ray Allen 798 Larry Bird 649 Avery Bradley 520 Isaiah Thomas 460 Walter McCarty 417 Dana Barros 416 Danny Ainge 348 Eddie House 332 Coaches ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics head coaches Red Auerbach coached the Boston Celtics to 9 NBA titles , with eight straight titles between 1959 and 1966 . There have been 17 head coaches in Celtics ' history . Red Auerbach is the most successful franchise 's head coach having won 9 NBA championships with the team . Celtics ' legend Bill Russell took coaching duties from Auerbach and led them to 2 NBA championships while playing and coaching at the same time . The other two coaches that won 2 NBA titles with the team are Tom Heinsohn and K.C. Jones . Both Bill Fitch and Doc Rivers led the Celtics to 1 NBA championship the latter being the most recent coach to do so . Brad Stevens is the current head coach for the team . Assistant coaches ( edit ) Danny Silva ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Henry McCarthy ( 1948 -- 1950 ) Art Spector ( 1949 -- 1950 ) John Killilea ( 1972 -- 1977 ) K.C. Jones ( 1977 -- 1983 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Satch Sanders ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Bob McKinnon ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Jim Rodgers ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Chris Ford ( 1983 -- 1990 ) Ed Badger ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Lanny Van Eman ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Don Casey ( 1990 -- 1996 ) Jon P. Jennings ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Dennis Johnson ( 1993 -- 1997 ) John Kuester ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Winston Bennett ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Jim O'Brien ( 1997 -- 2001 ) John Carroll ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Mark Starns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Kevin Willard ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Lester Conner ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Andy Enfield ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Dick Harter ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Frank Vogel ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Dana Barros ( February 2004 - end of 2003 -- 04 ) Jim Brewer ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Paul Cormier ( February 2004 -- 2005 ) Tony Brown ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Kevin Eastman ( 2004 -- 2013 ) Armond Hill ( 2004 -- 2013 ) Paul Pressey ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Dave Wohl ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Clifford Ray ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Mike Longabardi ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Tom Thibodeau ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Lawrence Frank ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Roy Rogers ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Tyronn Lue ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Jamie Young ( 2011 -- present ) Jay Larrañaga ( 2012 -- present ) Ron Adams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Micah Shrewsberry ( 2013 -- present ) Walter McCarty ( 2013 -- present ) Jerome Allen ( 2015 -- present ) Scott Morrison ( 2017 -- present ) Alvin Williams ( 2017 -- present ) Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The Celtics ' current wordmark , used since the 1969 -- 70 season . The Boston Celtics logo since the early 1960s features a leprechaun spinning a basketball , named Lucky . It was originally designed by Zang Auerbach , the brother of Celtics head coach Red Auerbach . For a long time , the logo 's only colors were black , white and green . Then for the 1996 -- 97 season , celebrating the club 's 50th anniversary , the logo got a full - color treatment . Lucky 's face and hands were both painted tan , while gold was included on the vest , bow tie and hat , as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh , and black on its pants and shoes . The Celtics also have various alternative logos , with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters `` Celtics '' above it , wrapped in a green circle , which has been used since the 1998 -- 99 season . The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used the Zang Auerbach leprechaun . For much of its history , the shamrock was trimmed in gold , as seen in the old team warmup jackets . A new secondary logo , unveiled in 2014 , featured a variation of the leprechaun logo , albeit in silhouette form . Uniforms ( edit ) The Celtics jerseys have always been green on away games and white on home games since their inception in 1946 . Except for some minor modifications , most notably the road ' Boston ' script and the serifed version of the uniforms during the Bill Russell era , the jerseys remained unchanged through the years . Beginning in 2005 -- 06 , the Celtics began using alternate home / road jerseys which are green with black lettering and trim featuring the word `` Boston '' on the front side of the jersey . The alternate jersey made few appearances in its first 2 seasons , but since 2007 it has been used much more often , in more than half of the road games . The uniforms traditionally make their debut on the last Friday of November home games , and are used on the road for games after that , though they also wear it at home on a few occasions . Also , in 2005 -- 06 , the Celtics began a tradition of wearing green jerseys with gold trim as part of the St. Patrick 's Day celebrations the NBA puts into place every third week of March . Except for the word `` Boston '' in front and the gold trim , the St. Patrick 's Day jerseys resemble the regular road jerseys . For the first four years , the St. Paddy 's jerseys were used four times , a majority of which on the road ; however in the 2009 -- 10 NBA season , they were used just twice ( both home games ) . They wore them six times in the 2011 -- 12 season ; wearing them at its earliest on March 9 , their final home game before an eight - game road trip . The uniform was the only one in the current Celtics set that does not use the Adidas Revolution 30 design . During the 2006 -- 07 season , the Celtics wore a commemorative patch of a black shamrock with the nickname `` Red '' in green letters on the right top of the jersey in remembrance of Red Auerbach , who died shortly prior to the beginning of the season . During the NBA Europe Live Tour prior to the 2007 -- 08 season , the Celtics used the alternate road jerseys in their game against the Toronto Raptors in Rome , except that the words `` Boston '' on the front side of the jersey and the shamrock on the shorts and on the reverse side of the jersey contained the green , white and red tricolors of the Italian flag . In the second game in London , the regular road jerseys featured a patch containing the Union Jack . At the 2008 -- 09 season opener against the Cleveland Cavaliers , the Celtics wore a modified version of their home uniforms , accented with gold , to commemorate last season 's championship team . In the 2013 -- 14 season , the Celtics replaced their alternate St. Patrick 's uniform with a new , sleeved version . Unlike the previous uniform , the front featured the team name in front , gold side panels and a white shamrock at the back , while the shorts closely resemble the green / black third uniform save for the gold accents . For the 2015 -- 16 season , the Celtics decided to go with a green / gold variation of their alternate uniform for St. Patrick 's week . A home grey alternate sleeved uniform was unveiled on November 6 , 2014 . The uniform features a serifed vertical arch ' Celtics ' wordmark in white with green trim , with names in green and numbers in white with green trim . In addition , it features a pattern of the Celtics ' famed parquet floor on the sides , a silhouette version of their leprechaun logo on the waistband , and a green shamrock on the left leg of the shorts . The grey uniforms were used for six home dates during the season . Also that season , the shamrock that had been present at the back of the uniforms since the 2006 -- 07 season was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab representing the club 's 17 championships was stitched atop the neck stripe . The Celtics have also worn special edition Christmas Day uniforms since the 2008 -- 09 season . For the first four games , they wore their regular road uniforms modified with the NBA logo inside a snowflake . Then in the 2012 -- 13 season , they wore monochrome uniforms with green lettering trimmed in white . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Celtics wore a special green uniform with a more ornate script lettering , but without the additional striping . The team has honored deceased members of the Celtics family with a commemorative black band on the left shoulder strap of the jersey . It has been featured eight times in the history of the franchise : Walter Brown ( 1964 -- 65 ) , Bob Schmertz ( 1975 -- 76 ) , Joan Cohen ( 1989 -- 90 ) , Johnny Most ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Reggie Lewis ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Dorothy Auerbach ( 2000 -- 01 ) , Dennis Johnson ( 2006 -- 07 ) . and Jim Loscutoff ( 2015 -- 16 ) . The team also had the tradition of wearing black sneakers through most of their history , except during the early 1980s when they wore green sneakers . According to legend , Celtics patriarch Red Auerbach had a problem with the white sneakers , claiming that the white sneakers can easily get dirty ; hence starting a long tradition with the black sneakers . But prior to the 2003 -- 04 season , current Celtics GM Danny Ainge and captain Paul Pierce suggested wearing white sneakers , in due part to a growing number of teams wearing black sneakers . Auerbach gladly accepted and the white sneakers have remained since on home games . They still wore the black sneakers on away games , but in the 2008 -- 09 season , they wore white sneakers with green and gold accents while wearing their St. Patrick 's Day jerseys on the road . Most recently , when the Celtics play on Christmas Day , they wore white or green sneakers with red and gold accents . Since the 2009 -- 10 season , the NBA relaxed its rules on specified sneaker colors , and Celtics players are now seen wearing either green , white or black sneakers at home and on the road . The Celtics were the only team to wear warmup jackets with the player names on the back . During the 1980s , this style was dominant in most NBA warmup jackets , but by the late 1990s , this style gradually declined . The Celtics , however , kept the design in keeping with tradition , before discontinuing the practice after the 2011 -- 12 season . By that time Adidas issues a new warmup jacket design annually , and for a few seasons , they provided players with a customized shooting shirt containing the player 's name and uniform number on the back . In January 2017 , the Celtics signed a multi-year deal with General Electric where they will become the `` exclusive Data and Analytics partner '' for the team . As part of the deal , the uniforms will have the GE logo prominently placed on the left shoulder of Celtics ' jerseys in green and white . This will be the first time a corporate logo will have placement on the game uniforms . With the switch to Nike as the uniform provider in 2017 , the NBA 's home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Celtics ' green `` Icon '' and white `` Association '' uniforms , to be worn either at home or away , remained mostly intact save for truncated striping on the shoulders and shorts . In addition , the Celtics unveiled a third `` Statement '' uniform , with black as the base color and letters and striping in green and white trim . A fourth uniform design , dubbed the `` Community '' uniform , will be unveiled during the 2017 -- 18 season . Television and radio ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics broadcasters Comcast SportsNet New England is the Boston Celtics ' main television outlet , having aired its games since 1981 when the station was known as SportsChannel New England . Like all the other SportsChannel networks , the New England channel was rebranded as Fox Sports New England when former owner Cablevision entered into a partnership with Liberty Media and News Corporation in 1998 . Comcast purchased Cablevision 's original network stake in 2001 , then acquired the remaining stake in what was now FSN New England in 2007 and rebranded the network as CSN New England . Mike Gorman provides the play - by - play with former Celtics player and coach Tommy Heinsohn serving as analyst for home games , while former Celtics ' player Brian Scalabrine serves as analyst for road games . Abby Chin serves as courtside reporter . The Celtics can be heard on 98.5 the Sports Hub during all Boston Celtics games , all season long from preseason to postseason . The play - by - play announcer is Sean Grande with commentary from Cedric Maxwell . On September 26 , 2013 , the Celtics and 98.5 The Sports Hub announced a multi-year partnership in which the Boston Celtics games will be broadcast on the market 's leading sports station . Beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season , 98.5 The Sports Hub will feature select pre-season games , and all regular and post-season matchups , as well as produce extended pre - and postgame shows focused entirely on the Celtics . Management ( edit ) Ownership history ( edit ) Ownership history Owner Tenure Boston Garden - Arena Corporation June 6 , 1946 -- July 31 , 1950 Walter A. Brown / Lou Pieri July 31 , 1950 -- September 7 , 1964 Lou Pieri and Marjorie Brown , wife of team founder September 7 , 1964 -- June 24 , 1965 Marvin Kratter / Knickerbocker Brewing Company , subsidiary of National Equities June 24 , 1965 -- 1968 Ballantine Brewery , subsidiary of Investors Funding Corporation 1968 -- 1969 Trans - National Communications 1969 -- 1971 Ballantine Brewery , subsidiary of Investors Funding Corporation 1971 -- 1972 Irv Levin and Harold Lipton April 1972 -- May 1972 * Robert Schmertz / Leisure Technology May 1972 -- January 1975 Robert Schmertz / Leisure Technology , Irv Levin , and Harold Lipton January 1975 -- November 1975 Irv Levin and Harold Lipton November 1975 -- 1978 John Y. Brown , Jr. and Harry T. Mangurian , Jr . 1978 -- 1979 Harry T. Mangurian , Jr . 1979 -- 1983 Don Gaston , Alan N. Cohen , Paul Dupee 1983 -- 1993 Paul Gaston 1993 -- 2002 Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. -- consisting of Wycliffe Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca , H. Irving Grousbeck and The Abbey Group , represented by Robert Epstein 2002 -- present * Sale not approved by NBA Team presidents ( edit ) All - time Team presidents President Tenure Walter A. Brown 1946 -- 1963 Louis Pieri 1963 -- 1965 Jack Waldron 1965 -- 1967 Clarence H. Adams 1967 -- 1968 Jack Waldron 1968 -- 1970 Red Auerbach 1970 -- 1997 Rick Pitino 1997 -- 2001 Red Auerbach 2001 -- 2006 Rich Gotham 2007 -- present General managers ( edit ) GM history GM Tenure Walter A. Brown 1946 -- 1951 Red Auerbach 1951 -- 1984 Jan Volk 1984 -- 1997 Chris Wallace 1997 -- 2007 Danny Ainge 2007 -- present Other ( edit ) Name Position Tenure Dave Gavitt CEO 1990 -- 1994 Larry Bird Special assistant to front office 1992 -- 1997 M.L. Carr Director of Basketball Operations 1994 -- 1997 Danny Ainge President of Basketball Operations 2003 -- present Medical staff ( edit ) Team physicians ( edit ) All - time Team physicians Physician Tenure Dr. Robert Steinsieck 1956 -- 1958 Dr. Jack Longford 1958 -- 1959 Dr. John Doherty 1959 -- 1969 Dr. Thomas Silva 1969 -- 1987 Dr. Arnold Scheller 1987 -- 2005 Dr. Brian McKeon 2005 -- present Team athletic trainers ( edit ) All - time Athletic Trainers Trainer Tenure Harry Cohen 1946 -- 1958 Buddy LeRoux 1958 -- 1967 Joe DeLauri 1967 -- 1972 Frank Challant 1972 -- 1979 Ray Melchiorre 1979 -- 1987 Ed Lacerte 1987 -- 2017 Art Horne 2017 -- present See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal The Sports Museum ( at TD Garden ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Celtics have the highest percentage of National Basketball Association championships with 25.4 percent , and in Major League Baseball , the New York Yankees have the highest percentage with 24.8 percent . Jump up ^ This pick originally belonged to the Brooklyn Nets , but was sent to the Celtics in the 2013 trade involving Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett . The Nets had the worst record in the previous season , which gave the Celtics the highest chance of winning the lottery . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Boston Celtics seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals History : Finals Champions and MVPs '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Boston Celtics . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Celtics Related Books , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Earl Lloyd -- First Black Coach , sports.jrank.org accessed 2008 -- February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Lisette Auerbach 's Celtics played as a team , espn.go.com/classic . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Celtics tried to pass on ultimate passer '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Cousy Biography , nba.com/history , accessed February 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ed Macauley , hoophall.com , accessed May 26 , 2008 . Archived October 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Only the Ball Was Brown , daviskamp.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Season Recap -- 1950s , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bob Pettit Bio , nba.com/history . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 -- 1968 ) , sportsecyclopedia.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Bucks NBA Archived 2008 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , jsonline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Greatest Game Ever , nba.com/suns . Retrieved March 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Boston Drafts Cedric Mexwell , sportsfilter.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2001 . Archived April 8 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oklahoma Sooners Official Athletic Site -- Men 's Basketball Archived 2008 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , soonersports.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : NBA - Celtics , Braves once made a really big trade '' . assets.espn.go.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill Memories of Red , sports.espn.go.com October 30 , 2006 , February 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bob McAdoo Bio , nba.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ CNN / SI -- 33 : Timeline , sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ All - Time Finals Challenge : 1981 Celtics , nba.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2000 . 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Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1988 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Villanova to Retire Former Celtic Player , Coach Chris Ford 's Jersey nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1993 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ PRO BASKETBALL ; Reggie Lewis 's Family Had a History of Heart Problems , Report Asserts -- New York Times nytimes.com September 13 , 1993 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Did Reggie Lewis Have to Die ? -- TIME , time.com June 21 , 2001 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Reggie ... -- The Official Site of the BOSTON CELTICS '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Citizens Bank Closes Deal with Rick Pitino Celtics Head Coach Signs on With Personal Services Contract , highbeam.com December 9 , 1997 . Retrieved December 15 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Complete First round Results -- 1990 -- 99 nba.com/history . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira ( 2 November 1997 ) . `` ON BASKETBALL ; Pitino 's Young Guns Overrun The Bulls '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Celtics , Boston . `` Boston Celtics History - Celtics.com - The official website of the Boston Celtics '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Wins Without Pitino '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( 19 February 1998 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Kenny Anderson Is Traded To Celtics in 7 - Player Deal '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ What the Hell Happened to ... Ron Mercer ? , celticslife.com May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1998 NBA Draft History -- Round 1 , mynbadraft.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Dave ( March 13 , 2000 ) . `` There 's something about Pitino and the Celtics '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pitino 's resignation does n't mean an end to his career , sportsillustrated.cnn.com January 8 , 2001 . Retrieved January 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Franchise Index , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2002 NBA Playoffs Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Basketball Partners Assume Ownership of Celtics Franchise '' . NBA.com . December 31 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2003 NBA Playoffs , nba.com , accessed May 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Mavs Acquire ( sic ) Antoine Walker and Tony Delk from Boston , nba.com/mavericks . Retrieved April 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire LaFrentz , Mills & Welsch From Mavericks , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved April 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2004 NBA Playoffs , sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Doc Rivers goes back to the bench , hired to coach Boston Celtics , findarticles.com May 17 , 2004 , accessed May 20 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire Draft Rights to Leon Powe , nba.com/celtics , accessed April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Legendary Celtics coach Auerbach dead at age 89 , sports.espn.go.com October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved October 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gil , Gideon Recovery from ACL tear took 6 -- 9 months , boston.com September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics finished with second - worst record last season , sports.espn.go.com May 10 , 2007 , accessed May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire Seven - Time All - Star Ray Allen from Sonics , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire 10 - Time All - Star Kevin Garnett , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce shoots Celtics to first Finals appearance since ' 87 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics smash Lakers , bring home 17th NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Celtics Remain Mindful Of a Missed Opportunity '' . The New York Times . p . D2 . Jump up ^ NBA Celtics win 19th straight to set franchise record , news.google.com December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers snap Celtics 19 game winning streak , outsidethebeltway.com December 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` EWING PROPHETIC AS MAGIC BEAT CELTICS IN GAME 7 '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Celtics claw into second round with cagy Game 7 victory , espn.go.com May 2 , 2009 , accessed May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach Home Court Records and Champions , celticshub.com March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Celtics finally finish off Magic in Game 6 to head back to Finals '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Lakers edge Celtics in Game 7 , win 16th title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : May , Peter ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Celtics Creak Toward Postseason , Hoping They Have Legs for a Run '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Payne , Greg ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Doc Rivers : Timing of trade was off '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amare Stoudemire back as Celts ' reserves top Knicks ' second string '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Shaquille O'Neal , who has played 5 minutes , 29 seconds since February 1 , also sat out . Jump up ^ Chris ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Report card : Shaquille O'Neal '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sign D.J. White '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shavlik Randolph Signs 10 - Day Contract With Celtics -- RealGM Wiretap '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Golliver . `` NBA cancels game between Celtics and Pacers after Boston Marathon blasts '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks vs. Celtics - Game Recap - May 3 , 2013 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nets , Celtics work out blockbuster '' . ESPN . June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Complete Trade With Brooklyn Nets '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics Hire Brad Stevens as Head Coach '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 's big three miss playoffs in same year for first time '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What can the Celtics do with the sixth pick ? '' . CBS Sports . CBS . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Complete Trade With Dallas Mavericks '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roster overhaul has n't changed C 's goals '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Sullinger of Boston Celtics will miss rest of season due to foot injury '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Celtics Will Probably Miss the Playoffs , and That 's Okay '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . C1 control character in title = at position 54 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Now in playoffs , Isaiah Thomas has discovered the Boston Celtics are not one of the NBA 's worst teams '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Sign Al Horford '' . NBA.com . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2017/08/30/report-boston-celtics-include-second-round-pick-complete-trade-cleveland Jump up ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/celtics/2017/08/22/celtics-turn-over-roster-time/RsW2CQloAYAye2DSSq3JFK/story.html Jump up ^ Boston Celtics Franchise History , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 8th , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Knicks and Celtics Renew Playoff Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Most frequent playoff matchups '' . McCubed.net . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( May 12 , 1985 ) . `` Celtics - 76ers has been a playoff tradition '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved Jne 17 , 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Celtics - Pistons Top 10 games '' . ESPN.com. 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA ; s Best Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm ; Everson , Darren ( May 20 , 2002 ) . `` Celtics Talk A Good Game -- New York Daily News '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Steve WilsteinAP Sports Writer ( May 31 , 2002 ) . `` Celtics fans ' taunts hurt Jason Kidd 's wife Amarillo.com Amarillo Globe - News '' . Amarillo.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter , May ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Suspension and 2 Fines After Brawl '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Nets owner Mikhail Prokhorov 's win - at - all - costs mentality is reminiscent of late George Steinbrenner '' . New York : NY Daily News . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grande : Celtics found ' good home ' for KG , Pierce '' . Csnne.com . July 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Hall of Famers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers -- Celtics '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` C 's Captain a Work in Progress '' . Telegram & Gazette . February 28 , 1999 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 10 , 1963 ) . `` Celtics Vow To Be Champions '' . Gadsden Times . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( January 16 , 1967 ) . `` Havlicek Celtic Captain '' . The Day . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( October 12 , 1978 ) . `` White , Cowens captains ; Maxwell to start Friday '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( February 1 , 1979 ) . `` Celtics Defuse Rockets '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cowens Calls It Quits '' . The Daily Union Democrat . October 2 , 1980 . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( October 28 , 1983 ) . `` Talented , ambitious Celtics in opener at Detroit tonight '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( October 14 , 1992 ) . `` Celtics name Lewis captain '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hohman , Ralph ( October 31 , 1993 ) . `` Celtics wish for a new star '' . Record - Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( November 2 , 1994 ) . `` Brown , Wilkins appointed as co-captains for Celtics '' . Sun Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 11 , 1995 ) . `` High Hopes at Celts ' Camp '' . The Hour . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( November 28 , 1996 ) . `` Magic Edge Hawks '' . Gainesville Sun . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( October 9 , 1997 ) . `` Pitino does his analysis play by play '' . The Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : AP ( December 3 , 1997 ) . `` Pitino names Ellison captain '' . Sun Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( February 19 , 1998 ) . `` Pitino Plies Trade Again '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Bulpett , Steve ( October 27 , 1999 ) . `` Walker , Barros will captain ship '' . Boston Herald . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , Walker are Co-Captains '' . Telegram & Gazette . October 12 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` C 's Name Rondo Captain On Night of Return '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Celtics : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Managements and Captains , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Creation of a Logo '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Announce New Alternate Logo '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics unveil new alternate logo '' . ESPNBoston.com . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 -- 08 Downloadable Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . nba.com/celtics.com . p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics and adidas Unveil Parquet Pride Collection '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Joseph P. ( May 11 , 2003 ) . `` Celtics court change with a move to white sneakers '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , GE Announce Multi-Year Partnership '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dylan ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` GE Just Struck a Major Partnership with the Celtics '' . BostInno . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , 98.5 The Sports Hub Announce Multi-Year Broadcast Partnership `` CBS Boston '' . Boston.cbslocal.com. 2013 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Brown , Pieri Purchases Celtics Basketball Club '' . The Hartford Courant . August 1 , 1950 . Jump up ^ `` New Owner But Red Is Still Boss of Celts '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . January 14 , 1975 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Paul Gaston to run Celtics ; Cohen out , highbeam.com September 2 , 1993 . Retrieved February 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics ' owner dispute is more confused than ever '' . The Tuscaloosa News . July 22 , 1974 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rich Gotham , Team President , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Wallace , General Manager , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Danny Ainge , Executive Director of Basketball Operations and General Manager , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Boston Celtics : Medical Staff , http://www.museumstuff.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and trainer Ed Lacerte and conditioning coach Bryan Doo part ways '' , The Boston Globe , July 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Celtics . Official website Boston Celtics Founded in 1946 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments Head coaches Current season Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Hartford Civic Center TD Garden Administration Boston Basketball Partners ( owner ) Wyc Grousbeck ( CEO ) Wyc Grousbeck , H. 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National World War II Memorial

National World War II Memorial - wikipedia National World War II Memorial For other uses , see World War II Memorial . World War II Memorial Location Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 21.84 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 25.86 '' W  /  38.8894000 ° N 77.0405167 ° W  / 38.8894000 ; - 77.0405167 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.84 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 25.86 '' W  /  38.8894000 ° N 77.0405167 ° W  / 38.8894000 ; - 77.0405167 Established May 29 , 2004 Visitors 4,410,000 ( in 2005 ) Governing body National Park Service Website World War II Memorial The World War II Memorial is a memorial of national significance dedicated to Americans who served in the armed forces and as civilians during World War II . Consisting of 56 pillars and a pair of small triumphal arches surrounding a square and fountain , it sits on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , on the former site of the Rainbow Pool at the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool , between the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument . Opened on April 29 , 2004 , it was dedicated by President George W. Bush on May 29 , 2004 . The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group . As of 2009 , more than 4.4 million people visit the memorial each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Freedom Wall 2 History 2.1 Fundraising 2.2 Picking the site 2.3 Designing the memorial 3 Construction 4 Controversy 4.1 Criticism of the location 4.2 Criticism of the design and style 4.3 FDR 's D - Day prayer 5 Gallery 5.1 With the Washington Monument in background 5.2 Of the Central Fountain 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) Aerial view of the World War II Memorial The memorial consists of 56 granite pillars , each 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) tall , arranged in a semicircle around a plaza with two 43 - foot ( 13 m ) triumphal arches on opposite sides . Two - thirds of the 7.4 - acre ( 30,000 m ) site is landscaping and water . Each pillar is inscribed with the name of one of the 48 U.S. states of 1945 , as well as the District of Columbia , the Alaska Territory and Territory of Hawaii , the Commonwealth of the Philippines , Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The northern arch is inscribed with `` Atlantic '' ; the southern one , `` Pacific . '' The plaza is 337 ft 10 in ( 102.97 m ) long and 240 feet 2 inches ( 73.20 m ) wide , is sunk 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) below grade , and contains a pool that is 246 feet 9 inches by 147 feet 8 inches ( 75.2 × 45.0 m ) . The memorial includes two inconspicuously located `` Kilroy was here '' engravings . Their inclusion in the memorial acknowledges the significance of the symbol to American soldiers during World War II and how it represented their presence and protection wherever it was inscribed . On approaching the semicircle from the east , a visitor walks along one of two walls ( right side wall and left side wall ) picturing scenes of the war experience in bas relief . As one approaches on the left ( toward the Pacific arch ) , the scenes begin with soon - to - be servicemen getting physical exams , taking the oath , and being issued military gear . The reliefs progress through several iconic scenes , including combat and burying the dead , ending in a homecoming scene . On the right - side wall ( toward the Atlantic arch ) there is a similar progression , but with scenes generally more typical of the European theatre . Some scenes take place in England , depicting the preparations for air and sea assaults . The last scene is of a handshake between the American and Russian armies when the western and eastern fronts met in Germany . Freedom wall ( edit ) The Freedom Wall is on the west side of the memorial , with a view of the Reflecting Pool and Lincoln Memorial behind it . The wall has 4,048 gold stars , each representing 100 Americans who died in the war . In front of the wall lies the message `` Here we mark the price of freedom '' . History ( edit ) View of The World War II Memorial ( bottom ) and the Lincoln Memorial ( top ) from the Washington Monument In 1987 , World War II veteran Roger Durbin approached Representative Marcy Kaptur , a Democrat from Ohio , to ask if a World War II memorial could be constructed . Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act to the House of Representatives as HR 3742 on December 10 . The resolution authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission ( ABMC ) to establish a World War II memorial in `` Washington , D.C. , or its environs '' , but the bill was not voted on before the end of the session , so it was not passed . Two more times , in 1989 and 1991 , Rep. Kaptur introduced similar legislation , but these bills suffered the same fate as the first , and did not become law . Kaptur reintroduced legislation in the House a fourth time as HR 682 on January 27 , 1993 , one day after Senator Strom Thurmond ( a Republican from South Carolina ) introduced companion Senate legislation . On March 17 , 1993 , the Senate approved the act , and the House approved an amended version of the bill on May 4 . On May 12 , the Senate also approved the amended bill , and the World War II Memorial Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on May 25 of that year , becoming Public Law 103 - 32 . Fundraising ( edit ) On September 30 , 1994 , President Bill Clinton appointed a 12 - member Memorial Advisory Board ( MAB ) to advise the ABMC in picking the site , designing the memorial , and raising money to build it . A direct mail fundraising effort brought in millions of dollars from individual Americans . Additional large donations were made by veterans ' groups , including the American Legion , the Veterans of Foreign Wars , Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge and others . The majority of the corporate fundraising effort was led by two co-chairs : Senator Bob Dole , a decorated World War II veteran and 1996 Republican nominee for president ; and Frederick W. Smith , the president and chief executive officer of FedEx Corporation and a former U.S. Marine Corps officer . The U.S. federal government provided about $16 million . A total of $197 million was raised . Picking the site ( edit ) On January 20 , 1995 , Colonel Kevin C. Kelley , project manager for the ABMC , organized the first meeting of the ABMC and the MAB , at which the project was discussed and initial plans made . The meeting was chaired by Commissioner F. Haydn Williams , chairman of ABMC 's World War II Memorial Site and Design Committee , who would go on to guide the project through the site selection and approval process and the selection and approval of the Memorial 's design . Representatives from the United States Commission of Fine Arts , the National Capital Planning Commission , the National Capital Memorial Commission , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , and the National Park Service attended the meeting . Selection of an appropriate site was taken on as the first action . Over the next months , several sites were considered . Three quickly gained favor : U.S. Capitol Reflection Pool area -- between 3rd Street and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial Constitution Gardens -- east end , between Constitution Avenue and the Rainbow Pool Freedom Plaza -- on Pennsylvania Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets Other sites considered but quickly rejected were : Tidal Basin -- northeast side , east of the Tidal Basin parking lot and west of the 14th Street Bridge access road West Potomac Park -- between Ohio Drive and the north shore of the Potomac River , northwest of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Grounds of the Washington Monument -- at Constitution Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets , west of the National Museum of American History Henderson Hall , adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery -- dropped from consideration because of its unavailability The selection of the Rainbow Pool site was announced on October 5 , 1995 . The design would incorporate the Rainbow Pool fountain , located across 17th Street from the Washington Monument and near the Constitution Gardens site . The location is itself a significant symbol . The memorial will be given a more prominent spot than any monument on the National Mall since the Lincoln Memorial opened in 1922 . The location , between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial , represents the first addition in more than 70 years to the grand corridor of open space that stretches from the Capitol 2.1 miles west to the Potomac River . Designing the Memorial ( edit ) A nationwide design competition drew 400 submissions from architects from around the country . Friedrich St. Florian 's initial design was selected in 1997 . Over the next four years , St. Florian 's design was altered during the review and approval process required of proposed memorials in Washington , D.C. Ambassador Haydn Williams guided the design development for ABMC . St. Florian 's design consists of an architectural sculpture that evokes a classical monument . The two memorial arches , Pacific and Atlantic baldacchinos each have laurel wreaths suspended in the air with 4 eagles carrying it . The chandelier sculpture symbolizes the victory of the War with the Nation 's bird carrying a Grecian symbol of victory but with an American adaptation of oak laurel wreaths to symbolize strength . Each of the 56 pillars all consists of oak laurel wreaths and wheat laurel wreath . The oak symbolizes military and industrial strength and the wheat symbolizes agricultural and breadbasket during the U.S. part in the war . Construction ( edit ) Ground was broken in September 2001 . The construction was managed by the General Services Administration . The triumphal arches were crafted by Rock of Ages Corporation . Sculptor Raymond Kaskey created the bronze eagles and wreaths that were installed under the arches , as well as 24 bronze bas - relief panels that depict wartime scenes of combat and the home front . The bronzes were cast over the course of two and a half years at Laran Bronze in Chester , Pennsylvania . The stainless - steel armature that holds up the eagles and wreaths was designed at Laran , in part by sculptor James Peniston , and fabricated by Apex Piping of Newport , Delaware . The John Stevens Shop designed the lettering for the memorial and most of the inscriptions were hand - carved in situ . The memorial opened to the public on April 29 , 2004 , and was dedicated in a May 29 ceremony attended by thousands of people . The memorial became a national park on November 1 , when authority over it was transferred to the National Park Service . In 2012 , the memorial 's fountain was renovated . The memorial under construction in August 2002 Controversy ( edit ) Criticism of the location ( edit ) Critics such as the National Coalition to Save Our Mall opposed the location of the memorial . A major criticism of the location was that it would interrupt what had been an unbroken view between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial . The memorial was also criticized for taking up open space that had been historically used for major demonstrations and protests . Washington Monument View Critics were particularly bothered by the expedited approval process , which is considerably lengthy most of the time . The United States Congress , worried that World War II veterans were dying before an appropriate memorial could be built , passed legislation exempting the World War II Memorial from further site and design review . Congress also dismissed pending legal challenges to the memorial . Criticism of the design and style ( edit ) There were also aesthetic objections to the design . A critic from the Boston Herald described the monument as `` vainglorious , demanding of attention and full of trite imagery . '' The Philadelphia Inquirer argued that `` this pompous style was also favored by Hitler and Mussolini '' ( see Nazi architecture ) . The Washington Post described it as `` overbearing '' , `` bombastic '' , and a `` hodgepodge of cliche and Soviet - style pomposity '' with `` the emotional impact of a slab of granite '' . Some supporters said that the design evoked federal architecture during the New Deal period , influenced by an austere interpretation of Art Deco / Beaux Arts styles . This view , and the monument , were dismissed by one prominent architecture critic as `` knee - jerk historicism '' FDR 's D. - day prayer ( edit ) On May 23 , 2013 , Senator Rob Portman introduced the World War II Memorial Prayer Act of 2013 ( S. 1044 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the United States Secretary of the Interior to install at the World War II memorial in the District of Columbia a suitable plaque or an inscription with the words that President Franklin D. Roosevelt prayed with the United States on June 6 , 1944 , the morning of D - Day . The bill was opposed by the American Civil Liberties Union , the American Jewish Committee , Americans United for Separation of Church and State , the Hindu American Foundation , and the Interfaith Alliance . Together the organizations argued that the bill `` endorses the false notion that all veterans will be honored by a war memorial that includes a prayer proponents characterize as reflecting our country 's ' Judeo - Christian heritage and values . ' '' The organizations argued that `` the memorial , as it currently stands , appropriately honors those who served and encompasses the entirety of the war '' and was carefully created , so no additional elements , such as FDR 's prayer , need to be added . But , they said , `` the effect of this bill , however , is to co-opt religion for political purposes , which harms the beliefs of everyone . '' The bill passed in the United States Senate on June 5 , 2014 . Gallery ( edit ) The southern end of the memorial , dedicated to the Pacific theater The northern end of the memorial , dedicated to the Atlantic theater `` The Price of Freedom '' Engraving of Kilroy on the memorial Close up of the engraving at the memorial The Pacific Arch A seal on the floor of the memorial using the World War II Victory Medal design Each of the 4,048 gold stars represents 100 Americans who died during the war The Pacific Arch ( Atlantic Arch in the background ) The Atlantic Arch View of the World War II Memorial in Washington , D.C. from the `` Atlantic '' arch of the memorial . World War II Memorial ( 2013 ) Panoramic view at night , Washington Monument in the background With the Washington Monument in background ( edit ) The memorial , looking east in winter Five state pillars and flag North Carolina pillar Pennsylvania pillar Of the central fountain ( edit ) Central Fountain with the Atlantic Arch in background World War II Memorial Fountain in Washington D.C. World War II Memorial , Fountain in the evening . World War II Memorial Panoramic view See also ( edit ) List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 2 The National WWII Museum , in New Orleans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/103/32.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-1/subchapter-LXI Jump up ^ National World War II Memorial Jump up ^ World War II Memorial ( U.S. National Park Service ) Jump up ^ `` Memorial Design '' . National WWII Memorial . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4F0R_Kilroy_Was_Here_World_War_II_Memorial_Washington_DC Jump up ^ `` Kilroy Is Here -- Can You Find Him ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Knight , Christopher ( 2004 - 05 - 23 ) . `` A memorial to forget '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 26 . -- Many sources give the number of stars as 4,000 . The wall contains 23 panels of 11 columns and 16 rows of stars . The number of stars can also be counted in Image : Wwii memorial stars march 2006. jpg . See also discussion at Talk : National World War II Memorial # Number the Stars . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Site - seeking at the Mall : Placing World War II memorial in the grand scheme of things '' . The Washington Post . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 07 - 28 ) . `` No Accord on WWII Memorial ; Two Agencies Send Mixed Signals About Location '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( 1995 - 10 - 06 ) . `` WWII Memorial Gets Choice Mall Site ; 2nd Panel Approves Location , Clearing Way for Design Phase '' . The Washington Post . p . B1 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-11-09/news/mn-1182_1_world-war-ii-monument Jump up ^ WWII Memorial : The `` High Point '' of Raymond Kaskey 's Career - Carnegie Mellon Today Archived 2008 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WWII MEMORIAL '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` James Peniston Sculpture : Bio '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Memorial '' . Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Memorial Site Renovations '' . Long Fence . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linda Wheeler and Spencer S. Hsu ( 17 May 2001 ) . `` Bush Backs War Memorial '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` A Memorial That Does n't Measure Up '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World War II Memorial Defaces a National Treasure '' . National Coalition to Save Our Mall . January 2001 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Van Oss , Alex ( 2001 - 02 - 25 ) . `` World War II Memorial '' ( RealAudio ) . Weekend Edition Sunday . National Public Radio . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Killian , Michael ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Senate OKs WWII Memorial '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Keane , Thomas M. , Jr . ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` WWII Memorial fails both past , present '' . Boston Herald . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Saffron , Inga ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` Monument to Democracy , The National World War II Memorial deserves its prominent location in Washington , as a tribute to heroes and a great cause '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( May 4 , 2004 ) . `` A Memorial That Does n't Measure Up '' . The Washington Post . p . B01 . Jump up ^ Ouroussoff , Nicolai , `` Get Me Rewrite : A New Monument to Press Freedom '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1044 - Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Letter to Chairman Udall and Ranking Member Portman '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1044 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II Memorial . NPS - National World War II Memorial Trust for the National Mall : World War II Memorial White House dedication World War II Memorial Gallery hide Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. 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Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 22 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when was the national world war ii memorial built

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Book of Obadiah

Book of Obadiah - wikipedia Book of Obadiah Jump to : navigation , search For the author to whom the Book of Obadiah is attributed , see Obadiah . Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( hide ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( show ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( hide ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Obadiah is an oracle concerning the divine judgment of Edom and the restoration of Israel . The text consists of a single chapter , divided into 21 verses , making it the shortest book in the Hebrew Bible . In Judaism and Christianity , its authorship is attributed to a prophet who lived in the Assyrian Period and named himself in the first verse , Obadiah . His name means `` servant of Yahweh '' . In Christianity , the Book of Obadiah is classified as a minor prophet of the Old Testament , due to its short length . In Judaism , Obadiah is considered a `` later prophet '' , placed in the last section ( Nevi'im of the Tanakh , where it is one of the `` Twelve Prophets . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Scholarly issues 2.1 Dating Obadiah 2.2 Contrast with Amos 2.3 Sepharad 3 Scriptural parallels 4 Protestant view 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) The book of Obadiah is based on a prophetic vision concerning the fall of Edom , a mountain dwelling nation whose founding father was Esau . Obadiah describes an encounter with God who addresses Edom 's arrogance and charges them for their violent actions against their brother nation , the House of Jacob ( Israel ) . The western half of ancient Edom is the Negev desert all the way to Eilat , all part of modern Israel . The eastern half is possessed by the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan . In the days of Obadiah , the Edomites lived along the cliffs and mountaintops of the arid land south of the Dead Sea , all the way to the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea . There was very little in the way of arable land , so the Edomites made their living supporting ( and controlling ) the main caravan route between Egypt and Babylon that passed through their whole land . Throughout most of the history of Judah , Edom was controlled absolutely from Jerusalem as a vassal state . Among the region 's great powers , Edom was held in low regard . Obadiah said that the high elevation of their dwelling place in the mountains of Seir had gone to their head , and they had puffed themselves up in pride . `` Though you soar like the eagle and make your nest among the stars , from there I will bring you down , '' declares the Lord . ( Obadiah 1 : 4 , NIV ) In 597 BCE , Nebuchadnezzar II sacked Jerusalem , carted away the King of Judea and installed a puppet ruler . The Edomites helped the Babylonians loot the city . Obadiah , writing this prophecy around 590 BCE , suggests the Edomites should have remembered that blood was thicker than water . ' `` On the day you stood aloof while strangers carried off his wealth and foreigners entered his gates and cast lots for Jerusalem , you were like one of them ... You should not march through the gates of my people in the day of their disaster , nor gloat over them in their calamity in the day of their disaster , nor seize their wealth in the day of their disaster . '' ' ( Obadiah 1 : 11 , 13 NIV ) Obadiah said in judgement God would wipe out the house of Esau forever , and not even a remnant would remain . The Edomites ' land would be possessed by Egypt and they would cease to exist as a people . But the Day of the Lord was at hand for all nations , and someday the children of Israel would return from their exile and possess the land of Edom . Scholarly issues ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dating Obadiah ( edit ) The date of composition is disputed and is difficult to determine due to the lack of personal information about Obadiah , his family , and his historical milieu . The date of composition must therefore be determined based on the prophecy itself . Edom is to be destroyed due to its lack of defense for its brother nation , Israel , when it was under attack . There are two major historical contexts within which the Edomites could have committed such an act . These are during 853 -- 841 BC when Jerusalem was invaded by Philistines and Arabs during the reign of Jehoram of Judah ( recorded in 2 Kings 8 : 20 -- 22 and 2 Chronicles 21 : 8 -- 20 in the Christian Old Testament ) and 607 -- 586 BC when Jerusalem was attacked by Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon , which led to the Babylonian exile of Israel ( recorded in Psalm 137 ) . The earlier period would place Obadiah as a contemporary of the prophet Elijah as reflected in 1 Kings 18 : 1 - 16 . In particular , 1 Kings 18 : 7 - 8 reads : `` As Obadiah was walking along , Elijah met him . Obadiah recognized him , bowed down to the ground , and said , ' Is it really you , my lord Elijah ? ' ' Yes , ' he replied . ' Go tell your master , `` Elijah is here . '' ' '' ( NIV ) The later date would place Obadiah as a contemporary of the prophet Jeremiah , both of whom were prophets in the respective time periods . A sixth - century date for Obadiah is a `` near consensus '' position among scholars . Obadiah 1 - 9 contains parallels to Jeremiah 49 : 7 - 22 . The passage in Jeremiah dates from the fourth year of the reign of Jehoiakim ( 604 BC ) , and therefore Obadiah 11 - 14 seems to refer to the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadrezzar II ( 586 BC ) . It is more likely that Obadiah and Jeremiah together were drawing on a common source presently unknown to us than Jeremiah drawing on previous writings of Obadiah as his source . There is also much material found in Obadiah 10 - 21 which Jeremiah does not quote , and which , had he had it laid out before him , would have suited his purpose admirably . Despite everything , however , there are some who support both dates and even some who support dates other than the two major possibilities presented . Any date for the composition of Obadiah must be held tentatively . Contrast with Amos ( edit ) In verse eighteen , it says that once judgment has been carried out , `` There will be no survivors from the house of Esau '' ( NIV ) . So , according to Obadiah there will not remain even a remnant after Edom 's judgment . This is in contrast to Amos 9 : 12 , where Amos refers to such a remnant , however , it is stated that their possession will be given to Israel . Some scholars have suggested that Amos 's reference to Edom is symbolic of all nations who were once enemies of Israel and not intended to mean literal Edomites . This is certainly the perspective of Luke as he recites the passage from Amos in Acts 15 : 17 . Edom is symbolic of the remnant of men and Gentiles who will eventually bear God 's name . Moreover , Frederick A. Tatford in Prophet of Edom 's Doom says that Obadiah 's prophecy is fulfilled today as there is currently no trace of anyone who may be identified as a fleshly Edomite . Sepharad ( edit ) Main article : Sepharad The identity of the land of Sepharad , mentioned only here in this verse in the Bible , Obadiah 1 : 20 , is currently unknown . It is also unknown whether or not Sepharad is a city , district or territory . The only clues for its possible existence are Persian inscriptions that refer to two places called `` Saparda '' : one area in Media and another in Asia Minor , arguably Sardis . Scriptural parallels ( edit ) The exact expression `` the Day of the Lord '' , from Obadiah 1 : 15 , has been used by other authors throughout the Old and New Testaments , as follows : Old Testament : Isaiah 2 , 13 , 34 , 58 , Jeremiah 46 : 10 , Lamentations 2 : 22 , Ezekiel 13 : 5 , Joel 1 , 2 , 3 , Amos 5 : 18 , 20 , Zephaniah 1 , 2 , Zechariah 14 : 1 , Malachi 4 : 5 New Testament : 1 Thessalonians 5 : 2 , 2 Peter 3 : 10 , Acts 2 : 20 , 1 Corinthians 5 : 5 , 2 Corinthians 1 : 14 For other parallels , compare Obadiah 1 : 1 -- 8 with Jeremiah 49 : 7 -- 16 . Protestant view ( edit ) The overwhelming theme found in Obadiah is the destruction of the enemies of God 's people . Unlike other prophets who call the hearers to repent before they fall under judgment , Obadiah 's message is one of inevitable doom as a consequence of previous actions . A Christian with a knowledge of the New Testament of the Bible would say that although God 's grace and forgiveness abound in such situations , because God is just there are consequences for opposing God and God 's people . Obadiah shows that judgment falls even within the family of God , as Israel and Edom descended from twin brothers , Jacob and Esau . His purpose was to make it known that according to his God , if members of the same family were to treat each other in the same manner as Edom treated the Israelites , they too may be subject to the wrath of God . In relating to theme of Obadiah , it is important to underscore the `` punishment '' theme this book outlines against Edom . W.J. Deane and J.R. Thomson write this valid conclusion , `` The Book of Obadiah is occupied with one subject -- the punishment of Edom for its cruel and unbrotherly love conduct towards Judah ... '' One can link this idea of punishment to one of the major prophets `` Ezekiel '' who `` ... interprets the exile to Babylon and the destruction of Jerusalem as deserved punishments for the sins of those who themselves committed them . '' Verses 3 -- 7 in Obadiah explain to the reader the reason for the punishment theme , `` Confidence in one 's power , intelligence , allies , or the topographical features of one 's territory is often mentioned as an attribute of those who foolishly confront the Lord and are consequently punished . '' Although destruction is vital to understanding Obadiah , it is of note to understand the destruction being a consequence of action . See also ( edit ) Teman The lowland of Philistia The fields of Ephraim The fields of Samaria The land of Gilead References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan , M. `` A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in its Context . Oxford University Press , New York ( 2009 ) p. 315 Jump up ^ Nelson 's Compact Illustrated Bible Dictionary , Thomas Nelson Publishers , 1978 , p. 191 , ISBN 0 - 8407 - 5636 - 4 Jump up ^ Jason C. Dykehouse ( 2008 ) . An Historical Reconstruction of Edomite Treaty Betrayal in the Sixth Century B.C.E. Based on Biblical , Epigraphic , and Archaeological Data . ProQuest . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 59500 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ehud Ben Zvi ( 1 January 1996 ) . A Historical - Critical Study of the Book of Obadiah . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 104 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 080963 - 3 . Jump up ^ Deane , W.J. & Thomson , J.R. , The Book of Obadiah , The Pulpit Commentary , Vol. 14 Amos -- Malachi . Eds . Spence , H.D.M. & Exell , Joseph S. , Eerdmans : Grand Rapids ( 1981 ) . p. 1 Jump up ^ Coogan , M. `` A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in its Context . Oxford University Press , New York ( 2009 ) p. 319 Jump up ^ `` oremus Bible Browser : Obadiah 1 '' . Bible.oremus.org. 2011 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Henshaw , R.A. ( revised by Zvi , Ehud Ben ) , The HarperCollins Study Bible . Ed . Attridge , H.W. , HarperOne ; New York . p. 1230 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Book of Obadiah Masoretic text from Mechon Mamre Translations : Jewish translations : Ovadiah ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) from Chabad.org Christian translations : Online Bible at GospelHall.org ( KJV ESV Darby BBE ) Obadiah at The Great Books ( New Revised Standard Version ) Bible : Obadiah public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Commentary : Ovadiah ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) from Chabad.org Obadiah , from John Gill 's Exposition of the Entire Bible . Obadiah , from the United Church of God , an International Association Bible Reading Program -- This Hebrew scholar provides extensive background information as well as verse - by - verse exposition ) Kretzmann 's Popular Commentary of the Bible ( navigate to Obadiah using the menu on the left ) Obadiah : The Lord Will Have His Day by Jonathan Kuske Obadiah : an Introduction by Jim West Book of Obadiah Minor prophets Preceded by Amos Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Jonah Christian Old Testament ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 181846225 LCCN : n80057139 GND : 4042864 - 3 SUDOC : 028922506 BNF : cb12065802s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Obadiah&oldid=814937048 '' Categories : 9th - century BC books 6th - century BC books 1st - millennium BC books Twelve Minor Prophets Book of Obadiah Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 19 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who wrote the book of obadiah in the bible

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Tyler Perry's House of Payne

Tyler Perry 's House of Payne - wikipedia Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Created by Tyler Perry Presented by Tyler Perry Starring Allen Payne LaVan Davis Cassi Davis Lance Gross Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw China Anne McClain Denise Burse Demetria McKinney Keshia Knight Pulliam Palmer Williams Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 254 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Camera setup Multiple Running time 20 - 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Georgia Media Distributor Debmar - Mercury 20th Television Release Original network TBS Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) -- August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Chronology Related shows The Paynes Meet the Browns Love Thy Neighbor External links Website Tyler Perry 's House of Payne is an American sitcom television series created and produced by playwright , director , and producer Tyler Perry . The show revolved around a multi-generational family living under one roof in Atlanta led by patriarch Curtis Payne and his wife Ella . The show premiered in syndication on June 21 , 2006 , and new episodes of a retooled version were broadcast exclusively on TBS from June 6 , 2007 , until August 10 , 2012 . While primarily a comedy sitcom , House of Payne was known for featuring dark themes and subject matter , such as substance abuse and addiction . It also had elements of slapstick . The storyline of the show is serialized , with many references to past episodes , creating a continuing story arc . With a total of 254 episodes , House of Payne aired more episodes than any other television series with a predominantly African American cast , surpassing The Jeffersons with 253 episodes , Family Matters with 215 episodes and The Cosby Show with 202 episodes . In 2017 , the Oprah Winfrey Network ordered a spin - off series titled The Paynes , with 38 episodes and the original cast returning to reprise their roles . The series premiered on January 16 , 2018 . Contents 1 Production history 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.2. 1 The Hernandez family 4 Setting 5 Other Cast 6 NAACP Image Awards & Nominations 7 Special appearances 8 Syndicated reruns 8.1 Madea connections 8.2 Meet the Browns crossovers 9 Releases 10 References 11 External links Production history ( edit ) The sitcom ran in first - run syndication for 10 episodes during mid-2006 on the Atlanta - area broadcast of WPCH - TV , along with nine other broadcast outlets across the country , as a limited run , with additional episodes to be available for national distribution on TBS in June 2007 . An order of 100 episodes was later requested by TBS . A cable record for sitcom airings was broken with 5.2 and 5.8 million for the two premiere episodes on TBS on June 6 , 2007 . However , the audience declined to 4.3 million as of the week ending September 30 , 2007 and 2.260 and 2.099 as of May 19 , 2010 . The principal cast remained the same ( with the exception of Lance Gross being added ) , led by LaVan Davis . The original format of the series centred around C.J. ( Allen Payne ) and his family moving in with his Aunt Ella and Uncle Curtis ( Cassi Davis and LaVan Davis ) . Robinne Lee had a recurring guest stint in Season 1 -- 2 as Malik and Jazmine 's principal , Nicole Jamieson , whom C.J. soon began dating . Rochelle Aytes originally portrayed Nicole Jamieson in the test pilot episodes as Malik 's math teacher . In the test run , Ella and Curtis were originally C.J. 's parents , but in its televised format , Calvin is their son and C.J. their nephew . Despite his top billing , Allen Payne is not considered the main actor of the series , especially due to his long absence in the fifth season . The show was recorded in front of a live studio audience but sometimes used a laugh track . At the beginning of the fifth season , China Anne McClain ( Jazmine ) and Denise Burse ( Claretha ) were removed from the series . The characters were written out , with Jazmine going away to a school for gifted children in North Carolina and Claretha marrying a prince and moving away . In real life , McClain and Burse left the series for undisclosed reasons . In the beginning of Season 6 , both McClain and Burse returned . Some of the cast members of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne were on The Mo'Nique Show in October 2009 . Beginning with the seventh season , China Anne McClain appeared infrequently due to her work schedule for A.N.T. Farm . Denise Burse was no longer credited as a regular cast member ; she appeared in a recurring role . Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw , who portrayed Malik , appeared infrequently after the sixth season . This was due to Shaw 's work schedules for The Suite Life on Deck and Pair of Kings . He remained a cast member throughout the series . Tyler Perry directed every episode of the first 5 seasons . Throughout Season 6 , each episode was directed by actress Kim Fields or her mother Chip Hurd. Tyler Perry directed some of the episodes in seasons 7 and 8 while other episodes were directed by Kim Fields , Chip Hurd , and producer Roger M. Bobb . During the first 5 seasons , the show was rated TV - PG but due to a rapid increase of strong language and mature content ( particularly sexual ) , later episodes are rated TV - 14 . On September 28 , 2011 , TBS ordered 42 episodes . Newer episodes have been aired on TBS since October 21 , 2011 with season 8 , and concluded the series with a total of 254 episodes . The show aired its final two episodes on August 10 , 2012 . On January 30 , 2017 , a spin - off follow - up series entitled The Paynes was ordered by Oprah Winfrey Network . It will follow Ella and Curtis Payne as they enjoy retirement in Florida only to get caught in a real estate deal that will turn their lives upside down . The series was greenlighted for 38 episodes and premiered in early 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 37 June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 22 December 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 05 ) January 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) 16 March 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 05 ) April 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 23 ) 25 June 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 04 ) August 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 06 ) 5 26 December 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 03 ) June 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) 6 46 November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 7 20 March 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) June 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) 8 62 October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Cast ( edit ) House of Payne revolves around the Payne family who reside in the suburban Atlanta . It is noted that all main cast members are credited only for the episodes in which they appear . Actor Character Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 8 Allen Payne Clarence `` C.J. '' Payne , Jr Main Lavan Davis Curtis Booker T. Payne Main Cassi Davis Ella Williams - Payne Main Lance Gross Calvin Payne Main Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Malik Payne Main China Anne McClain Jazmine Sierra Payne Main Main Denise Burse Claretha Jenkins Main Recurring Demetria McKinney Janine Shelton - Payne Recurring Main Keshia Knight - Pulliam Miranda Lucas - Payne Guest Main Palmer Williams Jr . Floyd Jackson Recurring Main Main ( edit ) Curtis Payne ( LaVan Davis ) is the show 's main protagonist . He is often referred to as Uncle Curtis by his nephew C.J. , his nephew 's wife Janine , and their children , Malik and Jazmine . Curtis is known for his hackneyed jokes , overly loud delivery , and acting like a negative racial stereotype . He is overweight and has fainted once from a blocked artery , but he ignored the diet his wife Ella set for him , and is unable to stay away from his usual fatty foods . A noticeable running gag is when he jokingly pushes Ella to the side with one arm when he wants to go by , she usually lands on the sofa . Despite his immaturity in this matter , his maturity and responsibility are apparent in his job as the chief of the local fire department . In one episode , his middle name was revealed as Booker T. In the sixth season , Curtis was forced to retire which left him depressed and humiliated for a period of time ; he eventually embraced it and his nephew C.J. took over his old job . LaVan Davis won an NAACP Image Awards in 2008 for Outstanding Actor In A Comedy Series for this role . In the first part of the series finale , `` The Call Back '' , CJ asks Curtis to come out of retirement to oversee three stations that CJ runs . At first Curtis refuses to do it , and yells at CJ saying how they already forced him into retirement , and that he was n't going back , but at the end of the episode , after talking with Ella , he decided to return . Ella Payne ( née Ella Williams ) ( known as Ella Williams in episode `` Til Payne Do We Part '' ) ( Cassi Davis ) , is Curtis 's wife . She is a stay - at - home mother and the voice of reason . Curtis has been known to take advantage of Ella 's good nature -- and to be punished for it . Ella is the family 's religious voice and the glue that holds it together . A good cook , she had a restaurant service in one episode . She is quick to offer emotional and moral support to everyone in the family , such as when Janine returned home . In the fifth season , she briefly worked in retail . In Season 6 , she quits to go back to school . Ella graduated from college and finally got her degree in Season 7 . It is revealed that her middle name is Naomi . She tries to keep the family at peace the best she can , whether it 's big or small . In the Season 8 episode `` RIP : Rest in Payne '' , she keeps complete faith for her son Calvin , when she hears that he got shot in C.J. and Janine 's home . She loves her family and wants her husband to keep her safe and stand by her which he does . Clarence James ( C.J. ) Payne , Jr . ( Allen Payne ) is Curtis and Ella 's nephew . C.J. and his family moved into the home of his Uncle Curtis and Aunt Ella when their own house burned down after his wife Janine accidentally started a fire while under the influence of drugs . C.J. is the father of Malik , Jazmine , Jayden , and Hayden Payne . These last two are the twin son and daughter born to Janine and C.J. after they reconciled and remarried . In the fourth season , C.J. found out he was adopted . He works at the firehouse with Curtis . At the end of the fifth season , he , Janine , and the twins moved to Chicago , but they returned in the sixth season after he was offered Curtis ' job , and the family moved in next to Curtis and Ella . Despite being angry with and hostile towards Janine upon her return , C.J. never stopped loving her . In the early seasons , C.J. often has difficulty enforcing discipline with his children , but it is apparent that he is slightly more strict and hot - headed , often jumping to the wrong conclusions . In the Season 6 episode `` Who 's Your Daddy Now ? '' , C.J. finally met his real father who happened to be white , making C.J. biracial . In the seventh season , he was promoted to fire chief commissioner , and also became the boss of Janine and Roland in the public relations department . C.J. was portrayed as Curtis and Ella 's son in the series ' original format , but his character was changed to being their nephew . Calvin Payne ( Lance Gross ) is Ella and Curtis 's college - age son who rarely attends the same courses Curtis often complains about financing . Calvin liked to think of himself as a player until he married Miranda . Like his cousin C.J. , Calvin spends much time working with Curtis at the firehouse until he becomes a partner at the barbershop . In the fifth season , he gets a job working for the same company as Mercedes and she accidentally kisses him twice : once while they are chaperoning Malik and Alexandra 's date ; the other , after Calvin has a fight with Miranda . He finds out that he has a son , Calvin Jr. , from his former girlfriend Tracy . He and Miranda are expecting a child when she decides they should separate , but they agree to try counseling . They get stuck in an elevator and solve their problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi , who turns out to be Dr. Marcos , the marriage - retreat counselor . Calvin was arrested for back child support , but was bailed out of jail before the birth of his child with Miranda in the episode Payneful Resolution Resolution . In the seventh season , Calvin briefly had a job as a manager of a supermarket . He then started working in the public relations department with C.J. , Janine and Roland in Season 8 . Calvin is the only main character who was originally not included in the show . In the season 8 episode `` God Bless the Paynes '' , Calvin gets shot by a man who had harassed Miranda . The man saw the shooting as a way to get revenge at Calvin for beating him up . Calvin is later found by Janine and is rushed to the hospital in `` Do or Die '' . He survives , but with serious injuries . In the series finale , `` All 's Well '' , his wife , Miranda , demands a divorce . The very last scene shows Calvin throwing a vase of flowers at the wall , and the series ends with the camera zoomed in on broken glass and rose petals . Malik Payne ( Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw ) is C.J. and Janine 's college - aged son . He is a young adult whose interest in young women in his class is so extreme that he 'll resort to desperate measures , such as trying out for the cheerleading squad , just to associate with them . Initially , he was often bullied in school as a result of his mother 's drug problems . As a result , he is reluctant to welcome her back to the household . It is hinted that he is allergic to peanuts and knows how to cut hair . Beginning with the sixth season , Malik has appeared infrequently , due to Larramie Shaw 's work schedule , as he also starred on The Suite Life on Deck on Disney Channel and Pair of Kings on Disney XD . His absence is incorporated into the storyline , as he goes to the ROTC during Season 6 and off to college during Season 7 , which is a major continuity error as he advanced from elementary school to college in 4 years . As he prepared to go to college , C.J. , Calvin , Curtis , and Floyd bought him three boxes of condoms because they were sure he would be experimenting with sex in college . His sister Jazmine was upset about him leaving for college . While in college , he dates a girl named Summer ( Makeda Declet ) . Malik then marries Summer just that they can have sex . Summer then wants a divorce from Malik to transfer to a college in New England . But since Malik and Summer have only been married for a few weeks , they are qualified for an annulment and that 's how their marriage ended. ( Episodes 1 - 239 ) Jazmine Payne ( China Anne McClain ) is C.J. and Janine 's daughter . She constantly feels invisible and acts out to get her father 's attention while her mother is in rehab . At one point , Jazmine had a brief crush on Malik 's friend Kevin . Despite her apparent innocence and youth , throughout the series , she was known to act cruel and mean toward Malik and Kevin and schemed to make them miserable . She is also known to have sarcastic comments and sly plans to get what she wants . For undisclosed reasons , China Anne McClain was written out of the series during the fifth season , which made her the only cast member to not appear in Season 5 . She was re-introduced into the series when she returned in the sixth season . It is hinted that she has a fear of mimes that wear hats . On the premiere of the seventh season , she is 12 years old , and Janine lets her wear lip gloss , and she falls in with the wrong crowd . Jazmine has made infrequent appearances since the seventh season , due to China Anne McClain 's work schedule , as she also starred in A.N.T. Farm on Disney Channel . ( Seasons 1 -- 4 , Episodes 127 - 249 ) Janine Payne ( née Janine Shelton ) ( Demetria McKinney ) , is C.J. 's wife and the mother of Malik , Jazmine , Jayden , and Hayden Payne . A seemingly responsible adult and mother at the very beginning of the series , she is later revealed to be a drug addict and the arsonist who burned down her and C.J. 's home . She and C.J. divorce after she leaves her family . Initially , she was only a recurring character and was rarely seen in the series except in episodes where she associates with Ella Payne , who helps her enter a rehab program and return to the family . Later in the series , she is often criticized by C.J. , Curtis , and Malik for her irresponsible actions . She is apparently impregnated by her boyfriend , until an episode reveals that he 's sterile . Since C.J. is the only other person , she has had intercourse with ( in an earlier episode , where they were intimate when C.J. was drunk ) , she realizes that C.J. is the father of the coming child . C.J. and Janine remarry at Calvin and Miranda 's wedding ; almost immediately , her water breaks and she gives birth to twins Jayden and Hayden Payne . Janine 's parents are Larry and Liz Shelton . She and C.J. now live in their own home with their four children . In seasons 6 - 7 , her role in the series has grown more central as she focuses more on her career than her home life -- and becomes the target of romantic interest from her boss Roland until C.J. gets promoted to commissioner and becomes both Janine and Roland 's boss and makes them keep their relationship professional . From that point on , C.J. and Janine both have the same job together and are able focus on both their career and home life together . Miranda Payne ( née Miranda Lucas ) ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) is Calvin 's girlfriend - turned - wife . She was first introduced in Season 1 as a con artist who stole all of Calvin and Curtis ' money for an art gallery . The character returned eventually , but what she did to Calvin and Curtis is only very briefly mentioned . She and Calvin married in the Season 4 conclusion . Miranda has a very troubled and bratty nephew ; when Calvin was supposed to be in charge of the boy , it was actually the boy who ordered Calvin around . Miranda and Calvin began to have problems in the fifth season . In the beginning of the sixth season , a pregnant Miranda disappears ; a couple of episodes later , Miranda says there is no baby , making Calvin believe she had an abortion , but she did n't . She is actually thinking about giving the baby up for adoption . Then , while all three couples ( C.J and Janine , Curtis and Ella , Calvin and Miranda ) go to a marriage retreat , Miranda asks Calvin for a divorce . But when she and Calvin go to a divorce mediator and get stuck in an elevator , they resolve their marriage problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi who turns out to be Dr. Marcos , the marriage - retreat counselor . Calvin and Miranda had their baby in Season 7 . In the series finale `` All 's Well ' , Janine , Miranda , CJ , and Calivin celebrate their wedding anniversary , but Miranda and Calvin never show up . Then Calvin shows up at the Payne House to take Miranda to the anniversary dinner , with a dress and a vase of roses . She interrupts him , and demands a divorce , saying that she 'd been waiting for the right moment to tell him , but could n't find one . The very last scene shows Calvin throwing the vase of roses at the wall , and it shatters . The series ends with the camera zoomed in on the broken glass and rose petals . ( Seasons 3 - 8 , guest star in Season 1 ) Claretha Jenkins ( Denise Burse ) is Ella 's friend and the Paynes ' former next - door neighbor . Curtis constantly jokes about her annoyance at his presence . Claretha has a big mouth ; she even rats out the family business to the media in a crime misconception . She is known for having a collection of wigs . She left at the beginning of Season 5 after marrying a `` prince . '' In Season 6 , she suddenly leaves the prince and now goes out with Floyd . She has an exceedingly obese daughter named Huretha and was furious and disgusted when she went out with C.J. In the early seasons after Janine left , although Huretha was never seen on the show . In the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '' , it is revealed that she has leukemia . Since Season 7 , she is no longer credited as a regular cast member . She appeared in a recurring role . ( Seasons 1 -- 6 , recurring role in Seasons 7 & 8 ) Floyd Jackson ( Palmer Williams Jr . ) is Curtis ' friend and the self - absorbed , proud owner of the Barber Shop . He shows little affection towards individual people , but in times of great need will come out and show affection . His first wife disappeared on him , but after he remarried , the first wife returned looking for a divorce . When he did sign the divorce papers , it turned out she 'd written a book , and since he 's divorced from her he gets nothing . He has a daughter named Olivia who was dating Zack , one of his barbers . In the sixth season , Floyd 's second wife kicks him out so he moves into Curtis and Ella 's back yard and started dating Claretha , until his second wife returned , having lost fifty pounds because she was depressed that they were splitting up . While Floyd had been hoping to string both along without either finding out about the other , until they bumped into each other in the Payne house and both subsequently broke up with him and Claretha kicked him out . Floyd 's middle name is revealed to be Stanley . He is the longest running recurring character on House of Payne . In mid Season 8 , he joined the main cast . ( recurring role , Seasons 3 -- 7 , main role in Season 8 ) Recurring ( edit ) Larry and Liz Shelton ( Dorian Harewood and Anne - Marie Johnson ) are Janine 's parents and have so far appeared in 5 episodes of the series . Curtis hates their visits . They are upper - class and appear snobbish towards the Payne family . Upon their first appearance , Claretha identifies Janine 's father as a `` dancer '' known as Dimples , though no one believes her . Liz comes off as judgmental . Her relationship with her daughter is usually tested . In a Season 3 episode she stays with the Paynes after being kicked out of her house ; she annoys everyone , mostly Ella , Curtis , and Janine . In a later episode , she visits the new twins and constantly criticizes Janine 's parenting skills , going as far as to try to change the babies ' names . When Janine finally confronts her , Liz reveals that her mother was the same way with her . Liz shows a more compassionate side during her visit in Season 6 after reading a letter to C.J. written by a deceased comrade 's child Eunice Williams ( Aloma Wright ) : is Ella 's mother who shows signs of Alzheimer 's during her visit with the family . She shows strong dislike toward Curtis , but takes a liking to everyone else . Her last name is only revealed in Season 6 when Ella 's maiden name is finally revealed . She reappeared in the Season 8 premiere episode `` A Mother 's Payne '' , where Ella and her sister Evie decided to put her in a nursing home after a frightening episode resulting from her Alzheimer 's disease . It is then shown that she did take more favor for Ella over Evelyn after she leaves Ella a life insurance policy of $100,000 and Evelyn was going to be left with nothing . In the episode `` Amazing Matriarchs '' , Eunice passes away offscreen . Though the cause of her demise is not mentioned , she most likely succumbed to Alzheimer 's . Ella fought off her grief until Eunice 's memorial service where she finally breaks down and is comforted by Curtis , as a silent Calvin looks on . Evelyn `` Evie '' Williams ( played by Janet Hubert - Whitten ) is Ella 's older sister who helps takes care of her sick mother and wants what 's best for her . Jeffrey and Sandra Lucas ( Wendell Pierce ) and ( Valarie Pettiford ) : Miranda 's wealthy parents who have appeared in Seasons 4 -- 7 . Jeffrey is a doctor and Sandra is a lawyer . In season 6 , Sandra thought Calvin had something to do with Miranda 's disappearance until she resurfaces . In the aftermath , she acts cold towards Calvin but Miranda makes her see reason and change her ways . Tracie Evans ( played by Eva Marcille ) , is the mother of Calvin 's first son Calvin Jr. and Kyle 's aunt . Initially , C.J. developed a love interest in her shortly after his break up with Nicole . However , she later confessed to C.J. that she has been dating Calvin . She then breaks up with Calvin to reconcile with her old boyfriend . In Season 5 , she returned and tells Calvin that they have a son named Calvin Jr. , which upsets Miranda more when she already discovered that Calvin kissed Mercedes . In Season 6 , she was in a car accident which claimed the life of her husband . She then asks Calvin and Miranda to take care of Calvin Jr. while she gets herself in order . Eventually she recuperated . She make a pass at Calvin on two occasions : once after Calvin and Miranda intervenes on her visiting unannounced ; and the other was in Calvin 's `` man shower '' , indicating that she wanted him back . After Calvin pushes her away , she takes Calvin Jr. away from Calvin and Miranda . She then clears Calvin 's bank account for back child support , the latter of which Calvin then gets arrested for . Her son is with Calvin for the weekend and when he goes to work and Miranda is asleep , Calvin Jr. plays with matches and sets the condo on fire . Tracie shows up at the hospital , with her new boyfriend , after she gets a call and tells Calvin she 's getting full custody of their son and she attempts to fight Miranda and Janine . But soon her son wakes up from the coma , and she neutralizes her problems with Calvin . Until she checks him out and makes it difficult for Calvin to be a father to their son . Nicole Jamieson ( played by Robinne Lee ) was C.J. 's ex-girlfriend and Malik and Jazmine 's assistant principal . She first appeared in the Season 1 episode `` Teacher 's Pet '' where she visited the Payne household to bring back a hamster Jazmine took from the school . C.J. in the following episode went to the school to pick up the kids home from school only to find Nicole in her office telling him they already left . They were trapped inside the school building due to a storm that hit Atlanta . From there , sparks started to fly between her and C.J. Their relationship soon hit a bump when it is shown that Nicole is mentally unstable . It is most evident as she extremely jealous when C.J. speaks to another woman and even mentions another woman 's name . In one episode , it was shown she even gets upset when C.J. says Jazmine 's name while on the phone with her , which makes C.J. and Ella believes she is crazy . When C.J. breaks up with her after a huge argument , she gets destructive and breaks dishes at the Payne 's house , she even threatened to stab him . Nicole has not been seen since Season 2 . In her last appearance , she revealed that she was dating Calvin but that was never addressed again , and she has n't mentioned since . In the test pilot episodes , Nicole Jamieson was originally portrayed by Rochelle Aytes , where she was Malik 's math teacher and was normal and rather soft - spoken . Kevin ( played by Kyre Batiste - Loftin ) , was Malik 's best friend who was a recurring character from Seasons 1 -- 6 . He was much like Malik in personality though slightly more dimwitted . He was very kind - hearted and generous despite the rare times he behaved selfishly . He often was involved in Malik 's crazy schemes to get girls . He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Drinking Game '' where he and Malik were drinking when they were left alone in the house . He has n't been seen or mentioned since . Pookie ( played by Quincy Bonds ) , was one of Calvin 's closest friends since childhood ; he and his younger brother Peanut act nothing like Calvin as they are both ghetto and appear to be thugs . They are still friendly but can be rough at times . He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '' , in which Curtis throws a `` man shower '' for Calvin . In the Meet The Browns series , Nurse Renee is seen talking on the phone to `` Pookie '' -- this is probably him because the Browns and the Paynes knew each other . Peanut ( played by Clayton English ) , is Pookie 's younger brother ; unlike Pookie , Peanut actually has a real name , Clayton . He , along with Pookie , was last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '' . He has n't been seen since . Kyle Thompson ( played by Dale Neal ) , was Tracie 's nephew and Malik 's friend . He appeared from Seasons 1 -- 2 . He is originally from Bronx , NY . Like Malik 's mother Janine , Kyle 's mother had a drug problem , and he was living with Aunt Tracie while his mother was battling her addiction . He and Malik stole Curtis ' motorcycle and Curtis pressed charges against both of them , later dropping the charges when he realized that they were too extreme . It is hinted that Kyle dropped out of school . He was last seen in the Season 2 episode `` It 's a Boy , '' playing video games with Malik . Tanya ( played by Robin Givens ) was C.J. 's girlfriend who appeared from Season 2 - 4 . She started dating C.J. after running into each other in a mutual friend 's anniversary ( in the episode `` It 's Getting Hot in Here '' ) . C.J. found out that Tanya danced in an old rap music video when she was younger . Although C.J. and Janine had sex before he and Tanya became a couple , Tanya breaks up with C.J. after she found out he impregnated Janine . Bryan Dawson ( played by Michael Jai White ) was Janine 's boyfriend in the test pilot episodes and Season 3 . He was a former star football player turned investment banker . His first appearance was in `` Stop Being All Funky '' , when he was taking Janine out to dinner with Malik and Jazmine and tries to favor the kids , which irritates C.J. Originally , believed to be the father of Janine 's unborn child , Janine revealed that he is sterle which the baby is C.J. 's . Revealed by Janine , Bryan breaks up with her after learning that C.J. impregnated her . Calvin Jr. ( played by Cornelius Benton ) is the son of Calvin and Tracie , older half - brother to Christian , and the grandson of Curtis and Ella . He was introduced in the Season 5 episode `` Surprise ! ( Part 1 ) '' , he is referred to as C.J. until his name is revealed and Calvin meets him for the first time . In Season 6 , he stayed with Calvin and Miranda while Tracie was recovering from an accident . However , Tracie takes him back home after Calvin rejected her advances . He returned in the Season 7 episode `` So Hard To Say Goodbye '' . He was playing with matches while Miranda was sleeping , which caused a fire in Calvin and Miranda 's condo . Tracie checked him out of the hospital when he awoke from his coma . Roland ( played by Rick Fox ) is Janine 's boss , and head of public relations for the fire department . He was introduced in Season 6 . His romantic interest in Janine has caused some clashes between him and C.J. Then C.J. becomes his boss after receiving a promotion and after C.J. tells him to keep his relationship with Janine professional , he agrees to do so . C.J. also tells him to hire Calvin after finding out that he needs a new member of the department , but he starts to regret hiring Calvin after having to correct his mistakes , like sending out a press release revealing the wrong day of when the elementary schools are supposed to tour the fire house . It is revealed that Roland is a widower and a recovering alcoholic . Monica ( played by Essence Atkins ) is an old friend of Janine who appeared in 5 episodes of the 6th season . She first stayed at Curtis and Ella 's house when Ella bought her home from the help center . She was a victim of domestic abuse from her ex-husband . She then stayed with C.J. and Janine until she was able to get back on her feet . She was last seen in the Season 6 finale where she told C.J. she found a new job and moments later , C.J. kisses her just before Janine came home . Jayden Payne is the older twin brother of Hayden Payne , the younger son of C.J. and Janine . He was born 3 1 / 2 minutes before Hayden . In the later seasons after his birth , he has grown more than Hayden . He is seen more than Hayden . In Season 7 , he is seen with Hayden where it was discovered that he may have autism . Hayden Payne is the younger twin sister of Jayden Payne , the younger daughter of C.J and Janine . She was born 3 1 / 2 minutes after Jayden . She was the baby of the Payne family until Miranda and Calvin 's baby was born . She is seen less than Jayden . In Season 7 , she is seen with Jayden where she appears normal . Christian Payne is Calvin and Miranda 's newborn baby boy . He is also Calvin Jr. 's half - brother . His name was revealed in the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '' . His name was not revealed when Miranda gave birth , but Calvin is heard saying his name when he tells Miranda that Christian is sleeping . Angel O. Reilz ( Joyce Giraud ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Keenan , and Bart at the engine 5 company firehouse . Angel is the only female of the firehouse and at times get upset with the guys for being inconsiderate of that fact . At one point she got so upset that she thinks about switching to another engine company and suing them . Angel and Calvin had a tendency to argue all the time ; according to Calvin it was because she loved him . When Angel was upset she usually began to speak Spanish . Angel was also known as the best firefighter as evidenced by her several awards and medals . When the guys first meet her they assumed she was going to be a man ( Curtis had read the `` O '' of her middle name with Angel , making it appear as `` Angelo '' ) and threw water on her as a joke . The character has not been seen or mentioned since Season 4 . Bart Holmes ( Bart Hansard ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Keenan and Angel . He last appeared in the Season 6 episode `` How Do You Like Your Roast ? '' , in which he helped honor Curtis for his service as Fire Chief . The character has not been seen since . Keenan Jared ( Cedric Pendleton ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Bart and Angel . He last appeared in the Season 8 episode `` Number Five 's Fight '' , in which he protested against C.J. 's decision to close down engine 5 company firehouse . Delante ( Jason Dirden ) used to cut hair at the barbershop . He was also one of Calvin 's friends . In later episodes , Delante lived in the barbershop until Floyd found him and invited him to live with him . He had a brief relationship with Dana . He got married to some girl he met at the skating rink and moves away to Arizona at the beginning of Season 5 . He has not been seen since . Kiki ( Bobbi Baker ) is a barber at the Barber Shop . She is n't afraid to ask questions that others are thinking and is very abrupt . In Season 5 , she helped get her brother hired , but he turned out to be a drug dealer , dealing drugs in the Barber Shop . She finds out in a later episode that he was shot . Kiki has n't been seen or mentioned since Season 5 , except for a brief appearance in the Season 6 episode `` Rehabilitation '' . Dana Carter ( Denyce Lawton ) has her own manicure stand at the Barber Shop . She is usually seen watching clients storm off angrily , not knowing what she said to anger them . In one episode her parents visited , thinking she was a doctor on vacation . She is of African American and Korean ethnicity . Dana has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5 . Zack ( Gary Owen ) ( Season 5 ) is the white barber who replaced Delante . He is a nice guy but he has trouble fitting in with black people , although they do like him . It was revealed that he had a date with Kiki prior to working at the barber shop . He was interested in Floyd 's daughter Olivia . He is somewhat similar to Isaac Rosenberg ( Troy Garity ) in the films Barbershop and Barbershop 2 : Back in Business . Zack has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5 . Deshawn Spears ( Bobb'e J. Thompson ) is Curtis and Ella 's recently acquired foster child . Deshawn comes from a broken home , and was initially hostile towards the Paynes , as he has had trouble with foster homes in the past . He later comes to accept that the Paynes are nice people that will take care of him . In the Season 8 episode `` Mentoring Paynes '' , Curtis and Ella officially become his foster parents . However , in the episode `` In Payne '' , he decides to live with his mother . The Hernandez family ( edit ) The Hernandez family were the Paynes ' new Hispanic next - door neighbors who move into Claretha 's old house , bringing their own family drama in the fifth season . Carlos Hernandez ( Mel Rodriguez ) is the patriarch of the family . He works as a police officer and he and Curtis often fight over petty things but eventually , the two began to bond and they show some similarities to each other . He was last seen in the episode `` I Do n't Know This Payne '' . Rosalita `` Rosie '' Hernandez ( Marlene Forte ) Carlos ' wife and the mother of Diego , Mercedes , and Alex . Her and Ella became friends and they briefly worked together in a boutique retail store called `` Ginger Pink '' . She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out '' . Consuela Hernandez ( Renee Victor ) Rosie 's mother and the grandmother of Diego , Mercedes , and Alex. She is usually seen drinking beer and watching TV , who shows some similarities to Curtis . In the episode `` Slightly Payneful Truth '' , Curtis and Malik helped her get her citizenship . She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out '' . Diego Hernandez ( J.R. Ramirez ) is the eldest Hernandez child . He had problems with his father ; mainly due to his anger and depression from being in the war in Iraq . He also becomes a close friend to Calvin . He was last seen in the season 6 episode `` Seal of Approval '' , giving advice to Malik about joining the ROTC . Alexandra `` Alex '' Hernandez ( Veronica Sixtos ) is the youngest Hernandez child , who Malik has a crush on . In the episode `` A Sister 's Payne '' , Alex becomes Malik 's girlfriend . She was last seen in the episode `` A Grand Payne '' . Mercedes Hernandez ( Susie Castillo ) is the middle Hernandez child . She becomes a friend and confidant of Calvin when he was having marital issues with Miranda . She and Calvin becomes co-partners at business in marketing . Her and Calvin have their shared kisses with each other , keeping it from Miranda until Diego revealed the truth . She was last seen in the episode `` Surprise : ( Part 2 ) '' . Setting ( edit ) Locations in Atlanta , Georgia include the Payne 's home , a firehouse located across the street from the Paynes ' house , a barbershop , the help center , and the schools Malik and Jazmine attend . The Payne home is a one - story building , and 5 rooms are featured throughout the series : Curtis and Ella 's bedroom , Malik and Jazmine 's shared bedroom , the spare bedroom ( which was Calvin 's until he moved out ) , the kitchen , and the living room , and the outside patio . Calvin , C.J. and Janine 's rooms were never seen . The only part of the firehouse seen on camera was its day room . The firehouse and its characters were phased out around Seasons 3 and 4 . The barbershop is a setting often used from Seasons 2 - 5 , and it is similar to that of Ice Cube 's Barbershop movies . Miranda and Calvin 's condo was added . The living room was the only room that was shown . C.J. and Janine 's house is another setting added on to the series . The kitchen and the living were always seen on camera . None of the bedrooms were ever shown . The university Malik attended was a more recent setting and various areas were shown . And C.J. 's office where him and Janine work was another setting that was added to the series . Also , the Help Center where Ella works was shown in various forms . Other Cast ( edit ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Eva Marcille as Tracie ( Seasons 1 -- 2 and Season 5 - 7 ) Bart Hansard as Bart Holmes ( Seasons 1 -- 4 and 6 ) Cedric Pendleton as Keenan Jared ( Seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 and 8 ) Joyce Giraud as Angel ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Dorian Harewood as Larry Shelton ( Seasons 1 , 3 , and 5 ) Anne - Marie Johnson as Liz Shelton ( Seasons 1 , 3 , 5 and 6 ) Robinne Lee as Nicole Jamieson ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rochelle Aytes as Nicole Jamieson ( 2006 syndicated pilot episodes ) Sierra Aylina McClain as Jasmine ( Season 1 ) Katie Rowlett as Beverly ( Season 1 ) Arvell Poe as Fishbone ( Season 1 ) Quincy Bonds as Pookie ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Clayton English as Peanut ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Kyre Batiste - Loftin as Kevin ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jamie Moore as Walter ( Season 1 ) Dale Neal as Kyle ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Wilbur Fitzgerald as Bill ( Season 1 ) Robin Givens as Tanya ( Seasons 2 -- 4 ) Michael Jai White as Bryan ( 2006 syndicated pilot episodes and Season 3 ) Femi Emiola as Sheila ( Season 3 ) Jason Dirden as Delante ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) Denyce Lawton as Dana Carter ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Bobbi Baker as KiKi ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Iona Morris as Bernice ( Season 3 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Wendell Pierce as Jeffrey Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 7 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 -- 5 , and 8 ) Demille Cole - Heard as Calvin Jr . ( Seasons 5 -- 8 ) Marlene Forte as Rosalita Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Mel Rodriguez as Carlos Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Renée Victor as Consuela Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Susie Castillo as Mercedes Hernandez ( Season 5 ) J.R. Ramirez as Diego Hernandez ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Veronica Sixtos as Alexandra Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Gary Owen as Zack ( Season 5 ) Roberto Roman as Andy Rodriguez ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Aloma Wright as Eunice ( Seasons 5 and 8 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Kinnik Sky as Nurse Jones ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Penny Johnson Jerald as Maxine Bannet ( Season 6 ) Essence Atkins as Monica ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 8 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Janet Hubert - Whitten as Evie ( Evelyn ) ( Season 8 ) Corey Holcomb as Damon ( Season 8 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T. as Mo Pex ( Season 8 ) Troy Winbush as Travis Harris ( Season 8 ) Makeda Declet as Summer ( Season 8 ) NAACP Image awards & nominations ( edit ) 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 : Outstanding Comedy Series 2008 , 2009 : Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lavan Davis ) ; nominated in 2010 and 2011 . 2009 , 2010 , 2013 : Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series ( Cassi Davis ) ; nominated in 2011 . 2009 , 2010 , 2012 : Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) ; nominated in 2011 . 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 : Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lance Gross ) ; nominated in 2011 . Special appearances ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Madea ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Tamela Mann as Cora Simmons ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) David Mann as Mr. Leroy Brown ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) Lamman Rucker as Will Brown ( Season 1 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 − 5 , and 8 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 7 ) Jacob Latimore as Dante ( Season 7 ) Shameik Moore as Andre ( Season 7 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T as himself ( Season 8 ) Syndicated reruns ( edit ) The CW began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on its CW Plus stations on September 22 , 2008 . This series reran in broadcast syndication on the Fox , My Network TV , and The CW affiliations . Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation , began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on CBC TV - 8 , Barbados in 2012 . House of Payne was the only situation comedy to be sold into broadcast syndication for the 2008 -- 2009 television season . BET began airing re-runs in November 2015 . Madea connections ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's claim to fame is with the popularity of character Madea , who has appeared in numerous Tyler Perry plays and their film adaptations . When the series debuted on TBS in June 2007 , Perry made a guest appearance as Madea . Actor David Mann reprised his Mr. Brown role , and Keke Palmer returned as Nikki , a bully who stole $20 worth of Malik 's lunch money over a period of time , money which Madea , Nikki 's foster mother , used at a casino . Perry returned as Madea for a Christmas episode of the show on December 5 , 2007 . Perry again returned as Madea to act as Curtis 's wife on March 5 , 2008 . She has appeared in one episode every season , save seasons 4 and 5 . She is one of Curtis ' arch enemies . In the series , Janine 's drug problem and going to rehab are possible references to Diary of a Mad Black Woman . The events of the episodes `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown '' parts 1 and 2 came directly before the movie Meet the Browns , when Brown learns his father has died . The events of the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' happened somewhere in the middle , directly after the funeral and the reading of the will , where Brown found out that his father left him a broken - down house which Brown turned into a retirement home . Even though in the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' , the Paynes claim to have attended the funeral of Brown 's father , in Meet the Browns , they are nowhere to be seen . This may be because Lance Gross , who plays Calvin Payne in the series , plays a character named Michael in the film and LaVan Davis , who plays Curtis Payne , plays a bus driver . Curtis claimed Brown made them wait in the cemetery for two hours while he gave his father a tour of Atlanta ( his last request ) , but in the movie , Brown stayed the entire time . The episodes serve as a backdoor pilot to Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns , a spin - off of the film and play as well as House of Payne . Meet the Browns crossovers ( edit ) There have been crossovers on House of Payne from Meet the Browns : In the episode `` I Can Cry If I Want To '' , Brown attended Curtis 's 50th birthday party and stresses the Paynes out while he is there . In the episode `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown ( Part 1 ) '' , when Brown 's house burnt down and he gets kicked out of Cora 's best friend 's house . He stays at the Paynes ' residence , much to Curtis 's dismay and soon becomes a pestering houseguest . In the episode `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown ( Part 2 ) '' , when the Paynes tries to kick Brown out of the house , Brown claimed that Curtis broke his back , but Curtis knows the truth that Brown 's back was not in pain , and he only faked it to get the Paynes to let him stay with them . However , Ella believes Brown and insisted on him staying with them until his back gets better . In the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' , Brown , Cora , and Will come by the Paynes ' residence after Pop Brown 's funeral . Brown is upset because Pop Brown left him a run - down house which makes Brown think his daddy hates him until he realizes that Pop Brown wanted him to open up a retirement home . In the episode `` Meet the Christmas Spirit '' ( Meet the Browns ) , Curtis and Ella Payne drop in for a visit at the hospital to put on a play for the children . In the episode `` Oh Christmas Payne '' , Brown and Cora drop in for a visit . In the episodes `` What You Know About Me '' and `` Payneful Divorce '' , Cora 's former high school student , Milo Jackson , attended the same college as Malik . Releases ( edit ) Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released the first 10 volumes on DVD in Region 1 . It is unknown about the release of the two remaining volumes . According to listings of the previous volumes through Amazon.com , the series DVD releases has been put out of print . DVD Title Ep # Release Date Blu - ray Disc Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 1 1 -- 20 December 4 , 2007 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 2 21 -- 40 July 1 , 2008 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 3 41 -- 60 January 13 , 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 4 61 -- 80 June 16 , 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 5 81 -- 100 January 13 , 2010 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 6 101 -- 124 February 8 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 7 125 -- 148 April 5 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 8 149 -- 172 June 14 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 9 173 -- 192 June 19 , 2012 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 10 193 -- 212 March 5 , 2013 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 11 213 -- 233 TBA Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 12 234 -- 254 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ' signs for distribution with TBS , FOX Station Group '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Braxton ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` How far will he push it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Should the TV Series End ? '' . tvseriesfinale.com . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` OWN Picks Up ' House Of Payne ' Spinoff From Tyler Perry , More ' Haves ' & ' If Loving You ' , Ends ' Neighbor ' & ' Better or Worse ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne Scores Big for TBS ; CBS News ; More TubeTime and Fresh Prince News '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of May 20 '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` House of Payne Spinoff The Paynes Snags 38 - Episode Series Order at OWN '' . tvline.com . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , Vol. 6 : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Delay for House of Payne - Volume 9 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Announcement for House of Payne - Volume 10 : Episodes 193 - 212 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on IMDb Tyler Perry 's House of Payne at TV.com Tyler Perry 's `` House of Payne '' on TBS Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Nobody 's Fool Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios TBS original programming Current American Dad ! 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( 2013 ) Your Family or Mine ( 2015 ) Upcoming Close Enough ( 2019 ) Miracle Workers ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Perry%27s_House_of_Payne&oldid=862870811 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings 2000s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2000s American black sitcoms 2010s American black sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs Television series by Lionsgate Television Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Atlanta Television series created by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 07 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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who plays janine's mom on house of payne

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Lowest temperature recorded on Earth

Lowest temperature recorded on Earth - wikipedia Lowest temperature recorded on Earth Jump to : navigation , search Aerial photograph of Vostok Station , the coldest directly observed location on Earth . The location of Vostok Station in Antarctica The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ; 184.0 K ) at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on July 21 , 1983 by ground measurements . A 2009 study estimated that under exceptional climate conditions similar to those recorded at Vostok 1983 , temperatures higher on the plateau around Dome Argus could drop lower than − 95 ° C ( − 139 ° F ; 178 K ) . On August 10 , 2010 , satellite observations measured a surface temperature of − 93.2 ° C ( − 135.8 ° F ; 180.0 K ) at 81.8 ° S 59.3 ° E , along a ridge between Dome Argus and Dome Fuji , at 3,900 m elevation . The result was reported at the 46th annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco , in December 2013 ; it is a provisional figure , and may be subject to revision . The value may not be listed as the record lowest temperature as it was measured by remote sensing satellites and not by ground - based thermometers , unlike the 1983 record . The temperature announced reflects that of the ice surface , while the Vostok readings measured the air above the ice , and so the two are not directly comparable . However , it is most likely that the real temperature on the site was lower than that recorded at Vostok . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical progression 2 Laboratory cooling 2.1 Early 2.2 Modern 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Historical progression ( edit ) On January 21 , 1838 a recording was made by the Russian merchant Neverov in Yakutsk , of − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ; 213 K ) . On January 15 , 1885 H. Wild reported that a temperature of − 68 ° C ( − 90 ° F ; 205 K ) was noted in Verkhoyansk . A later measurement at the same place in February 1892 was reported as − 69.8 ° C ( − 93.6 ° F ; 203.3 K ) . Soviet researchers later announced a recording of − 67.7 ° C ( − 89.9 ° F ; 205.5 K ) in February 1933 at Oymyakon , about 650 km ( 400 mi ) to the south - east of Verkhoyansk ; this measurement was reported by Soviet texts through the 1940s as a record low , with the previous measurement from Verkhoyansk retroactively adjusted to − 67.6 ° C ( − 89.7 ° F ; 205.6 K ) . The next reliable measurement was made during the 1957 season at the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica , yielding − 73.6 ° C ( − 100.5 ° F ; 199.6 K ) on May 11 and − 74.5 ° C ( − 102.1 ° F ; 198.7 K ) on September 17 . A subsequent measurement of − 88.3 ° C ( − 126.9 ° F ; 184.8 K ) , on August 24 , 1960 , held the record until a temperature of − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ; 184.0 K ) was measured at the Soviet Vostok Station , on the Antarctic Plateau , on July 21 , 1983 . This remains the record for a directly recorded temperature . Laboratory cooling ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Absolute zero § History . Early ( edit ) In 1904 Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes created a special lab in Leiden with the aim of producing liquid helium . In 1908 he managed to lower the temperature to less than − 269 ° C ( - 452.2 F , 4 K ) , which is less than four degrees above absolute zero . Only in this exceptionally cold state will helium liquefy , the boiling point of helium being at − 268.94 ° C ( - 452.092 F ) . Kamerlingh Onnes received a Nobel Prize for his achievement . Onnes ' method relied upon depressurising the subject gases , causing them to cool by adiabatic cooling . This follows from the first law of thermodynamics ; Δ U = Δ Q − Δ W ( \ displaystyle \ Delta U = \ Delta Q - \ Delta W ) where U = internal energy , Q = heat added to the system , W = work done by the system . Consider a gas in a box of set volume . If the pressure in the box is higher than atmospheric pressure , then upon opening the box our gas will do work on the surrounding atmosphere to expand . As this expansion is adiabatic and the gas has done work Δ Q = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta Q = 0 ) Δ W > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta W > 0 ) ⇒ Δ U < 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow \ Delta U < 0 ) Now as the internal energy has decreased , so has the temperature . Modern ( edit ) As of November 2000 , nuclear spin temperatures below 100 pK were reported for an experiment at the Helsinki University of Technology Low Temperature Lab . However , this was the temperature of one particular type of motion -- a quantum property called nuclear spin -- not the overall average thermodynamic temperature for all possible degrees of freedom . At such low temperatures , the concept of `` temperature '' becomes multifaceted since molecular motion can not be assumed to average out across degrees of freedom . The corresponding peak emission will be in radio waves , rather than in the familiar infrared , so it is very inefficiently absorbed by neighboring atoms , making it difficult to reach thermal equilibrium . Low Temperature Laboratory recorded a record low temperature of 100 pK , or 1.0 × 10 K in 1999 . The current apparatus for achieving low temperatures has two stages . The first utilizes a helium dilution refrigerator to get to temperatures of millikelvins , then the next stage uses adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation to reach picokelvins . Extremely low temperatures are useful for observation of quantum mechanical phases of matter such as superfluids and Bose - Einstein condensates , which would be disrupted by thermal motion . See also ( edit ) Absolute zero Dilution refrigerator Highest temperature recorded on Earth List of weather records Magnetic refrigeration Orders of magnitude ( temperature ) Timeline of low - temperature technology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turner , J. ; Anderson , P. ; Lachlan - Cope , T. ; Colwell , S. ; Phillips , T. ; Kirchgaessner , A.L. ; Marshall , G.J. ; King , J.C. ; Bracegirdle , T. ; Vaughan , D.G. ; Lagun , V. ; Orr , A. ( 2009 ) . `` Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station , Antarctica '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 114 : D24102 . Bibcode : 2009JGRD ... 11424102T . doi : 10.1029 / 2009JD012104 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - USGS Landsat 8 Satellite Pinpoints Coldest Spots on Earth '' . NASA . Dec 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite '' . BBC . 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Record Cold in Antarctica ? '' . usatoday. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nina Stepanova ( Jan 30 , 1958 ) . `` On the lowest temperatures on Earth '' ( PDF ) . NOAA . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The coldest place on earth '' . Polar Record . 6 ( 46 ) : 821 . 2009 . doi : 10.1017 / S0032247400048592 . Jump up ^ `` World : Lowest Temperature '' . World Meteorological Organization . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 '' . Jump up ^ The experimental methods and results are presented in detail in Tauno A. Knuuttila 's D.Sc . thesis which can be accessed from Aaltodoc . The university 's press release on its achievement is here Jump up ^ `` World record in low temperatures '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Details of HUT experiment , including details of the cryostat Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lowest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth&oldid=822928817 '' Categories : Extreme points of Earth Weather extremes of Earth Climatology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 09 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where was the lowest temperature ever recorded on earth

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Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - wikipedia Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde `` Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( disambiguation ) . Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Title page of the first London edition ( 1886 ) Author Robert Louis Stevenson Original title Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Country United Kingdom Language English Series None Genre Psychological thriller Drama Horror Mystery Gothic Science fiction Publisher Longmans , Green & Co . Publication date 5 January 1886 ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 21277 - 8 Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a gothic novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson first published in 1886 . The work is also known as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , or simply Jekyll & Hyde . It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend , Dr Henry Jekyll , and the evil Edward Hyde . The novella 's impact is such that it has become a part of the language , with the very phrase `` Jekyll and Hyde '' entering the vernacular to refer to people with an unpredictably dual nature : usually very good , but sometimes shockingly evil instead . Contents 1 Inspiration and writing 2 Plot 3 Characters 3.1 Gabriel John Utterson 3.2 Dr Henry Jekyll / Mr Edward Hyde 3.3 Richard Enfield 3.4 Dr Hastie Lanyon 3.5 Mr Poole 3.6 Inspector Newcomen 3.7 Sir Danvers Carew , MP 3.8 Maid 4 Analysis of Themes 4.1 Dualities 4.2 Public vs private 4.3 Scottish nationalism vs union with Britain 5 Reception 5.1 Publication 5.2 The Stage Version Of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 6 Adaptations 7 Illustrated versions 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Robert Louis Stevenson Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how human personalities can affect how to incorporate the interplay of good and evil into a story . While still a teenager , he developed a script for a play about Deacon Brodie , which he later reworked with the help of W.E. Henley and which was produced for the first time in 1882 . In early 1884 , he wrote the short story `` Markheim '' , which he revised in 1884 for publication in a Christmas annual . According to his essay , `` A Chapter on Dreams '' ( Scribner 's , Jan. 1888 ) , he racked his brains for an idea for a story and had a dream , and upon wakening had the intuition for two or three scenes that would appear in the story Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Biographer Graham Balfour quoted Stevenson 's wife Fanny Stevenson : In the small hours of one morning , ( ... ) I was awakened by cries of horror from Louis . Thinking he had a nightmare , I awakened him . He said angrily : `` Why did you wake me ? I was dreaming a fine bogey tale . '' I had awakened him at the first transformation scene . Lloyd Osbourne , Stevenson 's stepson , wrote : `` I do n't believe that there was ever such a literary feat before as the writing of Dr Jekyll . I remember the first reading as though it were yesterday . Louis came downstairs in a fever ; read nearly half the book aloud ; and then , while we were still gasping , he was away again , and busy writing . I doubt if the first draft took so long as three days . '' Inspiration may also have come from the writer 's friendship with Edinburgh - based French teacher Eugene Chantrelle , who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878 . Chantrelle , who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city , poisoned his wife with opium . According to author Jeremy Hodges , Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as `` the evidence unfolded he found himself , like Dr Jekyll , ' aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde ' . '' Moreover , it was believed that the doctor had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a `` favourite dish of toasted cheese and opium '' . Louis Vivet , a mental patient who was suffering from dissociative identity disorder , caught Frederic W.H. Myers 's attention and he wrote to Stevenson after the story was published . Stevenson was polite in his response but rejected that reading . As was customary , Mrs Stevenson would read the draft and offer her criticisms in the margins . Robert Stevenson was confined to bed at the time from a haemorrhage . Therefore , she left her comments with the manuscript and Robert in the toilet . She said that in effect the story was really an allegory , but Robert was writing it as a story . After a while , Robert called her back into the bedroom and pointed to a pile of ashes : he had burnt the manuscript in fear that he would try to salvage it , and in the process forced himself to start again from nothing , writing an allegorical story as she had suggested . Scholars debate whether he really burnt his manuscript ; there is no direct factual evidence for the burning , but it remains an integral part of the history of the novella . Stevenson re-wrote the story in three to six days . A number of later biographers have alleged that Stevenson was on drugs during the frantic re-write ; for example , William Gray 's revisionist history A Literary Life ( 2004 ) said he used cocaine while other biographers said he used ergot . However , the standard history , according to the accounts of his wife and son ( and himself ) , says he was bed - ridden and sick while writing it . According to Osbourne , `` The mere physical feat was tremendous and , instead of harming him , it roused and cheered him inexpressibly '' . He continued to refine the work for four to six weeks after the initial re-write . The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of Bournemouth , where Stevenson had moved due to ill health , to benefit from its sea air and warmer southern climate . The name Jekyll was borrowed from Reverend Walter Jekyll , a friend of Stevenson and younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer Gertrude Jekyll . Plot ( edit ) Gabriel John Utterson and his cousin Richard Enfield reach the door of a large house on their weekly walk . Enfield tells Utterson that months ago he saw a sinister - looking man named Edward Hyde trample a young girl after accidentally bumping into her . Enfield forced Hyde to pay £ 100 to avoid a scandal . Hyde brought them to this door and provided a cheque signed by a reputable gentleman ( later revealed to be Doctor Henry Jekyll , a friend and client of Utterson ) . Utterson is disturbed because Jekyll recently changed his will to make Hyde the sole beneficiary . Utterson fears that Hyde is blackmailing Jekyll . When Utterson tries to discuss Hyde with Jekyll , Jekyll turns pale and asks that Hyde be left alone . One night in October , a servant sees Hyde beat to death Sir Danvers Carew , another of Utterson 's clients . The police contact Utterson , who leads officers to Hyde 's apartment . Hyde has vanished , but they find half of a broken cane . Utterson recognizes the cane as one he had given to Jekyll . Utterson visits Jekyll , who shows Utterson a note , allegedly written to Jekyll by Hyde , apologising for the trouble that he has caused . However , Hyde 's handwriting is similar to Jekyll 's own , leading Utterson to conclude that Jekyll forged the note to protect Hyde . For two months , Jekyll reverts to his former sociable manner , but in early January , he starts refusing visitors . Dr Hastie Lanyon , a mutual acquaintance of Jekyll and Utterson , dies of shock after receiving information relating to Jekyll . Before his death , Lanyon gives Utterson a letter to be opened after Jekyll 's death or disappearance . In late February , during another walk with Enfield , Utterson starts a conversation with Jekyll at a window of his laboratory . Jekyll suddenly slams the window and disappears . In early March , Jekyll 's butler , Mr. Poole , visits Utterson and says Jekyll has secluded himself in his laboratory for weeks . Utterson and Poole break into the laboratory , where they find Hyde wearing Jekyll 's clothes and apparently dead from suicide . They find a letter from Jekyll to Utterson . Utterson reads Lanyon 's letter , then Jekyll 's . Lanyon 's letter reveals his deterioration resulted from the shock of seeing Hyde drink a serum that turned him into Jekyll . Jekyll 's letter explains that he had indulged in unstated vices and feared discovery . He found a way to transform himself and thereby indulge his vices without fear of detection . Jekyll 's transformed personality , Hyde , was evil , self - indulgent , and uncaring to anyone but himself . Initially , Jekyll controlled the transformations with the serum , but one night in August , he became Hyde involuntarily in his sleep . Jekyll resolved to cease becoming Hyde . One night , he had a moment of weakness and drank the serum . Hyde , furious at having been caged for so long , killed Carew . Horrified , Jekyll tried more adamantly to stop the transformations . Then , in early January , he transformed involuntarily while awake . Far from his laboratory and hunted by the police as a murderer , Hyde needed help to avoid capture . He wrote to Lanyon ( in Jekyll 's hand ) , asking his friend to bring chemicals from his laboratory . In Lanyon 's presence , Hyde mixed the chemicals , drank the serum , and transformed into Jekyll . The shock of the sight instigated Lanyon 's deterioration and death . Meanwhile , Jekyll 's involuntary transformations increased in frequency and required ever larger doses of serum to reverse . It was one of these transformations that caused Jekyll to slam his window shut on Enfield and Utterson . Eventually , one of the chemicals used in the serum ran low , and subsequent batches prepared from new stocks failed to work . Jekyll speculated that one of the original ingredients must have some unknown impurity that made it work . Knowing he would become Hyde permanently , Jekyll decided to write his `` confession '' . He ended the letter by writing , `` I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end . '' Characters ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gabriel John Utterson ( edit ) Gabriel John Utterson , a lawyer and loyal friend of Jekyll and Lanyon , is the main protagonist of the story . Utterson is a measured and at all times emotionless , bachelor -- who nonetheless seems believable , trustworthy , tolerant of the faults of others , and indeed genuinely likable . Utterson has been close friends with Lanyon and Jekyll . However , Utterson is not immune to guilt , as , while he is quick to investigate and judge the faults of others even for the benefit of his friends , Stevenson states that `` he was humbled to the dust by the many ill things he had done '' . Whatever these `` ill things '' may be , he does not partake in gossip or other views of the upper class out of respect for his fellow man . Often the last remaining friend of the down - falling , he finds an interest in others ' downfalls , which creates a spark of interest not only in Jekyll but also regarding Hyde . He comes to the conclusion that human downfall results from indulging oneself in topics of interest . As a result of this line of reasoning , he lives life as a recluse and `` dampens his taste for the finer items of life '' . Utterson concludes that Jekyll lives life as he wishes by enjoying his occupation . Utterson is a good , kind , loyal and honest friend to Henry Jekyll . Dr Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde ( edit ) Main article : Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( character ) Dr Jekyll is a `` large , well - made , smooth - faced man of fifty with something of a slyish cast '' , who occasionally feels he is battling between the good and evil within himself , upon leading to the struggle between his dual personalities of Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde . He has spent a great part of his life trying to repress evil urges that were not fitting for a man of his stature . He creates a serum , or potion , in an attempt to mask this hidden evil within his personality . However , in doing so , Jekyll transpired into the smaller , younger , cruel , remorseless , evil Hyde . Jekyll has many friends and an amiable personality , but as Hyde , he becomes mysterious and violent . As time goes by , Hyde grows in power . After taking the potion repeatedly , he no longer relies upon it to unleash his inner demon , i.e. , his alter ego . Eventually , Hyde grows so strong that Jekyll becomes reliant on the potion to remain conscious . Richard Enfield ( edit ) Richard Enfield is Utterson 's cousin and is a well known `` man about town . '' He first sees Hyde at about three in the morning in an episode that is well documented as Hyde is running over a little girl . He is the person who mentions to Utterson the actual personality of Jekyll 's friend , Hyde . Enfield witnessed Hyde running over a little girl in the street recklessly , and the group of witnesses , with the girl 's parents and other residents , force Hyde into writing a cheque for the girl 's family . Enfield discovers that Jekyll signed the cheque , which is genuine . He says that Hyde is disgusting looking but finds himself stumped when asked to describe the man . Dr Hastie Lanyon ( edit ) A longtime friend of Jekyll 's , Hastie Lanyon disagrees with Jekyll 's `` scientific '' concepts , which Lanyon describes as `` ... too fanciful '' . He is the first person to discover Hyde 's true identity ( Hyde transforms himself back into Jekyll in Lanyon 's presence ) . Lanyon helps Utterson solve the case when he describes the letter given to him by Jekyll and his thoughts and reactions to the transformation . When Lanyon witnesses the transformation process ( and subsequently hears Jekyll 's private confession , made to him alone ) , Lanyon becomes critically ill and later dies of shock . Mr. Poole ( edit ) Poole is Jekyll 's butler who has lived with him for many years . Upon noticing the reclusiveness and changes of his master , Poole goes to Utterson with the fear that his master has been murdered and his murderer , Mr Hyde , is residing in the chambers . Poole serves Jekyll faithfully and attempts to do a good job and be loyal to his master . Yet events finally drive him into joining forces with Utterson to find the truth . Inspector newcomen ( edit ) Utterson joins this Scotland Yard inspector after the murder of Sir Danvers Carew . They explore Hyde 's loft in Soho and discover evidence of his depraved life . Sir Danvers Carew , mp ( edit ) A kind , white - haired old man and a Member of Parliament . The maid claims that Hyde , in a murderous rage , killed Carew in the streets of London on the night of 18 October ( sometime between 11 pm and 2 am by the testimony of the maid ) . At the time of his death , Carew is 70 years old and is carrying on his person a letter addressed to Utterson , and they find one half of one of Jekyll 's walking sticks on his body . As a result , they later go and investigate in Jekyll 's house , but can not find him ; they later enter a house where Hyde has been living and find the other half of the stick in one of Hyde 's rooms . Maid ( edit ) A maid , whose employer Hyde had once visited , is the only person who claims to have witnessed the murder of Sir Danvers Carew . She states that she saw that Mr Hyde murdered Carew with Jekyll 's cane and his feet . Having fainted after seeing what happened , she then wakes up and rushes to the police , thus initiating the murder case of Sir Danvers Carew . Analysis of themes ( edit ) Richard Mansfield was mostly known for his dual role depicted in this double exposure . The stage adaptation opened in Boston in 1887 , a year after the publication of the novella . ( Picture 1895 ) Literary genres which critics have applied as a framework for interpreting the novel include religious allegory , fable , detective story , sensation fiction , Doppelgänger literature , Scottish devil tales , and gothic novel . Dualities ( edit ) The novella is frequently interpreted as an examination of the duality of human nature , usually expressed as an inner struggle between good and evil , with variations such as human versus animal , civilization versus barbarism sometimes substituted , the main thrust being that of an essential inner struggle between the one and other , and that the failure to accept this tension results in evil , or barbarity , or animal violence , being projected onto others . In Freudian theory , the thoughts and desires banished to the unconscious mind motivate the behaviour of the conscious mind . If someone banishes all evil to the unconscious mind in an attempt to be wholly and completely good , it can result in the development of a Mr Hyde - type aspect to that person 's character . This failure to accept the tension of duality is related to Christian theology , where Satan 's fall from Heaven is due to his refusal to accept that he is a created being ( that he has a dual nature ) and is not God . This idea is suggested when Hyde says to Lanyon , shortly before drinking the famous potion -- `` ... and your sight shall be blasted by a prodigy to stagger the unbelief of Satan . '' This is because in Christianity , pride ( to consider oneself as without sin or without evil ) is the greatest sin , as it is the precursor to evil itself . In his discussion of the novel , Vladimir Nabokov argues that the `` good versus evil '' view of the novel is misleading , as Jekyll himself is not , by Victorian standards , a morally good person in some cases . Public vs private ( edit ) The work is commonly associated today with the Victorian concern over the public and private division , the individual 's sense of playing a part and the class division of London . In this respect , the novella has also been noted as `` one of the best guidebooks of the Victorian era '' because of its piercing description of the fundamental dichotomy of the 19th century `` outward respectability and inward lust , '' as this period had a tendency for social hypocrisy . Scottish nationalism vs union with Britain ( edit ) Another common interpretation sees the novella 's duality as representative of Scotland and the Scottish character . In this reading , the duality represents the national and linguistic dualities inherent in Scotland 's relationship with the wider Britain and the English language , respectively , and also the repressive effects of the Church of Scotland on the Scottish character . A further parallel is also drawn with the city of Edinburgh itself , Stevenson 's birthplace , which consists of two distinct parts : the old medieval section historically inhabited by the city 's poor , where the dark crowded slums were rife with all types of crime , and the modern Georgian area of wide spacious streets representing respectability . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) Publication ( edit ) Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was initially sold as a paperback for one shilling in the UK , as noted above , and for one dollar in the U.S. These books were called `` shilling shockers '' or penny dreadfuls . The American publisher issued the book on 5 January 1886 , four days before the first appearance of the UK edition issued by Longmans ; Scribner 's published 3000 copies , only 1250 of them bound in cloth . Initially , stores would not stock it until a review appeared in The Times , on 25 January 1886 , giving it a favourable reception . Within the next six months , close to forty thousand copies were sold . As Stevenson 's biographer , Graham Balfour , wrote in 1901 , the book 's success was probably due rather to the `` moral instincts of the public '' than to any conscious perception of the merits of its art . It was read by those who never read fiction and quoted in pulpit sermons and in religious papers . By 1901 , it was estimated to have sold over 250,000 copies in the United States . The stage version of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( edit ) Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , though it had initially been published as a `` shilling shocker , '' was an immediate success and is one of Stevenson 's best - selling works . Stage adaptations began in Boston and London and soon moved all across England and then towards his home country of Scotland . The first stage adaptation followed the story 's initial publication in 1886 . Richard Mansfield bought the rights from Stevenson , and worked with Boston author Thomas Russell Sullivan to write a script . The resulting play added to the cast of characters , and adds some elements of romance to the plot . Addition of female characters to the originally male - centered plot has continued in later adaptations of the story . The first performance of the play took place in the Boston Museum in May 1887 . The lighting effects and makeup for Jekyll 's transformation into Hyde created horrified reactions from the audience , and the play was so successful that production followed in London . After a successful ten weeks in London in 1888 , Mansfield was forced to close down production . The hysteria surrounding the Jack the Ripper serial murders led even those who only played murderers on stage to be considered suspects . When Mansfield was mentioned in London newspapers as a possible suspect for the crimes , he shut down production . Adaptations ( edit ) Poster from the 1880s Main article : Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde There have been numerous adaptations of the novella including over 120 stage and film versions alone . There have also been many audio recordings of the novella , with some of the more famous readers including Tom Baker , Roger Rees , Christopher Lee , Anthony Quayle , Martin Jarvis , Tim Pigott - Smith , John Hurt , Ian Holm , Gene Lockhart and Richard Armitage . A Musical was created by Frank Wildhorn , Steve Cuden , and Leslie Bricusse : `` Jekyll & Hyde : The Gothic Musical Thriller - The Complete Work '' ( 1994 ) . Illustrated versions ( edit ) S.G. Hulme Beaman illustrated a 1930s edition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevenson published the book as Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( without `` The '' ) , for reasons unknown , but it has been supposed to increase the `` strangeness '' of the case ( Richard Dury ( 2005 ) ) . Later publishers added `` The '' to make it grammatically correct , but it was not the author 's original intent . The story is often known today simply as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or even Jekyll and Hyde . Jump up ^ / ˈdʒiːkəl / is the Scots pronunciation of the name , but / ˈdʒɛkəl / is the accepted general pronunciation . Jump up ^ `` Noted - Futility Closet '' . Futility Closet . ^ Jump up to : Saposnik , Irving S . `` The Anatomy of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . '' Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 11.4 , Nineteenth Century ( 1971 ) : pp. 715 -- 731 . Jump up ^ `` Jekyll and Hyde definition Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Swearingen , Roger G . The Prose Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson . London : Macmillan , 1980 . ( ISBN ) p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Balfour , Graham ( 1912 ) . The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson. II . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 15 -- 6 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Chantrelle , Eugène Marie ; Smith , Alexander Duncan . Trial of Eugène Marie Chantrelle . Toronto , Canada Law Book Co . Jump up ^ `` Lamplit Vicious Fairy Land - Robert Louis Stevenson '' . Robert Louis Stevenson . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Real - life Jekyll & Hyde who inspired Stevenson 's classic '' . www.scotsman.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : The Beast Within The Guardian , 13 December 2008 Jump up ^ Possibly with the help of cocaine , according to William Gray 's revisionist history Robert Louis Stevenson : A Literary Life ( 2004 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 98400 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Queen of the mixed border '' . The Guardian . 17 June 2006 . Jump up ^ The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , second edition . ^ Jump up to : Sanford , John A. Evil The Shadow Side of Reality . Crossroad ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde : An Introductory Essay . '' Signet Classic , 2003 Jump up ^ Nightmare : Birth of Victorian Horror ( TV series ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Robert Louis Stevenson and His World , David Daiches , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh : Where Jekyll parties with Hyde '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 25 July 1998 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Robert Louis ( 2015 ) . Danahay , Martin A. , ed . Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 3rd ed . ) . Canada : Broadview . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 024 - 6 . Jump up ^ Graham Balfour , The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson , volume II , pp 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Tim Middleton , Introduction to The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde : The Merry Men and Other Stories , Wordsworth Editions , 1993 , pp. 9 Jump up ^ `` Derivative Works - Robert Louis Stevenson '' . Robert Louis Stevenson . Jump up ^ Illustrations to Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , 1930 bl.uk/collection-items , accessed 11 August 2018 Further reading ( edit ) Borinskikh L.I. ( 1990c ) . `` The method to reveal a character in the works of R.L. Stevenson ( The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ) '' . In * * * ( ed . ) The Problem of character in literature . Tchelyabinsk : Tchelyabinsk State University . Pp. 31 -- 32 . ( In Russian , German and Hindi . ) Richard Dury , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Annotated Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . ISBN 88 - 7544 - 030 - 1 , over 80 pages of introduction material , extensive annotation notes , 40 pages of derivative works and extensive bibliography . Paul M. Gahlinger , ( 2001 ) . Illegal Drugs : A Complete Guide to their History , Chemistry , Use , and Abuse . Sagebrush Medical Guide . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 9703130 - 1 - 2 . Kathrine Linehan , ed. ( 2003 ) . Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . Norton Critical Edition , contains extensive annotations , contextual essays and criticisms . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97465 - 0 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Annotated Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ( 1 ) from Internet Archive . Many antiquarian illustrated editions . The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at Project Gutenberg ver. 1 `` The Beast Within '' , Freudian fable , sexual morality tale , gay allegory -- the novella has inspired as many interpretations as it has film adaptations . By James Campbell , The Guardian , 13 December 2008 1950 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde public domain audiobook at LibriVox Robert Louis Stevenson Books An Inland Voyage ( 1878 ) Edinburgh : Picturesque Notes ( 1878 ) Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes ( 1879 ) The Silverado Squatters ( 1883 ) Memories and Portraits ( 1887 ) Across the Plains ( 1892 ) Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa ( 1892 ) The Amateur Emigrant ( 1895 ) Novels Treasure Island ( 1883 ) Prince Otto ( 1885 ) Kidnapped ( 1886 ) The Black Arrow ( 1888 ) The Master of Ballantrae ( 1889 ) The Wrong Box ( 1889 ) The Wrecker ( 1892 ) Catriona ( 1893 ) The Ebb - Tide ( 1894 ) Weir of Hermiston ( 1896 ) St. Ives ( 1897 ) Short story collections The Suicide Club ( 1878 ) The Rajah 's Diamond ( 1878 ) New Arabian Nights ( 1882 ) More New Arabian Nights : The Dynamiter ( 1885 ) The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables ( 1887 ) Island Nights ' Entertainments ( 1893 ) Tales and Fantasies ( 1905 ) Short stories `` The Pavilion on the Links '' ( 1880 ) `` The Merry Men '' ( 1882 ) `` The Body Snatcher '' ( 1884 ) `` Markheim '' ( 1885 ) `` Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde '' ( 1886 ) `` The Bottle Imp '' ( 1891 ) `` The Beach of Falesá '' ( 1892 ) `` The Isle of Voices '' ( 1893 ) Poetry A Child 's Garden of Verses ( 1885 ) Underwoods ( 1887 ) Songs of Travel and Other Verses ( 1896 ) Related Lloyd Osbourne Fanny Stevenson Isobel Osbourne Mount Vaea Writers ' Museum Robert Louis Stevenson State Park The Story of a Recluse ( unfinished ) Book Robert Louis Stevenson 's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Character Adaptations Films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1908 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1912 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1913 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) The Head of Janus ( 1920 ) Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde ( 1925 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) The Son of Dr. Jekyll ( 1951 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Daughter of Dr. Jekyll ( 1957 ) The Doctor 's Horrible Experiment ( 1959 ) The Ugly Duckling ( 1959 ) My Friend , Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1963 ) Karutha Rathrikal ( 1967 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1968 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) I , Monster ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo ( 1972 ) Dr. Black , Mr. Hyde ( 1976 ) Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot ( 1979 ) Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype ( 1980 ) Docteur Jekyll et les femmes ( 1981 ) Chehre Pe Chehra ( 1981 ) Jekyll and Hyde ... Together Again ( 1982 ) Edge of Sanity ( 1989 ) Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde ( 1995 ) Mary Reilly ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 2006 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Animation The Impatient Patient ( 1942 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse ( 1947 ) Motor Mania ( 1950 ) Dr. Jerkyl 's Hide ( 1954 ) Hyde and Hare ( 1955 ) Hyde and Go Tweet ( 1960 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad , Mad , Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) The Pagemaster ( 1994 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein ( 2008 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Video games Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1988 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2001 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Music `` Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive '' ( 1983 ) `` Bubba Hyde '' ( 1995 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2003 ) Jekyll & Hyde en Español ( 2004 ) Theatre Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1887 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1888 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , Or a Mis - Spent Life ( 1897 ) Jekyll & Hyde ( 1990 ) Television Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jekyll ( 2007 ) Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- present ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2015 ) Comics Mister Hyde ( introduced 1963 ) Batman : Two Faces ( 1998 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 1999 -- present ) Novels The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner ( 1824 ) Knots and Crosses ( 1987 ) Mary Reilly ( 1990 ) Radio Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1932 ) GND : 4390920 - 6 LCCN : n90662176 SUDOC : 030330823 VIAF : 307173707 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde&oldid=854468323 '' Categories : Short stories by Robert Louis Stevenson 1886 British novels 1886 science fiction novels British novellas Novels set in London Gothic novels Victorian novels Works based on the Faust legend Dissociative identity disorder in popular culture Science fiction horror novels Human experimentation in fiction Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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who wrote the strange case of dr jekyll and mr hyde

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Server (computing)

Server ( computing ) - wikipedia Server ( computing ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Foundation servers First WWW server located at CERN with its original sticker that says : `` This machine is a server . DO NOT POWER IT DOWN ! ! '' In computing , a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices , called `` clients '' . This architecture is called the client -- server model , and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices . Servers can provide various functionalities , often called `` services '' , such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients , or performing computation for a client . A single server can serve multiple clients , and a single client can use multiple servers . A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device . Typical servers are database servers , file servers , mail servers , print servers , web servers , game servers , and application servers . Client -- server systems are today most frequently implemented by ( and often identified with ) the request -- response model : a client sends a request to the server , which performs some action and sends a response back to the client , typically with a result or acknowledgement . Designating a computer as `` server - class hardware '' implies that it is specialized for running servers on it . This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers , but alternatively , large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple , replaceable server components . Contents 1 History 2 Operation 3 Purpose 4 Hardware requirement 4.1 Large servers 4.2 Clusters 4.3 Appliances 5 Operating systems 6 Energy consumption 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) The use of the word server in computing comes from queueing theory , where it dates to the mid 20th century , being notably used in Kendall ( 1953 ) ( along with `` service '' ) , the paper that introduced Kendall 's notation . In earlier papers , such as the Erlang ( 1909 ) , more concrete terms such as `` ( telephone ) operators '' are used . In computing , `` server '' dates at least to RFC 5 ( 1969 ) , one of the earliest documents describing ARPANET ( the predecessor of Internet ) , and is contrasted with `` user '' , distinguishing two types of host : `` server - host '' and `` user - host '' . The use of `` serving '' also dates to early documents , such as RFC 4 , contrasting `` serving - host '' with `` using - host '' . The Jargon File defines `` server '' in the common sense of a process performing service for requests , usually remote , with the 1981 ( 1.1. 0 ) version reading : SERVER n . A kind of DAEMON which performs a service for the requester , which often runs on a computer other than the one on which the server runs . Operation ( edit ) A network based on the client -- server model where multiple individual clients request services and resources from centralized servers Strictly speaking , the term server refers to a computer program or process ( running program ) . Through metonymy , it refers to a device used for ( or a device dedicated to ) running one or several server programs . On a network , such a device is called a host . In addition to server , the words serve and service ( as noun and as verb ) are frequently used , though servicer and servant are not . The word service ( noun ) may refer to either the abstract form of functionality , e.g. Web service . Alternatively , it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a server , e.g. Windows service . Originally used as `` servers serve users '' ( and `` users use servers '' ) , in the sense of `` obey '' , today one often says that `` servers serve data '' , in the same sense as `` give '' . For instance , web servers `` serve ( up ) web pages to users '' or `` service their requests '' . The server is part of the client -- server model ; in this model , a server serves data for clients . The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response . This is in contrast with peer - to - peer model in which the relationship is on - demand reciprocation . In principle , any computerized process that can be used or called by another process ( particularly remotely , particularly to share a resource ) is a server , and the calling process or processes is a client . Thus any general purpose computer connected to a network can host servers . For example , if files on a device are shared by some process , that process is a file server . Similarly , web server software can run on any capable computer , and so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server . While request -- response is the most common client -- server design , there are others , such as the publish -- subscribe pattern . In the publish -- subscribe pattern , clients register with a pub -- sub server , subscribing to specified types of messages ; this initial registration may be done by request -- response . Thereafter , the pub -- sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests : the server pushes messages to the client , rather than the client pulling messages from the server as in request -- response . When referring to hardware , the word server typically designates computer models specialized for their role . In general , a server performs its role better than a generic personal computer . Purpose ( edit ) Main category : Servers ( computing ) The purpose of a server is to share data as well as to share resources and distribute work . A server computer can serve its own computer programs as well ; depending on the scenario , this could be part of a quid pro quo transaction , or simply a technical possibility . The following table shows several scenarios in which a server is used . Server type Purpose Clients Application server Hosts web apps ( computer programs that run inside a web browser ) allowing users in the network to run and use them , without having to install a copy on their own computers . Unlike what the name might imply , these servers need not be part of the World Wide Web ; any local network would do . Computers with a web browser Catalog server Maintains an index or table of contents of information that can be found across a large distributed network , such as computers , users , files shared on file servers , and web apps . Directory servers and name servers are examples of catalog servers . Any computer program that needs to find something on the network , such a Domain member attempting to log in , an email client looking for an email address , or a user looking for a file Communications server Maintains an environment needed for one communication endpoint ( user or devices ) to find other endpoints and communicate with them . It may or may not include a directory of communication endpoints and a presence detection service , depending on the openness and security parameters of the network Communication endpoints ( users or devices ) Computing server Shares vast amounts of computing resources , especially CPU and random - access memory , over a network . Any computer program that needs more CPU power and RAM than a personal computer can probably afford . The client must be a networked computer ; otherwise , there would be no client -- server model . Database server Maintains and shares any form of database ( organized collections of data with predefined properties that may be displayed in a table ) over a network . Spreadsheets , accounting software , asset management software or virtually any computer program that consumes well - organized data , especially in large volumes Fax server Shares one or more fax machines over a network , thus eliminating the hassle of physical access Any fax sender or recipient File server Shares files and folders , storage space to hold files and folders , or both , over a network Networked computers are the intended clients , even though local programs can be clients Game server Enables several computers or gaming devices to play multiplayer games Personal computers or gaming consoles Mail server Makes email communication possible in the same way that a post office makes snail mail communication possible Senders and recipients of email Media server Shares digital video or digital audio over a network through media streaming ( transmitting content in a way that portions received can be watched or listened to as they arrive , as opposed to downloading an entire file and then using it ) User - attended personal computers equipped with a monitor and a speaker Print server Shares one or more printers over a network , thus eliminating the hassle of physical access Computers in need of printing something Sound server Enables computer programs to play and record sound , individually or cooperatively Computer programs of the same computer and network clients . Proxy server Acts as an intermediary between a client and a server , accepting incoming traffic from the client and sending it to the server . Reasons for doing so includes content control and filtering , improving traffic performance , preventing unauthorized network access or simply routing the traffic over a large and complex network . Any networked computer Virtual server Shares hardware and software resources with other virtual servers . It exists only as defined within specialized software called hypervisor . The hypervisor presents virtual hardware to the server as if it were real physical hardware . Server virtualization allows for a more efficient infrastructure . Any networked computer Web server Hosts web pages . A web server is what makes the World Wide Web possible . Each website has one or more web servers . Computers with a web browser Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client -- server model . High - level root nameservers , DNS , and routers direct the traffic on the internet . There are millions of servers connected to the Internet , running continuously throughout the world and virtually every action taken by an ordinary Internet user requires one or more interactions with one or more server . There are exceptions that do not use dedicated servers ; for example peer - to - peer file sharing , some implementations of telephony ( e.g. pre-Microsoft Skype ) . Hardware requirement ( edit ) A rack - mountable server with the top cover removed to reveal internal components Hardware requirement for servers vary widely , depending on the server 's purpose and its software . Since servers are usually accessed over a network , many run unattended without a computer monitor or input device , audio hardware and USB interfaces . Many servers do not have a graphical user interface ( GUI ) . They are configured and managed remotely . Remote management can be conducted via various methods including Microsoft Management Console ( MMC ) , PowerShell , SSH and browser - based out - of - band management systems such as Dell 's iDRAC or HP 's iLo . Large servers ( edit ) Large traditional single servers would need to be run for long periods without interruption . Availability would have to be very high , making hardware reliability and durability extremely important . Mission - critical enterprise servers would be very fault tolerant and use specialized hardware with low failure rates in order to maximize uptime . Uninterruptible power supplies might be incorporated to insure against power failure . Servers typically include hardware redundancy such as dual power supplies , RAID disk systems , and ECC memory , along with extensive pre-boot memory testing and verification . Critical components might be hot swappable , allowing technicians to replace them on the running server without shutting it down , and to guard against overheating , servers might have more powerful fans or use water cooling . They will often be able to be configured , powered up and down or rebooted remotely , using out - of - band management , typically based on IPMI . Server casings are usually flat and wide , and designed to be rack - mounted . These types of servers are often housed in dedicated data centers . These will normally have very stable power and Internet and increased security . Noise is also less of a concern , but power consumption and heat output can be a serious issue . Server rooms are equipped with air conditioning devices . A server rack seen from the rear Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the front Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear Wikimedia Foundation servers as seen from the rear Clusters ( edit ) Main article : Server farm A server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers maintained by an organization to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single device . Modern data centers are now often built of very large clusters of much simpler servers , and there is a collaborative effort , Open Compute Project around this concept . Appliances ( edit ) A class of small specialist servers called network appliances are generally at the low end of the scale , often being smaller than common desktop computers . Operating systems ( edit ) Sun 's Cobalt Qube 3 ; a computer server appliance ( 2002 ) ; running Cobalt Linux ( a customized version of Red Hat Linux , using the 2.2 Linux kernel ) , complete with the Apache web server . On the Internet the dominant operating systems among servers are UNIX - like open source distributions , such as those based on Linux and FreeBSD , with Windows Server also having a very significant share . Proprietary operating systems such as z / OS and macOS Server are also deployed , but in much smaller numbers . Specialist server - oriented operating systems have traditionally had features such as : GUI not available or optional Ability to reconfigure and update both hardware and software to some extent without restart Advanced backup facilities to permit regular and frequent online backups of critical data , Transparent data transfer between different volumes or devices Flexible and advanced networking capabilities Automation capabilities such as daemons in UNIX and services in Windows Tight system security , with advanced user , resource , data , and memory protection . Advanced detection and alerting on conditions such as overheating , processor and disk failure . In practice , today many desktop and server operating systems share similar code bases , differing mostly in configuration . Energy consumption ( edit ) In 2010 , data centers ( servers , cooling , and other electrical infrastructure ) were responsible for 1.1 - 1.5 % of electrical energy consumption worldwide and 1.7 - 2.2 % in the United States . One estimate is that total energy consumption for information and communications technology saves more than 5 times its carbon footprint in the rest of the economy by enabling efficiency . See also ( edit ) Computing portal Mobile Server Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A CORBA servant is a server - side object to which method calls from remote method invocation are forwarded , but this is an uncommon usage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Windows Server Administration Fundamentals . Microsoft Official Academic Course. 111 River Street , Hoboken , NJ 07030 : John Wiley & Sons . 2011 . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 90182 - 3 . Jump up ^ Comer , Douglas E. ; Stevens , David L. ( 1993 ) . Vol III : Client - Server Programming and Applications . Internetworking with TCP / IP . Department of Computer Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 479 : Prentice Hall . pp. 11d . ISBN 0 - 13 - 474222 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Henle , Boris W. Kuvshinoff , C.M. Kuvshinoff ( 1992 ) . Desktop computers : in perspective . Oxford University Press . p. 417 . Server is a fairly recent computer networking term derived from queuing theory . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rulifson , Jeff ( June 1969 ) . DEL . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0005 . RFC 5 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Elmer B. ( March 1969 ) . Network Timetable . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC0004 . RFC 4 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Using the HTTP Publish - Subscribe Server , Oracle Jump up ^ `` Paessler IT Explained - Server '' . Retrieved May 7th , 2018 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Web Servers '' . IT Business Edge . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Li , Huang , Shen , Chu ( 2010 ) . `` '' A Realistic Evaluation of Memory Hardware Errors and Software System Susceptibility `` . Usenix Annual Tech Conference 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Google uncloaks once - secret server '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Usage statistics and market share of Linux for websites '' . Retrieved 18 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Server Oriented Operating System '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( 31 Jul 2011 ) . `` Data Centers Using Less Power Than Forecast , Report Says '' . NY Times . Retrieved 18 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SMART 2020 : Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age '' ( PDF ) . The Climate Group . 6 Oct 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 Jan 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Servers . Erlang , Agner Krarup ( 1909 ) . `` The theory of probabilities and telephone conversations '' ( PDF ) . Nyt Tidsskrift for Matematik B. 20 : 33 -- 39 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 01 . Kendall , D.G. ( 1953 ) . `` Stochastic Processes Occurring in the Theory of Queues and their Analysis by the Method of the Imbedded Markov Chain '' . The Annals of Mathematical Statistics . 24 ( 3 ) : 338 . doi : 10.1214 / aoms / 1177728975 . JSTOR 2236285 . Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Server_(computing)&oldid=851242569 '' Categories : Servers ( computing ) Server hardware Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 00 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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a large collection of servers is called a(n)

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Timeline of rocket and missile technology

Timeline of rocket and missile technology - wikipedia Timeline of rocket and missile technology This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Timeline of the gunpowder age A depiction of the `` long serpent '' rocket launcher from the 11th century book Wujing Zongyao . The holes in the frame are designed to keep the fire arrows separate . This article gives a concise timeline of rocket and missile technology . Contents 1 11th century 2 17th century - 19th century 3 20th century 4 21st century 5 See also 6 References 11th century ( edit ) 11th century AD - The first documented record of gunpowder and the fire arrow , an early form of rocketry , appears in the Chinese text Wujing Zongyao . 17th century - 19th century ( edit ) 1633 - Lagâri Hasan Çelebi launched a 7 - winged rocket using 50 okka ( 140 lbs ) of gunpowder from Sarayburnu , the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul . 1650 - Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima ( `` Great Art of Artillery , the First Part '' ) is printed in Amsterdam , about a year before the death of its author , Kazimierz Siemienowicz . 1664 - A `` space rocket '' is imagined as a future technology to be studied in France and its drawing is ordered by French finance minister Colbert ; designed by Le Brun on a Gobelins tapestry ( see : French space program ) 1798 - Tipu Sultan , the King of the state of Mysore in India , develops and uses iron rockets against the British Army ( see Mysorean rockets ) . 1801 - The British Army develops the Congreve rocket based on weapons used against them by Tipu Sultan . 1806 - Claude Ruggieri , an Italian living in France , launched animals on rockets and recovered them using parachutes . He was prevented from launching a child by police . 1813 - `` A Treatise on the Motion of Rockets '' by William Moore -- first appearance of the rocket equation 1818 - Henry Trengrouse demonstrates his rocket apparatus for projecting a lifeline from a wrecked ship to the shore , later widely adopted 1844 - William Hale invents the spin - stabilized rocket 1861 - William Leitch publishes an essay `` A Journey Through Space '' ( later published in his book God 's Glory in the Heavens ( 1862 ) ) , introducing the concept of using rockets to propel a vehicle carrying people into space , to visit the Moon and other planets . 1865 - Jules Verne publishes From the Earth to the Moon as a humorous science fantasy story about a space gun launching a manned spacecraft equipped with rockets for landing on the Moon , but eventually used for another orbital maneuver . 20th century ( edit ) 1902 - French cinema pioneer Georges Méliès directs A Trip to the Moon , the first film about space travel . 1903 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of papers discussing the use of rocketry to reach outer space , space suits , and colonization of the solar system . Two key points discussed in his works are liquid fuels and staging . 1913 - Without knowing the work of Russian mathematician Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , French engineer Robert Esnault - Pelterie derived the equations for space flight , produced a paper that presented the rocket equation and calculated the energies required to reach the Moon and nearby planets . 1922 - Hermann Oberth publishes his scientific work about rocketry and space exploration : Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ( `` By Rocket into Planetary Space '' ) . 1924 - Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded in Moscow by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , Friedrich Zander and 200 other space and rocket experts 1926 - Robert Goddard launches the first liquid fuel rocket . 1927 - Verein für Raumschiffahrt ( VfR - `` Spaceflight Society '' ) founded in Germany . 1929 - Woman in the Moon , considered to be one of the first `` serious '' science fiction films . 1931 - Friedrich Schmiedl attempts the first rocket mail service in Austria 1935 - Emilio Herrera Linares from Spain designed and made the first full - pressured astronaut suit , called the escafandra estratonáutica . The Russians then used a model of Herrera 's suit when first flying into space of which the Americans would then later adopt when creating their own space program . 1937 - Peenemünde Army Research Center founded in Germany 1938 - The Projectile Development Establishment founded at Fort Halstead for the United Kingdom 's research into military solid - fuel rockets . 1939 - Katyusha multiple rocket launchers ( Russian : Катюша ) are a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union . 1941 - French rocket EA - 41 is launched , being the first European liquid propellant working rocket 1941 - Jet Assisted Take Off JATO installed on US Army Air Corp Ercoupe aircraft occurred on 12 August in March Field , California . 1942 - Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger launch the first V - 2 rocket at Peenemünde in northern Germany . 1942 - A V - 2 rocket reaches an altitude of 85 km . 1944 - The V - 2 rocket MW 18014 reaches an altitude of 176 km , becoming the first man - made object in space . 1945 - Lothar Sieber dies after the first vertical take - off manned rocket flight in a Bachem Ba 349 `` Natter '' 1945 - Operation Paperclip takes 1,600 German rocket scientists and technicians to the United States 1945 - Operation Osoaviakhim takes 2,000 German rocket scientists and technicians to the Soviet Union 1946 - First flight of the Nike missile , later the first operational surface - to - air guided missile 1947 - Chuck Yeager achieves the first manned supersonic flight in a Bell X-1 rocket - powered aircraft 1949 - Willy Ley publishes The Conquest of Space 1952 - 22 May , French Véronique 1 rocket is launched from the Algerian desert . 1952 - Wernher von Braun discusses the technical details of a manned exploration of Mars in Das Marsprojekt . 1953 - Colliers Magazine publishes a series of articles on man 's future in space , igniting the interest of people around the world . The series includes numerous articles by Ley and von Braun , illustrated by Chesley Bonestell . 1956 - First launch of PGM - 17 Thor , the first US ballistic missile and forerunner of the Delta space launch rockets 1957 - Launch of the first ICBM , the USSR 's R - 7 ( 8K71 ) , known to NATO as the SS - 6 Sapwood . 1957 - The USSR launches Sputnik 1 , the first artificial satellite . 1958 - The U.S. launches Explorer 1 , the first American artificial satellite , on a Jupiter - C rocket . 1958 - US launches their first ICBM , the Atlas - B ( the Atlas - A was a test article only ) . 1961 - the USSR launches Vostok 1 , Yuri Gagarin reached a height of 327 km above Earth and was the first man to orbit Earth . 1961 - US , a Mercury capsule named Freedom 7 with Alan B. Shepard , spacecraft was launched by a Redstone rocket on a ballistic trajectory suborbital flight . 1962 - The US launches Mercury MA - 6 ( Friendship 7 ) on an Atlas D booster , John Glenn finally puts America in orbit . 1963 - The USSR launches Vostok 6 , Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman ( and first civilian ) to orbit Earth . She remained in space for nearly three days and orbited the Earth 48 times . 1963 - US X-15 rocket - plane , the first reusable manned spacecraft ( suborbital ) reaches space , pioneering reusability , carried launch and glide landings . 1965 - USSR Proton rocket , highly successful launch vehicle with notable payloads , Salyut 6 & Salyut 7 , Mir & ISS components 1965 - Robert Salked investigates various single stage to orbit spaceplane concepts 1966 - USSR Luna 9 , the first soft landing on the Moon 1966 - USSR launches Soyuz spacecraft , longest - running series of spacecraft , eventually serving Soviet , Russian and International space missions . 1969 - US Apollo 11 , first men on the Moon , first lunar surface extravehicular activity . 1981 - US space shuttle pioneers reusability and glide landings 1998 - US Deep Space 1 is first deep space mission to use an ion thruster for propulsion . 1998 - Russia launch Zarya module which is the first part of the International Space Station . 21st century ( edit ) 2001 - Russian Soyuz spacecraft sent the first space tourist Dennis Tito to International Space Station . 2004 - US - based , first privately developed , manned ( suborbital ) spaceflight , SpaceShipOne demonstrates reusability . 2008 - SpaceX -- with their Falcon 1 rocket -- became the first private entity to successfully launch a rocket into orbit . 2012 - The SpaceX Dragon space capsule -- launched aboard a Falcon 9 launch vehicle -- was the first private spacecraft to successfully dock with another spacecraft , and was also the first private capsule to dock at the International Space Station . 2014 - First booster rocket returning from an orbital trajectory to achieve a zero - velocity - at - zero - altitude propulsive vertical landing . The first - stage booster of Falcon 9 Flight 9 made the first successful controlled ocean soft touchdown of a liquid - rocket - engine orbital booster on April 18 , 2014 . 2015 - SpaceX 's Falcon 9 Flight 20 was the first time that the first stage of an orbital rocket made a successful return and vertical landing . 2017 - SpaceX 's Falcon 9 SES - 10 was the first time a used orbital rocket made a successful return 2018 - The Electron rocket was the first New - Zealand rocket to achieve orbit . The rocket is also unique in using an electric pump - fed engine . The rocket also carried an additional satellite payload called `` Humanity Star '' , a 1 - meter - wide ( 3 ft ) carbon fiber sphere made up of 65 panels that reflect the Sun 's light . See also ( edit ) History of rockets List of missiles List of rockets Timeline of heat engine technology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Winter , Frank H. ( 1992 ) . `` Who First Flew in a Rocket ? '' , Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45 ( July 1992 ) , p. 275 - 80 Jump up ^ Jean Cheymol . `` Astronautique '' ( PDF ) . Biusante.parisdescartes.fr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` MSFC History OFFICE : CLAUDE RUGGIERI '' . History.msfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Considerations sur les resultats d'un allegement indefini des moteurs '' , Journal de physique theorique et appliquee , Paris , 1913 Jump up ^ `` Sommaire chronologie Ariane '' . Capcomespace.net . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salkeld Shuttle '' . Astronautix.com . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ROBERT SALKELD 'S '' . Pmview.com . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 1 Further Reading '' . History.nasa.gov . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First Space Tourist Dennis Tito to Make Business Visit to Russia '' . redOrbit . June 15 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` SpaceShipOne Flight Tests '' . Scaled Composites . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Clark , Stephen ( 2008 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Sweet Success at Last for Falcon 1 Rocket '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . the first privately developed liquid - fueled rocket to successfully reach orbit . Jump up ^ Clark , Stephen ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` First commercial cargo ship arrives at space station '' . Spaceflight Now . Archived from the original on 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Belfiore , Michael ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` SpaceX Brings a Booster Safely Back to Earth '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orwig , Jessica ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Elon Musk Just Unveiled A Game - Changing Ocean Landing Pad For His Reusable Rockets '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . The first successful `` soft landing '' of a Falcon 9 rocket happened in April of this year Jump up ^ Jeff Foust ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Falcon 9 Launches Orbcomm Satellites , Lands First Stage '' . SpaceNews . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . the first time SpaceX had successfully landed the rocket 's first stage . Jump up ^ `` SpaceX demonstrates rocket reusability with SES - 10 launch and booster landing '' . Spacenews.com. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Grush , Loren ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` Rocket Lab secretly launched a disco ball satellite on its latest test flight '' . The Verge . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Spaceflight lists and timelines Timeline of spaceflight General Space exploration outline timeline Spaceflight records Space Race Asian Space Race Rocket and missile technology Human spaceflight General Manned spacecraft timeline Spaceflights 1961 -- 1970 1971 -- 1980 1981 -- 1990 1991 -- 2000 2001 -- 2010 2011 -- present by program Soviet Russian Vostok Soyuz Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Shenzhou Gaganyaan Spacelab Salyut Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Mir Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors ISS Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Shuttle Crews Missions timeline Rollbacks People Astronauts by name by year of selection by first flight Apollo Gemini Chinese European Cosmonauts female Jewish Muslim Arab African - American Space travelers by name Space travelers by nationality timeline EVA 1965 -- 1999 2000 -- 2014 2015 -- present Cumulative spacewalk records Spacewalkers Solar System exploration Timeline Interplanetary voyages Landings on other planets artificial objects Objects at Lagrangian points Probes active leaving the Solar System lunar probes Missions to the Moon Timeline of satellites Sample - return mission Mars Earth - orbiting satellites Climate research Communications satellite firsts CubeSats PocketQube Earth observation satellites timeline Geosynchronous orbit GOES Kosmos Magnetospheric NRO TDRS USA Vehicles Orbital launch systems Comparison Sounding rockets Spacecraft unmanned manned Upper stages Launches by rocket type Ariane Atlas Black Brant Falcon 9 and Heavy H-I and H - II Long March Proton PSLV R - 7 ( including Semyorka , Molniya , Vostok , Voskhod and Soyuz ) Scout Thor and Delta Titan V - 2 tests Zenit Launches by spaceport Satish Dhawan Agencies , companies and facilities Communications satellite companies comparison Private spaceflight companies Rocket launch sites Space agencies Spacecraft manufacturers Other mission lists and timelines First orbital launches by country NASA missions Constellation missions Timeline of private spaceflight Timeline of longest spaceflights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_rocket_and_missile_technology&oldid=855909545 '' Categories : Aviation timelines Spaceflight timelines Military timelines Science timelines Technology timelines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 17 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the first rocket launched into space

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If You're Not the One

If You 're Not the One - wikipedia If You 're Not the One Jump to : navigation , search `` If You 're Not the One '' Single by Daniel Bedingfield from the album Gotta Get Thru This Released 25 November 2002 Format CD cassette Recorded 2002 Genre Pop blue - eyed soul Length 4 : 19 Label Island Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Daniel Bedingfield Producer ( s ) Mark Taylor Daniel Bedingfield singles chronology `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' ( 2002 ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( 2002 ) `` I Ca n't Read You '' ( 2003 ) `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' ( 2002 ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( 2002 ) `` I Ca n't Read You '' ( 2003 ) Audio sample Daniel Bedingfield - `` If You 're Not the One '' file help Alternative covers American cover French cover `` If You 're Not the One '' is a song by English singer Daniel Bedingfield . It was released on 25 November 2002 as the third single from his debut studio album Gotta Get Thru This ( 2002 ) . The single entered the top 20 on the majority of charts that it appeared on , including being a number - one hit in the UK Singles Chart , and reaching number 15 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Track listings 7 Credits and personnel 8 Chart positions 8.1 Peak positions 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Decade - end charts 9 Certifications 10 References 11 External links Background and writing ( edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' is written as a love ballad . Bedingfield claims to have been inspired by the band Westlife , when writing and recording the song . Bedingfield himself believes that the song is `` cheesy . '' Bedingfield admitted he began writing the song because he realized that material he considered more `` complex '' , was unlikely to get him a record deal . `` Commercialism , sappy lyrics and meek tunes are the things I hate most in the universe , but I 'm not sure even Bob Dylan could get record company interest without hooks these days '' , Bedingfield recalled in an interview with The Daily Telegraph . `` It 's a different age . You need to go some kind of populist route . So , about three years ago , I sat down with a Westlife song and tried to write something similar . '' Bedingfield also admitted that he did n't even want to put the song on his album . He said , `` I did n't want to put `` If You 're Not the One '' on the album as I thought it was too cheesy . I thought it sounded like Westlife . But she ( Natasha Bedingfield , his sister ) loved it . Women that hear it go all soft and think it 's lovely '' Composition ( edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' plays for 4 minutes and 19 seconds , in common time . It is in the key of B - flat major , and the chorus features Bedingfield singing falsetto , where he hits the note E ♭ 5 . Critical reception ( edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . On the positive side , Peter Robinson , in the Gotta Get thru This album review for the New Musical Express ( NME ) , wrote `` If You 're Not the One ( recalls ) every chart - mauling uber - ballad you 've ever heard '' . Nedd Raggett of AllMusic commented in his album review `` When it comes to ballads , they work best in sudden moments -- the soaring end to If You 're Not the One '' . About.com ranked the song at number 27 on its list of the ' Top 100 Pop Songs of 2002 ' , two places behind the album 's title track . The song was again ranked at number 27 on the 2003 list , due to it being released in the United States during that year . Music Week felt that the song showed Bedingfield 's `` sensitive side '' , and that the song `` showcases his vocal range to stunning effect . '' The magazine even considered it `` beautifully crafted . '' However , the track also received some negative feedback . PopMatters ' Nikki Tranter wrote `` surely you would think with his obviously overwhelming ability to compose utter claptrap cleverly disguised as serious prophesizing , his lyrics might contain something a little more expressive than ' If you 're not the one / Why does my heart feel glad today / If you 're not the one / Then why does my hand fit yours this way . ' '' In his review for musicOMH , Michael Hubbard was even less positive , stating , `` If You 're Not the One is as vomit - inducing as anything the man in the plastic mask has ever wretched ( sic ) forth at the world '' . Chart performance ( edit ) When the song was released as a single , it was picked up by radio stations . It was the most added pop song on the radio for the week of 20 February 2003 . In the US , the song was the most added song in the Adult Contemporary market for the week of 7 April 2003 . In the US , the song was his highest debuting single , debuting at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single proved to be a successful release for Bedingfield , providing him with several worldwide number ones and reaching the top 20 in all but one of the charts that it appeared on . It debuted at number one in the UK Singles Chart , knocking Christina Aguilera 's `` Dirrty '' from the top spot . Music video ( edit ) The music video was produced by A1 singer Mark Read . It begins with a series of images of Bedingfield singing in various positions against a black backdrop . When the chorus starts he is seen singing with clouds in the background . The initial sequence is repeated for the second verse . However , half - way through , he starts to write on a wall . The rest of the song follows the same pattern . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD1 `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Album Version ) `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' ( Acoustic Version ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Metro Mix ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Music Video ) UK CD2 `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Radio Edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Metro Mix Radio Edit ) `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' ( ATFC 's Committed Vocal Mix ) `` Gotta Get Thru This '' ( Music Video -- U.S. Version ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Music Video -- Metro Mix ) American CD single `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Radio Edit ) `` If You 're Not the One '' ( Metro Mix Radio Edit ) `` Album Medley '' Credits and personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals : Daniel Bedingfield Audio mixing : Mark Taylor Drums : Danny Cummings Engineers : Steve Pryce , Mat Bartram ( assistant ) Guitar : Adam Philips Keyboards : Mark Taylor Producer : Mark Taylor Additional production : Christian Saint Val Orchestral contractor : Isobel Griffiths Recorded at Angel Recording Studios ( strings ) . Chart positions ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 Singles ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 18 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 69 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australia Singles ( ARIA ) 73 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 60 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 78 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 680 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daniel Bedingfield : If You 're Not the One '' . Music Week . 9 November 2002 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Daniel Bedingfield '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neal ( 6 March 2003 ) . `` Daniel Bedingfield '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gotta Get Over Snub '' . Daily Record . 27 February 2003 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' If You 're Not the One '' by Daniel Bedingfield -- Digital Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . EMI Music Publishing . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Peter ( 20 August 2002 ) . `` Daniel Bedingfield : Gotta Get Thru This '' . New Musical Express . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AllMusic review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Pop Songs of 2002 '' . About.com . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Pop Songs of 2003 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Tranter , Nikki ( 1 November 2002 ) . `` Popmatters music review '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Michael ( 26 August 2002 ) . `` musicOMH review '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Bedingfield 's Single ' If You 're Not The One ' # 1 Most Added at Pop Radio ! Acclaimed Artist Nominated for a Grammy Award for ' Best Dance Recording ' for Hit Song ' Gotta Get Thru This ' '' . PR Newswire. 20 February 2003 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Breaker at US Singles for ' Super-Priority ' Bedingfield '' . Music Week . 7 April 2003 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bedingfield goes top again '' . BBC News . 1 December 2002 . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` If You 're Not The One : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Images for Daniel Bedingfield - If You 're Not The One '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` If You 're Not the One : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2003.htm Jump up ^ `` Best of 2003 - Top 20 Singles '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2003 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.addlong.co.uk/UK-Hits/2003top.html Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2003 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Radio 1 Chart of the Decade , as presented by Nihal on Tuesday 29 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2003 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Daniel Bedingfield -- If You 're Not the One '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page 37 if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Daniel Bedingfield -- If You 're Not the One '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter If You 're Not the One in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Dirrty '' by Christina Aguilera UK number - one single 1 December 2002 -- 7 December 2002 Succeeded by `` Lose Yourself '' by Eminem ( hide ) Daniel Bedingfield Discography Studio albums Gotta Get Thru This Second First Impression EPs Stop the Traffik -- Secret Fear Singles `` Gotta Get thru This '' `` James Dean ( I Wanna Know ) '' `` If You 're Not the One '' `` I Ca n't Read You '' `` Never Gonna Leave Your Side '' `` Friday '' `` Nothing Hurts Like Love '' `` Wrap My Words Around You '' `` The Way '' Other singles `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` The One '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You%27re_Not_the_One&oldid=818628133 '' Categories : 2002 singles Daniel Bedingfield songs Number - one singles in Denmark Pop ballads Torch songs Songs about loneliness UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Daniel Bedingfield Song recordings produced by Mark Taylor ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 17 : 36 . About Wikipedia

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Winning Colors (horse)

Winning Colors ( Horse ) - wikipedia Winning Colors ( Horse ) Jump to : navigation , search Winning Colors Winning Colors at 1988 Kentucky Derby Sire Caro Grandsire Fortino Dam All Rainbows Damsire Bold Hour Sex Mare Foaled March 14 , 1985 February 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) ( aged 22 ) Country United States Colour Gray Breeder Echo Valley Farm Owner Eugene V. Klein Trainer D. Wayne Lukas Record 19 : 8 - 3 - 1 Earnings $1,526,837 Major wins Santa Anita Oaks ( 1988 ) Santa Anita Derby ( 1988 ) Turfway Breeders ' Cup Stakes ( 1989 ) Triple Crown classic race wins : Kentucky Derby ( 1988 ) Awards U.S. Champion 3 - Yr - Old Filly ( 1988 ) Honours United States Racing Hall of Fame ( 2000 ) Grade III Winning Colors Stakes at Churchill Downs Last updated on November 28 , 2006 Winning Colors ( March 14 , 1985 -- February 17 , 2008 ) was an American Hall of Fame Champion Thoroughbred racehorse and one of only three fillies to ever win the Kentucky Derby . Though she was registered as roan , she was , in fact , a gray with a white blaze on her face . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Racing career 2.1 1987 : two - year - old season 2.2 1988 : three - year - old season 2.3 1989 : four - year - old season 3 Assessment and honors 4 Retirement 5 Pedigree 6 References Background ( edit ) Winning Colors was bred in Florida by Echo Valley Farm . During her racing career she was owned by Eugene V. Klein and trained by D. Wayne Lukas . Her sire , Caro , was a top - class performer ( rated 133 by Timeform ) , whose wins included the Poule d'Essai des Poulains , Prix Ganay and Prix d'Ispahan , before becoming a very successful breeding stallion . Caro 's other progeny included Madelia , Crystal Palace , Cozzene Theia and Siberian Express . Winning Colors dam , All Rainbows won seven races and finished third in the Delaware Oaks. and was also a half - sister to Chris Evert . Racing career ( edit ) 1987 : two - Year - Old season ( edit ) Racing on the West Coast of the United States for trainer D. Wayne Lukas , Winning Colors won both of her starts at age two . 1988 : three - Year - Old season ( edit ) In the spring of 1988 , the large filly won the Santa Anita Derby , defeating colts her age by 71⁄2 lengths . Sent to Churchill Downs for the Kentucky Derby , she was up against a stellar field of colts including Risen Star , Seeking the Gold , Forty Niner , Regal Classic , and co-favorite Private Terms . As was her habit , Winning Colors broke fast and raced to the lead . Although Forty Niner made a charge in the homestretch , she held him off to win by a neck . In the Preakness Stakes , the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown , Winning Colors finished third to Risen Star , who then won the 11⁄2 mile Belmont Stakes by fifteen lengths while Winning Colors finished out of the money . In the fall of 1988 , Winning Colors finished second to Ogden Phipps ' filly Personal Ensign in the Maskette Stakes . The two fillies next met in the Breeders ' Cup Distaff at Churchill Downs . Winning Colors had the lead with 10 yards to go when Personal Ensign , who had struggled throughout the race because of the sloppy track , rallied and won by what the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame describes as a `` lip . '' After the race , Winning Colors ' trainer , D. Wayne Lukas , said that she had run the best race of her career . 1989 : four - Year - Old season ( edit ) In 1989 Winning Colors raced in her final campaign at age four and won two of her seven races , hampered by breathing difficulties and surgery . Assessment and honors ( edit ) Winning Colors was voted the 1988 Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3 - Year - Old Filly . In 2000 , Winning Colors was inducted into the United States ' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Retirement ( edit ) As a broodmare , Winning Colors produced ten foals and six winners : Shbakni , a brown filly , foaled in 1991 , sired by Mr Prospector . Failed to win in 14 races . Minden Rose , gray filly , 1992 , by Mr Prospector . Won one race . Golden Colors , bay filly , 1993 , by Mr Prospector . Won three races . Danzig Colors , bay filly , 1994 , by Danzig . Won three races . Stormin Winnie , gray filly , 1995 , by Storm Cat . Unraced . Will Will Win , chestnut colt , 1996 , by Rahy . Won three races in South Africa . Northwest Colors , bay filly , 1998 , by Broad Brush . Won one race . Dr Litin , gray colt , 1999 , by Broad Brush . Failed to win in three races . Ocean Colors , gray filly , 2006 , by Orientate . Won three races . Silver Colors , gray filly , 2007 , by Mr Greeley . Failed to win in four races . Winning Colors was euthanized February 17 , 2008 , at the age of 23 as a result of complications from colic . She was in foal to Mr. Greeley . She is buried at Greentree Farm , a division of Gainesway Farm near Lexington , Kentucky . Pedigree ( edit ) Pedigree of Wining Colors ( USA ) , grey mare , 1985 Sire Caro ( IRE ) 1967 Fortino ( FR ) 1959 Grey Sovereign Nasrullah Kong Ranavalo Relic Navarra Chambord ( GB ) 1955 Chamossaire Precipitation Snowberry Life Hill Solario Lady of the Snows Dam All Rainbows ( USA ) 1973 Bold Hour ( USA ) 1964 Bold Ruler Nasrullah Miss Disco Seven Thirty Mr Music Time To Dine Miss Carmie ( USA ) 1966 TV Lark Indian Hemp Miss Larksfly Twice Over Ponder Twosy ( Family : 23 - b ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Winning Colors pedigree '' . equineline.com. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` All Rainbows - Statistics '' . Equibase . ^ Jump up to : `` Turk Mare - Family 23 - b '' . Thoroughbred Bloodlines . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minden Rose - Statistics '' . Equibase . Jump up ^ `` Golden Colors ( USA ) '' . Japan Bloodhorse Breeders'Association . Jump up ^ `` Danzig Colors - Statistics '' . Equibase . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Colors - Statistics '' . Equibase . Jump up ^ `` Ocean Colors - Statistics '' . Equibase . Jump up ^ `` Winning Colors Euthanized '' . The Blood - Horse . New York Times article about Personal Ensign and the 1988 Breeders ' Cup Distaff Winning Colors at the United States ' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame ( hide ) Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming 2018 Justify Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winning_Colors_(horse)&oldid=788827098 '' Categories : 1985 racehorse births 2008 racehorse deaths Racehorses bred in Kentucky Racehorses trained in the United States Kentucky Derby winners Eclipse Award winners United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees Thoroughbred family 23 - b Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did winning colors win the kentucky derby

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List of Los Angeles Kings seasons

List of Los Angeles Kings seasons - wikipedia List of Los Angeles Kings seasons Jump to : navigation , search The Kings have played at Staples Center since 1999 . This is a list of seasons completed by the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . This list documents the records and playoff results for all seasons the Kings have completed in the NHL since their inception in 1967 . Stanley Cup Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Playoff Berth League leaders Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses / Shootout losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against , PIM = Penalties in minutes Season Team GP OTL Pts GF GA PIM Finish Playoffs 1967 -- 68 1967 -- 68 74 31 33 10 -- 72 200 224 810 2nd in West Lost in Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( North Stars ) 1968 -- 69 1968 -- 69 76 24 42 10 -- 58 185 260 698 4th in West Won in Quarterfinals , 4 -- 3 ( Seals ) Lost in Semifinals , 0 -- 4 ( Blues ) 1969 -- 70 1969 -- 70 76 14 52 10 -- 38 168 290 969 6th in West Did not qualify 1970 -- 71 1970 -- 71 78 25 40 13 -- 63 239 303 775 5th in West Did not qualify 1971 -- 72 1971 -- 72 78 20 49 9 -- 49 206 305 719 7th in West Did not qualify 1972 -- 73 1972 -- 73 78 31 36 11 -- 73 232 245 888 6th in West Did not qualify 1973 -- 74 1973 -- 74 78 33 33 12 -- 78 233 231 1055 3rd in West Lost in Quarterfinals , 1 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 1974 -- 75 1974 -- 75 80 42 17 21 -- 105 269 185 1185 2nd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 1 -- 2 ( Maple Leafs ) 1975 -- 76 1975 -- 76 80 38 33 9 -- 85 263 265 1022 2nd in Norris Won in Preliminary Round , 2 -- 0 ( Flames ) Lost in Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( Bruins ) 1976 -- 77 1976 -- 77 80 34 31 15 -- 83 271 241 1186 2nd in Norris Won in Preliminary Round , 2 -- 1 ( Flames ) Lost in Quarterfinals , 2 -- 4 ( Bruins ) 1977 -- 78 1977 -- 78 80 31 34 15 -- 77 243 245 903 3rd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 0 -- 2 ( Maple Leafs ) 1978 -- 79 1978 -- 79 80 34 34 12 -- 80 292 286 1134 3rd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 0 -- 2 ( Rangers ) 1979 -- 80 1979 -- 80 80 30 36 14 -- 74 290 313 1124 2nd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 1 -- 3 ( Islanders ) 1980 -- 81 1980 -- 81 80 43 24 13 -- 99 337 290 1627 2nd in Norris Lost in Preliminary Round , 1 -- 3 ( Rangers ) 1981 -- 82 1981 -- 82 80 24 41 15 -- 63 314 369 1730 4th in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 3 -- 2 ( Oilers ) Lost in Division Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Canucks ) 1982 -- 83 1982 -- 83 80 27 41 12 -- 66 308 365 1627 5th in Smythe Did not qualify 1983 -- 84 1983 -- 84 80 23 44 13 -- 59 309 376 1265 5th in Smythe Did not qualify 1984 -- 85 1984 -- 85 80 34 32 14 -- 82 339 326 1413 4th in Smythe Lost in Division Semifinals , 0 -- 3 ( Oilers ) 1985 -- 86 1985 -- 86 80 23 49 8 -- 54 284 389 5th in Smythe Did not qualify 1986 -- 87 1986 -- 87 80 31 41 8 -- 70 318 341 2038 4th in Smythe Lost in Division Semifinals , 1 -- 4 ( Oilers ) 1987 -- 88 1987 -- 88 80 30 42 8 -- 68 318 359 2124 4th in Smythe Lost in Division Semifinals , 1 -- 4 ( Flames ) 1988 -- 89 1988 -- 89 80 42 31 7 -- 91 376 335 2215 2nd in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 4 -- 3 ( Oilers ) Lost in Division Finals , 0 -- 4 ( Flames ) 1989 -- 90 1989 -- 90 80 34 39 7 -- 75 338 337 1884 4th in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 4 -- 2 ( Flames ) Lost in Division Finals , 0 -- 4 ( Oilers ) 1990 -- 91 1990 -- 91 80 46 24 10 -- 102 340 254 2228 1st in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 4 -- 2 ( Canucks ) Lost in Division Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Oilers ) 1991 -- 92 1991 -- 92 80 35 31 14 -- 84 287 296 2161 2nd in Smythe Lost in Division Semifinals , 2 -- 4 ( Oilers ) 1992 -- 93 1992 -- 93 84 39 35 10 -- 88 338 340 2247 3rd in Smythe Won in Division Semifinals , 4 -- 2 ( Flames ) Won in Division Finals , 4 -- 2 ( Canucks ) Won in Conference Finals , 4 - 3 ( Maple Leafs ) Lost in Stanley Cup Final , 1 -- 4 ( Canadiens ) 1993 -- 94 1993 -- 94 84 27 45 12 -- 66 294 322 2017 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 1994 -- 95 1994 -- 95 48 16 23 9 -- 41 142 174 978 4th in Pacific Did not qualify 1995 -- 96 1995 -- 96 82 24 40 18 -- 66 256 302 1460 6th in Pacific Did not qualify 1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 82 28 43 11 -- 67 214 268 1638 6th in Pacific Did not qualify 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 82 38 33 11 -- 87 227 225 1763 2nd in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 0 -- 4 ( Blues ) 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 82 32 45 5 -- 69 189 222 1383 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 1999 -- 2000 1999 -- 2000 82 39 27 12 94 245 228 1313 2nd in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 0 -- 4 ( Red Wings ) 2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 82 38 28 13 92 252 228 1196 3rd in Pacific Won in Conference Quarterfinals , 4 -- 2 ( Red Wings ) Lost in Conference Semifinals , 3 -- 4 ( Avalanche ) 2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 82 40 27 11 95 214 190 1348 3rd in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 3 -- 4 ( Avalanche ) 2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 82 33 37 6 6 78 203 221 1146 3rd in Pacific Did not qualify 2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 82 28 29 16 9 81 205 217 1163 3rd in Pacific Did not qualify 2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout 2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 82 42 35 -- 5 89 249 270 1440 4th in Pacific Did not qualify 2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 82 27 41 -- 14 68 227 283 1239 4th in Pacific Did not qualify 2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 82 32 43 -- 7 71 231 283 930 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 82 34 37 -- 11 79 207 234 1191 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 82 46 27 -- 9 101 241 219 963 3rd in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 2 -- 4 ( Canucks ) 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 82 46 30 -- 6 98 219 198 938 4th in Pacific Lost in Conference Quarterfinals , 2 -- 4 ( Sharks ) 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 82 40 27 -- 15 95 194 179 923 3rd in Pacific Won in Conference Quarterfinals , 4 -- 1 ( Canucks ) Won in Conference Semifinals , 4 -- 0 ( Blues ) Won in Conference Finals , 4 -- 1 ( Coyotes ) Stanley Cup Champions , 4 -- 2 ( Devils ) 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 48 27 16 -- 5 59 133 118 - 2nd in Pacific Won in Conference Quarterfinals , 4 -- 2 ( Blues ) Won in Conference Semifinals , 4 -- 3 ( Sharks ) Lost in Conference Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 82 46 28 -- 8 100 206 174 876 3rd in Pacific Won in First Round , 4 -- 3 ( Sharks ) Won in Second Round , 4 -- 3 ( Ducks ) Won in Conference Finals , 4 -- 3 ( Blackhawks ) Stanley Cup Champions , 4 -- 1 ( Rangers ) 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 82 40 27 -- 15 95 220 205 -- 4th in Pacific Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 82 48 28 -- 6 102 225 195 -- 2nd in Pacific Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Sharks ) 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 82 39 35 -- 8 86 201 205 -- 5th in Pacific Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 82 45 29 -- 8 98 239 203 -- 4th in Pacific Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Golden Knights ) Season Team GP OTL Pts GF GA PIM Finish Playoffs Reg . season totals 3636 1501 1605 424 106 3532 11086 11775 58807 1 division title 29 playoff appearances Playoff totals 241 110 136 -- -- 3 conference titles 2 Stanley Cups All - time series record : 21 -- 26 Grand totals 3877 1611 1741 424 106 Season was shortened due to the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout . As of the 2005 -- 06 NHL season , all games will have a winner ; the OTL column includes SOL ( Shootout losses ) . Totals through the 2013 -- 14 season Totals through the 2012 - 13 season References ( edit ) Los Angeles seasons and records @ hockeydb.com Los Angeles Kings Founded in 1967 Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History 1967 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Philip Anschutz Ed Roski Jr . General manager Rob Blake Head coach John Stevens Team captain Anze Kopitar Current roster Arenas Long Beach Arena Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center Rivalries Anaheim Ducks San Jose Sharks Affiliates AHL Ontario Reign ECHL Manchester Monarchs Media Broadcasters TV : FSN West / Prime Ticket Radio : KABC ( 790 AM ) Culture and lore I Love L.A. Bailey Frozen Fury Miracle on Manchester 1991 Las Vegas outdoor game Garnet Bailey and Mark Bavis The Love Guru 2011 NHL Premiere 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2015 NHL Stadium Series Los Angeles Kings seasons 1960s 1960 -- 61 . 1961 -- 62 . 1962 -- 63 . 1963 -- 64 . 1964 -- 65 . 1965 -- 66 . 1966 -- 67 . 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1979 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship NHL seasons by team Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Vegas Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Relocated ( still active ) Atlanta Flames ( Calgary ) Atlanta Thrashers ( Winnipeg ) Hartford Whalers ( Carolina ) Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies ( New Jersey ) Minnesota North Stars ( Dallas ) Quebec Nordiques ( Colorado ) Winnipeg Jets ( Arizona ) Defunct teams California Golden Seals / Cleveland Barons Hamilton Tigers Montreal Maroons New York Americans Ottawa Senators / St. Louis Eagles Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Los_Angeles_Kings_seasons&oldid=837020831 '' Categories : National Hockey League team seasons Los Angeles Kings seasons Los Angeles Kings lists Lists of National Hockey League seasons Talk About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 06 : 47 . 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Executive Office of the President of the United States

Executive Office of the President of the United States - wikipedia Executive Office of the President of the United States Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Office of the President '' , see Office of the President ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Executive Office of the President Seal of the Executive Office of the President Flag of the Executive Office of the President Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1939 ; 78 years ago ( 1939 - 07 - 01 ) Headquarters White House Employees About 4,000 Agency executive John F. Kelly , White House Chief of Staff Parent agency United States federal government Website Executive Office of the President The Executive Office of the President of the United States ( EOPOTUS or EOP ) consists of the immediate staff of the President of the United States and multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President . With the increase in technological and global advancement , the size of the White House staff has increased to include an array of policy experts to effectively address various fields of the modern day . The Executive Office is overseen by the White House Chief of Staff . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization 2.1 White House Offices 3 Budget history 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1939 , during Franklin D. Roosevelt 's second term in office , the foundations of the modern White House staff were created . Based on the recommendations of a presidentially commissioned panel of political science and public administration experts that was known as the Brownlow Committee , Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the Reorganization Act of 1939 . The Act led to Reorganization Plan No. 1 , which created the EOP , which reported directly to the president . The EOP encompassed two subunits at its outset : the White House Office ( WHO ) and the Bureau of the Budget , the predecessor to today 's Office of Management and Budget , which had been created in 1921 and originally located in the Treasury Department . It absorbed most of the functions of the National Emergency Council . Initially , the new staff system appeared more ambitious on paper than in practice ; the increase in the size of the staff was quite modest at the start . But it laid the groundwork for the large and organizationally complex White House staff that would emerge during the presidencies of Roosevelt 's successors . The Eisenhower Executive Office Building at night . Roosevelt 's efforts are also notable in contrast to those of his predecessors in office . During the nineteenth century , presidents had few staff resources . Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary at his disposal , both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally . It was not until 1857 that Congress appropriated money ( $2,500 ) for the hiring of one clerk . By Ulysses S. Grant 's presidency ( 1869 -- 1877 ) , the staff had grown to three . By 1900 , the White House staff included one `` secretary to the president '' ( then the title of the president 's chief aide ) , two assistant secretaries , two executive clerks , a stenographer , and seven other office personnel . Under Warren G. Harding , the size of the staff expanded to thirty - one , although most were clerical positions . During Herbert Hoover 's presidency , two additional secretaries to the president were added by Congress , one of whom Hoover designated as his Press Secretary . From 1933 to 1939 , even as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government 's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression , Roosevelt muddled through : his `` brains trust '' of top advisers were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments , whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions . Ballpark estimates indicate some 2,000 to 2,500 persons serve in EOP staff positions with policy - making responsibilities , with a budget of $300 to $400 million ( George W. Bush 's budget request for Fiscal Year 2005 was for $341 million in support of 1,850 personnel ) . Organization ( edit ) Senior staff within the Executive Office of the President have the title Assistant to the President , second - level staff have the title Deputy Assistant to the President , and third - level staff have the title Special Assistant to the President . The core White House staff appointments , and most EOP officials generally , are not required to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate , although there are a handful of exceptions ( e.g. , the Director of the Office of Management and Budget , the Chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers , and the United States Trade Representative ) . The information in the following table is current as of July 31 , 2017 . Only principal executives are listed ; for subordinate officers , see individual office pages . Agency Principal executive Incumbent White House Office White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly National Security Council Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs H.R. McMaster Council of Economic Advisers Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Kevin Hassett Council on Environmental Quality Managing Director of the Council on Environmental Quality Vacant Executive Residence Staff and Operations White House Chief Usher Timothy Harleth Office of Administration Director of the Office of Administration Marcia Lee Kelly Office of Management and Budget Director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney Office of National Drug Control Policy Director of National Drug Control Policy Richard Baum ( Acting ) Office of Science and Technology Policy Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy Vacant Office of the United States Trade Representative United States Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer Office of the Vice President of the United States Chief of Staff to The Vice President Nick Ayers Office of the Counselor to the President Senior Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway White House offices ( edit ) Note : The White House Office ( including its various offices listed below ) is a sub-unit of the Executive Office of the President ( EOP ) . The various agencies of the EOP are listed above . Office of the Chief of Staff Office of the National Security Advisor Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council Office of American Innovation Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of Communications Office of Information Technology Office of Digital Strategy Office of the First Lady Office of Intergovernmental Affairs Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Management and Administration Office of Political Affairs Office of Presidential Personnel Office of Public Liaison Office of Scheduling and Advance Office of the Staff Secretary Oval Office Operations White House Counsel Executive Office of the President -- Trump administration Office Name Term Office Name Term Chief of Staff John F. Kelly 2017 -- National Security Advisor LTG H.R. McMaster 2017 -- Deputy Chief of Staff Rick Dearborn Joe Hagin Kirstjen Nielsen 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 - Deputy National Security Advisor Dina Powell Maj. Gen. Ricky L. Waddell Tom Bossert ( Homeland Security ) Michael Anton ( Strategic Comm . ) 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- NSC Chief of Staff Keith Kellogg 2017 -- Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway 2017 -- Comm . Director Hope Hicks 2017 -- Senior Advisor to the President Stephen Miller ( Policy ) Jared Kushner ( Strategic Planning ) 2017 -- 2017 -- Deputy Comm . Directors Omarosa Manigault ( Public Liason ) Jessica Ditto Raj Shah ( Research ) 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- Advisors Ivanka Trump Marc Short ( Legislative Affairs ) Rudy Giuliani ( Cyber Security ) 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 Media Affairs Director Helen Aguirre Ferre 2017 -- NEC Director / Economic Advisor Gary Cohn 2017 -- Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders 2017 -- White House Counsel Don McGahn 2017 -- Deputy Press Secretary Lindsay Walters 2017 -- Special Counsel Ty Cobb 2017 -- Legal Advisors Jay Sekulow John M. Dowd Marc Kasowitz 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- Deputy Director of Nominations Mary Elizabeth Taylor 2017 -- Domestic Policy Council Director Andrew Bremberg 2017 -- Office of Intergovernmental Affairs Director Justin R. Clark 2017 -- Strategic Development Group Director Chris Liddell 2017 -- Public Liaison Assistant Andrew Giuliani 2017 -- National Trade Council Director Peter Navarro 2017 -- Staff Secretary Rob Porter 2017 -- Cabinet Secretary Bill McGinley 2017 -- Social Secretary Anna Cristina Niceta Lloyd 2017 -- Social Media Director Dan Scavino 2017 -- Online Producer Lara Trump 2017 -- Personal Aide to the President John McEntee 2017 -- Personal Secretary to the President Madeleine Westerhout 2017 -- Chief of Staff to the First Lady Lindsay Reynolds 2017 -- Special Assistant to the President for Intragovernmental and Technology Initiatives Reed Cordish 2017 -- Political Director Bill Stepien 2017 -- Presidential Personnel Director John DeStefano 2017 -- Special Representative for International Negotiations Jason Greenblatt 2017 -- Budget history ( edit ) Year Budget 2017 $709 million 2016 $692 million 2015 $676 million 2014 $624 million 2013 $650 million 2012 $640 million 2011 $708 million $772 million 2009 $728 million 2008 $682 million 2007 $2956 million 2006 $5379 million 2005 $7686 million $3349 million 2003 $386 million 2002 $451 million $246 million 2000 $283 million 1999 $417 million 1998 $237 million $221 million $202 million 1995 $215 million $231 million $194 million See also ( edit ) Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations White House Records Office References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hartnett , Cass ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Library Guides : United States Federal Government Resources : The Executive Office of the President '' . guides.lib.uw.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( April 25 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act '' . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . Santa Barbara : University of California . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mosher , Frederick C. ( 1975 ) . American Public Administration : Past , Present , Future ( 2nd ed . ) . Birmingham : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 4829 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( May 9 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on Plan II to Implement the Reorganization Act '' . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . Santa Barbara : University of California . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . The plan provides for the abolition of the National Emergency Council and the transfer to the Executive Office of the President of all its functions with the exception of the film and radio activities which go to the Office of Education . Jump up ^ Relyea , Harold C. ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` The Executive Office of the President : An Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burke , John P. `` Administration of the White House '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Kate ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump family hires familiar face as chief usher '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` FY 2017 Omnibus Summary -- Financial Services and General Government Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . House Appropriations Committee . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2016 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2015 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2014 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2013 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2012 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2011 Appropriations '' . Congressional Research Service . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2010 Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2009 Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2008 Appropriations '' . Congressional Research Service . December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Executive Office of the President The Debate Over Selected Presidential Assistants and Advisors : Appointment , Accountability , and Congressional Oversight Congressional Research Service Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Executive Office of the President of the United States Works by Executive Office of the President of the United States at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Executive Office of the President of the United States at Internet Archive Executive Office of the United States President Executive Office of the President Advisory Boards ( Council for Community Solutions , Global Development Council , Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders , President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , President 's Intelligence Advisory Board , President 's Management Advisory Board ) Council of Economic Advisers Council on Environmental Quality Digital Service Executive Residence ( Committee for the Preservation of the White House , Office of the Curator , Office of the Chief Usher , Office of the Chief Floral Designer , Office of the Executive Chef , Graphics and Calligraphy Office ) National Security Council ( Deputies Committee , Homeland Security Council ) Office of Administration ( Office of Mail and Messenger Operations , Office of the Chief Financial Officer , Office of the Chief Administrative Officer ) Office of Management and Budget ( Office of the Chief Performance Officer , Office of E-Government and Information Technology , Office of Federal Financial Management , Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ) Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy ( Office of the Chief Technology Officer ) Office of the Trade Representative Office of the Vice President ( Office of the Chief of Staff ) Military Office ( Communications Agency , Medical Unit , Presidential Food Service , Transportation Agency ) White House Office Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of the Chief of Staff ( Office of Senior Advisors ) Office of Communications ( Office of Media Affairs , Office of Research , Office of the Press Secretary , Office of Speechwriting ) Office of the Counselor Office of Digital Strategy Domestic Policy Council ( Office of Faith - 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list three offices included in the executive office of the president

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Wildlife of Karnataka

Wildlife of Karnataka - wikipedia Wildlife of Karnataka Indian roller , ( Coracias benghalensis ) , the state bird Young sapling of sandalwood ( Santalum album ) , the state tree The state of Karnataka in South India has a rich diversity of flora and fauna . It has a recorded forest area of 38720 km which constitutes 20.19 % of the total geographical area of the state . These forests support 25 % of the elephant population and 20 % of the tiger population of India . Many regions of Karnataka are still unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are still found . The Western Ghats mountains in the western region of Karnataka are a biodiversity hotspot . Two sub-clusters of the Western Ghats , Talacauvery and Kudremukh in Karnataka , are in a tentative list of sites that could be designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . The Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks which fall outside these subclusters were included in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve in 1986 , a UNESCO designation . Biligiriranga Hills in Karnataka is a place where Eastern Ghats meets Western Ghats . The state bird and state animal of Karnataka are Indian roller and the Indian elephant respectively . The state tree and state flower are sandalwood ( Santalum album ) and lotus respectively . Karnataka is home to 406 + tigers ( around 12 % of tigers in world ) . Contents 1 National parks in Karnataka 1.1 Anshi National Park 1.2 Bandipur National Park 1.3 Bannerghatta National Park 1.4 Kudremukh National Park 1.5 Nagarahole National Park 2 Wildlife sanctuaries 3 Bird sanctuaries 4 Dangers to flora and fauna 4.1 Poaching 4.2 Habitat destruction 4.3 Human -- wildlife conflict 4.4 Pollution 4.5 Invasive new species 5 Conservation efforts 5.1 Relocation of human population 5.2 Usage of technology 5.3 Staff empowerment 6 Recently discovered species 7 Endangered species 8 References 9 External links National parks in Karnataka ( edit ) Lotus , the state flower Lone Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) , the state animal , in Nagarahole National Park The tiger Panthera tigris . Karnataka has around 20 % of the tiger population in India Dodda Alada Mara , a giant 400 - year - old banyan near Bangalore Peacock ( Pavo cristatus ) in Bandipur National Park The Malabar gliding frog ( Rhacophorus malabaricus ) found in the Western Ghats Male gaur ( Bos gaurus ) in Nagarahole National Park Karnataka has five national parks . Anshi National park ( edit ) This park is present in the Uttara Kannada district and spreads over an area of 250 km . The altitude varies from 27 metres ( 89 ft ) to 937 metres ( 3,074 ft ) , and temperatures from 15.5 ° C to 45 ° C. Average annual rainfall is about 4,700 millimetres ( 185 in ) . Flora : The area has semi-evergreen and evergreen forests . Some common tree species in the area are Calophylluum tomentosa , Calophyllum wightianum , Garcina cambogia , Garcina morealla , Knema attenuata , Hopea wightiana , Tetrameles nudiflora , Alstonia scholaris , Flacourtia montana , Machilis macarantha , Carallia brachiata , Artocarpus hirsutus , Artocarpus lacoocha and Cinnamomum zeylanicum . Fauna : Mammals in the park include Indian elephant , gaur , wild boar , sambar , chevrotain , muntjac , chital , gray langur , bonnet macaque , slender loris , Bengal tiger , jungle cat , Indian leopard , leopard cat , small Indian civet , common mongoose , golden jackal , dhol , sloth bear , Malabar giant squirrel , grizzled giant squirrel , Indian giant flying squirrel , and Indian crested porcupine . King cobra , python , cobra , rat snake , viper and krait are among the snakes that inhabit the park . Interesting birds include the great hornbill , Malabar pied hornbill and Ceylon frogmouth . Bandipur National park ( edit ) Main article : Bandipur National Park It is situated within Chamarajanagar district covering an area of over 800 km and adjoins the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala . In 1973 , Bandipur became one of the first of India 's tiger reserves and became a part of Project Tiger . In 1974 , intention was declared under the Wildlife Protection Act to notify it as a national park . Flora : The scrub jungles towards the eastern limits of the park consist of stunted trees , interspersed with bushes and open grassy patches . Towards its north - western fringes , there is a gradual shift in the vegetation from open dry deciduous forests to tropical mixed deciduous forests . These diverse habitats support an enormous diversity of animal life . Fauna : The mammals found here are Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) , gaur ( Bos gaurus ) , sambar ( Cervus unicolor ) , chital or spotted deer ( Axis axis ) , muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjak ) or barking deer , mouse deer ( Moschiola indica ) , bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata ) , slender loris ( Loris tardigradus ) , red giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista petaurista ) , Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris ) , Indian leopard ( Panthera pardus ) , common palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) , sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) , dhole or Asiatic wild dog ( Cuon alpinus ) , striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena ) , golden jackal ( Canis aureus ) , ruddy mongoose ( Herpestes smithii ) , smooth - coated otter ( Lutrogale perspicillata ) , Indian pangolin ( Manis crassicaudata ) . Among the 230 species of birds identified here , some of the important groups include herons , storks , egrets , ducks , kites , eagles , falcons , quails , partridges , wildfowl , lapwings , sandpipers , pigeons , doves , parakeets , cuckoos , owls , nightjars , swifts , kingfishers , bee - eaters and munias . Reptiles like marsh crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) , Indian pond terrapin , starred tortoise ( Geochelone elegans ) , common Indian monitor ( Varanus bengalensis ) , Indian chameleon ( Chamaeleo zeylanicus ) , skinks ( Mabuya spp . ) , geckos ( Hemidactylus ) , common rat snake ( Ptyas mucosus ) , Indian cobra ( Naja naja ) , Russell 's viper ( Daboia russelli ) , common krait ( Bungarus caeruleus ) , Indian python ( Python molurus ) , checkered keelback , green whip snake , common Indian bronzeback ( Dendrelaphis tristis ) and trinket snake ( Elaphe helena ) are found here Bannerghatta National park ( edit ) It is located in Bengaluru district and covers over 260.51 km of area . Altitude varies from 740 metres ( 2,428 ft ) to 1,034 metres ( 3,392 ft ) , temperature from 20 ° to 35 ° C and the average annual rainfall is 700 millimetres ( 28 in ) . Flora : The area has dry deciduous forests and thorny scrub , with patches of moist deciduous forests along the streams . Tree species in the park include Anogeissus latifolia , Schleichera oleosae , Terminalia tomentosa , Terminalia arjuna , Grewia tilaefolia , Santalum album , Shorea talura , Emblica officinalis , Vitex altissima , Wrightia tinctoria , Randia sp. , Ziziphus sp. and Albizzia sp ... Bamboos are common in the park , the dominant species being Dendrocalamus strictus . A small area of the park has plantations of Eucalyptus , Bauhinia purpurea , Samanea saman and Peltophorum pterocarpum . Fauna : Mammals in the park include Indian leopard , gaur , Indian elephant , golden jackal , fox , wild boar , sloth bear , sambar , spotted deer , barking deer , common langur , bonnet macaque , Indian crested porcupine and hare . A Bengal tiger has recently been sighted in the park . Kudremukh National park ( edit ) Spread over an area of 600.32 km , it encompasses regions in the districts of Dakshina Kannada , Udupi and Chikmagalur . Altitude varies from 134 metres ( 440 ft ) to 1,892 metres ( 6,207 ft ) . The park has a pleasant climate , with temperatures ranging from 17 ° to 28 ° C. Annual rainfall varies from 1,778 millimetres ( 70 in ) to 6,350 millimetres ( 250 in ) , with an average of 4,000 millimetres ( 157 in ) . The rivers Nethravati , Tunga and Bhadra are believed to originate here at Ganga Moola . Flora : The park has mostly evergreen and semi-evergreen forests . Shola grassland habitat is found at elevations above 1,400 metres ( 4,593 ft ) . Evergreen trees include Poeciloneuron indicum , Holigarna arnottiana , Artocarpus sp. , Calophyllum sp. , Alstonia scholaris , Canarium strictum , Syzygium cumini , Flacourtia montana , Symplocos spicata , Hopea parviflora , Mesua ferrea and Evodiaroxburghiana . There are also a few plantations of Eucalyptus , Casuarina and Acacia auriculiformis . Fauna : Mammals in the park include Bengal tiger , Indian leopard , dhole , golden jackal , lion - tailed macaque , common langur , sloth bear , gaur , sambar , spotted deer , barking deer , Malabar giant squirrel , Indian giant flying squirrel , Indian crested porcupine and mongoose . Reptiles are represented by snakes and tortoises . Bird species in the park include the Malabar trogon , great hornbill , Malabar whistling thrush and imperial pigeon . Nagarahole National park ( edit ) Also known as Rajiv Gandhi ( Nagarahole ) National Park gets its name from the Nagara Hole ( Snake River in Kannada ) which runs eastwards through its centre . Nagarahole river flows through the park before it joins the Kabini river that also acts as a boundary between Nagarahole and Bandipur . The park covers an area of about 575 km . The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala adjoins to the Southeast . Flora : These forests are dominated by teak and rosewood . The eastern limits of the park consist of regenerating dry deciduous forests . The west region of the park contains tropical moist and semi-evergreen forests . Interspersed with these forests are swampy fallows called hadlus , which are dominated by grasses and are favoured grazing areas of many wild herbivores . Fauna : Some of the species of mammals found in this park are Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) , gaur ( Bos gaurus ) , sambar ( Cervus unicolor ) , chital or spotted deer or axis deer ( Axis axis ) , muntjac or barking deer ( Muntiacus muntjak ) , chevrotain or mouse deer ( Moschiola indica ) , four horned antelope ( Tetracerus quadricornis ) , giant fruit bat ( Pteropus giganteus ) , Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris ) , Indian leopard ( Panthera pardus ) , leopard cat ( Felis bengalensis ) , jungle cat ( Felis chaus ) , rusty spotted cat ( Felis rubiginosa ) , common palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ) , sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) , dhole or Asiatic wild dog ( Cuon alpinus ) and flying fox ( Pteropus giganteus ) , the largest Indian bat . Among the 300 species of birds identified in this park include herons , storks , egrets , ducks , kites , eagles , falcons , partridges , quails , peafowl , owls , lapwings , sandpipers , pigeons , doves , parakeets , cuckoos , nightjars , swifts , kingfishers , bee - eaters , barbets , swallows , larks , woodpeckers , shrikes and orioles . Reptiles include marsh crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) , Indian pond terrapin , star tortoise , common Indian monitor lizard ( Varanus bengalensis ) , forest calotes , southern green calotes , skinks ( Mabuya spp . ) , geckos , spectacled cobra , Russell 's viper , common krait , Indian python ( Python molurus ) , checkered keelback , green whip snake , common Indian bronzeback , flying snake , wolf snake and trinket snake . Wildlife sanctuaries ( edit ) The great Indian hornbill ( Buceros bicornis ) , found in the forests of Karnataka Spot - billed pelican , ( Pelecanus philippensis ) , a bird found in the bird sanctuaries of Karnataka Rufous babbler ( Turdoides subrufus ) at Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Karnataka also has the following 18 wildlife sanctuaries : Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 0.88 square kilometres ( 0.34 sq mi ) . This was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks . It also houses nearly 250 species of birds . Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Mysore district and is spread over 13.5 square kilometres ( 5.2 sq mi ) . This park consists of eucalyptus and sandalwood plantations . Leopard , fox and spotted deer are some of the animal species found here . Also around 230 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in the Chamarajanagar district and is spread over 539.58 square kilometres ( 208.33 sq mi ) . Some of the species of flora found here are Anogeissus latifolia , Grewia tilaefolia and Syzygium cumini . Species of mammals include elephants , tigers , leopards , sloth bear , gaur , barking deer and sambar . Among the 215 species of birds found here include Nilgiri wood pigeon , Malabar whistling thrush , yellow - throated bulbul , peregrine falcon , rufous - bellied hawk - eagle . An endangered amphibian , Icthyophis ghytinosus has been reported in this sanctuary . Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located between the Chikkamagaluru and Shimoga districts and is spread over 492.46 square kilometres ( 190.14 sq mi ) . Common species of flora include Lagerstromia lanceolata , Adina cordifolia and Careya arborea . Mammals include tiger , leopard , elephant , gaur , slender loris and pangolin . Among the bird species found here are ruby - throated bulbul , shama , Malabar whistling thrush and paradise flycatcher . Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Kodagu district and is spread over an area of 181.80 square kilometres ( 70.19 sq mi ) . The evergreen forests in this sanctuary include species like Cinnamomum zeylancium , Cedrela toona and Alstonia scholaris . Bamboos are dominant here and include species like Bambusa bambos and Dendrocalamus strictus . Mammals include elephant , gaur , tiger , jungle cat , bonnet macaque and Nilgiri marten . Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary : It is spread across the districts of Bangalore , Mysore and Mandya and is spread over 102.59 square kilometres ( 39.61 sq mi ) . Dry deciduous trees found in this park include species like Terminalia arjuna and Syzgium cumini . Animal species found in this park include leopard , elephant , sambar and common otter . This is also one of the last refuge of the highly endangered grizzled giant squirrel in Karnataka . Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here over the years . This sanctuary is also famous for mahseer fish ( Tor species ) . Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Uttara Kannada district and is spread over 475.02 square kilometres ( 183.41 sq mi ) . Common tree species found here are Dalbergia latifolia , Terminalia paniculata , T. Tomentosa and Vitex altissima . Mammal species include elephant , gaur , wild boar , slender loris , Malabar giant squirrel and barking deer . Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary : This is located in Bellary district and is spread over 55.87 square kilometres ( 21.57 sq mi ) . This sanctuary was mainly created for the conservation of sloth bears . Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary : Spread over 906 square kilometers ( 349.8 sq mi ) , MM Hills wildlife sanctuary came to being on 7th May 2013 . Contiguous with BRT Tiger Reserve and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary , the sanctuary boasts of tiger , elephant , leopard , dhole , sambar , barking deer and others . The sanctuary is located in Chamarajanagar district , Kollegala taluk . Melukote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 45.82 square kilometres ( 17.69 sq mi ) . An endangered species of flora , Cycas circinalis is found here . Mammal species include wolf , leopard , blackbuck and pangolin . Also around 230 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Udupi district and is spread over 247 square kilometres ( 95 sq mi ) . Some of the tree species found here are Dipterocarpus indicus , Calophyllum tomentosum and Hopea parviflora . An endangered species of climber Coscinium fenestratum has been recorded here . Slender loris , lion - tailed macaque , sambar and chital are some of the animals found here . The endangered cane turtle is also found here . Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Mysore district and is spread over 30.32 square kilometres ( 11.71 sq mi ) . Common species of flora include Emblica officinalis , Santalum album and Dendrocalamus strictus . Mammals include elephant , gaur , leopard , spotted deer and common palm civet . Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Kodagu district and is spread over 102.59 square kilometres ( 39.61 sq mi ) . Some species of flora found here are Hopea parviflora , Schefflera capitata , Xanthalis tomentosa and Ochlandra rheedii . Mammals include elephant , tiger , slender loris , Nilgiri marten and bonnet macaque . Also around 230 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Bird species include great pied hornbill , Malabar trogon and Nilgiri blackbird . Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary : This is located in Haveri district and is spread over 119.00 square kilometres ( 45.95 sq mi ) . Eucalyptus is the dominant species of trees found here . Cassia fistula , Prosopsis julifora and Zizyphus mauritania are other tree species found here . This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of blackbucks . This sanctuary is also a habitat for the endangered great Indian bustard . Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 431.23 square kilometres ( 166.50 sq mi ) . Dipterocarpus indicus , Caryota urens and Dillenia pentagyna are some of the species of flora found here . Tiger , leopard , mouse deer , bonnet macaque and common langur are some of the animal species found here . Snakes are commonly found here . Paradise flycatcher , racket - tailed drongo and blue - throated barbet are some of the bird species found here . Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 395.60 square kilometres ( 152.74 sq mi ) . Cassia fistula , Kydia calycina and Wrightia tinctoria are some of the species of flora found here . Tiger , leopard , bonnet macaque and Malabar giant squirrel are some of the animal species found here . Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Udupi district and is spread over 88.40 square kilometres ( 34.13 sq mi ) . Machilus macrantha , Lophopetalum wightanium and Artocarpus hirsuta are some of the species of flora found here . Tiger , leopard , lion - tailed macaque and spotted deer are some of the animal species found here . Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary : This is located in Kodagu district and is spread over 105.00 square kilometres ( 40.54 sq mi ) . Albizzia lebbek , Artocarpus lakoocha , Dysoxylum malabaricum and Mesua ferrea are some of the species of flora found here . Clawless otter , elephant , tiger , striped - necked mongoose and mouse deer are some of the animal species found here . Also around 300 species of birds have been observed here over the years . Fairy bluebird , Malabar trogon and broadbill roller are some of the avian species found . Bird sanctuaries ( edit ) A pair of painted storks ( Mycteria leucocephala ) in Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Pied kingfisher , ( Ceryle rudis ) , seen in Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Attiveri Bird Sanctuary : This is located in Uttara Kannada district and is spread over 2.23 km . white ibis , little cormorant , pied kingfisher , common grey hornbill are some of the bird species found here . Gudavi Bird Sanctuary : This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 0.73 km . The tree species that dominate this sanctuary are Vitex leucoxylon and Phyllanthus polyphyllus. 191 species of birds are recorded here including white ibis , pheasant - tailed jacana , purple moorhen and little grebe . Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary : This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 0.67 km . Among the tree species found here , is the unique Iphigenia mysorensis . Other tree species include Derris indica and Barringtonia racemosa . This sanctuary houses nearly 170 birds . Birds like cormorants , darter , white ibis , great stone plover , cliff swallow , spoonbills , lesser whistling teal roost here all through the year . Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary : It is located near the little village Mandagadde which is 30 km from the Shimoga town and is based on a small island on the Tunga River . It is mainly visited by migratory birds like median egret ( Egretta intermedia ) , the little cormorant ( Microcarbo niger ) , and the darter or snake bird ( Aninga nufa ) . Kaggaladu Heronry : This is located in Tumkur district and is one of the largest painted stork sanctuaries in South India . Some of the birds that nest here are painted storks , grey herons , pelicans , black stilts and ducks . Kokrebellur Pelicanry : This is located in the town of Kokkare Bellur in Mandya district and is a haven for avian species like grey or spot - billed pelican ( Pelecanus philippensis ) and painted stork ( Mycteria leucocephala ) . In fact the word Kokkare means stork in the Kannada language . Apart from pelicans and storks , 250 species of birds have been sighted here . Magadi Bird Sanctuary : Magadi Bird Sanctuary created at the Magadi tank , in Magadi village of Shirahatti Taluk , Gadag district . It is one of the Biodiversity hotspots of Karnataka , in North Karnataka . From Gadag it is 26 km , it is located on Gadag - Bangalore Road , from Shirahatti it is 8 km , and from Lakshmeshwara 11 km . Bar - headed goose is one of the bird migrates to Magadi wetlands of Gadag district . Normally birds eat fish , amphibians , molluscs , snakes etc. , but migratory birds eating agricultural produce is both interesting and curious too . Winter habitat is on cultivation , it feeds on barley , rice and wheat and damage crops . Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary : This is located in Haveri district and spread over an area of 139.10 acres ( 0.5629 km ) . This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks . Bonal Bird Sanctuary : This is located about 10 km from Shorapur city in Yadgir district . Ramadevarabetta Vulture Sanctuary : This is located in Ramanagara and is home of the critically endangered Long - billed vulture ( Gyps indicus ) . Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary : This is located in Belgaum district and is spread over 20.78 square kilometres ( 8.02 sq mi ) . This sanctuary is known for migratory birds like Demoiselle crane and European white stork . Dangers to flora and fauna ( edit ) Due to various issues , flora and fauna in some parts of Karnataka are being threatened . These issues include poaching , human -- wildlife conflict , habitat destruction , pollution and introduction of invasive new species . Poaching ( edit ) Despite the best efforts of conservation activists , poaching remains one of the serious problems affecting the flora and fauna in the state . Between the years 1997 - 2001 , a total of 98 elephants have succumbed to poaching in Karnataka . Poaching has also affected the breeding of turtles like olive ridley on the beaches of Karnataka as well as otters on the river banks . Tigers are also another species that are threatened to extinction by poachers . Sandalwood , famed for its sculptures and its aroma is frequently poached out of the forests of Karnataka . Teakwood , famed for the furniture is another species of flora affected by this problem . Staff - shortage , lack of adequate funds and unscientific anti-poaching camps are some of the reasons quoted for continued poaching activities . Habitat destruction ( edit ) Some of the activities that are causing a destruction of habitat of flora and fauna in Karnataka are : Construction of dams and reservoirs : Construction of dams causes widespread flooding of surrounding areas causing destruction of species that inhabit the area . They also affect the flow of riverine species like fishes and disrupt their normal habits . An example is the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir in Shimoga district that caused the extinction of the grass , Hubbardia heptaneuron . Destruction of forest land for agriculture and other purposes : large tracts of forest land have been cleaned up for monoculture plantations like teak , coffee and rubber . This has led to the destruction of species that were dependent on the forest . An example of this is loss of special habitats in Karnataka such as Myristica swamps and high altitude grasslands . In the dry zone , they have adversely affected several species dependent on large tracts of scrub such as the wolf and the great Indian bustard . Mining operations : Mining operations clear out large areas of land and cause destruction to the species dependent on them . An example is the Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited which mined iron ore within the boundaries of the protected Kudremukh National Park . Human -- Wildlife conflict ( edit ) Due to the loss of habitat , more and more species of fauna have started to venture into human habitation causing a conflict between humans and fauna . A typical species affected by this is the elephant which ventures out of the forest into human cultivations thereby eating or destroying the crops . In some cases , the elephants have also caused human deaths like an incident that happened in Hassan district where a villager was trampled to death . Precautionary measures ( sometimes illegally ) taken up by humans to prevent such mishaps like electric fencing have also led to disastrous consequences like electrocution of fauna . Pollution ( edit ) Release of industrial waste and human effluents into rivers have caused significant damages to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks . Air pollution is also a significant cause of concern in metros like Bangalore where it has been found that air pollution is discolouring foliage including those of ornamental plants . A comparison of the lichen flora of the garden Lal Bagh in Bangalore has revealed that 18 of the 22 species noted in 1980 were no longer present in 1997 . Pollution in rivers like Kabini , Kaveri and Ghataprabha has caused sharp reduction in populations of bird species , including beneficial insectivorous birds like drongos , as well as honeybees . Invasive new species ( edit ) Introduction of new species into a habitat has caused serious consequences to the existing species of flora and fauna . A typical example is the introduction of the African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) in the lakes and rivers of Karnataka . This is a carnivorous fish and has caused serious damage to the indigenous fauna living in those lakes and rivers . Weeds like Eupatorium , Lantana and Parthenium have invaded large tracts of land causing destruction . An increase in Eupatorium is attributed as one of the causes for the spread of the deadly Kyasanur forest disease ( which has a morbidity rate of 10 % ) among humans since it harbors tick populations that are vectors for this disease . Eucalyptus plantations in the Ranibennur blackbuck sanctuary has seriously harmed the extremely rare great Indian bustard . Conservation efforts ( edit ) Various conservation activities are in progress to protect the biodiversity present in Karnataka . These activities are mostly done by the Forest Department of the State of Karnataka and other voluntary organisations . Relocation of human population ( edit ) The presence of human habitation within the core area of reserved forests poses many problems like human -- wildlife conflict and destruction of habitat due to agriculture and cattle grazing . Systematic efforts have been made to relocate some of this population into proper zones outside the protected area . An example is the relocation of some villagers from Bhagawathi and Nassehalla habitations within the Kudremukh National Park to safer regions outside it . Usage of technology ( edit ) New scientific methods are being used to protect the flora and fauna . Some of these are : Usage of satellites to detect forest fires so that they can easily be extinguished . Radio tracking of animals and usage of techniques like remote camera sampling to estimate the animal population . Installation of wireless stations and using wireless sets for easy communication among individuals involved in field trips and anti-poaching activities . Staff empowerment ( edit ) It is highly important to keep up the morale of forest wardens and other staff members involved in anti-poaching activities and field trips . It is also necessary to keep them up - to - date on the technology and wildlife related laws . The following steps were implemented to address this issue : Field kits were provided to the staff consisting of boots , rain gear and uniforms . Conservation related award programs were announced to boost the morale of the staff . Training programs were undertaken for the staff in the use of firearms against poachers , field craft and Indian wildlife laws Recently discovered species ( edit ) Many areas of Karnataka , especially in the forests of Malnad region are unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are discovered periodically . Some of the new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include Paracautleya bhatii ( a ginger ) and Isachne veldkampii ( a grass ) , both of which were discovered near Manipal in Udupi district . Two species of algae , Cosmarium bourrellyi and Cosmarium desikacharyi were discovered in a paddy field in Belgaum . Other new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include Isoetes udupiensis ( a pteridophyte ) and Pisolithus indicus ( a fungus ) . Some of the new species of fauna discovered include two species of ants , Dilobocondyla bangalorica which was discovered on the campus of Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore and Discothyrea sringerensis which was discovered near Sringeri . Three new species of frogs ; Philautus luteolus , Philautus tuberohumerus and Nyctibatrachus petraeus have been discovered in Karnataka . Explorations in the Sharavathi river have yielded new fish species like Batasio sharavatiensis ( a bagrid catfish ) , Schistura nagodiensis and Schistura sharavathiensis . Another fish species , Puntius coorgensis has been discovered near Bhagamandala in the Kaveri river . Some other species of fauna discovered in Karnataka include two species of whiteflies , Distinctaleyrodes setosus and Aleurocanthus arecae and a caecilian , Gegeneophis madhavai . Explorations in the soil around the Linganamakki reservoir has revealed eleven new species of earthworms . Endangered species ( edit ) Shorea roxburghii , an endangered rainforest tree found in Karnataka Karnataka is the home of few critically endangered species of flora that include evergreen trees like Dipterocarpus bourdilloni , Hopea erosa and Hopea jacobi , Croton lawianus ( a small tree ) and Pinnatella limbata ( a type of moss ) . Some of the critically endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include Gyps indicus ( the Indian vulture ) and two species of frogs , Indirana gundia ( found only in Gundia range , Sakleshpur ) and Micrixalus kottigeharensis ( found only near Kottigehara , Chikkamagaluru district ) . Some of the endangered species of flora include evergreen trees like Cynometra bourdillonii , Cynometra travancorica , Hopea glabra , Hopea parviflora , Hopea ponga , Hopea racophloea , Hopea wightiana , Shorea roxburghii and Tarenna agumbensis and flowering plants like Glochidion pauciflorum , Glochidion tomentosum , Ixora lawsoni and Syzygium stocksii . Other endangered trees found in Karnataka include Isonandra stocksii , Kingiodendron pinnatum , Maesa velutina , Myristica magnifica , Rapanea striata and Xylosma latifolium . Endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include the Bengal tiger , Indian elephant , lion - tailed macaque , olive ridley turtle and dhole , the Indian wild dog . Many endangered species of amphibians are found here including frogs , Indirana brachytarsus , Microhyla sholigari , Minervarya sahyadris , Nyctibatrachus aliciae , Nyctibatrachus hussaini , Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris , Philautus charius , Philautus wynaadensis , Ramanella mormorata and Rhacophorus lateralis and a toad , Bufo beddomii . Other endangered species of fauna include Hipposideros hypophyllus ( the Kolar leaf - nosed bat ) and Pseudomulleria dalyi ( a mollusc ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Statistics related to forests in Karnataka is provided by `` Statistics '' . Online Webpage of the Forest Department . Government of Karnataka . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Western Ghats being nominated by India as a World Heritage Site is mentioned by `` Western Ghats ( sub cluster nomination ) '' . Online webpage of UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 1992 - 2007 UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE '' . R.J. Ranjit Daniels - MS Swaminathan Research Foundation . UNESCO South - South Cooperation Program , 1996 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Flora and Fauna as state symbols of Karnataka are mentioned by `` State Animals , Birds , Trees and Flowers '' ( PDF ) . Online webpage of Wildlife Institute of India . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : A Walk on the Wild Side , An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka , Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar , Karnataka Forest Department , Wildlife Wing , October 2000 Jump up ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/mysorenature/birds-of-mysore-area ^ Jump up to : http://www.mysorenature.org/kodagu-coorg-sector/bird-checklist Jump up ^ Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Archived 2014 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/bird-checklist Jump up ^ Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary Archived 2012 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector/bird-checklist Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/bird-checklist ^ Jump up to : http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/ranganathittu-bird-sanctuary Jump up ^ A brief overview of Mandagadde bird sanctuary is provided by Pramod Mellegatti ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Will floods prevent seasonal migration of ' alien ' birds ? '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ A description of Kokkare Bellur has been provided by Sharath S. Srivatsa ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Lending a helping hand '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : A report on the environment of Karnataka and action plan thereof is discussed by Madhav Gadgil ; et al. `` Karnataka State of Environment Report and Action Plan , Biodiversity Sector '' ( PDF ) . ENVIS Technical Report 16 . Environmental Information System , Centre for Ecological Sciences , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Poaching of a tiger in Nagarhole National Park is mentioned by `` Tigers falling victim to ` poor ' anti-poaching drive '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2006 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ A brief description of mining at Kudremukh is provided by Praveen Bhargav & Niren Jain ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Battle for Kudremukh '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Destruction caused by elephants in Hassan district is mentioned by S. Rajendran ( 2006 - 12 - 25 ) . `` State seeks Centre 's nod for translocating elephant herd '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Electrocution of an elephant in Chamarajanagar district is mentioned by `` Elephant electrocuted '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Air pollution in Bangalore discolouring plants in mentioned by Roja Kandath ( 2001 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Pollution is robbing blooms of their colour '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Relocation of villagers from Kudremukh National Park has been mentioned by K. Ullas Karanth , Niren Jain and N. Samba Kumar . `` Tiger Habitat Consolidation in Kudremukh '' ( PDF ) . A Final Report to 21st Century Tiger from the Wildlife Conservation Society ( WCS ) . 21st Century Tiger . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Using satellites for detecting forest fires in Karnataka is mentioned by `` Eye - in - the - sky tech to combat forest fires '' . Deccan Herald . 2005 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Some conservation methods being used in Karnataka to protect flora and fauna are mentioned by Shekar Dattatri . `` Tigers in India A chance for survival '' . Wildlife First . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Discovery of Isoetes udupiensis has been mentioned by `` New plant species found '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2005 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Discovery of new algae species is mentioned by UD Bongale . `` New taxa of Cosmarium Corda ( Desmidiaceae ) from Karnataka State , India '' . doi : 10.1007 / BF00008169 . Jump up ^ K. NATARAJAN ; G. SENTHILARASU ; V. KUMARESAN ; TAIANA RIVIERE ( 25 June 2005 ) . `` Diversity in ectomycorrhizal fungi of a dipterocarp forest in Western Ghats '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 12 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a new species of ant in the IISc campus , Bangalore is discussed by THRESIAMMA VARGHESE ( 2006 ) . `` A new species of the ant genus Dilobocondyla ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae ) from India , with notes on its nesting behaviour Catalog of Fishes '' ( PDF ) . Oriental Insects. 40 : 23 -- 32 . doi : 10.1080 / 00305316.2006. 10417454 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a new species of ant in Sringeri is discussed by Merry Zacharias & Priyadarshanan Dharma Rajan ( 2004 ) . `` Discothyrea sringerensis ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae ) a new ant species from India '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 484 : 1 -- 4 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Raviprasad Kamila ( 2007 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Two new species of frogs found '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ INDRANEIL DAS AND KRUSHNAMEGH KUNTE ( 2005 ) . `` New Species of Nyctibatrachus ( Anura : Ranidae ) from Castle Rock , Karnataka State , Southwest India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Herpetology. 39 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 470 . doi : 10.1670 / 198 - 04a. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Batasio sharavatiensis has been mentioned by Anuradha Bhatt & K.C. Jayaram ( February 2004 ) . `` A new species of the genus BATASIO BLYTH ( Siluriformes : Bagridae ) from Sharavathi river , Uttara Kannada , Karnataka '' . Zoos ' Print Journal . 19 ( 2 ) : 1339 -- 1342 . doi : 10.11609 / jott. zpj. 19.2. 1339 - 42 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Details regarding new fishes of genus Schistura found in Sharavathi river is provided by Sreekantha , K.V. Gururaja , K. Remadevi , T.J. Indra , T.V. Ramachandra ( April 2006 ) . `` Two new fish species of the genus Schistura Mcclelland ( Cypriniformes : Balitoridae ) from Western Ghats , India '' ( PDF ) . Zoos ' Print Journal . 21 ( 4 ) : 2211 -- 2216 . doi : 10.11609 / jott. zpj. 1386.2211 - 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Details regarding Puntius coorgensis is provided by Jayaram ( 1982 ) . `` Catalog of Fishes '' . Pisces Reference . Fishbase . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a new genus and species of whitefly is discussed by A.K. DUBEY & R. SUNDARARAJ ( 2006 ) . `` Distinctaleyrodes setosus Dubey & Sundararaj ( Sternorrhyncha : Aleyrodidae ) , a new whitefly genus and species from India '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 1154 : 35 -- 39 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a whitefly in areca plantations is discussed by B. VASANTHARAJ DAVID AND M. MANJUNATHA ( 2003 ) . `` A new species of Aleurocanthus Quaintance & Baker ( Homoptera : Aleyrodidae ) from Areca catechu in India , with comments on the status of Aleurodes nubilans Buckton '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 173 : 1 -- 4 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of a caecilian has been discussed by GOPALAKRISHNA BHATTA & R. SRINIVASA ( 2004 ) . `` A new species of Gegeneophis Peters ( Amphibia : Gymnophiona : Caeciliidae ) from the surroundings of Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary , Karnataka , India '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 644 : 1 -- 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Discovery of new species of earthworms is mentioned by Julka ; et al. `` New species of earthworms found in Western Ghats of Karnataka '' ( PDF ) . Zootaxa. 486 : 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Floral resources of Karnataka : A geographic perspective . Natural history of southern Karnataka : Ornithological perspective . Google Map showing wildlife of Karnataka Karnataka Overviews Architecture Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Folk Arts Geography History Media People Sports Transportation Wildlife History Aihole Alupa dynasty Amoghavarsha Badami Banavasi Balligavi Belur Chalukya dynasty Chitradurga Nayakas Deva Raya II Durvinita Halebidu Haleri Kingdom Halmidi Hampi Hoysala Empire Kadamba dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Keladi Nayakas Shivappa Nayaka Kittur Chennamma Kingdom of Mysore Mayurasharma Pattadakal Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta dynasty Sringeri Srirangapatna Tipu Sultan Unification of Karnataka Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Vishnuvardhana Veera Ballala II Vikramaditya II Vikramaditya VI Western Ganga dynasty Geography Cities and towns Districts Rivers Dams and Reservoirs Taluks Villages Highest point Bayalu Seeme Malenadu Karavali Western Ghats Culture Bharata Natyam Buta Kola Bidriware Channapatna toys Chitrakala Parishat Gaarudi Gombe Ilkal saree Kamsale Kannada Karnatik music Kasuti Khedda Mysore Dasara Togalu Gombeyaata Udupi cuisine Veeragase Yakshagana Mysore musicians Literature Kannada Milestones Epics Medieval Rashtrakuta Western Ganga Western Chalukya Hoysala Vijayanagara Vachana Haridasa Mysore Play Modern Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana Karnataka Noted poets Asaga Gunavarma I Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna Ranna Devar Dasimayya Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddharama Harihara Raghavanka Rudrabhatta Janna Kumara Vyasa Chamarasa Nijaguna Shivayogi Ratnakaravarni Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Lakshmisa Sarvajna Shishunala Sharif Krishnaraja Wadiyar III D.R. Bendre Gopalakrishna Adiga K.S. Narasimhaswamy M. Govinda Pai Kuvempu D.V. Gundappa G.S. Shivarudrappa People and Society Karnataka ethnic groups List of people from Karnataka Tourism Beaches Dams Forts National Parks Hindu Temples Jain Temples Waterfalls Awards Karnataka Ratna Pampa Award Nrupatunga Award Basava Puraskara Rajyotsava Prashasti Jakanachari Award Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award Kempegowda Award Media Cinema Newspapers Magazines Television Radio At a distance of 80 km from Mysore , 70 km from Ooty & 215 km from Bangalore , Bandipur National Park is one of the well preserved National Parks in India . It is located in Chamarajanagar district on the border of Karnataka - Tamil Nadu between Mysore & Ooty . Nagarhole and Bandipur National Park are separated by Kabini reservoir . Spread across 874km , the altitude of the park varies between 780 - 1455 meters . It is part of the famous Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve along with Nagarhole National Park , Mudumalai National Park ( 12 km towards Ooty ) and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary . Bandipur forests used to be the private game reserve of the Maharajas of Mysore . This Sanctuary is one of the 15 sanctuaries belonging to the Project Tiger Scheme . Bandipur was declared a National Park under the Wildlife Protection Act in 1974 . It is home to around 70 tigers and over 3000 Asian elephants , as well as other animals like leopards , dhole , gaur , sloth bears , and a variety of birdlife . Gopalaswami Betta is the highest peak in the Bandipur range . Jeep Safari ( 1 Hour ) , Mini Bus Safari ( 45 Min ) & Elephant Safari ( 20 Min ) are arranged by the forest department . The cost and timings keep changing and sometimes they cancel the safari without any prior notice . The entry point & interpretation center of the park is located in Bandipur village on Highway after Melkamanahalli Village . Private vehicles are NOT allowed inside the park . Private Jeep Safaris are arranged by Jungle Lodge ( in Melkamanahalli just outside the park ) & Tuskar Trails ( 4 km from park in Mangla Village - towards Mysore ) . The best time to visit Bandipur National Park is from June to October . Safari Timings : 6 . 30 AM - 9.30 AM & 3.30 PM - 5.30 PM , Elephant Safari ( 20 Min ) : 10 AM - 11 AM Rs. 50 for Person for Elephant Safari , Rs. 300 for Person for Bus Safari for Indians At a distance of 10 km from Kutta , 20 km from Iruppu Falls , 62 km from Kalpetta , 88 km from Mysore , 88 km from Madikeri and 218 km from Bangalore , Nagarhole National Park is one of the best wildlife sanctuaries in South India and also one of the top places to visit in Coorg . Also known as Rajiv Gandhi National Park , it is spread across Mysore and Kodagu districts in Karnataka . Originally the forest area was the private hunting ground for the Maharajas of Mysore . Nagarhole was converted into a sanctuary in the year 1955 covering an area of 258 km and subsequently enlarged to include the adjoining areas of Mysore district and now extends over an area of 643 km . Nagarhole got National Park status in 1988 and declared as 37th Project Tiger Reserve in 1999 . It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . The Western Ghats Nilgiri sub-cluster of 6,000 km , including all of Nagarhole National Park , is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage for World Heritage Site status . This national park gets its name from two Kannada words Naga means snake and Hole means stream . Many serpentine streams flow through the rich tropical forests of the park , which has now been renamed as the Rajiv Gandhi National Park , after late prime minister of India , Rajiv Gandhi . Nagarhole is situated to the north - west of Bandipur National Park which are separated by Kabini reservoir . The park has rich forest cover , small streams , hills , valleys and waterfalls . Inside the park coracle boat riding facility is available in Kabini River . The important animals in Nagarhole National Park are tiger , leopard , wild dog , sloth bear , the hyena , spotted deer , sambar , barking deer , four - horned antelope , gaur , wild boar and elephant . Among reptiles , the marsh crocodile , monitor lizard , rock python and several other species are represented . Other mammals includes the common langur , bonnet macaque , jungle cat , slender loris , leopard - cat , civet cat , mongoose , common otter , giant flying squirrel , giant squirrel , porcupine , jackal , mouse - deer , hare and pangolin . Over 250 species of birds are found at Nagarhole National Park . The park is usually closed for safaris during peak monsoon . Traffic movement is restricted from 6 pm to 6 am every day and the gates are closed on either sides of entry into the forest . Two wheelers , three wheelers and goods vehicles are not permitted inside the park . Safaris are organized in the forest department vans during morning and evening . Government - run 4WD safaris and boat trips are conducted from Kabini River Lodge , which are good options to explore the animals . The best time to visit Nagarhole National Park is Nov - May , especially Apr - May . The Forest Department manages two rest houses at Kabini , but reservation has to be made well in advance through the Forest Department offices in Mysore or Bangalore . The Kabini River Lodge near Karapur on the Mysore - Mananthavadi highway with good accommodation facilities which also organizes safaris including elephant ride and coracle ride . Various home stays are also available near to Kutta , Srimangala and Gonikoppal . Park Timings : 6 AM - 6 PM Safari Timings : 6 AM - 8 AM and 3 PM - 5 PM Bus Safari : Rs. 300 for Indians , Rs. 1200 for Foreigners ( including Entry Fee ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Karnataka&oldid=861403715 '' Categories : Wildlife of India Environment of Karnataka Tourism in Karnataka Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ಕನ್ನಡ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 04 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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The French Connection (film)

The French Connection ( film ) - wikipedia The French Connection ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The French Connection Theatrical release poster Directed by William Friedkin Produced by Philip D'Antoni Screenplay by Ernest Tidyman Based on The French Connection by Robin Moore Starring Gene Hackman Fernando Rey Roy Scheider Tony Lo Bianco Marcel Bozzuffi Music by Don Ellis Cinematography Owen Roizman Edited by Gerald B. Greenberg Production company Philip D'Antoni Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 9 , 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English French Budget US $ 1.8 million Box office US $51.7 million US $75 million ( rentals ) The French Connection is a 1971 American crime thriller film directed by William Friedkin . The screenplay , written by Ernest Tidyman , is based on Robin Moore 's 1969 non-fiction book The French Connection : A True Account of Cops , Narcotics , and International Conspiracy . It tells the story of New York Police Department detectives Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle and Buddy `` Cloudy '' Russo , whose real - life counterparts were Narcotics Detectives Eddie Egan and Sonny Grosso , in pursuit of wealthy French heroin smuggler Alain Charnier . The film stars Gene Hackman as Popeye , Roy Scheider as Cloudy , and Fernando Rey as Charnier . Tony Lo Bianco and Marcel Bozzuffi also star . It was the first R - rated movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture since the introduction of the MPAA film rating system . It also won Academy Awards for Best Actor ( Hackman ) , Best Director ( Friedkin ) , Best Film Editing , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Tidyman ) . It was nominated for Best Supporting Actor ( Scheider ) , Best Cinematography and Best Sound Mixing . Tidyman also received a Golden Globe Award nomination , a Writers Guild of America Award and an Edgar Award for his screenplay . A sequel , French Connection II , followed in 1975 with Gene Hackman and Fernando Rey reprising their roles . The American Film Institute included the film in its list of the best American films in 1998 and again in 2007 . In 2005 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Comparison to actual people 3.3 Car chase 3.4 Filming locations 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 Home video 7 Sequels and adaptations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In Marseille , an undercover police detective is following Alain Charnier ( Fernando Rey ) , a wealthy French criminal who runs the largest heroin - smuggling syndicate in the world . The policeman is assassinated by Charnier 's hitman , Pierre Nicoli ( Marcel Bozzuffi ) . Charnier plans to smuggle $32 million worth of heroin into the United States by hiding it in the car of his unsuspecting friend , French television personality Henri Devereaux ( Frédéric de Pasquale ) . In New York City , detectives Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle ( Gene Hackman ) and Buddy `` Cloudy '' Russo ( Roy Scheider ) are conducting an undercover stakeout in Brooklyn . After seeing a drug transaction take place in a bar , Cloudy goes in to make an arrest , but the suspect makes a break for it , cutting Cloudy on the arm with a knife . After catching up with their suspect and severely beating him , the detectives interrogate the man , who reveals his drug connection . Later , Popeye and Cloudy go out for drinks at the Copacabana , where Popeye notices Salvatore `` Sal '' Boca ( Tony Lo Bianco ) and his young wife Angie ( Arlene Farber ) entertaining mob members involved in narcotics . They decide to tail the couple , and soon learn that the Bocas , who run a modest newsstand luncheonette , have criminal records : Sal for armed robbery and murder , and Angie for shoplifting . The detectives suspect that the Bocas , who frequent several nightclubs and drive expensive cars , are involved in some kind of criminal operation . They soon establish a link between the Bocas and lawyer Joel Weinstock ( Harold Gary ) , who is part of the narcotics underworld . Soon after , Popeye learns from an informant that a major shipment of heroin will arrive in the New York area . The detectives convince their supervisor , Walt Simonson ( Eddie Egan ) , to wiretap the Bocas ' phones , and they use several ruses to obtain additional information . Popeye and Cloudy are joined in the investigation by a federal agent named Mulderig ( Bill Hickman ) . Popeye and Mulderig dislike each other based on having worked together in the past , with Mulderig holding Popeye responsible for the death of a policeman . After Devereaux 's vehicle arrives in New York City , Weinstock 's chemist ( Pat McDermott ) tests a sample of the heroin and declares it the purest he has ever seen , establishing that the shipment could make as much as $32 million on a half - million dollar investment . Boca is impatient to make the purchase -- reflecting Charnier 's desire to return to France as soon as possible -- while Weinstock , with more experience in smuggling , urges patience , knowing Boca 's phone is tapped and that they are being investigated . Charnier soon realizes he has been observed since his arrival in New York . He `` makes '' Popeye and escapes , waving tauntingly on the departing subway shuttle . To avoid being tailed , he has Sal Boca instead meet him in Washington D.C. , where Boca asks for a delay to avoid the police . Charnier , however , wants to conclude the deal quickly so he can return to France . On the flight back to New York , Nicoli offers to kill Popeye , but Charnier objects , knowing that Popeye would be replaced by another policeman . Nicoli insists , however , saying they will be back in France before a replacement is assigned . Soon after , Nicoli attempts to shoot Popeye from the roof of Doyle 's apartment complex but misses . Popeye chases after the fleeing sniper , who boards an elevated train at the Bay 50th Street Station in Gravesend . Doyle commandeers a car and gives chase along Stillwell Avenue . Realizing he is being pursued , Nicoli works his way forward through the carriages , shoots a policeman who tries to intervene and then hijacks the motorman at gunpoint forcing him to drive straight through the next station , also shooting the train conductor who gets too close . The motorman passes out and they are just about to slam into another , stationary , train , when an emergency trackside brake engages violently hurling the assassin against a glass window . Popeye arrives limping , having wrecked the commandeered car , and sees the killer descending from the platform . When the killer sees Popeye , he turns to run but is shot dead by Popeye with a single shot . After a lengthy stakeout , Popeye impounds Devereaux 's Lincoln . In a police garage , he and his team take it apart piece by piece , searching for the drugs , but seemingly come up empty - handed . Then Cloudy notes that the vehicle 's shipping weight is 120 pounds over its listed manufacturer 's weight ; they realize the contraband must still be in the car . This time they remove the rocker panels and discover the obloid packages of heroin concealed therein . The police then restore the car to its original condition and return it to Devereaux , who delivers the Lincoln to Charnier . Charnier drives to an old factory on Wards Island to meet Weinstock and about a dozen others , and deliver the drugs . After Charnier has the rocker panels removed , Weinstock 's chemist tests one of the bags and confirms its quality . Charnier removes the bags of drugs and hides the money , concealing it beneath the rocker panels of another car that was purchased at an auction of junk cars , which he will then take back to France . With their transaction complete , Charnier and Sal drive off in the Lincoln , but almost immediately hit a roadblock with a large contingent of police led by Popeye Doyle , who playfully waves to Charnier . The police chase the Lincoln back to the factory , where Sal is killed with two shotgun blasts during a shootout with the police and most of the other criminals surrender . Charnier , however , escapes into the old warehouse and Popeye follows after him , with Cloudy joining in the hunt . When Popeye sees a shadowy figure in the distance , he empties his revolver a split - second after shouting a warning . The man whom Popeye kills , however , is not Charnier but Mulderig . Undaunted , Popeye tells Cloudy that he will get Charnier . After reloading his gun , Popeye runs into another room , and a few seconds later , a single gunshot is heard . Title cards before the closing credits note that Joel Weinstock was indicted but had his case dismissed for `` lack of proper evidence '' ; Angie Boca received a suspended sentence for an unspecified misdemeanor ; Lou Boca received a reduced sentence ; Devereaux served four years in a federal penitentiary for conspiracy ; and Charnier was never caught . Popeye and Cloudy were transferred out of the narcotics division and reassigned . Cast ( edit ) Gene Hackman as Det . Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle Fernando Rey as Alain `` Frog One '' Charnier Roy Scheider as Det . Buddy `` Cloudy '' Russo Tony Lo Bianco as Salvatore `` Sal '' Boca Marcel Bozzuffi as Pierre Nicoli , Hit Man Frédéric de Pasquale as Henri Devereaux Bill Hickman as Bill Mulderig Ann Rebbot as Mrs. Marie Charnier Harold Gary as Joel Weinstock Arlene Farber as Angie Boca Eddie Egan as Walt Simonson André Ernotte as La Valle Sonny Grosso as Clyde Klein Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In an audio commentary track recorded by Friedkin for the Collector 's Edition DVD release of the film , Friedkin notes that the film 's documentary - like realism was the direct result of the influence of having seen Z , a French film . The film was among the earliest to show the World Trade Center : the completed North Tower and the partially completed South Tower are seen in the background of the scenes at the shipyard following Devereaux 's arrival in New York . Friedkin credits his decision to direct the movie to a discussion with film director Howard Hawks , whose daughter was living with Friedkin at the time . Friedkin asked Hawks what he thought of his movies , to which Hawks bluntly replied that they were `` lousy . '' Instead Hawks recommended that he `` Make a good chase . Make one better than anyone 's done . '' Casting ( edit ) Though the cast ultimately proved to be one of the film 's greatest strengths , Friedkin had problems with casting choices from the start . He was strongly opposed to the choice of Hackman for the lead , and actually first considered Paul Newman ( out of the budget range ) , then Jackie Gleason , Peter Boyle and a New York columnist , Jimmy Breslin , who had never acted before . However , Gleason , at that time , was considered box - office poison by the studio after his film Gigot had flopped several years before , Boyle declined the role after disapproving of the violent theme of the film , and Breslin refused to get behind the wheel of a car , which was required of Popeye 's character for an integral car chase scene . Steve McQueen was also considered , but he did not want to do another police film after Bullitt and , as with Newman , his fee would have exceeded the movie 's budget . Tough guy Charles Bronson was also considered for the role . Friedkin almost settled for Rod Taylor ( who had actively pursued the role , according to Hackman ) , another choice the studio approved , before he went with Hackman . The casting of Fernando Rey as the main French heroin smuggler , Alain Charnier ( irreverently referred to throughout the film as `` Frog One '' ) , resulted from mistaken identity . Friedkin had seen Luis Buñuel 's 1967 French film Belle de Jour and had been impressed by the performance of Francisco Rabal , who had a small role in the film . However , Friedkin did not know his name , and remembered only that he was a Spanish actor . He asked his casting director to find the actor , and the casting director instead contacted Rey , a Spanish actor who had appeared in several other films directed by Buñuel . After Rabal was finally reached , they discovered he spoke neither French nor English , and Rey was kept in the film . Ironically , after screening the film 's final cut , Rey 's French was deemed unacceptable by the filmmakers . They decided to dub his French while preserving his English dialogue . Comparison to actual people ( edit ) The plot centers on drug smuggling in the 1960s and early ' 70s , when most of the heroin illegally imported into the East Coast came to the United States through France ( see French Connection ) . In addition to the two main protagonists , several of the fictional characters depicted in the film also have real - life counterparts . The Alain Charnier character is based upon Jean Jehan who was arrested later in Paris for drug trafficking , though he was not extradited since France does not extradite its citizens . Sal Boca is based on Pasquale `` Patsy '' Fuca , and his brother Anthony . Angie Boca is based on Patsy 's wife Barbara , who later wrote a book with Robin Moore detailing her life with Patsy . The Fucas and their uncle were part of a heroin dealing crew that worked with some of the New York City crime families . Henri Devereaux , who takes the fall for importing the Lincoln to New York City , is based on Jacques Angelvin , a television actor arrested and sentenced to three to six years in a federal penitentiary for his role , serving about four before returning to France and turning to real estate . The Joel Weinstock character is , according to the director 's commentary , a composite of several similar drug dealers . Car chase ( edit ) The film is often cited as containing one of the greatest car chase sequences in movie history . The chase involves Popeye commandeering a civilian 's car ( a 1971 Pontiac LeMans ) and then frantically chasing an elevated train , on which a hitman is trying to escape . The scene was filmed in Bensonhurst , Brooklyn roughly running under the BMT West End Line ( currently the D train , then the B train ) which runs on an elevated track above Stillwell Avenue , 86th Street and New Utrecht Avenue in Brooklyn , with the chase ending just north of the 62nd Street station . At that point , the train hits a train stop , but is going too fast to stop in time and collides with the train ahead of it , which has just left the station . The most famous shot of the chase is made from a front bumper mount and shows a low - angle point of view shot of the streets racing by . Director of photography Owen Roizman , wrote in American Cinematographer magazine in 1972 that the camera was undercranked to 18 frames per second to enhance the sense of speed . Roizman 's contention is borne out when you see a car at a red light whose muffler is pumping smoke at an accelerated rate . Other shots involved stunt drivers who were supposed to barely miss hitting the speeding car , but due to errors in timing , accidental collisions occurred and were left in the final film . Friedkin said that he used Santana 's cover of Fleetwood Mac 's song `` Black Magic Woman '' during editing to help shape the chase sequence ; though the song does not appear in the film , `` it ( the chase scene ) did have a sort of pre-ordained rhythm to it that came from the music . '' The scene concludes with Doyle confronting Nicoli the hitman at the stairs leading to the subway and shooting him as he tries to run back up them . Many of the police officers acting as advisers for the film objected to the scene on the grounds that shooting a suspect in the back was simply murder , not self - defense , but director Friedkin stood by it , stating that he was `` secure in my conviction that that 's exactly what Eddie Egan ( the model for Doyle ) would have done and Eddie was on the set while all of this was being shot . '' Filming Locations ( edit ) The French Connection was filmed in the following locations : 50th Street and First Avenue , New York City ( where Doyle waits outside the restaurant ) 82nd Street and Fifth Avenue ( near the Metropolitan Museum of Art ) , New York City , ( Weinstock 's apartment ) 86th Street , Brooklyn , New York City ( the chase scene ) 91 Wyckoff Avenue , Bushwick , Brooklyn ( Sal and Angie 's Cafe ) 940 2nd Avenue , New York City ( where Charnier and Nicoli buy fruit and Popeye is watching ) 177 Mulberry Street near Broome street , Little Italy , New York City ( where Sal makes a drop ) Avenue De L'Amiral Ganteaume , Cassis , Bouches - du - Rhône , France ( Charnier 's house ) Château d'If , Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France ( where Charnier and Nicoli meet Devereaux ) Chez Fon Fon , Rue Du Vallon Des Auffes , Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France ( where Charnier dines ) Columbia Heights , Brooklyn , New York City , New York , USA ( where Sal parks the Lincoln ) Le Copain , 891 First Ave , New York City , New York , USA ( where Charnier dines ) Doral Park Avenue Hotel ( now 70 Park Avenue Hotel ) , 38th Street and Park Avenue , New York City , New York , USA ( Devereaux 's hotel ) Dover street near by the Brooklyn Bridge , New York City , New York , USA ( where Sal leaves the Lincoln ) Forest Avenue , Ridgewood , Queens , New York City , New York , USA Grand Central Station Shuttle , Manhattan , New York City , New York , USA Henry Hudson Parkway Route 9A at Junction 24 ( car accident ) Marlboro Housing Project , Avenues V , W , and X off Stillwell Avenue , Brooklyn , New York , USA ( where Popeye lives ) Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France Montee Des Accoules , Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France Onderdonk Avenue , Ridgewood , Queens , New York City Plage du bestouan , Cassis , Bouches - du - Rhône , France Putnam Avenue , Ridgewood , Queens , New York City Randalls Island , East River , New York City Ratner 's Restaurant , 138 Delancey Street , New York City ( where Sal and Angie emerge ) Remsen Street , Brooklyn , New York City ( where Charnier and Nicoli watch the car being unloaded ) Rio Piedras ( now demolished ) , 912 Broadway , Brooklyn , New York City ( where the Santa Claus chase starts ) Rapid Park Garage , East 38th Street near Park Avenue , New York City ( where Cloudy follows Sal ) Ronaldo Maia Flowers , 27 East 67th Street at Madison , New York City ( where Charnier gives Popeye the slip ) The Roosevelt Hotel , 45th Street and Madison Avenue , Manhattan , New York City Rue des Moulins off Rue Du Panier , Old Town of Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France ( where the French policeman with the bread walks ) La Samaritaine at 2 Quai Du Port , Marseille , Bouches - du - Rhône , France South Street at Market Street at the foot of Manhattan Bridge , New York City ( where Doyle emerges from a bar ) Triborough Bridge to Randall 's Island toll bridge at the east end of 125th Street , New York City Wards Island , New York City ( the final shootout ) Washington , D.C. , USA ( where Charnier and Sal meet ) Westbury Hotel , 15 East 69th Street , Manhattan , New York City , New York , USA ( Charnier 's hotel ) Reception ( edit ) According to Roger Greenspun , `` the ads say that the time is just right for an out - and - out thriller like this , and I guess that you are supposed to think that a good old kind of movie has none too soon come around again . But The French Connection ... is in fact a very good new kind of movie , and that in spite of its being composed of such ancient material as cops and crooks , with thrills and chases , and lots of shoot - ' em - up . '' In 2014 , Time Out polled several film critics , directors , actors and stunt actors to list their top action films . The French Connection was listed at 40th place on this list . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Academy Awards , 1972 Best Picture Phillip D'Antoni Won Best Director William Friedkin Won Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Adapted Screenplay Ernest Tidyman Won Best Film Editing Gerald B. Greenberg Won Best Supporting Actor Roy Scheider Nominated Best Cinematography Owen Roizman Nominated Best Sound Theodore Soderberg and Christopher Newman Nominated American Cinema Editors , 1972 Best Edited Feature Film Gerald B. Greenberg Nominated BAFTA , 1973 Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Film Editing Gerald B. Greenberg Won Best Direction William Friedkin Nominated Best Film Philip D'Antoni Nominated Best Sound Track Christopher Newman Theodore Soderberg Nominated David di Donatello Award , 1972 Best Foreign Film Philip D'Antoni Won Directors Guild of America , 1972 Outstanding Directorial Achievement William Friedkin Won Edgar Allan Poe Awards , 1972 Best Motion Picture Ernest Tidyman Won Golden Globe Awards , 1972 Best Motion Picture Phillip D'Antoni Won Best Director William Friedkin Won Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Screenplay Ernest Tidyman Nominated Kansas City Film Critics Circle , 1972 Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Film Ernest Tidyman Won National Society of Film Critics , 1972 Best Actor Gene Hackman Nominated New York Film Critics Circle , 1971 Best Actor Gene Hackman Won Best Film Ernest Tidyman Nominated Writers Guild of America , 1972 Best Drama Adaptation Ernest Tidyman Won The American Film Institute recognizes The French Connection on several of its lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - # 70 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - # 93 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills - # 8 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle - # 44 Hero In 2012 , the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the tenth best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership . Home video ( edit ) The film has been issued in a number of home video formats . For a 2009 reissue on Blu - ray Disc , William Friedkin controversially altered the film 's color timing to give it a `` colder '' look . Cinematographer Owen Roizman , who was not consulted about the changes , dismissed the new transfer as `` atrocious '' . On March 18 , 2012 a new Blu - ray transfer of the movie was released . This time the color - timing was supervised by both Friedkin and Roizman , and the desaturated and sometimes over-grainy look of the 2009 edition have been corrected . Sequels and adaptations ( edit ) While not a sequel , The Seven - Ups ( 1973 ) is closely related as it stars Roy Scheider and Tony Lo Bianco , was directed by producer Philip D'Antoni , with a story by Sonny Grosso , and features another famous car chase choreographed by Bill Hickman . The score for this film was also by Don Ellis . French Connection II ( 1975 ) is a fictional sequel . NBC - TV aired a made - for - TV movie , Popeye Doyle ( 1986 ) , starring Ed O'Neill in the title role . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1971 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Midnight Cowboy won Best Picture Oscar with an X rating . ^ Jump up to : Friedkin recounts his casting opinions in Making the Connection : The Untold Stories ( 2001 ) . Extra feature on 2001 Five Star Collection edition of DVD release . Jump up ^ R42 cars 4572 and 4573 were chosen for the film and had no B subway rollsigns because they were normally assigned to the N subway train . Consequently , they operated during the movie with an N displayed . As of July 2009 , these cars were withdrawn from service , but are preserved as part of the Transit Museum fleet . Citations Jump up ^ `` The French Connection , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , p. 167 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd . Howard Hawks : The Grey Fox of Hollywood Pg. 625 . Grove Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3740 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3740 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Turner Classic Movies spotlight '' . TCM . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Moore , Robin ( 1969 ) . The French Connection : A True Account of Cops , Narcotics , and International Conspiracy . ISBN 1592280447 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Alain ; Soullez , Christophe ( 2012 ) . La criminologie pour les nuls ( Générales First ed . ) . ISBN 2754031626 . Jump up ^ Film commentary Jump up ^ `` Top 10 car chase movies - MOVIES - MSNBC.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ This account of the shooting is described in Making the Connection , supra . Jump up ^ `` '' From ' Popeye ' Doyle to Puccini : William Friedkin '' with Robert Siegel ( interview ) , NPR , 14 Sep 2006 `` . Npr.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Director 's commentary on DVD Jump up ^ `` Making the Connection '' and `` The Poughkeepsie Shuffle '' , documentaries on The French Connection available on the deluxe DVD . Jump up ^ `` The French Connection film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The French Connection '' . Reel Streets . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Locations for The French Connection '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Filming Locations of The French Connection , Then and Now '' . Scouting NY . 2014 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Greenspun , Roger ( October 8 , 1971 ) . `` The French Connection ( 1971 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best action movies '' . Time Out . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/the-100-best-action-movies-40-31#the-french-connection-1971 ) Jump up ^ `` The 44th Academy Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Awards for The French Connection on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The 20th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' . goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 75 Best Edited Films '' . Editors Guild Magazine . 1 ( 3 ) . May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Filmmaking at 90 Miles Per Hour '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Wells ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Atrocious ... Horrifying '' . Hollywood Elsewhere . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8328 Jump up ^ http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/The-French-Connection-Blu-ray/39973/ Further reading ( edit ) Collins , Dave ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` Man linked to heroin ring in ' 71 film nabbed again '' . Associated Press . Friedkin , William ( April 15 , 2003 ) . `` Under the Influence : The French Connection '' . DGA Magazine . Friedkin , William ( Fall 2006 ) . `` Anatomy of a Chase : The French Connection '' . DGA Magazine . Kehr , Dave ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Filmmaking at 90 Miles Per Hour : A 2009 retrospective '' . The New York Times . ( subscription required ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The French Connection ( film ) The French Connection at AllMovie The French Connection on IMDb The French Connection at Metacritic The French Connection at Rotten Tomatoes The French Connection at the TCM Movie Database Films directed by William Friedkin Feature Films Good Times ( 1967 ) The Birthday Party ( 1968 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( 1968 ) The Boys in the Band ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Sorcerer ( 1977 ) The Brink 's Job ( 1978 ) Cruising ( 1980 ) Deal of the Century ( 1983 ) To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) Rampage ( 1987 ) The Guardian ( 1990 ) Blue Chips ( 1994 ) Jade ( 1995 ) Rules of Engagement ( 2000 ) The Hunted ( 2003 ) Bug ( 2006 ) Killer Joe ( 2011 ) Television C.A.T. Squad ( 1986 ) C.A.T. 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( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_French_Connection_(film)&oldid=841635196 '' Categories : 1971 films 1970s action thriller films 1970s chase films 1970s crime thriller films 20th Century Fox films American action thriller films American chase films American crime thriller films American films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Edgar Award - 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2018 Commonwealth Games

2018 Commonwealth Games - Wikipedia 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search XXI Commonwealth Games Logo of 2018 Commonwealth Games Host city Gold Coast , Queensland Country Australia Motto Share the Dream Nations participating 71 Commonwealth Teams Athletes participating 4,426 Events 275 in 19 sports Opening ceremony 4 April Closing ceremony 15 April Officially opened by Charles , Prince of Wales Officially closed by Edward , Earl of Wessex Athlete 's Oath Karen Murphy Queen 's Baton Final Runner Sally Pearson Main venue Carrara Stadium Website GC2018.com < XX XXII > Part of a series on 2018 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athletes ' Village ) Concerns and controversies Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating teams Medal table Chronological summary Closing ceremony Mascot CGF CGA The 2018 Commonwealth Games , officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018 , were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes . More than 4,400 athletes including 300 para-athletes from 71 Commonwealth Games Associations took part in the event . The Gambia which withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth of Nations and Commonwealth Games Federation in 2013 , was readmitted on 31 March 2018 and participated in the event . With 275 sets of medals , the games featured 19 Commonwealth sports , including beach volleyball , para triathlon and women 's rugby sevens . These sporting events took place at 14 venues in the host city , two venues in Brisbane and one venue each in Cairns and Townsville . These were the first Commonwealth Games to take place under the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) presidency of Louise Martin , CBE . The host city Gold Coast was announced at the CGF General Assembly in Basseterre , Saint Kitts , on 11 November 2011 . Gold Coast became the seventh Oceanian city and the first regional city to host the Commonwealth Games . These were the eighth games to be held in Oceania and the Southern Hemisphere . The host nation Australia topped the medal table for the fourth time in the past five Commonwealth Games , winning the most golds ( 80 ) and most medals overall ( 198 ) . England and India finished second and third respectively . Vanuatu , Cook Islands , Solomon Islands , British Virgin Islands and Dominica each won their first Commonwealth Games medals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Administration 3 Preparation 3.1 Venues 3.1. 1 Venues in Gold Coast 3.1. 2 Venues outside Gold Coast 3.2 Financing 3.3 Medals 3.4 Athletes village 3.5 Queen 's baton relay 3.6 Transport 3.7 Anti-doping 4 Participating teams 4.1 Number of athletes by team 5 Calendar 6 Sports 7 Opening ceremony 7.1 Parade of Nations 8 Closing ceremony 9 Medal table 10 Broadcasting 11 Marketing 11.1 Motto 11.2 Emblem 11.3 Mascot 12 Concerns and controversies 12.1 Missing athletes 12.2 Criticism of the closing ceremony 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Commonwealth Games Countdown clock at Surfers Paradise On 22 August 2008 , the Premier of Queensland , Anna Bligh , officially launched Gold Coast City 's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018 . On 7 April 2009 , the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium . According to Mayor Ron Clarke , the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre . In the same article , Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government 's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government 's support for Australia 's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid . On 16 April 2009 , Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup . `` Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we 're successful as a nation , '' she said . However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , so the potential World Cup venues had already been chosen . On 3 June 2009 , Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australia 's exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . `` Should a bid proceed , Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018 , '' Bligh stated . `` Recently I met with the president and CEO of the Australian Commonwealth Games Association and we agreed to commission a full and comprehensive feasibility study into the potential for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , '' she said . `` Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair , Geoff Dixon , that study is now well advanced . '' On 15 March 2010 , it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A $11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid . The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Government 's support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association . On 31 March 2010 , the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games . In October 2011 , Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended . On 31 March 2010 , a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota . Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami , and is undergoing a major face lift . The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China . The Mattala International Airport , which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota . A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built , which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup . On 10 November 2011 , the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights . However , on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games . 2018 Commonwealth Games bidding results City Country Votes Gold Coast City Australia 43 Hambantota Sri Lanka 27 Administration ( edit ) The entire project was overseen by the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation ( GOLDOC ) . In February 2012 , Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Gold Coast City 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games was Kate Jones . Preparation ( edit ) Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City 's successful bid was the fact that the city had 80 percent of the planned venues in place before the bidding deadline . The vast majority of venues were located within 20 - minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood . Venues in Gold Coast ( edit ) Carrara Stadium hosted the ceremonies and the athletics Carrara Stadium , located in the suburb of Carrara , was the main venue for Athletics , the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony . The seating capacity of the stadium was temporarily increased to 40,000 for the games by the installation of a large temporary North Stand . Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre hosted netball and the accredited media centre The Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre , located in the suburb of Broadbeach , hosted Basketball , Netball ( preliminaries ) and Weightlifting events , also serving as the Main Media Centre and International Broadcast centre hosting over 3000 members of the worlds press . The Broadbeach Bowls Club hosted the Bowls competition . The Hinze Dam , located in the suburb of Advancetown , was the location for the Mountain Bike competition . A new course was constructed to meet international competition requirements and temporary spectator seating for 2,000 spectators . The newly built Coomera Sport and Leisure Centre hosted Gymnastics and Netball ( finals ) . The existing sound stages of the Village Roadshow Studios complex in the suburb of Oxenford hosted the sports of Boxing , Table Tennis and Squash . During Games mode the venue was enhanced to provide for the International Sporting Federation technical venue requirements and provide spectator seating of 3,000 ( boxing ) and 3,200 ( table tennis ) . The Gold Coast Hockey Centre hosted the men 's and women 's Hockey events during the games . The Southport Broadwater Parklands hosted Triathlon and athletic events . The Optus aquatic centre hosted the swimming and diving events . Robina Stadium hosted the Rugby 7s competition and upgraded to meet World Rugby standards . The Elanora / Currumbin Valley area hosted the road racing elements of the cycling programme . Coolangatta Beachfront hosted the beach volleyball event . Venues outside Gold Coast ( edit ) Brisbane , along with the Gold Coast , forms part of the South East Queensland conurbation . Track Cycling was held at the Sleeman Sports Complex in the suburb of Chandler , where a new indoor cycling velodrome ( Anna Meares Velodrome ) was built . The Velodrome 's seat capacity was 4,000 during the games mode . The Shooting disciplines were held at the Belmont Shooting Centre . In Tropical North Queensland , the Cairns Convention Centre and Townsville Entertainment Centre hosted the preliminary rounds of both the men 's and women 's basketball competitions . Financing ( edit ) The Queensland state government spent A $ 1.5 billion ( US $ 1.2 billion ) to deliver the event . Out of this , A $ 550 million ( US $ 425 million ) were spent on the procurement programme . Procurement of the security and security infrastructure included contracts for four prime suppliers which delivered around 4,200 security guards . A $ 34 million ( US $ 26 million ) were spent on the deployment of the armed forces to provide rapid - response squads , bomb detectors , offshore patrols and surveillance . A $ 657 million ( US $ 509 million ) were spent for the construction of the venues and the Games Village . Medals ( edit ) At a charity gala held on 4 November 2017 , the medals for the games were officially unveiled . Australian Indigenous artist Delvene Cockatoo - Collins designed the medals , while they were produced by the Royal Australian Mint . The design of the medals was inspired by the coastline of Gold Coast along with Indigenous culture . Furthermore , Cockatoo - Collins mentioned , `` the medal design represents soft sand lines which shift with every tide and wave , also symbolic of athletic achievement , The continual change of tide represents the evolution in athletes who are making their mark , Records are made and special moments of elation are celebrated '' . Approximately 1,500 medals were created to be distributed to the medallists and each measures approximately 63 millimetres in diameter . The medals weigh between 138 and 163 grams . Athletes Village ( edit ) 2018 Commonwealth Games Village The 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village was located on 59 hectares at Southport , Gold Coast. which provided accommodation and services to 6,600 athletes and officials in 1252 permanent dwellings . There are 1170 one and two bedroom apartments and 82 three bedroom townhouses which will serve as student accommodation to the nearby Griffith University . It offered services like laundry , refreshments and television and computer spaces and four residential pools . The village consisted a gym which was designed with guidance from the Australian Institute of Sport and equipment and the equipment were sponsored by Technogym . Adjoining the gym was the Athlete Recovery Area which provided services like plunge baths , including accessible baths , saunas , massage and consults from the Sports Medical personnel . The Main Dining served over 18,000 meals per day to the athletes during the games . The village also consisted of retail shops , Optus phone store , salon , bar and a games room which featured a number of arcade games , pool tables and game consoles . Queen 's Baton Relay ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Baton The Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay was launched on Commonwealth Day , 13 March 2017 , on the historic forecourt at Buckingham Palace , signalling the official countdown to the start of the Games . Accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince Edward The Earl of Wessex , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II heralded the start of the relay by placing her ' message to the Commonwealth and its athletes ' into the distinctive loop - design Queen 's Baton which then set off on its journey around the globe . It traveled for 388 days , spending time in every nation and territory of the Commonwealth . The Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history . Covering 230,000 km over 388 days , the baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa , the Americas , the Caribbean , Europe , Asia and Oceania . The baton landed on Australian soil in December 2017 and then spent 100 days travelling through Australia , finishing its journey at the Opening Ceremony on 4 April 2018 , where the message was removed from the Baton and read aloud by Charles , Prince of Wales . Transport ( edit ) Gold Coast light rail During the games period , free public transportation within Queensland region was provided to ticket and accreditation holders . The free transportation services were available on local buses , train and Gold Coast light rail ( G : link ) services in Gold Coast and on TransLink and Qconnect bus services in Cairns and Townsville . The Gold Coast light rail system , connected a number of the key games venues including the Optus Aquatic Centre , Broadwater Parklands and the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre with the major accommodation centres of Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach and the Athletes Village at Parklands . An extension to the system was announced in October 2015 , connecting the then current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the railway line to Brisbane at Helensvale . The extension opened in December 2017 , in time for the games . Anti-doping ( edit ) The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority conducted an anti-doping drive in the months prior to the games , covering around 2500 tests of Australian athletes , as well as 500 tests against international athletes . Three Australians failed drug tests in this process , along with around 20 international athletes , subject to appeal . The Commonwealth Games Federation conducted in - competition testing and , matching protocol at the Olympic Games , launched a sample storage initiative to allow for future testing of samples up to ten years later , should detection technology improve . Participating teams ( edit ) There were 71 nations competing at 2018 Commonwealth Games . Maldives were scheduled to participate , but in October 2016 they withdrew from the Commonwealth . The Gambia returned to the Commonwealth Games after being readmitted as a Commonwealth Games Federation member on 31 March 2018 . Nations expected to compete at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast ( hide ) Participating Commonwealth Games Associations : country name ( number of participants ) Anguilla ( 12 ) Antigua and Barbuda ( 17 ) Australia ( 469 ) ( hosts ) Bahamas ( 31 ) Bangladesh ( 23 ) Barbados ( 45 ) Belize ( 12 ) Bermuda ( 8 ) Botswana ( 26 ) British Virgin Islands ( 10 ) Brunei ( 8 ) Cameroon ( 40 ) Canada ( 282 ) Cayman Islands ( 21 ) Cook Islands ( 18 ) Cyprus ( 46 ) Dominica ( 13 ) England ( 390 ) Falkland Islands ( 15 ) Fiji ( 96 ) The Gambia ( 6 ) Ghana ( 71 ) Gibraltar ( 22 ) Grenada ( 14 ) Guernsey ( 31 ) Guyana ( 23 ) India ( 216 ) Isle of Man ( 31 ) Jamaica ( 106 ) Jersey ( 33 ) Kenya ( 136 ) Kiribati ( 14 ) Lesotho ( 20 ) Malawi ( 19 ) Malaysia ( 177 ) Malta ( 24 ) Mauritius ( 54 ) Montserrat ( 7 ) Mozambique ( 26 ) Namibia ( 28 ) Nauru ( 16 ) New Zealand ( 251 ) Nigeria ( 88 ) Niue ( 19 ) Norfolk Island ( 18 ) Northern Ireland ( 90 ) Pakistan ( 56 ) Papua New Guinea ( 56 ) Rwanda ( 17 ) Saint Helena ( 9 ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 7 ) Saint Lucia ( 13 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( 20 ) Samoa ( 38 ) Scotland ( 226 ) Seychelles ( 25 ) Sierra Leone ( 24 ) Singapore ( 59 ) Solomon Islands ( 14 ) South Africa ( 194 ) Sri Lanka ( 79 ) Swaziland ( 10 ) Tanzania ( 15 ) Tonga ( 13 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 51 ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( 7 ) Tuvalu ( 7 ) Uganda ( 69 ) Vanuatu ( 18 ) Wales ( 213 ) Zambia ( 36 ) Number of athletes by team ( edit ) ( show ) CGF Code Country Athletes AUS Australia 469 ENG England 390 CAN Canada 282 NZL New Zealand 251 SCO Scotland 226 IND India 216 WAL Wales 213 RSA South Africa 194 MAS Malaysia 177 KEN Kenya 136 JAM Jamaica 106 FIJ Fiji 96 NIR Northern Ireland 90 NGR Nigeria 88 SRI Sri Lanka 79 GHA Ghana 71 UGA Uganda 69 SIN Singapore 59 PAK Pakistan 56 PNG Papua New Guinea MRI Mauritius 54 TTO Trinidad and Tobago 51 CYP Cyprus 46 BAR Barbados 45 CMR Cameroon 40 SAM Samoa 38 ZAM Zambia 36 JEY Jersey 33 BAH Bahamas 31 GGY Guernsey IOM Isle of Man NAM Namibia 28 BOT Botswana 26 MOZ Mozambique SEY Seychelles 25 MLT Malta 24 SLE Sierra Leone BAN Bangladesh 23 GUY Guyana GIB Gibraltar 22 CAY Cayman Islands 21 LES Lesotho 20 SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines MAW Malawi 19 NIU Niue COK Cook Islands 18 NFI Norfolk Island VAN Vanuatu ANT Antigua and Barbuda 17 RWA Rwanda NRU Nauru 16 FAI Falkland Islands 15 TAN Tanzania GRN Grenada 14 KIR Kiribati SOL Solomon Islands DMA Dominica 13 LCA Saint Lucia TGA Tonga AIA Anguilla 12 BIZ Belize IVB British Virgin Islands 10 SWZ Swaziland SHN Saint Helena 9 BER Bermuda 8 BRU Brunei MNT Montserrat 7 SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis TCA Turks and Caicos Islands TUV Tuvalu GAM The Gambia 6 Calendar ( edit ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony April Wed 5 Thu 6 Fri 7 Sat 8 Sun 9 Mon 10 Tue 11 Wed 12 Thu 13 Fri 14 Sat 15 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Aquatics Diving 10 Swimming 7 9 8 8 9 9 50 Athletics 5 6 8 7 10 9 9 58 Badminton 5 6 Basketball Beach volleyball Boxing 16 16 Cycling Mountain biking Road cycling Track cycling 6 6 20 Gymnastics Artistic 5 5 14 Rhythmic 6 Hockey Lawn bowls 10 Netball Powerlifting Rugby sevens Shooting 19 Squash 5 Table tennis 9 Triathlon 5 Weightlifting 16 Wrestling 12 Daily medal events 19 17 22 31 33 26 15 24 27 44 17 275 Cumulative total 19 36 58 89 122 148 163 187 214 258 275 April 4th Wed 5th Thu 6th Fri 7th Sat 8th Sun 9th Mon 10th Tue 11th Wed 12th Thu 13th Fri 14th Sat 15th Sun Total events Sports ( edit ) The regulations stated that from the 26 approved sports administered by Commonwealth Governing Bodies , a minimum of ten core sports and maximum of seventeen sports must be included in any Commonwealth Games schedule . The approved sports included the 10 core sports : athletics , badminton , boxing , hockey , lawn bowls , netball ( for women ) , rugby sevens , squash , swimming and weightlifting . Integrated disabled competitions were also scheduled for the Games in nine sports : swimming , athletics , cycling , table tennis , powerlifting and lawn bowls . Along with these events for the first time EAD events in triathlon were held , with the medals added to the final tally for each nation . A record 38 para events were contested at these games . On 8 March 2016 , beach volleyball was announced as the 18th sport . The program was broadly similar to that of the 2014 Commonwealth Games , with the major changes being the dropping of judo , the reintroduction of basketball , the debut of women 's rugby sevens and beach volleyball . On 7 October 2016 , it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program , meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women . This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events . In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested . Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Aquatics Diving ( 10 ) ( details ) Swimming ( 50 ) ( details ) Athletics ( 58 ) ( details ) Badminton ( 6 ) ( details ) Basketball ( 2 ) ( details ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) ( details ) Boxing ( 16 ) ( details ) Cycling ( details ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 20 ) Gymnastics ( details ) Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 6 ) Hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Lawn bowls ( 10 ) ( details ) Netball ( 1 ) ( details ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) ( details ) Shooting ( 19 ) ( details ) Squash ( 5 ) ( details ) Table tennis ( 9 ) ( details ) Triathlon ( 5 ) ( details ) Weightlifting ( 16 ) ( details ) Powerlifting ( 4 ) ( details ) Wrestling ( 12 ) ( details ) Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony The opening ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium in the Gold Coast , Australia , between 20 : 00 and 22 : 40 AEST , on 4 April 2018 . Tickets for the ceremony started at 100 Australian dollars with half price tickets available for children . The Head of the Commonwealth , Queen Elizabeth II , was represented by her son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Parade of nations ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations Following tradition , the host of the previous games , Scotland entered first , followed by the rest of the European countries competing . Following this , all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions . After the European countries entered , countries from Africa , the Americas , Asia , the Caribbean , and lastly Oceania marched in . The host nation of Australia entered last . Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country 's name . Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony The closing ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium on Sunday 15th April and was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide at a cost of AU $30 million . Australian pop stars Guy Sebastian , Samantha Jade , Dami Im and The Veronicas were among the performers along with children 's entertainers , The Wiggles . Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex , declared the Games closed and passed the Commonwealth Games flag to Birmingham , England which will host the 2022 Games . Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here . The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a `` nation '' is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three - letter country code . Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold , second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold . Key * Host nation ( Australia ) 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Rank CGA Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) * 80 59 59 198 England ( ENG ) 45 45 46 136 India ( IND ) 26 20 20 66 Canada ( CAN ) 15 40 27 82 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 15 16 15 46 6 South Africa ( RSA ) 13 11 13 37 7 Wales ( WAL ) 10 12 14 36 8 Scotland ( SCO ) 9 13 22 44 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 9 9 6 24 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) 8 5 14 Total ( 43 CGAs ) 275 276 289 840 Broadcasting ( edit ) In Australia , the games were broadcast live on three Seven Network channels - 7HD , 7TWO and 7Mate . In the United Kingdom , BBC provided Commonwealth Games coverage of more than 200 hours across BBC One , BBC Two , BBC Red Button , BBC Sport website , BBC iPlayer and BBC radio . TVNZ channel broadcast the games for the viewers in New Zealand . Astro Arena provided the games coverage for the Malaysian viewers . ESPN provided the games coverage for viewers in the USA . Sony Pictures Networks India broadcast the games for the viewers in India on three channels - Sony Six , Sony Ten 2 in English and Sony Ten 3 in Hindi . Marketing ( edit ) Borobi , the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games Motto ( edit ) The official motto for the 2018 Commonwealth Games was `` Share the Dream '' . It was chosen to highlight the dreams and experience at the games that were shared by participants of the games , ranging from athletes to volunteers and the host country Australia to the world including the Commonwealth nations . Emblem ( edit ) The emblem was launched on 4 April 2013 , which marked exactly five years until its opening ceremony . It was unveiled at the Southport Broadwater Parklands . It was designed by the New South Wales based brand consultancy WiteKite . The emblem of the 2018 Commonwealth Games was a silhouette of the skyline and landscape of Gold Coast , the host city of the games . Nigel Chamier OAM , who served as the Chairman of the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation till the end of the games , said that it was the result of months of market research . Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Borobi ( mascot ) Borobi was named as the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games in 2016 . Borobi is a blue koala , with indigenous markings on its body . The term `` borobi '' means koala in the Yugambeh language , spoken by the indigenous Yugambeh people of the Gold Coast and surrounding areas . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Missing athletes ( edit ) At least 13 athletes from four countries - Cameroon , Uganda , Rwanda , and Sierra Leone - absconded during or immediately after the Games . Some missed their competitions . Athletes regularly abscond during major sporting events , and many subsequently claim asylum in their host countries . Most hold nationalities that are deemed high - risk by immigration authorities and find it impossible to get visas outside of exceptional events , such as major games . A month after the games ended , officals estimated that fifty athletes had remained in Australia illegally , with another 200 staying in the country on visas . Criticism of the closing ceremony ( edit ) The organising committee decided to bring in the athletes before the start of the closing ceremony . This caused an uproar on social media as , contrary to public expectations , none of the athletes were shown entering the stadium during the ceremony . Broadcast rights holders Channel 7 complained on air about the decision and concluded that , `` it has n't really lived up to expectations '' . Many spectators and athletes left during the ceremony , resulting in a half - empty stadium for much of the event . Following this , the ABC claimed that Channel 7 was briefed on the closing ceremony schedule , a claim which Channel 7 later refuted . See also ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay 2018 Asian Games 2018 European Championships 2019 Pan American Games 2019 European Games 2019 Pacific Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Commonwealth Games will be remembered as a year of ' firsts ' , on and off the field '' . ABC News . 2018 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Up to 300 Para athletes participated in the 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) . 16 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gambia to compete at Gold Coast 2018 after readmitted as CGF member '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABOUT Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ sportscotland . `` Louise Martin elected as CGF President '' . sportscotland.org.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CGF General Assembly 2011 '' . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Standings - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . results.gc2018.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CGF President declares Commonwealth more relevant than ever before as `` Games of Firsts '' draw to a close on Gold Coast `` . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast eyes 2018 Games bid with land swap '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bligh pushes bids for Games , World Cup '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast gets sole right to bid for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Brisbane Times . 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Games bid up and running '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Commonwealth Games bid backed '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Degun , Tom ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Legacy benefits to Gold Coast of 2018 Commonwealth Games will be huge , says city 's Mayor '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Sri Lanka boasting of Games bid win '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate City Manual '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Federation . December 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` Coast wins 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , , Shannon . `` Mark Peters named as Games CEO '' . Gold Coast News , 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Palaszczuk , Annastacia ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Kate Jones appointed Minister for the Commonwealth Games '' ( Press release ) . Brisbane : Queensland Government . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carrara Stadium Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Broadbeach Bowls Club Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Oxenford Studios Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Hockey Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southport Broadwater Parklands Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Optus Aquatic Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Robina Stadium Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Coolangatta Beachfront Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Meares Velodrome Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Shooting Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cairns Convention Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.accaglobal.com , ACCA -. `` 2018 Commonwealth Games takes schedule and budget golds ACCA Global '' . www.accaglobal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Crockford , Toby ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games medals revealed '' . Brisbane Times . Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal medal designs for Commonwealth Games at charity gala '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Games Village '' . Embracing 2018 . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Commonwealth Games Village Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Federation - Queen 's Baton Relay '' . www.thecgf.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Your Travel Options Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Stage two of Gold Coast light rail on track for Commonwealth Games '' . Queensland Government . 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Games 2018 : Australia athletes banned for doping . The Australian ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 71 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Duncan ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` Maldives set to miss Gold Coast 2018 after resigning from Commonwealth '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 to host largest Commonwealth para-sport programme '' . www.paralympic.org/ . International Paralympic Committee . 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Beach volleyball to be played at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's rugby added to Commonwealth Games '' . www.sportsnet.ca/ . Rogers Media . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Level playing field for women at 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh , Scotland . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McKay , Duncan ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation ( GOLDOC ) . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Gold Coast event starts with colourful opening ceremony '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Thomas ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Team Scotland release Gold Coast 2018 parade tartan '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063985/prince-edward-declares-gold-coast-2018-closed-as-flag-passed-to-birmingham-in-ordinary-closing-ceremony Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games 2018 live Stream Gold Coast TV Schedule '' . commonwealthgames2018. live . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games on the BBC - Media Centre '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ announces Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games coverage New Zealand Olympic Team '' . New Zealand Olympic Team . 2018 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Astro.com.my . `` Get your GC2018 Season Pass and Cheer for Malaysian Athletes at the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Press Release Mediaroom Astro '' . www.astro.com.my . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN acquires Commonwealth Games rights in USA for first time in 2018 Featured News News Sportcal '' . www.sportcal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca . `` SPN India gears up for Commonwealth Games coverage Programming News Rapid TV News '' . www.rapidtvnews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Emblem unveiled for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Games logo unveiled - Mumbrella '' . Mumbrella. 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Emblem '' . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games emblem revealed '' . Brisbane Times . 2013 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Larkins , Damien ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Blue koala Borobi revealed as mascot for 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Still no sign of missing African Commonwealth Games athletes '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Ben ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Cameroon athletes missing from Commonwealth Games '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Fifty athletes in Australia ' illegally ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Almost 200 Commonwealth Games athletes and officials seek asylum in Australia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games closing ceremony slammed on social media as Channel Seven hosts open fire '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Sydney , Australia . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seven was briefed on closing ceremony '' . ABC News . 2018 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Melissa ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Griggs hits back at claims Channel Seven knew plan to snub athletes '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 official website Embracing 2018 official website Official results Preceded by Glasgow Commonwealth Games Gold Coast XXI Commonwealth Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Birmingham Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games Federation Participating Nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal Table Sports Records Games 1930 Hamilton 1934 London 1938 Sydney 1950 Auckland 1954 Vancouver 1958 Cardiff 1962 Perth 1966 Kingston 1970 Edinburgh 1974 Christchurch 1978 Edmonton 1982 Brisbane 1986 Edinburgh 1990 Auckland 1994 Victoria 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Manchester 2006 Melbourne 2010 Delhi 2014 Glasgow 2018 Gold Coast 2022 Birmingham 2026 TBA Commonwealth Youth Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games ← 2018 in Australia → Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Perth by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast Australian Space Agency The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Touch Premiership NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Commonwealth Games portal 2010s portal Queensland portal Australia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=842803100 '' Categories : Commonwealth Games 2018 Commonwealth Games 2018 in multi-sport events Sports competitions on the Gold Coast , Queensland Commonwealth Games in Australia 2018 in Australian sport April 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use Australian English from April 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 吴语 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 19 : 20 . 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Queer Eye

Queer Eye - wikipedia Queer Eye This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Noah5151 ( talk contribs ) at 10 : 38 , 11 August 2017 ( → ‎ Revival : Link ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 10 : 38 , 11 August 2017 by Noah5151 ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Revival : Link ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Queer Eye Created by David Collins Starring Ted Allen Kyan Douglas Thom Filicia Carson Kressley Jai Rodriguez Country of origin United States No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 100 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 54 minutes Release Original network Bravo Original release July 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 15 ) -- October 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) Queer Eye is an American reality television series that premiered on the cable television network Bravo during July 2003 . The program 's original name Queer Eye for the Straight Guy was changed after the third season to generalize the scope of its content . The series was created by executive producers David Collins and Michael Williams along with their producing partner David Metzler ; it was produced by their production company , Scout Productions . The series is premised on and uses the stereotypes that homosexual ( `` queer '' ) men are superior in matters of fashion , style , personal grooming , interior design and culture . In each episode , the team of five homosexual men known collectively as the `` Fab Five '' perform a `` makeover '' ( in the parlance of the show , a `` make - better '' ) on a person , usually a heterosexual ( `` straight '' ) man , revamping his wardrobe , redecorating his home and offering advice on grooming , lifestyle and food . Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuted during 2003 , and quickly became a surprise success . The success of the series resulted in merchandising , franchising of the concept internationally , and a woman - oriented spin - off , Queer Eye for the Straight Girl . Queer Eye won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 . The series ' name was abbreviated to Queer Eye at the beginning of its third season to represent the show 's change from making over only heterosexual men to including women and homosexual men . Queer Eye ended production during 2006 June and the final ten episodes were broadcast during October 2007 . The series ended October 30 . During September 2008 , the Fine Living Network briefly aired Queer Eye in syndication . On January 24 , 2017 , Netflix announced it has ordered a new season of Queer Eye with eight episodes , with the original Fab Five set to be replaced by new members . Contents ( hide ) 1 The `` Fab Five '' 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Format 5 Popular and critical response 6 Spin - off series 7 International adaptations 8 Merchandising 8.1 Soundtrack 8.1. 1 Track listing 8.2 Books 8.3 DVD releases 9 Revival 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links The `` Fab Five '' ( edit ) Cast of Queer Eye , from left to right : Kyan , Jai , Carson , Ted and Thom Ted Allen : `` Food and Wine Connoisseur '' , expert on alcohol , beverages , food preparation and presentation Kyan Douglas : `` Grooming Guru '' , expert on hair , grooming , personal hygiene , and makeup Thom Filicia : `` Design Doctor '' , expert on interior design and home organization Carson Kressley : `` Fashion Savant '' , expert on clothing , fashion and personal styling Jai Rodriguez : `` Culture Vulture '' , expert on popular culture , relationships and social interaction Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Queer Eye episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 1 25 July 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 15 ) December 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 16 ) Bravo 2 30 June 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 01 ) April 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 12 ) 3 19 June 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 07 ) February 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 07 ) 4 16 June 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ) September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) 5 10 October 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) October 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) Production ( edit ) Producers Collins and Metzler were given approval by Bravo to develop Queer Eye after the ratings success the network experienced when it counterprogrammed a marathon of its 2002 series Gay Weddings at the same time as Super Bowl XXXVII during 2003 January . The pilot episode was filmed in Boston , Massachusetts during June 2002 . Of the eventual Fab Five , only Kressley and Allen appeared . The culture , design and grooming roles were filled by James Hannaham , Charles Daboub , Jr. and Sam Spector , respectively . The pilot was delivered to Bravo during September 2002 , and was well received in audience testing . Soon thereafter NBC purchased Bravo and ordered 12 episodes of the series . NBC promoted the show extensively , including billboard campaigns and print advertisements in national magazines . Kyan Douglas and Thom Filicia joined the show for these episodes , along with Blair Boone in the role of `` culture guy . '' Boone filmed two episodes ( which were broadcast as the second and third episodes and for which he was credited as a `` guest culture expert '' ) but was replaced by Rodriguez beginning with production of the third episode . Each episode was shot over a span of four days and edited to create the perception that the events of the episode took place in a single day . Format ( edit ) The majority of Queer Eye episodes use the same basic format . The episode begins with the Fab Five in an SUV ( usually in New York City , where the series was based ) discussing their heterosexual subject . The Five review details of the subject 's personal life and note problems in their various areas of expertise . The Five usually have a specific event for which they plan to prepare the subject . These included everything from throwing a backyard barbecue for friends to preparing to ask for a salary increase to proposing marriage . Upon arriving at the subject 's home , the Fab Five go through his belongings , performing a running commentary of catty remarks about the state of his wardrobe , home decor , cleanliness and grooming . They also speak with the subject and family members to get an idea of the sort of style they like and their goals for the experience and to discuss the planned event . Series logo for the first and second season The remainder of the first half of the episode follows the Fab Five as they escort the subject to various locales to select new furniture and clothes . Often , Ted demonstrates how to select and prepare food for a particular dish that the subject will prepare for the special event , and Kyan takes him for spa treatments and a new haircut . Each such segment includes a style tip superimposed on the screen , summarizing the style issues addressed in the segment . Interspersed with this are interview segments in which friends and family members of the subject discuss his style issues . In the next section , the subject returns to a completely redecorated home and models articles of his new wardrobe for the Fab Five . Each of the Five offer final words of advice and encouragement , accompanied by supplies of grooming products , food and kitchenware , and in some cases expensive electronics items such as entertainment centers and computers . The final section follows the subject as he prepares for the special event , with the Fab Five watching edited footage of his preparations and critiquing how well or how poorly he followed their advice . Finally , the subject is followed through the event itself , with the Five again performing a running commentary and the subject often expressing his deep gratitude to the Fab Five for their counsel . A final tip from each of the Fab Five , usually relating to one of the topics covered in the episode , plays just before the credits . Special episodes of Queer Eye that deviated from this formula included episodes in which the Fab Five journeyed outside the greater New York area , including shows filmed in England , Texas , and Las Vegas . In two episodes , the Fab Five made over homosexual men ( both of which aired during June , Gay Pride Month , during 2004 and 2006 ) and in one episode made over a transgender man . The show also featured makeovers of members of the Boston Red Sox after their 2004 World Series victory , several holiday specials , and , in the final season , a `` Mister Straight Guy '' pageant featuring subjects from the series ' history . Popular and critical response ( edit ) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuted on July 15 , 2003 and the series quickly attained high ratings , peaking during September of that year with 3.34 million viewers per episode . The popularity of the series established the Fab Five as media celebrities , with high - profile appearances at the Emmys and a `` make - better '' of Jay Leno and his The Tonight Show set in August of that year . Fab Five members parlayed their celebrity into endorsement deals , notably Thom Filicia 's becoming the spokesperson for Pier 1 Imports . The American press almost universally complimented the series and the Fab Five . Out magazine listed the Fab Five in its `` OUT 100 '' , the `` greatest gay success stories '' of 2003 . Instinct magazine declared Kressley one of the `` Leading Men '' of 2004 . The series attracted criticism for making generalizations about sexual identity , namely that homosexual men are inherently more fashionable and stylish than heterosexuals . Among those making this critique were Tom Shales in the Washington Post ( `` stereotypes on parade '' ) , Richard Goldstein in Village Voice ( `` Have n't fags always been consigned to the role of body servant ? '' ) and United States Congressman Barney Frank speaking to the New York Post . With the success of the first season , original `` culture guy '' Blair Boone sued the show for breach of contract , claiming he should be paid not just for two episodes but for the season that he had been contracted to film . The popularity of the series inspired a number of parodies . Comedy Central hosted a satirical television series named Straight Plan for the Gay Man , which featured four heterosexual men teaching homosexual men how to be more stereotypically straight , redecorating their homes with neon beer signs and teaching them about sports . South Park spoofed the show and its hosts in the episode `` South Park Is Gay ! '' , in which the protagonists learn that the Fab Five are actually evil Crab People trying to control the world by converting heterosexual men into metrosexuals . Queer Eye won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 and was nominated for another Emmy in the same category during 2005 . The series also received GLAAD Media Awards for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 and 2005 , and was nominated for a third during 2006 . In the second season , ratings decreased , averaging about 1.8 million viewers per episode with an average of 804,000 viewers in the important 18 - 40 demographic . New episodes continued to be broadcast for two more seasons . Bravo confirmed in early 2007 that Queer Eye had been cancelled . The remaining fifth - season episodes were billed as Queer Eye : The Final Season and aired twice weekly beginning October 2 , 2007 . Spin - off series ( edit ) During January 2005 , Scout Productions premiered a spin - off series titled Queer Eye for the Straight Girl , set in Los Angeles . It featured a cast of four lifestyle experts ( three men and a woman , known as the `` Gal Pals '' ) who performed makeovers for women . The show was cancelled after one season . International adaptations ( edit ) Queer Eye 's American success caused television networks in several countries to syndicate the American episodes , with a number of countries creating their own local versions of Queer Eye for broadcast in their countries . However , few of these homegrown versions have proven as successful as the original , and most did not last long before cancellation . Licensing of the format is managed by NBCUniversal . NBCU licensed television producer David Hedges and his UK production house vialondon.tv to produce local versions for Europe , with Flextech 's Living channel doing the same to produce the United Kingdom 's version after a first attempt at a UK production by Making Time was abandoned . The first episode of the Finnish version , Sillä silmällä , created controversy , not for the homosexual content but for the blatant product placement considered to be a transgression of a Finnish law against `` hidden advertising '' . Country Channel Program name Seasons Episodes First aired Australia Network Ten Aussie Queer Eye for the Straight Guy 1 6 9 February 2005 -- 23 February 2005 NB : Three episodes were broadcast later in the year . Belgium KanaalTwee De heren maken de man 2 2005 Chile Mega Ojo con Clase ( Classy Eye ) 1 5 April 2013 Finland Channel 4 Sillä silmällä 2 24 30 March 2005 France TF1 Queer , Cinq Experts dans le Vent 1 8 2004 Germany RTL 2 Schwul macht cool ( Gay makes you cool ) 1 8 10 November 2003 Greece Antenna 1 ( ANT1 ) Fab 5 1 10 2011 Italy La7 I Fantastici Cinque 2 22 2004 Portugal SIC Esquadrão G 1 8 11 September 2005 Spain Antena 3 El Equipo G 1 10 2005 Sweden TV3 Fab 5 Sverige 1 12 2003 UK ITV1 Queer Eye For The Straight Guy UK 2 14 2004 Norway TV3 Homsepatruljen ( The Gay Patrol ) 3 36 2004 & 2012 Merchandising ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy Soundtrack album by various artists Released 2004 Genre Pop , dance Label Capitol Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The soundtrack for Queer Eye for the Straight Guy was released February 10 , 2004 , in the USA . It reached number one on the electronic music chart , number two on the soundtrack charts and the top 40 in the Billboard 200 album chart . In Australia , the soundtrack was released for the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras , and the popularity of the series in Australia resulted in the soundtrack scoring in the top 10 of the Australian album chart on March 8 , 2004 . It was certified gold in Australia in March 2004 . The song `` Superstar '' by Jamelia from the soundtrack also went to number one on the Australian singles charts in the same week , and the theme song of the show , `` All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) '' by Widelife , went to the top 20 that month . `` All Things '' scored a 2005 Juno Award for `` Dance Recording of the Year '' for Widelife ( Rachid Wehbi & Ian Nieman ) . Rob Eric was the executive producer for the album . Track listing ( edit ) `` All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) '' -- Widelife with Simone Denny `` Good Luck '' -- Basement Jaxx featuring Lisa Kekaula `` Slow '' ( Chemical Brothers Mix ) -- Kylie Minogue `` Move Your Feet '' -- Junior Senior `` You Promised Me ( Tu Es Foutu ) '' -- In - Grid `` Superstar '' -- Jamelia `` Everybody Wants You to Emerge '' -- Fischerspooner / Billy Squier `` Sunrise '' ( Jason Nevins Remix ) -- Duran Duran `` Never Coming Home '' ( Gonna Live My Life Remix ) -- Sting `` An Area Big Enough to Do It In '' -- Prophet Omega `` You 're So Damn Hot '' -- OK Go `` Extraordinary '' -- Liz Phair `` Are You Ready for Love '' -- Elton John `` Five Gay Men in One House '' -- Jai Rodriguez and Ted Allen `` All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) '' ( music video ) Books ( edit ) A tie - in book titled Queer Eye for the Straight Guy : The Fab 5 's Guide to Looking Better , Cooking Better , Dressing Better , Behaving Better and Living Better was published during 2004 by Clarkson Potter / Publishers , an imprint of Random House . DVD releases ( edit ) Several DVDs were released in conjunction with the series . Kressley , Filicia and Allen each had individual releases emphasizing their topics of expertise . Douglas and Rodriguez were featured together in a single DVD focused on grooming . Additional DVD releases include Queer Eye for the Red Sox ( featuring the team makeover episode ) and a multi-disc box set . Revival ( edit ) In January of 2017 , Netflix ordered 8 new episodes of Queer Eye , to feature a new Fab Five . Scout Productions continues to be involved in the revival , which promises to venture beyond New York City , presenting tough challenges for the new cast . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` Queer Eye Shortens its Name , will include `` Compelling Personal Stories . '' `` . Reality Blurred . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Giltz , Michael ( September 2 , 2003 ) . `` Queer Eye Confidential '' . The Advocate . pp. 40 -- 4 ; issue 897 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Queer Eye for the Straight Guy '' . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grogan , Leigh ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) . `` What one `` Queer Eye '' guy has learned from the show `` . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Fine Living Lands ' Loser , ' ' Queer Eye ' Syndication Pacts '' . Multichannel.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Revives ' Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Engstrom , p. 346 Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database . `` Blair Boone '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Vary , Adam B. ( June 22 , 2004 ) . `` Pride , Patriotism , and Queer Eye '' . The Advocate . pp. 120 -- 36 ; issue 917 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( 2003 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Jay Leno to get `` Queer Eye '' treatment `` . People . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( March 11 , 2004 ) . `` ' Queer Eye ' Thom is hot , Kirstie Alley is not '' . USAToday . Jump up ^ `` usatoday.com '' . USA Today . 2004 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jeffrey ( December 2003 ) . `` Kyan Douglas , Ted Allen , Thom Filicia , Carson Kressley , Jai Rodriguez '' . Out magazine : 90 . Jump up ^ Ray , Parker ( November 2004 ) . `` The Ambassador '' . Instinct : 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Greim , Katrin . `` Crossroads of Culture : Studies look at roots of the `` down low '' , LGBT - focused television shows `` . American Sexuality magazine . Katrin Greim . Jump up ^ Haberman , Lia ( 2003 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Former Fabber sues `` Queer Eye '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dossi , Joel ( 2005 - 01 - 03 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy '' . AfterElton.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( 2007 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Hello Pasadena , Goodbye `` Queer Eye '' `` . TV Gal . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's Emmy - Award Winning Series ' Queer Eye ' Kicks - Off Final Season '' ( Press release ) . NBC . 2007 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Steve ( 2003 - 08 - 10 ) . `` U.K Indie ViaLondon To Produce Local Queer Eye '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Steve ( 2003 - 08 - 10 ) . `` UK Queer Eye stops production '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ten takes Aussie Queer Eye off air '' . B&T. 2005 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Vijf homo 's maken van hetero een betere man '' . 2005 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` I 5 fantastici gay fanno già discutere '' . Arcigay . Associazione Lesbica e Gay Italiana . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Queer Eye at AllMusic Jump up ^ Allmusic . `` Queer Eye for the Straight Guy Charts and Awards - Billboard '' . Retrieved 2001 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Official Tie - in Book for Queer Eye for the Straight Guy to be Published by Random House , Inc. 's Clarkson Potter '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . NBC . 2003 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2003 ) '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Rebooting ' Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ' for Red State Tour '' . EW.com. 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Netflix Revives ' Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . References ( edit ) Engstrom , Erika . `` The ' Reality ' of Reality Television Wedding Programs '' . Based on `` Engstrom 's `` Hegemony in Reality - Based TV Programming : The World According to A Wedding Story ( Media Report to Women ( 2003 ) 31 ( 1 ) 10 -- 14 ) and `` Hegemony and Counterhegemony in Bravo 's Gay Weddings ( Popular Culture Review ( 2004 ) 15 ( 2 ) 34 -- 35 ) . Collected as chapter 13 in Galician , Mary - Lou and Debra L. Merskin ( 2007 ) . Critical Thinking about Sex , Love , and Romance in the Mass Media : Media Literacy Applications . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5615 - 3 . pp. 335 -- 53 . 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Britain's Got Talent (series 6)

Britain 's Got Talent ( series 6 ) - wikipedia Britain 's Got Talent ( series 6 ) Britain 's Got Talent Series 6 Broadcast from 24 March ( 2012 - 03 - 24 ) -- 12 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 12 ) Judges Simon Cowell Amanda Holden Alesha Dixon David Walliams Carmen Electra ( guest ) Presenter ( s ) Anthony McPartlin ( ITV ) Declan Donnelly ( ITV ) Co-presenter ( s ) Stephen Mulhern ( ITV2 ) Broadcaster ITV ITV2 ( BGMT ) Winner Ashleigh and Pudsey Origin Wellingborough , England Genre ( s ) Dog trick act Runner - up Jonathan and Charlotte Chronology ◀ 2012 ▶ Series Six of Britain 's Got Talent , a British talent competition series , began broadcasting in the UK during 2012 , from 24 March to 12 May on ITV - many media outlets criticised the series ' premiere date , believing it was a deliberate attempt to start a `` ratings war '' with the BBC , which was launching The Voice UK at the same time . Following the previous year , Simon Cowell returned to the programme to oversee auditions for the sixth series , while the departure of both David Hasselhoff and Michael McIntyre after the fifth series , led to the producers replacing them with Alesha Dixon and David Walliams . Because of her pregnancy , Amanda Holden had to miss some of the auditions , leading to Carmen Electra standing in for her as a guest judge . Apart from retaining the use of four judges following the previous series , the sixth series is most notable for three significant changes made in the show 's format - the prize money was increased to £ 500,000 ; the number of semi-finalists per semi-final was increased to 9 ; and the judges could now choose any semi-finalist that was eliminated and re-instate them into the live final as the `` Judges ' Wildcard '' . In addition , the series introduced a second means of voting for viewers in the form of mobile short codes - each participant received one during the show would could be called from any phone , with a small portion of the phone - in fee being donated to charity . Unlike The X Factor , text voting via this method was not incorporated , due to the potential risk of delays within the mobile text networks at busy times . The sixth series was won by dancing dog act Ashleigh and Pudsey , with opera duo Jonathan and Charlotte finishing in second place and Welsh choir Only Boys Aloud in third place . During its broadcast , the series averaged around 10.6 million viewers . In an interview they took part in , hosts Ant & Dec felt that this year 's semi-finalists were the best they had seen since the show began . Contents 1 Series overview 1.1 Semi-finals summary 1.1. 1 Semi-final 1 ( 6 May ) 1.1. 2 Semi-final 2 ( 7 May ) 1.1. 3 Semi-final 3 ( 8 May ) 1.1. 4 Semi-final 4 ( 9 May ) 1.1. 5 Semi-final 5 ( 10 May ) 1.2 Final ( 12 May ) 2 Ratings 3 Criticism , controversies & incidents 3.1 Unsuitable content complaint 3.2 `` Conflict of interest '' audition 3.3 Voting app mishap 4 References Series overview ( edit ) The departure of McIntyre and Hasselhoff , led to Dixon and Walliams being made as their replacements at the start of 2012 Because of Holden 's pregnancy , Electra had to stand in for her during the Blackpool auditions Following open auditions held the previous year , the Judges ' auditions were held during January and February 2012 , within Manchester , Blackpool , Cardiff , London , Edinburgh and Birmingham . Like the previous series , a number of acts were invited to audition between 6 and 22 January , after being found via their videos on YouTube . Twenty - five participants from this were picked by the producers and revealed by Britain 's Got More Talent host Stephen Mulhern via a live YouTube stream from backstage at the London auditions , in which the YouTube community voted on their favourites between 6 and 13 February , with the winning acts later performing before the judges after the results of the vote on 18 February . Between 25 and 31 January , the sponsors of the show for this series , Virgin Media , ran addition auditions for the show via videos made on YouTube and / or Vimeo , which , while adhering to the same rules , were restricted to only Virgin Media customer , with the five winning acts later performing for the judges during the Birmingham auditions . Following the previous series , both David Hasselhoff and Michael McIntyre announced that they would n't be returning for another year of the competition . Their decision led to the producers seeking out their replacements , after deciding to maintain the use of four judges in the programme following Cowell 's announcement in December 2011 that he would be returning to oversee auditions for the sixth series . Both Hasselhoff and McIntyre were eventually replaced by comedian David Walliams , and singer and TV presenter Alesha Dixon , the latter having previously been a judge on BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing . Owing to her pregnancy entering its late stages , Holden was forced to be absent from the Blackpool auditions . As a result , the production team brought in Carmen Electra as a guest judge and oversee these in her place , until Holden was cleared by doctors to return to overseeing the remainder of the auditions . Apart from a change in the judging panel , the producers decided to increase the prize money offered to the winner of the series to £ 500,000 , with Cowell pledging half of the prize money . Of the participants that took part , only forty five made it past this stage and into the five live semi-finals , with nine appearing in each one ; this was a significant change after the last four series of the programme . In a change with the format , the live final featured ten acts that made it through the semi-finals , and one additional act dubbed `` the Judges ' wildcard '' - if a semi-finalist was eliminated in their semi-final , they became eligible to be picked as a wildcard act for the final by the judges , with the choice made prior to the live final 's broadcast . The wildcard for this series was boyband The Mend , after they lost out in the tied Judges ' vote in the first semi-final . The following below lists the results of each participant 's overall performance in this series : Winner Runner - up Third place Finalist Semi-finalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semi-finalist ( eliminated ) Judges ' wildcard ( previously eliminated act reinstated into the final by the judges ) Participant Age ( s ) Genre Act Semi-final Result Analiza Ching 29 Music Violinist Eliminated Aquabatique 21 -- 28 Acrobatics Synchronised swimmers 5 Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Area 51 23 -- 44 Dance Pyrotechnic dance troupe Eliminated Ashleigh and Pudsey 17 & 6 Animals Dancing dog act Winner Ashley Elliot 16 Music Xylophonist Eliminated Be Minor 13 -- 14 Singing Girlband Eliminated Beatrix von Bourbon 27 Dance Burlesque dancer Eliminated Billy George 20 Acrobatics Cyr wheel performer 5 Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Brynolf & Ljung 35 & 36 Magic Card magicians Eliminated Callum Oakley 16 Comedy Comedian 5 Eliminated Cascade 22 -- 35 Danger Action - stunt team Eliminated Chica Latina 44 Singing / Variety Entertainer / singer Eliminated Dennis Egel 41 Singing / Variety Singer / entertainer Eliminated Face Team 19 -- 28 Acrobatics Basketball stunt team 5 Eliminated Fish on Percussion 24 Music Drummer / performer Eliminated Four Corners 17 -- 25 Dance Dance troupe Eliminated Gatis Kandis 31 Comedy Stand - up comedian Eliminated Graham Blackledge 42 Singing / Music Organist / singer Eliminated Greig Stewart 27 Music Laser harpist 5 Eliminated Honey Shazad 21 Singing Singer Eliminated Hope Murphy 16 Singing Singer 5 Eliminated Jive Aces 34 -- 49 Music Performance instrumental band Eliminated Jonathan and Charlotte 17 & 16 Singing Opera duo Runner - up Kai & Natalia 15 & 16 Dance Ballroom dancers Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Karizma Krew 14 -- 38 Dance Dance troupe Eliminated Lauren Thalia 12 Singing / Music Singer / guitarist Eliminated Loveable Rogues 18 -- 20 Singing Acoustic band Finalist ( Won Public vote ) Lucky 26 Variety Contortionist Eliminated Malaki Paul 9 Singing Singer Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Martyn Crofts 42 Comedy Dalek impersonator 5 Eliminated Molly Rainford 11 Singing Singer Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Nu Sxool 10 -- 17 Dance Dance troupe Finalist ( Won Judges ' vote ) Only Boys Aloud 14 -- 19 Singing Male choir Third place Paige Turley 14 Singing Singer Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Rachel Knowland 25 Singing Singer Eliminated Ryan O'Shaughnessy 19 Singing / Music Singer - songwriter / guitarist 5 Finalist ( Won Public vote ) Sam Kelly 19 Singing / Music Singer / guitarist Finalist ( Won Public vote ) Strictly Wheels 39 & 41 Dance Ballroom dance duo 5 Eliminated The Mend 21 -- 22 Singing Boyband Finalist ( Won Judges ' Wildcard ) The Showbears 34 -- 53 Singing Singers / entertainers Eliminated The Sugar Dandies 40 & 40 Dance Ballroom dancers Eliminated The Zimmers 66 -- 88 Music Performance rappers Eliminated Twist and Pulse Dance Company 12 -- 20 Dance Dance troupe Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' vote ) United We Stand 17 -- 25 Dance Dance troupe Eliminated Zipparah Tafari ( ' Mr Zip ' ) 49 Music Rapper Eliminated Semi-finals summary ( edit ) Buzzed out Judges ' vote Won the public vote Won the judges ' vote ; won by public vote in the event of a tie Lost the judges ' vote ; lost by public vote in the event of a tie Eliminated Semi-final 1 ( 6 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : Tulisa ( `` Young '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams Zipparah Tafari Comedy Rapper 4th - Eliminated The Jive Aces Swing Jazz Band 7th - Eliminated Lauren Thalia Singer And Guitarist 5th - Eliminated United We Stand Street Dance Troupe 9th - Eliminated Analiza Ching 5 Violinist 8th - Eliminated The Mend 6 Boy Band 3rd ( Judges ' vote tied - Lost on Public Vote ) Rachel Knowland 7 Singer 6th - Eliminated Ashleigh & Pudsey 8 Dog Act 1st ( Won Public vote ) Only Boys Aloud 9 Male Vocal Choir 2nd ( Judges ' vote tied - Won on Public vote ) ^ 1 The Mend were later sent through to the final as a wildcard after the semi-finals . Semi-final 2 ( 7 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : The Wanted ( `` Chasing the Sun '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams Cascade Martial Arts Stunt Team 8th - Eliminated Paige Turley Singer 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Karizma Krew Dance Troupe 5th - Eliminated The Showbears Entertainers 7th - Eliminated Fish on Percussion 5 Percussionist 9th - Eliminated Graham Blackledge 6 Singer And Organist 6th - Eliminated Kai and Natalia 7 Latin Ballroom Couple 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Four Corners 8 Dance Troupe 4th - Eliminated Jonathan and Charlotte 9 Opera Duo 1st ( Won Public vote ) Semi-final 3 ( 8 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : LMFAO ( Medley of `` Party Rock Anthem '' and `` Sexy and I Know It '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams The Zimmers Comedy Rappers 6th - Eliminated Area 51 Pyrotechnic Dance Troupe 8th - Eliminated Ashley Elliot Xylophonist 5th - Eliminated Molly Rainford Singer 2nd ( Judges ' vote tied - Won on Public vote ) Lucky 5 Contortionist 7th - Eliminated Loveable Rogues 6 Acoustic Group 1st ( Won Public vote ) Honey Shazad 7 Singer 9th - Eliminated Twist and Pulse Dance Company 8 Street Dance Troupe 3rd ( Judges ' vote tied - Lost on Public vote ) Dennis Egel 9 Entertainer 4th - Eliminated Semi-final 4 ( 9 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : Labrinth ( `` Express Yourself '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams Chica Latina Entertainer 9th - Eliminated Brynolf and Ljung Illusionists 5th - Eliminated Malaki Paul Singer 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Gatis Kandis Comedian 6th - Eliminated The Sugar Dandies 5 Ballroom Dancers 7th - Eliminated Nu Sxool 6 Dance Troupe 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Beatrix von Bourbon 7 Burlesque Dancer 8th - Eliminated Sam Kelly 8 Singer And Guitarist 1st ( Won Public vote ) Be Minor 9 Girl Band 4th - Eliminated Semi-final 5 ( 10 May ) ( edit ) Guest performer : Rebecca Ferguson ( `` Teach Me How to Be Loved '' ) Semi-Finalist Order Act Buzzes and judges ' votes Result Cowell Holden Dixon Walliams Face Team Basketball Stunt Team 6th - Eliminated Greig Stewart Laser Harpist 9th - Eliminated Billy George Cyr Wheel Acrobat 3rd ( Lost Judges ' vote ) Martyn Crofts Dalek Voice Impersonator 8th - Eliminated Callum Oakley 5 Comedian 4th - Eliminated Hope Murphy 6 Singer 5th - Eliminated Strictly Wheels 7 Wheelchair Ballroom Dancers 7th - Eliminated Aquabatique 8 Synchronised Swimmers 2nd ( Won Judges ' vote ) Ryan O'Shaughnessy 9 Singer And Guitarist 1st ( Won Public vote ) ^ 2 Aquabatique performed outside the studio , with the judges watching from inside . Final ( 12 May ) ( edit ) Guest performers : Susan Boyle ( `` You 'll See '' ) ; Diversity & Paul Gbegbaje ; The Show Bears featuring David Walliams ( `` It 's Raining Men '' ) Winner Runner - up 3rd place Finalist Order Act Finished The Mend Boy Band 7th Sam Kelly Singer / guitarist 9th Nu Sxool Dance Troupe 8th Molly Rainford Singer 6th Loveable Rogues 5 Acoustic Group 4th Kai and Natalia 6 Latin Ballroom Dancers 11th Aquabatique 7 Synchronised Swimmers 10th Ryan O'Shaughnessy 8 Singer And Guitarist 5th Only Boys Aloud 9 Male Vocal Choir 3rd Ashleigh and Pudsey 10 Dog act 1st Jonathan and Charlotte 11 Opera Duo 2nd ^ 3 Aquabatique performed outside the studio , with the judges watching from inside . Ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of Britain 's Got Talent episodes Episode Date Total viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank Share ( % ) Auditions 1 24 March 11.57 39.2 Auditions 2 31 March 12.17 41.3 Auditions 3 7 April 11.95 38.7 Auditions 4 14 April 12.18 39.5 Auditions 5 21 April 11.60 38.2 Auditions 6 28 April 11.97 41.8 Auditions 7 5 May 11.27 38.9 Semi-final 1 6 May 11.01 35.5 Semi-final 2 7 May 10.77 35.6 Semi-final 2 results 9.44 9 32.4 Semi-final 3 8 May 9.12 12 33.5 Semi-final 3 results 7.91 15 27.8 Semi-final 4 9 May 10.15 37.6 Semi-final 4 results 7.95 14 27.3 Semi-final 5 10 May 9.90 7 36.6 Semi-final 5 results 8.83 13 30.2 Live final 12 May 13.12 46.4 Criticism , controversies & incidents ( edit ) Unsuitable content complaint ( edit ) After the second audition episode had been aired , around over 70 complaints were made to Ofcom in regards to the performance of burlesque performer Beatrix Von Bourbon . Their criticism was over her audition , which involved stripping down until she wore only nipple tassels and a corset , which these viewers had felt to be unsuitable for a family show , especially as it had been shown before the 9pm watershed . In its defence to this criticism , ITV released a statement in which they pointed out that the footage that was aired had been `` carefully edited to ensure it was suitable '' . Ofcom launched an investigation into the matter which ran until 23 July 2012 , in which , based on their findings , the regulator ruled that the broadcaster had not breached broadcasting codes that concerned the protection of children from unsuitable material , stating that the measures taken by the broadcaster had been within acceptable parameters of these codes . `` Conflict of interest '' audition ( edit ) As part of the show 's terms and conditions , stated in Section 23 regarding audition forms , all participants who audition for Britain 's Got Talent must provide truthful information about themselves . Such disclosure includes information about any other show they are contracted to appear on , which would prohibit them from progressing beyond the auditions stage of the competition . While checking his background , researchers discovered that when singer / guitarist Ryan O'Shaughnessy had auditioned , he was already in a contract with Universal Music and had a place on the first series of The Voice of Ireland that was airing the same year as the sixth series of the show . This discovery led to Simon Cowell having to talk to O'Shaughnessy on his own and pointing out the researcher 's findings to him , to which the singer stated in his defence that he wanted the freedom to express his own music that the competition show could give him , which The Voice of Ireland restricted . However , Cowell did not agree with his argument : `` All you 're doing is taking the place of somebody else , who is n't in your position on two shows . I 'll be absolutely blunt with you , we were going to give you a yes , but I ca n't ... you understand that ? '' O'Shaughnessy , while accepting this decision , insisted he would do what he could to get out of The Voice of Ireland and out of his contract with Universal Music , which he successfully completed before the live semi-finals began on 6 May . Voting app mishap ( edit ) For this series of Britain 's Got Talent , the show 's production team decided to incorporate a second new method of voting that viewers could use , in the form of a mobile app . The concept for this idea was that viewers could purchase a set of three votes for a small fee and then use them , via the app , for any act that they liked in the semi-finals ; any votes not used in one show would be carried forward to the next , and once all three votes had been used , the viewer would have to buy another set to place further votes . However , when this voting method was implemented for the first live semi-final , technical difficulties arose that led to use of the app being halted ; as the problems could not be fixed after they arose , the decision was made to discontinue its use for the rest of the series . Ofcom later investigated the incident , after thousands of viewers who bought the app later complained to the regulator of their difficulties in using it to make votes , as over the half of the votes did not go through as a result of the technical fault . In their findings , the regulator reprimanded ITV for having failed to ensure that the app worked smoothly upon its activation , adding : `` We were therefore concerned that the application was unable to handle demand when voting opened . This meant that a significant proportion of viewers who had responded to the programme 's invitation to purchase voting credits via the app were unable to use them and that therefore viewers were effectively misled - albeit unintentionally . We expect licensees to take all steps and efforts that are reasonably practicable to ensure the integrity and robustness of the systems they use . '' However , Ofcom acknowledged that the concept of voting via smartphones was an original idea and that ITV was not at fault for the technical issues that arose from its use , while commending the broadcaster for providing sufficient action to deal with the aftermath of the fault . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Let the TV talent show battle commence ! The Voice and Britain 's Got Talent set to launch on the same night '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tobin , Christian ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` Simon Cowell to return to ' Britain 's Got Talent ' , confirms ITV boss '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tobin , Christian ( 20 November 2011 ) . `` Michael McIntyre quits ' Britain 's Got Talent ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Daniel ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` David Hasselhoff confirms ' Britain 's Got Talent ' exit '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Hallett ( 2 January 2012 ) . `` Alesha Dixon quits Strictly Come Dancing for Britain 's Got Talent '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bull , Sarah ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Pregnant Amanda 's two nights in hospital after pulling out of Britain 's Got Talent auditions '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carmen Electra confirmed as ' Britain 's Got Talent ' guest judge '' . DigitalSpy . UK . 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Simon Cowell added 250,000 of his own money to Britain 's Got Talent - prize '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britain 's Got Talent - Short Codes Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2012 semi-finalists ' the best in years ' say Ant and Dec '' . tellymix . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent to hold first ever ' open audition ' at London 's Oval on January 22 '' . tellymix. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BGT holds first ever Open Audition '' . ITV . itv.com. 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell ' finds a star ' on day one of Britain 's Got Talent auditions in Manchester '' . menmedia.co.uk. 22 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Audition NOW through YouTube ! '' . itv.com. 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Colin ( 27 November 2011 ) . `` Dannii Minogue , David Walliams ' join Britain 's Got Talent ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Lisa ( 26 February 2012 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent 2012 semi finalists all chosen '' . Unreality TV . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Britain 's Got Talent 2012 voting results revealed '' . ITV. 12 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ @ BGT ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` RT @ polydorrecords : yo ! @ LMFAO are on @ GotTalent tonight at 9.30 pm on ITV ... Come Party Rock with us Party Rockerrrrrrrs ! ! ! Woop ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Britain 's Got Talent 2012 : Wildcard revealed and Diversity perform ! Unreality TV ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK , ' Britain 's Got Talent ' launch with colossal ratings '' . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 1 April 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK , ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ratings soar in second week '' . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK closes ratings gap on ' Britain 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK overtakes ' Britain 's Got Talent ' in ratings '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 22 April 2012 ) . `` Britain 's Got Talent pips The Voice as ratings battle intensifies '' . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 29 April 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' extends lead over ' The Voice ' UK '' . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 6 May 2012 ) . `` ' The Voice ' UK anchored BBC One 's night with 8.16 m '' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 7 May 2012 ) . `` ' Homeland ' first season bows out in style with nearly 3m for C4 '' . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' secures 9.4 million for ITV1 '' . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' dips in ratings for third semi-final '' . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' results show beats ' The Apprentice ' '' . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Millar , Paul ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' last semi-final results show rebounds to 8.2 m '' . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` ' Britain 's Got Talent ' final is most watched show of 2012 '' . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wrenn , Eddie ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` Ofcom to investigate Britain 's Got Talent after raunchy burlesque act goes out before watershed '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom clears Britain 's Got Talent burlesque act '' . BBC News . 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Got Talent news : Ryan O'Shaughnessy to be axed from show after The Voice refuse to release him from contract '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` BGT 's latest find Ryan O'Shaughnessy may be axed because he has contract with The Voice '' . Daily Mirror. 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell drops Ryan O'Shaughnessy from ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ? '' . Digital Spy. 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fahy , Colette ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` ITV rapped by Ofcom over BGT voting fiasco after smartphone app failed to cope with demand '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Britain 's Got Talent Episodes Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Paul Potts George Sampson Diversity Spelbound Jai McDowall Ashleigh and Pudsey Attraction Collabro Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse Richard Jones Tokio Myers Lost Voice Guy Other notable contestants Series 1 Damon Scott Bessie Cursons Connie Talbot Bar Wizards Jake Pratt Series 2 Signature Andrew Johnston Escala Faryl Smith Kate and Gin Charlie Green Charlie Wernham Series 3 Susan Boyle Julian Smith Stavros Flatley Aidan Davis Hollie Steel Shaheen Jafargholi DJ Talent Flawless John Farnworth Sue Son Megan McKenna Elliot Evans Series 4 Twist and Pulse Paul Burling ReConnected Myles and Connor Kev Orkian Stevie Starr Cheeky Girls and Darius Matthew Ahmet Series 5 Ronan Parke Out of the Blue Series 6 Jonathan and Charlotte Only Boys Aloud Loveable Rogues Ryan O'Shaughnessy The Mend The Zimmers Colin Cloud Series 7 Jack Carroll Richard & Adam Steve Hewlett Luminites Gabz Francine Lewis Asanda James More Aaron Crow MckNasty Freelusion AJ & Chloe Series 8 Bars and Melody Jon Clegg Paddy & Nico Ed Drewett Light Balance Series 9 Côr Glanaethwy Old Men Grooving Isaac Waddington Calum Scott Lorraine Bowen Ruby Red Performers Alison Jiear Series 10 Alex Magala Beau Dermott Rachael Wooding Series 11 Daliso Chaponda Destiny Chukunyere Jess Robinson Series 12 Ray Kelly Ben Pridmore B Positive Choir Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain%27s_Got_Talent_(series_6)&oldid=851521371 '' Categories : 2012 British television seasons Britain 's Got Talent 2012 in British television Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 21 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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Constitution of Virginia

Constitution of Virginia - wikipedia Constitution of Virginia An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy1063.html Triggered by \ beconlib \. org \ b on the local blacklist The Virginia Constitutional Convention , 1830 , by George Catlin The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia is the document that defines and limits the powers of the state government and the basic rights of the citizens of the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia . Like all other state constitutions , it is supreme over Virginia 's laws and acts of government , though it may be superseded by the United States Constitution and U.S. federal law as per the Supremacy Clause . The original Virginia Constitution of 1776 was enacted in conjunction with the Declaration of Independence by the first thirteen states of the United States of America . Virginia was an early state to adopt its own Constitution on June 29 , 1776 , and the document was widely influential both in the United States and abroad . In addition to frequent amendments , there have been six major subsequent revisions of the constitution ( by Conventions for the constitutions of 1830 , 1851 , 1864 , 1870 , 1902 , and by commission for 1971 amendments ) . These new constitutions have been part of , and in reaction to , periods of major regional or social upheaval in Virginia . For instance , the 1902 constitution included provisions to disfranchise African Americans , who in 1900 made up nearly 36 % of the state 's population . They did not regain suffrage until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s . Contents 1 Historic constitutions 1.1 1776 1.2 1830 1.3 1851 1.4 1864 1.5 1870 1.6 1902 2 Current constitution ( 1971 ) 2.1 Article I -- Bill of Rights 2.2 Article II -- Franchise and Officers 2.3 Article III -- Division of Powers 2.4 Article IV -- Legislature 2.5 Article V -- Executive 2.6 Article VI -- Judiciary 2.7 Article VII -- Local Government 2.8 Article VIII -- Education 2.9 Article IX -- Corporations 2.10 Article X -- Taxation and Finance 2.11 Article XI -- Conservation 2.12 Article XII -- Future changes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Historic constitutions ( edit ) See also : Virginia Conventions George Mason , one of the principal architects of the 1776 Virginia Constitution 1776 ( edit ) The preparation of the first Virginia Constitution began in early 1776 , in the midst of the early events of the American Revolution . Among those who drafted the 1776 Constitution were George Mason and James Madison . Thomas Jefferson was Virginia 's representative to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia at the time , and his drafts of the Virginia constitution arrived too late to be incorporated into the final document . James Madison 's work on the Virginia Constitution helped him develop the ideas and skills that he would later use as one of the main architects of the United States Constitution . The 1776 Constitution declared the dissolution of the rule of Great Britain over Virginia and accused England 's King George III of establishing a `` detestable and insupportable tyranny '' . It also established separation of governmental powers , with the creation of the bicameral Virginia General Assembly as the legislative body of the state and the Governor of Virginia as the `` chief magistrate '' or executive . The accompanying Virginia Declaration of Rights , written primarily by Mason , focuses on guarantees of basic human rights and freedoms and the fundamental purpose of government . It , in turn , served as a model for a number of other historic documents , including the United States Bill of Rights . Critically , the 1776 Constitution limited the right to vote primarily to property owners and men of wealth . This effectively concentrated power in the hands of the landowners and aristocracy of Southeastern Virginia . Dissatisfaction with this power structure would come to dominate Virginia 's constitutional debate for almost a century . 1830 Virginia Constitution , page one 1830 ( edit ) By the 1820s , Virginia was one of only two states that limited voting to landowners . In addition , because representation was by county rather than population , the residents of increasingly populous Western Virginia ( the area that would become West Virginia in 1863 ) had grown discontented at their limited representation in the legislature . Pressure increased until a constitutional convention was convened in 1829 -- 1830 . This convention became largely a contest between eastern Virginia planters of the slaveholding elite and the less affluent yeomen farmers of Western Virginia . Issues of representation and suffrage dominated the debate . Delegates to the convention included such prominent Virginians as James Madison , James Monroe , John Tyler , and John Marshall . The convention ultimately compromised by loosening suffrage requirements . It also reduced the number of delegates and senators to the Virginia General Assembly . The resulting constitution was ratified by a popular majority , though most of the voters in the western part of the state ended up voting against it . Thus , the underlying intrastate tensions remained , and would have to be addressed later . 1851 ( edit ) As of the 1840 census , the majority of the white residents of the state lived in western Virginia , but they were underrepresented in the legislature because of the continued property requirement for voting ; not all held sufficient property to vote . This compounded their dissatisfaction with the apportionment scheme adopted in 1830 , which was based on counties rather than population , thus giving disproportionate power to the fewer , but propertied whites who lived in the eastern part of the state and kept a grip on the legislature . As the state legislature also elected the governor and the United States senators , Western Virginians felt they had little influence on state leadership . Their attempts to win electoral reform in the Virginia legislature were defeated each time . Some began to openly discuss the abolition of slavery or secession from the state . Ultimately , the eastern planters could not continue to ignore their discontent , and a new constitutional convention was called to resolve the continuing tensions . The most significant change adopted in the 1851 Constitution was elimination of the property requirement for voting , resulting in extension of the suffrage to all white males of voting age . The 1851 Constitution established popular election for the governor , the newly created office of lieutenant governor , and all Virginia judges , rather than the election of the top two state officers by the legislature , or political appointment for judges . Because of these changes , the 1851 Virginia Constitution became known as the `` Reform Constitution '' . Portrait of Francis H. Pierpont , governor and driving force behind the 1864 Constitution 1864 ( edit ) When in 1861 , the Virginia legislature voted for secession in the events leading up to the American Civil War , all of the western and several of the northern counties dissented They set up a separate government with Francis H. Pierpont as governor . During the Civil War , this separate or `` restored '' government approved the creation of West Virginia as a separate state ( which was admitted to the Union in 1863 ) and in 1864 it approved a new Constitution . The constitution was the product of a divided state and government ; it was the first since the original 1776 Constitution to be adopted by the legislature without a popular vote . The 1864 Constitution abolished slavery in Virginia , disfranchised men who had served in the Confederate government , recognized the creation of the State of West Virginia , and adjusted the number and terms of office of the members of the Virginia Assembly . The foreword to the current Virginia Constitution does not include the 1864 Constitution in its list of previous constitutions . It notes that the 1864 Constitution was drafted under wartime conditions and was of uncertain legal status . John C. Underwood . He so dominated the 1867 -- 1868 constitutional convention that the resulting document became known as the `` Underwood Constitution '' . 1870 ( edit ) After the end of the Civil War , Virginia came briefly under military rule during Reconstruction , with the district commanded by John M. Schofield . Pursuant to federal Reconstruction legislation , Schofield called for a new constitutional convention to meet in Richmond from December 1867 to April 1868 . In protest of freedmen 's suffrage , many of Virginia 's conservative whites refused to participate in voting for delegates . As a result , Republicans led by Judge John Curtiss Underwood dominated the convention . Opponents called the result the `` Underwood Constitution '' or the `` Negro Constitution '' , as it gave freedmen suffrage . Significant provisions included expanding the suffrage to all male citizens over the age of 21 , which included freedmen ; establishing a state public school system for the first time , with mandatory funding and attendance ; and providing for judges to be elected by the General Assembly rather than by popular vote . Controversy over clauses that continued the temporary disfranchisement of former Confederate government members delayed the adoption of the Constitution . An eventual compromise provided for separate voting on the disfranchisement clauses and the rest of the Constitution ; the former failed to win approval . The remainder of the Underwood Constitution was ratified by a popular vote of 210,585 to 9,136 , and went into effect in 1870 . 1902 ( edit ) In the late nineteenth century , white Democrats regained power in state legislatures across the South . They passed Jim Crow laws establishing racial segregation in public facilities and restricting the lives of blacks . Beginning with Mississippi in 1890 , legislatures began to ratify new constitutions , amendments or electoral laws that disfranchised African - American voters , devising means such as poll taxes , literacy tests and residential requirements that passed Supreme Court review but worked against poor blacks and many poor whites . By the turn of the 20th century , six Southern states had essentially eliminated the black vote , and pressure mounted among whites in Virginia to do the same , ostensibly as a way to stop electoral fraud and corruption . The 1901 constitutional convention met in this climate . Members were focused on restricting black voting rights without violating the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution or disfranchising poor whites . Led by the future Senator Carter Glass , the convention created requirements that all prospective voters had to pay poll taxes or pass a literacy test administered by white registrars . An exemption was granted , in a kind of grandfather clause , for military veterans and sons of veterans , who were virtually all white . The changes effectively disfranchised black voters , though many illiterate whites were also unable to meet the new requirements . In 1900 blacks made up nearly 36 percent of the population . In succeeding elections , the Virginia electorate was reduced by nearly half as a result of the changes . When adjusted for the Nineteenth Amendment , voter turnout would not return to 1900 levels until 1952 within a statewide population almost twice the size . The small electorate was key to maintaining the dominant Democratic Organization in power for sixty years . Other significant provisions of the 1902 Constitution imposed racial segregation in public schools ( which already existed on a de facto basis ) and abolished the county court system . The Constitution provided for the creation of the State Corporation Commission to regulate the growing power of the railroads . Because of concern over African - American opposition , the convention did not honor its pledge to have the proposed constitution put to popular vote . Like the 1864 Constitution by the Loyalist government during the Civil War , the legislature adopted the 1902 Constitution without ratification by the electorate . It was in effect far longer than any previous Virginia constitution . Current Constitution ( 1971 ) ( edit ) As a result of the Civil Rights Movement challenging the restrictions and discrimination practiced against blacks exercise of constitutional rights , a series of US Supreme Court cases , beginning with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 , the 24th Amendment , and federal legislation : the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 had overturned the most controversial aspects of the 1902 Constitution -- the provisions restricting voting by African Americans and mandating school segregation . Combined with the election of Governor Mills Godwin in 1965 , there was impetus for governmental change . Godwin strongly advocated the loosening of the strict constitutional restrictions on state - issued bonds and borrowing , and used his power and popularity to push for a new constitution . In 1968 a joint resolution of the Virginia General Assembly approved a new commission , chaired by former Governor Albertis Harrison , to revise the constitution . The Commission on Constitutional Revision presented its report and recommendations to Governor Godwin and the General Assembly in January 1969 , and continued to work with them to draft a final consensus version . The proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of Virginia ( who by then included African - American men and women , following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s ) and took effect on July 1 , 1971 . Since 1971 , additional amendments have been passed by the General Assembly and approved by the voter to conform to provisions in the U.S. Constitution , rulings from the U.S. Supreme Court and Congressional statute . The voting age has been reduced to eighteen , voting residency requirements have been removed , and voter registration conforms to the Motor Voter Act . Additionally , the Virginia Constitution now provides for a General Assembly session following a governor 's veto , and the right of the people to hunt , fish and harvest game is guaranteed . In 2006 , Virginians passed an amendment limiting marriage to `` unions between one man and one woman '' . That has since been overturned by Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) . The current Constitution of Virginia consists of twelve Articles : Article I -- Bill of Rights ( edit ) Article I contains the entire original Virginia Declaration of Rights from the 1776 Constitution . Several of the sections have been expanded to incorporate concepts from the United States Bill of Rights , including the right to due process , the prohibition against double jeopardy , and the right to bear arms . Like the Federal Constitution , the Virginia Bill of Rights , in § 17 , states that the listing of certain rights is not to be construed to exclude other rights held by the people . In 1997 , a Victims ' Rights Amendment was added to the Virginia Bill of Rights as § 8 - A . In Nobrega v. Commonwealth , the only case so far to interpret this amendment , the Virginia Supreme Court used the Victims 's Rights Amendment to support its ruling that an alleged rape victim could not be compelled to submit to a psychiatric evaluation . On November 7 , 2006 , Virginia voters ratified an amendment , previously approved by the General Assembly , prohibiting same - sex marriage , to be added to the Bill of Rights . This amendment also prohibits the recognition of any `` union , partnership , or other legal status '' between unmarried people that intends to approximate marriage or which confers the `` rights , benefits , obligations , qualities , or effects of marriage . '' The Virginia Attorney General issued an opinion stating that the amendment does not change the legal status of documents such as contracts , wills , or Advanced Medical Directives between unmarried people . The amendment was declared to be in violation the United States Constitution by a U.S. District Court Judge on February 13 , 2014 . ( In 2015 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the failure to provide for same - sex marriage by any U.S. state had the effect of violating the rights of homosexuals to equal protection of law required under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . ) Article ii -- franchise and officers ( edit ) The second Article of the Constitution sets out the procedures and mechanisms for voting , elections and holding office . Pursuant to Section 1 , any Virginia resident over age 18 may vote in state elections ; the voting age was reduced from 21 by a 1972 amendment to the federal constitution . However , § 1 denies the vote to people who have been determined to be mentally incompetent or anyone convicted of a felony . Disfranchising convicted felons has been found to be consistent with the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution . The General Assembly , pursuant to § 4 , is given wide power to regulate the time place and manner of all elections . Section Five establishes that the only qualifications to hold office in Virginia are that a person must have been a Virginia resident for at least one year and eligible to vote . Any statute or rule requiring other qualifications is constitutionally invalid under this section . But , the General Assembly can impose local residency requirements for election to local governmental bodies or for election to the Assembly in representation of particular districts . Article III -- Division of powers ( edit ) Article III has one section , confirming the principle of separation of powers between the legislative , executive and judicial branches of government . Unlike the U.S. federal Constitution , the Virginia Constitution explicitly provides that no branch may exercise powers that properly belong to the others . Separation between the branches of government is also listed as a right of the people in § 5 of Article I . Article IV -- legislature ( edit ) Article IV establishes the basic structure and authority of the Virginia legislature . The legislative power of the state is vested in the Virginia General Assembly , which consists of the Virginia Senate and the Virginia House of Delegates. § 17 of Article IV gives the legislature the power to impeach members of the executive and judicial branches . The original § 14 of Article IV forbade the incorporation of churches , though the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision , in its 1969 report , had recognized that the prohibition was probably invalid . The federal district court for the Western District of Virginia ruled in April 2002 that this provision of the Virginia Constitution was in fact unconstitutional , because it violates the federal constitutional right to the free exercise of religion . The court found that it is unconstitutional to deny a church the option to incorporate under state law when other groups can incorporate . An amendment striking the ban on church incorporation was approved by Virginia voters in November 2006 . Article v. -- executive ( edit ) The fifth Article similarly defines the structure and powers of the executive branch . The Governor of Virginia is invested as the chief executive , though § 1 of Article V , provides that the governor may not run for successive terms . The offices of lieutenant governor and attorney general are established as supporting elected constitutional positions . The constitutional powers of the governor include the ability to sign legislation , veto bills ( which veto may then be overridden by a two - thirds majority of both houses of the assembly ) , and issue pardons . Article VI -- judiciary ( edit ) Article VI vests judicial power in the Supreme Court of Virginia , along with the subordinate courts created by the General Assembly . Judges are appointed by a majority vote in the General Assembly to terms of 12 years for Supreme Court Justices and 8 years for other judges . The Supreme Court , pursuant to § 5 , has the authority to make rules governing the practice of law and procedures in the courts of the commonwealth ( see rules ) , and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is established as the administrative head of the Virginia judicial system . Article VII -- local government ( edit ) Article VII of the Constitution sets up the basic framework for the structure and function of local government in Virginia . Local government may be established at the town ( population over 1000 ) , city ( population over 5000 ) , county or regional government level . Article VII gives the General Assembly the power to create general laws for the organization and governing of these political subdivisions , except that regional governments can not be created without the consent of the majority of the voters who vote on the issue in the region . Section 4 establishes the constitutional offices of treasurer , sheriff , Commonwealth 's Attorney , clerk of court and Commissioner of the Revenue to be elected within each city and county in Virginia . Article VIII -- Education ( edit ) A compulsory and free primary and secondary public education for every Virginia child is the focus of Article VIII . The General Assembly is empowered to determine the funding for the educational system and apportion the cost between state and local government . A state Board of Education is established to create school divisions and effectuate the overall educational policies . Supervision of the individual schools is delegated to local school boards , provided for in § 7 . Article IX -- corporations ( edit ) The primary purpose of Article IX is to create the Virginia State Corporation Commission , which is charged with administering the laws that regulate corporations . The State Corporation Commission also issues charters for Virginia corporations and licenses to do business for `` foreign '' ( non-Virginia ) corporations . Section 5 of Article IX prohibits such foreign corporations from doing anything in Virginia that a Virginia corporation could not do . Article X -- taxation and finance ( edit ) Article X establishes the basic structure for taxation of personal property in Virginia . Pursuant to this Article , all non-exempt real and personal property is subject to taxation at its fair market value . Section 6 sets out a lengthy list of exempt property , which includes church property , cemeteries , and non-profit school property . Significant additions to Article X include § 7 , a budget amendment , which became effective in 1986 , and § 7 - A , which establishes the `` Lottery Proceeds Fund '' , requiring that all proceeds from the lottery be set aside for educational purposes . Article XI -- conservation ( edit ) Article XI states that it is the general policy of the Commonwealth to preserve , protect and conserve the state 's natural and historic resources . The General Assembly is permitted to further these policies by entering into public - private partnerships or partnerships with federal agencies . A 2001 amendment added § 4 , which establishes hunting and fishing as constitutional rights of Virginians , though the legislature may enact appropriate regulations and restrictions on these rights . Article xii -- future changes ( edit ) The last Article creates the mechanism for future changes to the Constitution . Any amendment to the Constitution must first be passed by a majority in each of the two legislative houses . The proposed amendment must then be held over for consideration by the succeeding elected legislature , where it must again be passed by a majority in each house . The amendment then goes on the general ballot and becomes enacted into the Constitution if approved by a majority of the voters . Alternatively , a two - thirds majority of both Virginia houses may call for the creation of a constitutional convention . Any revisions or amendments proposed by the constitutional convention are presented to the citizens of Virginia and become law upon approval by a majority of voters . There is a perennial discussion over Virginia 's unique Constitutional status restricting its governor to one consecutive term , and its distinctive method of selecting both trial and appellate judges by state legislature , shared only with South Carolina . See also ( edit ) Law of Virginia Virginia Conventions References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , Jethro ( 1987 ) . The Enduring Constitution : A Bicentennial Perspective . West Publishing Co. pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 32025 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Historical Census Browser , 1900 Federal Census , University of Virginia Archived 2007 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 15 Mar 2008 Jump up ^ `` ONE OF THE MOST INTRIGUING MIGHT - HAVE - BEENS IN AMERICAN HISTORY '' . Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Stephan A. ( May 2000 ) . `` George Mason : Forgotten Founder , He Conceived the Bill of Rights '' . Smithsonian ( 31.2 ) : 142 . ^ Jump up to : Dabney , Virginius ( 1971 ) . Virginia , The New Dominion . University Press of Virginia . pp. 213 -- 216 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1015 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1830 Virginia Constitution '' . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Virginia ; Becoming Southerners '' . Virginia Historical Society . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dabney ( 1971 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . The Rise of American Democracy , Jefferson to Lincoln . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 587 -- 588 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05820 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of 1851 '' . West Virginia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Salmon ( 1994 ) , pp. 45 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyclopaedia of Political Science ; Virginia '' . Library of Economics and Liberty . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Virginia ; Foreword '' ( PDF ) . Virginia General Assembly . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Lynda ( 1992 ) . Emancipation in Virginia 's Tobacco Belt , 1850 -- 1870 . University of Georgia Press . pp. 160 -- 166 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1415 - 3 . Jump up ^ Salmon ( 1994 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` Views of a Changing Landscape ; Historical Background for Sudley Post Office '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Moger , Allen ( 1968 ) . Virginia : Bourbonism to Byrd , 1870 -- 1925 . University Press of Virginia . pp. 181 -- 183 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0182 - 0 . OCLC 435376 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia 's Constitutional Convention of 1901 -- 1902 '' . Virginia Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dabney ( 1971 ) , pp. 436 -- 437 Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et.al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 - 2007 . University of Virginia Press 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 277 - 278 Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 1998 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 406 . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 373 - 1 . Jump up ^ Moger ( 1968 ) , pp. 192 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Dabney ( 1971 ) , pp. 439 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Salmon ( 1994 ) , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Register of the Papers of A.E. Dick Howard for the Virginia Commission for Constitutional Revision ; 1969 -- 71 '' . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dinan , John . The Virginia State Constitution : a reference guide . Praeger ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 33208 - 8 p. 24 , 216 . Jump up ^ Peaslee , Liliokanaio , and Swartz , Nicholas J. , `` Virginia Government : Institutions and Policy '' ( 2014 ) SAGE Congressional Quarterly Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 0589 - 2 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Article and section references are to the articles and sections of the `` Constitution of Virginia ( 1971 , as amended ) '' . Commonwealth of Virginia . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nobrega v. Commonwealth , 271 Va 508 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Virginia Code Commission ( 2008 ) . Code of Virginia , 1950 : Constitutions . Matthew Bender & Company . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4224 - 5072 - 7 . Jump up ^ Op . Atty. Gen. , Opinion No. 06 - 003 ( Sept. 14 , 2006 ) , 2006 WL 4286442 Jump up ^ Baratko , Trevor ( 13 February 2014 ) . `` Virginia 's same - sex marriage ban unconstitutional , federal judge says '' . Loudon Times . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Virginia Code Commission ( 2008 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Perry v. Beamer , 933 F. Supp. 556 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Moore v. Pullem , 150 S.E. 415 ( 1928 ) . Jump up ^ Gwaltmey v. Lyons , 166 Va . 872 ( 1914 ) . Jump up ^ Maddex ( 1998 ) , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Falwell v. Miller , 203 F. Supp. 2d 624 ( W.D. Va . 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Constitutional Amendment ; Ballot Question Number 2 '' ( PDF ) . Virginia State Board of Elections . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dinan ( 2006 ) . p. 24 Bibliography Salmon , Emily ; Edward D.C. Campbell , Jr. , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Hornbook of Virginia History . The Library of Virginia . ISBN 0 - 88490 - 177 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Constitution of Virginia ( current version , adopted 1971 ) Text of the 1776 Constitution Text of the 1830 Constitution hide Commonwealth of Virginia Richmond ( capital ) Topics Administrative divisions Climate Colleges and universities Colony Congressional districts Delegations Senators Representatives Environment Furniture Government History Historic Landmarks Law Homes Music People Rights Rivers Scouting Slogan Sports teams State Fair State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Tribes Seal of Virginia Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Chesapeake Bay Cumberland Mountains Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Middle Peninsula Northern Neck Northern Virginia Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Southwest Virginia Tennessee Valley Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Western Virginia Metro areas Blacksburg - Christiansburg - Radford Bluefield Bristol Charlottesville Danville Harrisonburg Lynchburg Martinsville Richmond Roanoke Staunton - Waynesboro Norfolk - Virginia Beach Washington - Arlington - Alexandria Winchester Counties Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Independent cities Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester hide State constitution ( United States ) States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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Lana Parrilla

Lana Parrilla - wikipedia Lana Parrilla Jump to : navigation , search Lana Parrilla Parrilla at the 2014 Comic - Con International Lana Maria Parrilla ( 1977 - 07 - 15 ) July 15 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) Fred Di Blasio ( m . 2014 ) Parent ( s ) Sam Parrilla Dolores Dee Azzara Relatives Candice Azzara ( maternal aunt ) Awards Alma Award , Imagen Award Lana Maria Parrilla ( born July 15 , 1977 ) is an American actress . Parrilla is best known for her roles on television and radio . She was a regular cast member in the fifth season of the ABC sitcom Spin City from 2000 to 2001 . She later starred in Boomtown ( 2002 - 2003 ) , Windfall ( 2006 ) , Swingtown ( 2008 ) and as Doctor Eva Zambrano in the short - lived medical drama Miami Medical ( 2010 ) . She also played the role of Sarah Gavin during the fourth season of the Fox series 24 in 2005 . In 2011 , Parrilla began starring as The Evil Queen / Regina Mills in the ABC fantasy drama series , Once Upon a Time . In 2016 Parrilla won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1999 -- 2010 2.2 2011 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Parrilla was born in Brooklyn . Her father , Sam Parrilla ( 1943 -- 94 ) , was a Puerto Rican - born baseball player who played professionally for 11 seasons ( 1963 -- 73 ) , including one season with the Major League Philadelphia Phillies in 1970 as an outfielder . Her mother is an American painter of Sicilian descent who works in banking . Parrilla has one older sister , Deena , and a nephew named Sammy . She is also the niece of character actress Candice Azzara . Parrilla 's parents divorced when she was three years old . She spent her first ten years living with her mother , and then lived with her father . Lana Parrilla was attacked at ten years old by a dog , which left her a visible scar on the right side of her upper lip . During the time she lived with her father , he was too protective to allow her to attend a performing arts school , which delayed her acting career . Parrilla lived with her father until his murder in 1994 , when she was 16 and he was 50 . Her father was shot once in the chest by a 15 - year - old female assailant at point blank range and later died from the wound . After the death of her father , Parrilla moved in with her mother to Burbank , California . Parrilla visited Granada in 2007 to learn Spanish . After high school she moved to Los Angeles and attended Beverly Hills Playhouse to study acting . She also studied voice for ten years . Parrilla then began to be cast in small parts and later on , larger ones . Career ( edit ) 1999 -- 2010 ( edit ) Parrilla in March 2012 In her early career , Parrilla appeared in several movies , including Very Mean Men ( 2000 ) , Spiders ( 2000 ) , and Frozen Stars ( 2003 ) . She made her television debut in 1999 , on the UPN sitcom Grown Ups . In 2000 , she joined the cast of the ABC comedy series Spin City , playing Angie Ordonez for one season . She left the show in 2001 . After that she joined Donnie Wahlberg and Neal McDonough in the short lived crime drama Boomtown , for which she received the Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress , for her portrayal of Teresa , a paramedic . Initially a success , Boomtown began to struggle , and Parrilla 's character became a police academy rookie , to tie her more closely to the rest of the show . `` Boomtown '' was cancelled just two episodes into its second season . Parrilla guest - starred in a number of television dramas , including JAG , Six Feet Under , Covert Affairs , Medium , The Defenders and Chase . She had a recurring role in 2004 as Officer Janet Grafton in NYPD Blue . In 2005 , Parrilla took a recurring guest role on the fourth season of the Fox series 24 as Sarah Gavin , a Counter Terrorist Unit agent . After just six episodes , Lana was made a regular cast member ; but in the thirteenth episode , her character was written out after she tried to thwart another character 's promotion from temporary to permanent CTU head Michelle Dessler ( Reiko Aylesworth ) . In 2006 , Parrilla starred in the NBC summer series Windfall alongside Luke Perry , fellow former 24 cast member Sarah Wynter , and Parilla 's former Boomtown castmate Jason Gedrick . In 2007 , she guest starred as Greta during the third season of ABC 's Lost in the episodes `` Greatest Hits '' and `` Through the Looking Glass '' In 2008 , she had a leading role on the Lifetime movie The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall , in which she played Nellie , a divorcee whose identity has been stolen . Also in 2008 , she starred in the CBS summer series Swingtown as Trina Decker , a woman who is part of a Swinging couple . In 2010 , Parrilla had a female lead role in the Jerry Bruckheimer - produced Miami Medical on CBS , which had a short run towards the end of the 2009 -- 10 television season before it was canceled in July 2010 . Windfall , Swingtown and Miami Medical were all canceled after 13 episodes . 2011 -- present ( edit ) Parrilla in 2012 In February 2011 , she was cast as Mayor Regina Mills / The Evil Queen , in the ABC adventure fantasy drama pilot , Once Upon a Time created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz . The series debuted in October 2011 . The pilot episode was watched by 12.93 million viewers and achieved an adult 18 -- 49 rating / share of 4.0 / 10 during the first season , receiving generally favorable reviews from critics . Parrilla 's performance also received positive reviews from critics . In 2012 and 2013 , she was regarded as a promising contender for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category , though she did not receive a nomination . She won the TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2012 . Parrilla also received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television from the 38th Saturn Awards . Personal Life ( edit ) Parrilla with her husband Fred Di Blasio in 2014 Parrilla became engaged to boyfriend Fred Di Blasio on April 28 , 2013 , while in Israel . The two were married July 5 , 2014 , shortly before Parrilla began filming the fourth season of Once Upon a Time . Parrilla confirmed the news on her Twitter account on August 1 , 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Very Mean Men Teresa 2000 Spiders Marci Eyre 2003 Frozen Stars Lisa Vasquez 2005 One Last Ride Antoinette Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Grown Ups Waitress Episodes : `` Truth Be Told '' , `` J Says '' 2000 Rude Awakening Nurse Lorna Episode : `` Telltale Heart pt. 1 '' 2000 -- 01 Spin City Angie Ordonez Series regular , 21 episodes 2002 JAG Lt. Stephanie Donato Episode : `` Head to Toe '' The Shield Sedona Tellez Episode : `` Circles '' 2002 -- 03 Boomtown Teresa Ortiz Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress NYPD Blue Officer Janet Grafton Recurring role , 3 episodes Six Feet Under Maile Episodes : `` Terror Starts at Home '' , `` The Dare '' 2005 24 Sarah Gavin Series regular , 12 episodes 2006 Windfall Nina Schaefer Series regular , 13 episodes Lost Greta Episodes : `` Greatest Hits '' , `` Through the Looking Glass '' 2008 Swingtown Trina Decker Series regular , 13 episodes The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall Nellie Givens Television film Miami Medical Dr. Eva Zambrano Series regular , 13 episodes Covert Affairs Julia Suarez Episode : `` South Bound Suarez '' Medium Lydia Halstrom Episode : `` The Match Game '' The Defenders Betty Episode : `` Las Vegas vs. Johnson '' 2011 Chase Isabella Episode : `` Narco : Part 1 '' 2011 -- present Once Upon a Time Regina Mills The Evil Queen Roni Main Role Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy ALMA Award for Outstanding TV Actress - Drama TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated -- TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2003 Imagen Award for Best Supporting Actress Boomtown Won 2008 ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series Swingtown Nominated 2012 TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain Once Upon a Time Won Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Once Upon a Time Nominated Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Once Upon a Time Nominated ALMA Award for Outstanding TV Actress - Drama Once Upon a Time Won 2013 NHMC Impact Award Once Upon a Time Won Teen Choice Awards for Choice TV Villain Once Upon a Time Nominated Imagen Foundation Award for Best Actress / Television Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Once Upon a Time Won 2017 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Once Upon a Time Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sam Parrilla Statistics and History - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference . ^ Jump up to : `` Lana Parrilla and her sister Deena '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography Lana Parrilla Daily - Your newest 24 / 7 Source For All Things Lana Parrilla '' . Lana Parrilla Daily . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : BIO : Evil Queen Played by Lana Parrilla Archived 2011 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MOVIES The Double Life of Eleanor Kendall Archived 2012 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Miami Medical canceled , no season two canceled + renewed TV shows '' . TV Series Finale. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Several Actors Board Broadcast Pilots '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paula Hendrickson ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Lana Parrilla in ' Once Upon a Time ' : Road to the Emmys 2012 : The Supporting Actor & Actress - Chicago Tribune '' . Variety . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ 07 / 19 / 2013 2 : 48 pm EDT ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Emmy Latino Snubs For Lana Parrilla , Jimmy Smits , and More '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Marc Cuenco ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` 14 Emmy - Worthy GIFs of ' Once Upon a Time ' Star Lana Parilla '' . Tv.aol.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Team TVLine / June 6 , 2012 , 6 : 25 AM PDT ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` ( PHOTOS ) Emmy Nominations 2012 -- Awards Show 's Supporting Actress In Drama Contenders '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( 2012 - 07 - 18 ) . `` 2012 Emmy Awards Nominees : Our Predictions ! TV News '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . 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Holes (novel)

Holes ( novel ) - Wikipedia Holes ( novel ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . 1998 mystery comedy novel by Louis Sachar Holes Author Louis Sachar Language English Genre Adventure , Satire Publisher Farrar , Straus and Giroux ( US ) Bloomsbury ( UK ) Ediciones SM ( Spain ) Publication date August 20 , 1998 ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 22186 - 8 OCLC 3800257333232 Dewey Decimal ( Fic ) 21 LC Class PZ7. S1185 Ho 1998 Holes is a 1998 young adult mystery comedy novel written by Louis Sachar and first published by Farrar , Straus and Giroux . The book centers around an unlucky teenage boy named Stanley Yelnats , who is sent to Camp Green Lake , a juvenile corrections facility in a desert in Texas , after being falsely accused of theft . The plot explores the history of the area and how the actions of several characters in the past have affected Stanley 's life in the present . These interconnecting stories touch on themes such as racism , homelessness , illiteracy , and arranged marriage . The book was both a critical and commercial success . Much of the praise for the book has centered around its complex plot , interesting characters , and representation of people of color and incarcerated youth . It won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People 's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year 's `` most distinguished contribution to American literature for children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number six among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal . Holes was adapted as a feature film of the same name by Walt Disney Pictures , which was released in 2003 . It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $71 million . The film was released in conjunction with the book companion Stanley Yelnats 's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake . A sequel to Holes entitled Small Steps was published in 2006 , and centers on one of the secondary characters in the novel , Armpit . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Present day 1.2 19th - century curse 1.3 Kissin ' Kate Barlow 1.4 Camp Green Lake 2 Characters 2.1 Camp Green Lake 2.2 Town of Green Lake 2.3 Mid-1800s Latvia 2.4 Minor characters 3 Setting 4 Literary Elements 4.1 Fairy Tales 4.2 Names 5 Themes 5.1 Labor 6 Public Reception 7 Film adaptation 8 Sequels 8.1 Stanley Yelnats 's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake 8.2 Small Steps 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Present day ( edit ) Date is October of 2016 Stanley Yelnats IV is a 14 - year - old boy from a hard - working but poor family that is allegedly affected by a curse of bad luck , which they blame on Stanley 's `` no - good - dirty - rotten pig - stealing - great - great - grandfather '' . Stanley 's latest stroke of misfortune occurs when he is wrongly convicted of the theft of a pair of athletic shoes once owned by famous baseball player Clyde `` Sweet Feet '' Livingston , which had been donated to a homeless shelter to raise money . Stanley is sent to Camp Green Lake , a juvenile corrections facility which is ironically located in the middle of a sterile desert . As punishment , the camp inmates are assigned to dig one hole each day five feet wide and five feet deep in order to ' build character ' . Stanley soon begins to suspect that they are really digging to find something hidden beneath the ground . The treasure is revealed later as his suitcase . When the case is cracked open only a few cheap gems are found . 19th - century curse ( edit ) Stanley 's great - great - grandfather , Elya Yelnats , is in love with a fifteen - year - old girl named Myra Menke . However , a much older pig farmer named Igor Barkov also wants to marry her , offering Myra 's father his heaviest pig in exchange for Myra 's hand in marriage . Desperate to impress Myra and her father , Elya goes to his friend Madame Zeroni for help . Despite not approving of Myra as a partner , she gives him a tiny piglet , telling him to carry it up a mountain every day , and let it drink from a stream while singing to it . Every day the water will make it grow bigger , and Elya will grow stronger . On the last day , after he carries the pig one last time , he must carry Madame Zeroni herself up the mountain to do the same , as he will then be strong enough to carry her . However , Zeroni warns him that if he does not carry her up the mountain , his family will be cursed . Elya follows her directions , and the piglet grows to a large size , but he does not carry it up on the final day in order to have time to clean up . After the pigs weigh the same , Myra uses an arbitrary number selection tactic to choose , and Elya leaves in disgust . Forgetting his promise to Madame Zeroni , he moves to America to start a new life , falls in love , and marries , but he is beset by Zeroni 's curse . The song that he sang to the piglet becomes a lullaby that is passed down among Elya 's descendants , who are all named Stanley due to its palindromic relation to the name Yelnats . Kissin ' Kate Barlow ( edit ) In the year 1888 , the town of Green Lake is a flourishing lakeside community . Katherine Barlow , the white local schoolteacher , falls in love with Sam , an African - American onion seller , while rejecting advances from wealthy resident Charles Walker ( nicknamed `` Trout '' due to the smell of his feet ) . There is an uproar in the town after Kate and Sam are seen kissing in an alley . After a mob burns down the schoolhouse , Katherine recognizes that Sam is in grave danger . She finds Sam and they attempt an escape across the lake in Sam 's rowboat , but Walker and the mob intercept them with Walker 's motorboat , ramming the smaller vessel and sinking it . Sam is ruthlessly shot and killed in the water , while Kate is `` rescued '' against her wishes . Following these actions , no rain falls upon Green Lake ever again . The next day , Kate murders the sheriff and leaves a lipstick print on his cheek before departing to become a prominent outlaw , earning her the nickname `` Kissin ' Kate Barlow . '' Kate robs Stanley 's great - grandfather , Stanley Yelnats I , of his entire fortune , but instead of killing him , she abandons him in the desert that was previously Green Lake . Miraculously , he survives after he is found by lizard and snake hunters , who believe him to be crazy . Stanley I is subsequently taken to the hospital . During his stay , he falls in love with the nurse that is caring for him , and the two later marry . Twenty years later , Kate returns to an old cabin on the former lakeside and is tracked down by Trout and his wife Linda , who are bankrupt and desperate for money . They try to force her to reveal where she buried her loot , but she is bitten by a yellow - spotted lizard and dies . As she dies , she taunts them by saying , `` Start digging '' . The Walkers are left to dig the entire area in order to find the buried treasure . Camp Green Lake ( edit ) The inmates at Camp Green Lake are forced to dig cylindrical holes five feet deep and five feet wide , which the warden says `` builds their character . '' They are promised the rest of their day off if they find anything that the Warden considers `` interesting '' . Stanley finds a fossil , but Mr. Pendanski tells him that the Warden `` is n't interested in fossils '' , leading Stanley to suspect they are looking for something in particular . During one dig , Stanley finds one of Barlow 's lipstick tubes ( though he does not recognize it for what it is ) . X-Ray , the ringleader of Tent D , asks Stanley to give him the lipstick tube so he could have the day off as he has been there the longest and deserves it . After initially refusing , Stanley obliges , and the Warden is excited by the discovery . Meanwhile , Stanley and Zero , the smallest inmate in Tent D , who got his nickname because `` he has nothing in his head '' , become friends . Stanley agrees to teach Zero how to read , and in return , Zero digs Stanley 's hole part of the time . The camp staff discover this , and confront the boys . The argument culminates in Zero angrily hitting Mr. Pendanski with a shovel and running away , and the camp staff decide to erase their records of him and let him die in the desert . A few days later , Stanley follows Zero and finds him living under the remains of Sam 's boat , eating very old jars of Kate 's spiced peaches , which he calls `` Sploosh '' . Stanley notices a mountain resembling a human fist giving the thumbs up sign , and recalls that Stanley Yelnats I claimed to find `` refuge on God 's thumb '' . On the mountain , Zero admits that he was the one who stole `` Sweet Feet '' Livingston 's shoes . Atop the mountain , Stanley discovers a field of onions that was once Sam 's . The boys eat the onions and find water by digging in the ground , and Stanley sings Madame Zeroni 's song to Zero , Zeroni 's descendant , unknowingly breaking the curse . They return to camp and unearth the treasure . Stanley 's attorney appears at the camp , explaining that Stanley is innocent due to the emergence of an alibi . The Warden tries to claim they stole the suitcase from her , but Zero reveals that the name ' Stanley Yelnats ' is written on it , as the suitcase had belonged to Stanley 's great - grandfather . Fearing that the warden will kill Zero if he leaves him behind , Stanley refuses to leave the camp unless Zero can come along . The attorney orders the Warden to get Zero 's file , but the camp staff are naturally unable to find it , and Zero is also released . Stanley 's family open the case , discovering the jewels , deeds , stocks and promissory notes stolen from Stanley Yelnats I. Using the money raised from the bonds , Stanley 's family buys a new house and Zero hires a team of investigators to find his missing mother ; meanwhile , the drought at Green Lake is brought to an end by rainfall . The family 's luck seems to change as if in response to Stanley 's fulfillment of his ancestor 's promise ( a suggestion left purposely ambiguous by the narration ) . In a final scene , Clyde Livingston and his wife , along with the Yelnats and Zeroni families , celebrate the success of Stanley 's father 's antidote to foot odor , composed of preserved and fermented spiced peaches and onions and named `` Sploosh '' by Zero . The Warden is forced to sell Green Lake to `` a national organization dedicated to the well - being of young girls '' , which turns it into a Girl Scout camp . Characters ( edit ) Camp Green Lake ( edit ) Stanley Yelnats IV ( also known as `` Caveman '' by the rest of the campers , but referred to in the book by his proper name ) : Stanley is a 14 - year - old boy who does not have any friends from school and is often picked on by his classmates and the school bully . Stanley 's family is cursed with bad luck , and although they do not have much money , they always try to remain hopeful and look on the bright side of things . Stanley shares these traits with his family and , although he does not have a lot of self - confidence , he is not easily depressed , a characteristic that helps him adjust to the horrendous conditions of Camp Green Lake . However , he has a bad habit of blaming his great great grandfather when he gets in trouble . This habit made him impudent . As the book progresses , Stanley slowly gains strength . He identifies the people who threaten him , like the Warden , and while he tries not to get in trouble he also stands up for himself and his friends and family . Stanley rebels for the rights of his friends when he steals Mr. Sir 's truck to look for his friend Zero in the dry lake bed . Zero ( Hector Zeroni ) : Zero is known to be the best digger at Camp Green Lake . So often , he is considered to be `` stupid '' or a mere nothing by the other boys and the counselors at the lake . He lacks an education , meaning he can not really read nor write . However , he is smart and manages to stand for himself in the face of adversity , breaking Mr. Pendanski 's nose with a shovel after one too many snide remarks . Typically he is noted as the character that hardly speaks due to the fact that he is wary of those who mock him . He is said to always have a scowl on his face and does not like to answer questions . Zero is shown to be an honest character after becoming close friends with Stanley . Zero is the one who stole the shoes that Stanley was arrested for and accused of stealing . He is the great - great - great - grandson of Madame Zeroni , the woman who put a curse on Stanley 's family . He has been homeless for most of his life , as well as being abandoned by his mother at a very young age . Although he suffers quite a bit , he always seems to persevere and come out on top . X-Ray ( Rex Washburn ) : X-Ray is the unofficial head of the boys in Group D. X-Ray decides that Stanley will be called Caveman and fixes the order of the line for water . X-Ray maintains his position as the leader of the boys even though he is one of the smallest and can barely see without his glasses . He convinces Stanley to give him the lipstick tube that Stanley finds in his hole so that he can have the day off instead of Stanley . X-Ray is able to maintain his position at the head of the group through a system of rewards and allies . Every time that Stanley does something nice for X-Ray , X-Ray is nice to Stanley and stands up for him when the other boys pick on him . When Stanley becomes friends with Zero , however , X-Ray's system is threatened and he becomes hostile towards Stanley . His nickname X-ray comes from it being pig Latin of his actual name , Rex . Squid ( Alan ) : Squid is a member of Group D at Camp Green Lake . He is often the one for taunting Stanley for sending and receiving letters to his mother . Just like X-Ray , Squid is very tough but very subservient to X-Ray's rules and directions . Magnet ( José ) : Another member of Group D. Magnet earned his nickname because of his ability to steal , he got into Camp Green Lake for stealing animals from the zoo and refers to his fingers as `` little magnets '' . Armpit ( Theodore Johnson ) : One of X-Ray's close friends at camp , he pushes Stanley when Stanley calls him Theodore . Zig Zag ( Ricky ) : Zigzag is described as being the tallest kid of Group D , constantly looking like he has been electrocuted , with frizzy hair . Stanley often thinks he is the weirdest and craziest kid at Camp Green Lake . Zigzag is the one who hit Stanley on the head with a shovel and did not apologize for doing so . Zigzag suffers from paranoia , highlighting his displayed `` craziness '' . The Warden ( Ms. Walker ) : Running Camp Green Lake , she is known to be violent , abusive , and quite mean . She uses her power and privilege to get what she wants and make members of the camp do as she pleases . She has hidden cameras , using them to spy on the members of the camp . She is often thought to have hidden cameras in the showers , causing Stanley to be paranoid whenever he takes a shower , rushing out as fast as possible . She wears nail polish traced with rattlesnake venom , and scratches those who displease or go against what she says . She has the members of Camp Green Lake digging holes to look for Kate Barlow 's hidden treasure . She is the granddaughter of Charles `` Trout '' Walker . Her family had been digging the treasure out since her birth , but to no success . Mr. Sir ( Marion Sevillo ) : One of the counselors at Camp Green Lake , he is constantly eating sunflower seeds . He took up this habit after deciding to quit smoking . He is known to be mean and tough . Mr. Pendanski : In Group D at Camp Green Lake Mr. Pendanski is in charge . Mr. Pendanski may seem friendly , but he is just as mean as the Warden and Mr. Sir . He never stops making fun of Zero ever since he has been at the camp , which comes back to bite him when the boy cracks him in the face with a shovel . Town of Green Lake ( edit ) Katherine Barlow ( Kissin ' Kate Barlow ) : Katherine Barlow is a sweet and intelligent woman who teaches in a one - room school house on Green Lake one hundred and ten years before Stanley arrives at Camp Green Lake . She falls in love with Sam , a man who sells onions in the town . Although the rest of the white people in the town are racist and enforce rules that prohibit black people from going to school , Kate , who is white , does not care about the color of a person 's skin and she loves Sam for the person that he is . When Kate and Sam kiss , the angry townsfolk kill Sam and destroy her beloved schoolhouse . Kate is devastated by Sam 's death and becomes Kissin ' Kate Barlow , one of the most feared outlaws in the West . She always leaves her mark by kissing someone when she finishes killing them ; if she had only robbed them , she would leave them in the hot desert . She is the outlaw responsible for robbing Stanley Yelnats I ( Stanley 's ancestor ) . Kate dies when a yellow spotted lizard bites her foot , but dies laughing because the Walker family will never find her treasure . The lipstick tube that Stanley finds during his second week at Camp Green Lake was owned by Kate Barlow . Sam : Sam is an African - American farmer in the town Green Lake , Texas who grows onions . He believes onions are the cure to everything and makes many remedies from onions . He also has an immense love for his donkey , Mary Lou . His relationship with Kate begins when he exchanges his onions for some jars of peaches . He is murdered in cold blood by Charles `` Trout '' Walker . Charles `` Trout '' Walker : Charles `` Trout '' Walker is an extremely spoiled son of a rich family in Green Lake . He gets upset when Kate denies his request to date her . This adds on to the reason of causing him to lead the townspeople to burn down the schoolhouse and kill Sam . His nickname Trout comes from his foot fungus that causes his feet to smell like dead fish . After Kate leaves to become an outlaw , he marries Linda Miller but his family loses everything after the lake dries up . He is The Warden 's grandfather , who upon his death , opens up the juvenile detention camp to increase the efficiency of finding Kate Barlow 's hidden treasure . Stanley Yelnats I : Stanley Yelnats I is the son of Elya Yelnats as well as the great - grandfather of Stanley Yelnats IV . He was the one whose treasure was stolen by Kate Barlow while he was moving from New York to California . He is known to have survived by climbing to the top of a thumb - shaped mountain ( God 's Thumb ) which happens to be Sam 's old onion field . Mid-1800s Latvia ( edit ) Elya Yelnats : Elya is the great - great - grandfather of Stanley . He is often referred to as his `` no - good - dirty - rotten - pig - stealing - great - great - grandfather '' , constantly being blamed for everything that goes wrong in Stanley 's life . He is considered to be the reason why the Yelnats family has such bad luck . After he fell in love with the woman in Latvia , he travels to America , forgetting to go through with the promise he made to an old woman named Madame Zeroni . This causes generations of bad luck to trickle down the Yelnats family tree . However , he does pass down an important song that Madame Zeroni taught him in Latvia . Madame Zeroni : Madame Zeroni is the great - great - great - grandmother of Hector Zeroni ( Zero ) . She is great friends with Elya Yelnats , and she gives him a pig . Because Elya breaks his promise of carrying her to the top of the mountain , she is considered to be the one who put a `` curse '' on the Yelnats family . Myra Menke : Myra is the most beautiful girl in the Latvian village of Elya and Madame Zeroni . Madame Zeroni compares her to a flowerpot . Myra 's father promised to award her hand in marriage to whichever suitor can raise the fattest pig . When the pigs were the same size , Myra asked Elya and Igor Barkov to guess a number between 1 and 10 , showing her inability to make her own decisions . Igor Barkov : Igor was Elya 's competitor for the hand of Myra Menke . He was already old and fat , but was a successful pig farmer . Minor characters ( edit ) Mr. Yelnats ( Stanley Yelnats III ) : Mr. Yelnats is Stanley 's father . He is an inventor and quite smart , but extremely unlucky . He attempts to discover a way to recycle old sneakers and because of this , the Yelnats ' apartment smells bad . However , he eventually discovers a cure to ridding foot odor and is able to hire a lawyer , Ms. Morengo , to get Stanley out of Camp Green Lake . Mrs. Yelnats : Mrs. Yelnats is Stanley 's mother . She does not believe in curses but always points out the terrible luck that the Yelnats go through . Setting ( edit ) Camp Green Lake is located on a dried - up lake in the U.S. state of Texas . The area is not green and there is no lake , besides the fact that there is such a little amount of shade ( two oak trees ) which are owned by the Warden . Camp Green Lake is a parched barren place with the scorching sun above them with hardly any clouds , so the sun is always shining , making the environment much hotter . Camp Green Lake is a juvenile detention center , where inmates spend most of their time digging holes . The majority of the book takes place between the past and present . Protagonists deal with flashbacks existing from pre-dried up Green Lake to Latvia ( mid-1800s ) back to modern day Camp Green Lake . The town of Green Lake was named for the eponymous lake which also made it a prosperous town , but the townsfolk 's murder of Sam curses the town with an eternal drought causing the lake to dry up . Literary elements ( edit ) Fairy tales ( edit ) The themes typical of a folk or fairy tale are present throughout the novel , notable in both Stanley and Elya 's narratives . Elya must go on an adventure to win his love 's approval and prove his own worth and he is eventually placed under a witch 's curse . Stanley 's bad luck is blamed on the curse left on his great - great - grandfather and the Yelnats family easily believes in the power of this curse . Both Stanley and Elya are similar to fairy tale characters and are morally good , heroic protagonists who must overcome the challenges predestined for them . Both story lines are accompanied by a magic that is seen in the mountain stream , Madame Zeroni 's song , and the healing power of the onions . Each of these elements in Holes mirror elements frequently found in fairy tales . Names ( edit ) Throughout the novel , names act as a theme that allows the characters to disassociate their lives at Camp Green Lake from their lives back in the real world . Names also demonstrate irony -- Camp Green Lake is not actually a camp , it 's located in a desert , and there is no lake . The `` campers '' all label themselves differently and identify with names such as Armpit and X-Ray and the guards are referred to as counselors . One of the counselors is referred to by the boys as `` Mom '' , representing the absent parents at Camp Green Lake . Only the woman in charge is referred to in a prison - like way and is called `` Warden '' . The different names allow the boys to bond and form a team based in their hatred for their work and the counselors . Many of the characters also have names that connect them to their family history , like the passing down of `` Stanley Yelnats '' and Zero 's last name of Zeroni , and remind them how the actions of their ancestors affect their modern - day lives . Stanley is the fourth `` Stanley Yelnats '' in his family , a name that is passed down due to its palindromic nature and adds to the connection to family history . Themes ( edit ) Labor ( edit ) Labor is seen throughout the novel as the children as forced to dig holes while at Camp Green Lake . This theme is unusual in children 's literature as many authors portray children as carefree and without responsibility . If they do engage in work , it is synonymous with play . Critic Maria Nikolajeva contends that Holes is set apart through the not just manual , but forced labor Stanley and the other campers do daily . This is first referenced at the beginning of the book when the purpose of the camp is stated : `` If you take a bad boy and make him dig a hole every day in the hot sun , it will turn him into a good boy '' . Public reception ( edit ) Holes has won numerous awards , most notably the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People 's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year 's `` most distinguished contribution to American literature for children '' . It also won the William Allen White Children 's Book Award in 2001 . It continues to be well received by critics and was ranked number 6 among all - time children 's novels by School Library Journal in 2012 . Betsy Hearne of the New York Times applauded the novel 's integration of mystery and humor that manages to keep Holes light and fresh , and she characterizes it as a `` family read - aloud . '' Roger Sutton of The Horn Book Magazine called Sachar 's declarative style effective , and argues that it helped make the novel more poignant . Sutton appreciated the positive ending and the suspense that leads the reader to it . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Holes ( film ) In 2003 , Walt Disney Pictures released a film version of Holes , which was directed by Andrew Davis and written by Louis Sachar . Sequels ( edit ) Two companion novels have followed Holes : Stanley Yelnats ' Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake ( 2003 ) and Small Steps ( 2006 ) . Stanley Yelnats 's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake ( edit ) As Louis Sachar states : `` Should you ever find yourself at Camp Green Lake -- or somewhere similar -- this is the guide for you . '' Written from Stanley 's point of view , the book offers advice on everything from scorpions , rattlesnakes , yellow - spotted lizards , etc . Small Steps ( edit ) In this sequel to Holes , former inmate Armpit is now 17 and struggling with the challenges facing an African American teenager with a criminal history . A new friendship with Ginny , who has cerebral palsy , a reunion with former friend X-Ray , a ticket - scalping scheme , a beautiful pop singer , and a frame - up all test Armpit 's resolve to `` Just take small steps and keep moving forward '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis ( 2000 ) . Holes . New York : Yearling Books . p. 7 . ISBN 0440414806 . Jump up ^ `` Holes Q & A '' . www.Louissachar.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis ( 1998 ) . `` Holes '' , p. 103 . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , New York 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis ( 2000 ) . Holes . New York : Yearling . p. 1 . ISBN 0440414806 . ^ Jump up to : Mascia , Elizabeth G. ( 2001 ) . `` Holes : Folklore Redux '' . The ALAN Review . 28 , no . 2 : 51 . ^ Jump up to : Pinsent , Pat ( 2002 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Fate and Fortune in a Modern Fairy Tale : Louis Sachar 's Holes '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 33 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 212 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1019682032315 . ISSN 0045 - 6713 . Jump up ^ Møllegaard , Kirsten ( 2010 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Haunting and History in Louis Sachar 's Holes '' . Western American Literature. 45 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 161 . doi : 10.1353 / wal. 0.0117 . ISSN 1948 - 7142 . Jump up ^ Wallin , Marie ( January 2008 ) . `` Literacy and the Power of the Law : Louis Sachar 's Holes and Lemony Snicket 's A Bad Beginning '' . Angles on the English Speaking World . 8 : 101 -- 110 -- via EBSCOhost . ^ Jump up to : Nikolajeva , Maria ( 2002 ) . `` '' A Dream of Complete Idleness `` : Depiction of Labor in Children 's Fiction '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 26.3 : 305 -- 321 . Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis ( 1998 ) . Holes . New York : Dell Yearling . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 National Book Awards Winners and Finalists , The National Book Foundation '' . www.nationalbook.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Author Louis Sachar wins 1999 Newbery Medal ; Illustrator Mary Azarian wins Caldecott Medal '' . News and Press Center . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners - William Allen White Children 's Book Awards Emporia State University '' . www.emporia.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` School Library Journal Top 100 Children 's Novels , 2012 Poll Book awards LibraryThing '' . www.librarything.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hearne , Betsy ( 1998 ) . `` He Did n't Do It '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sutton , Roger ( September 1 , 1998 ) . `` Review of Holes '' . The Horn Book . Jump up ^ Holes at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Small Steps : Summary and book reviews of Small Steps by Louis Sachar Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis . `` Stanley Yelnats 's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake '' . Louis Sachar . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sachar , Louis . `` Louis Sachar : Booklist '' . Louis Sachar . Louis Sachar . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Novels portal Holes at publisher Scholastic Corporation Awards Preceded by Out of the Dust Newbery Medal recipient 1999 Succeeded by Bud , Not Buddy Preceded by New category Winner of the William Allen White Children 's Book Award Grades 6 -- 8 Succeeded by Bud , Not Buddy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holes_(novel)&oldid=866476094 '' Categories : 1998 American novels Novels by Louis Sachar American young adult novels Newbery Medal - winning works Family saga novels National Book Award for Young People 's Literature winning works Novels set in Texas Novels set in Latvia Satirical novels Farrar , Straus and Giroux books American novels adapted into films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles with short description Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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Ramones

Ramones - wikipedia Ramones Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ramones ( disambiguation ) . Ramones Ramones in 1976 . Left to right : Johnny Ramone , Tommy Ramone ( at back ) Joey Ramone , Dee Dee Ramone Background information Origin Forest Hills , Queens , New York , United States Genres Punk rock Years active 1974 -- 1996 Labels Sire Warner Bros . Philips Radioactive Chrysalis Website ramones.com Past members Johnny Ramone Joey Ramone Dee Dee Ramone Tommy Ramone Marky Ramone Richie Ramone C.J. Ramone The Ramones were an American punk rock band that formed in the New York City neighborhood of Forest Hills , Queens , in 1974 . They are often cited as the first band to define the punk rock sound . Despite achieving only limited commercial success , the band was a major influence on the 1970s punk movement in both the United States and United Kingdom . All of the band members adopted pseudonyms ending with the surname `` Ramone '' , although none of them were related . They performed 2,263 concerts , touring virtually nonstop for 22 years . In 1996 , after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival , the band played a farewell concert and disbanded . By 2014 , all four of the band 's original members , lead singer Joey Ramone ( 1951 -- 2001 ) , bass guitarist Dee Dee Ramone ( 1951 -- 2002 ) , guitarist Johnny Ramone ( 1948 -- 2004 ) and drummer Tommy Ramone ( 1949 -- 2014 ) , had died . Recognition of the band 's importance built over the years , and they are now mentioned in many assessments of all - time great rock music , such as number 26 in the Rolling Stone magazine list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' and number 17 in VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' . In 2002 , the Ramones were ranked the second - greatest band of all time by Spin magazine , trailing only the Beatles . On March 18 , 2002 , the original four members and Tommy 's replacement on drums , Marky Ramone , were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2011 , the group was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation : 1974 -- 1975 1.2 Spearheading punk : 1976 -- 1977 1.3 Recordings turn more pop : 1978 -- 1983 1.4 Shuffling members : 1983 -- 1989 1.5 Final years : 1990 -- 1996 1.6 Aftermath and deaths 2 Conflicts between members 3 Style 3.1 Musical style 3.2 Visual imagery 4 Influence 4.1 Tribute albums 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Formation : 1974 -- 1975 ( edit ) Forest Hills High School , attended by the four original members of the Ramones The original members of the band met in and around the middle - class neighborhood of Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens . John Cummings and Thomas Erdelyi had both been in a high - school garage band from 1965 to 1967 known as the Tangerine Puppets . They became friends with Douglas Colvin , who had recently moved to the area from Germany , and Jeffrey Hyman , who was the initial lead singer of the glam rock band Sniper , founded in 1972 . The Ramones began taking shape in early 1974 when Cummings and Colvin invited Hyman to join them in a band . The initial line - up featured Colvin on lead vocals , rhythm and bass guitars , Cummings on lead guitar , and Hyman on drums . Hyman soon switched from drums to vocals . Colvin was the first to adopt the name `` Ramone '' , calling himself Dee Dee Ramone . He was inspired by Paul McCartney 's use of the pseudonym Paul Ramon during his Silver Beetles days . Dee Dee convinced the other members to take on the name and came up with the idea of calling the band the Ramones . Hyman and Cummings became Joey and Johnny Ramone , respectively . A friend of the band , Monte A. Melnick ( later their tour manager ) , helped to arrange rehearsal time for them at Manhattan 's Performance Studios , where he worked . Johnny 's former bandmate Erdelyi was set to become their manager . Soon after the band was formed , Dee Dee realized that he could not sing and play his bass guitar simultaneously ; with Erdelyi 's encouragement , Joey became the band 's new lead singer . Dee Dee would continue , however , to count off each song 's tempo with his signature rapid - fire shout of `` 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 ! '' Joey soon similarly realized that he could not sing and play drums simultaneously and left the position of drummer . While auditioning prospective replacements , Erdelyi would often take to the drums and demonstrate how to play the songs . It became apparent that he was able to perform the group 's music better than anyone else , and he joined the band as Tommy Ramone . The Ramones played before an audience for the first time on March 30 , 1974 , at Performance Studios . The songs they played were very fast and very short ; most clocked in at under two minutes . Around this time , a new music scene was emerging in New York centered on two clubs in downtown Manhattan -- Max 's Kansas City and , more famously , CBGB ( usually referred to as CBGB 's ) . The Ramones made their CBGB debut on August 16 , 1974 . Legs McNeil , who cofounded Punk magazine the following year , later described the impact of that performance : `` They were all wearing these black leather jackets . And they counted off this song ... and it was just this wall of noise ... They looked so striking . These guys were not hippies . This was something completely new . '' The band swiftly became regulars at the club , playing there seventy - four times by the end of the year . After garnering considerable attention for their performances -- which averaged about seventeen minutes from beginning to end -- the group was signed to a recording contract in late 1975 by Seymour Stein of Sire Records . After they were seen by Sire A&R man Craig Leon he brought the band to the attention of the label . Stein 's wife , Linda Stein , saw the band play at Mothers ; she would later co-manage them along with Danny Fields . By this time , the Ramones were recognized as leaders of the new scene that was increasingly being referred to as `` punk '' . The group 's unusual frontman had a lot to do with their impact . As Dee Dee explained , `` All the other singers ( in New York ) were copying David Johansen ( of the New York Dolls ) , who was copying Mick Jagger ... But Joey was unique , totally unique . '' Spearheading punk : 1976 -- 1977 ( edit ) `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' The title of the Ramones ' debut single , writes critic Steve Huey , is a `` nice encapsulation of the group 's aesthetic : simple , bouncy , pre-British Invasion rock & roll played at top volume and twice the speed . Blaring the same three chords for most of its duration , the song was rock at its most basic '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . April 1976 issue of Punk . The cover image of Joey , by Punk cofounder John Holmstrom , was inspired by the work of comic book artist Will Eisner . Holmstrom would go on to do album art for Rocket to Russia and Road to Ruin . The Ramones recorded their debut album , Ramones , in April 1976 . Of the fourteen songs on the album , the longest , `` I Do n't Wanna Go Down to the Basement '' , barely surpassed two and a half minutes . While the songwriting credits were shared by the entire band , Dee Dee was the primary writer . The Ramones album was produced by Sire 's Craig Leon , with Tommy as associate producer , on an extremely low budget of about $6,400 and released in April . The now iconic front cover photograph of the band was taken by Roberta Bayley , a photographer for Punk magazine . Punk , which was largely responsible for codifying the term for the scene emerging around CBGB , ran a cover story on the Ramones in its third issue , the same month as the record 's release . The Ramones ' debut LP was greeted by rock critics with glowing reviews . The Village Voice 's Robert Christgau wrote , `` I love this record -- love it -- even though I know these boys flirt with images of brutality ( Nazi especially ) ... For me , it blows everything else off the radio '' . In Rolling Stone , Paul Nelson described it as `` constructed almost entirely of rhythm tracks of an exhilarating intensity rock & roll has not experienced since its earliest days . '' Characterizing the band as `` authentic American primitives whose work has to be heard to be understood '' , he declared , `` It is time popular music followed the other arts in honoring its primitives . '' Newsday 's Wayne Robbins simply anointed the Ramones as `` the best young rock ' n ' roll band in the known universe . '' Despite Sire 's high hopes for it , Ramones was not a commercial success , reaching only number 111 on the Billboard album chart . The two singles issued from the album , `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' and `` I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend '' , failed to chart . At the band 's first major performance outside of New York , a June date in Youngstown , Ohio , members of Cleveland punk legends Frankenstein aka the Dead Boys were present and struck up a friendship with the band . It was n't until they made a brief tour of England that they began to see the fruits of their labor ; a performance at the Roundhouse in London on July 4 , 1976 , second - billed to the Flamin ' Groovies , organized by Linda Stein , was a resounding success . T - Rex leader Marc Bolan was in attendance at the Roundhouse show and was invited on stage . Their Roundhouse appearance and a club date the following night -- where the band met members of the Sex Pistols and the Clash -- helped galvanize the burgeoning UK punk rock scene . The Flamin ' Groovies / Ramones double bill was successfully reprised at the Roxy Theatre in Los Angeles the following month , fueling the punk scene there as well . The Ramones were becoming an increasingly popular live act -- a Toronto performance in September energized yet another growing punk scene . Their next two albums , Leave Home and Rocket to Russia , were released in 1977 . Both were produced by Tommy and Tony Bongiovi , the second cousin of Jon Bon Jovi . Leave Home met with even less chart success than Ramones , though it did include `` Pinhead '' , which became one of the band 's signature songs with its chanted refrain of `` Gabba gabba hey ! '' Leave Home also included a fast - paced cover of the oldie `` California Sun '' , written by Henry Glover & Morris Levy , and originally recorded by Joe Jones , though the Ramones based their version on the remake by the Rivieras . Rocket to Russia was the band 's highest - charting album to date , reaching number 49 on the Billboard 200 . In Rolling Stone , critic Dave Marsh called it `` the best American rock & roll of the year '' . The album also featured the first Ramones single to enter the Billboard charts ( albeit only as high as number 81 ) : `` Sheena Is a Punk Rocker '' . The follow - up single , `` Rockaway Beach '' , reached number 66 -- the highest any Ramones single would ever reach in America . On December 31 , 1977 the Ramones recorded It 's Alive , a live concert double album , at the Rainbow Theatre , London , which was released in April 1979 ( the title is a reference to the 1974 horror film of the same name ) . Recordings turn more pop : 1978 -- 1983 ( edit ) Tommy , tired of touring , left the band in early 1978 . He continued as the Ramones ' record producer under his birth name of Erdelyi . His position as drummer was filled by Marc Bell , who had been a member of the early 1970s hard rock band Dust , Wayne County and the Backstreet Boys , and the pioneering punk group Richard Hell & the Voidoids . Bell became Marky Ramone . Later that year , the band released their fourth studio album , and first with Marky , Road to Ruin . The album , co-produced by Tommy with Ed Stasium , included some new sounds such as acoustic guitar , several ballads , and the band 's first two recorded songs longer than three minutes . It failed to reach the Billboard Top 100 . However , `` I Wanna Be Sedated '' , which appeared both on the album and as a single , would become one of the band 's best - known songs . The artwork on the album 's cover was done by Punk magazine cofounder John Holmstrom . After the band 's movie debut in Roger Corman 's Rock ' n ' Roll High School ( 1979 ) , renowned producer Phil Spector became interested in the Ramones and produced their 1980 album End of the Century . During the recording sessions in Los Angeles , Spector held Johnny at gunpoint , forcing him to repeatedly play a riff . Though it was to be the highest - charting album in the band 's history -- reaching number 44 in the United States and number 14 in Great Britain -- Johnny made clear that he favored the band 's more aggressive punk material : `` End of the Century was just watered - down Ramones . It 's not the real Ramones . '' This stance was also conveyed by the title and track selection of the compilation album Johnny later oversaw , Loud , Fast Ramones : Their Toughest Hits . Despite these reservations , Johnny did concede that some of Spector 's work with the band had merit , saying `` It really worked when he got to a slower song like ' Danny Says ' -- the production really worked tremendously . ' Rock ' N ' Roll Radio ' is really good . For the harder stuff , it did n't work as well . '' The string - laden Ronettes cover `` Baby , I Love You '' released as a single , became the band 's biggest hit in Great Britain , reaching number 8 on the charts . Joey and Dee Dee Ramone in concert , 1983 Pleasant Dreams , the band 's sixth album , was released in 1981 . It continued the trend established by End of the Century , taking the band further from the raw punk sound of its early records . As described by Trouser Press , the album , produced by Graham Gouldman of UK pop act 10cc , moved the Ramones `` away from their pioneering minimalism into heavy metal territory '' . Johnny would contend in retrospect that this direction was a record company decision , a continued futile attempt to get airplay on American radio . While Pleasant Dreams reached number 58 on the U.S. chart , its two singles failed to register at all . Subterranean Jungle , produced by Ritchie Cordell and Glen Kolotkin , was released in 1983 . According to Trouser Press , it brought the band `` back to where they once belonged : junky ' 60s pop adjusted for current tastes '' , which among other things meant `` easing off the breakneck rhythm that was once Ramones dogma . '' Billy Rogers , who had performed with Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers , played drums on the album 's second single , a cover of the Chambers Brothers ' `` Time Has Come Today '' , becoming the only song showing three different drummers : Rogers on recording , Marky on album credits and Richie on video clip . Subterranean Jungle peaked at number 83 in the United States -- it would be the last album by the band to crack the Billboard Top 100 . In 2002 , Rhino Records released a new version of it with seven bonus tracks . Shuffling members : 1983 -- 1989 ( edit ) After the release of Subterranean Jungle , Marky was fired from the band due to his alcoholism . He was replaced by Richard Reinhardt , who adopted the name Richie Ramone . Joey Ramone remarked that `` ( Richie ) saved the band as far as I 'm concerned . He 's the greatest thing to happen to the Ramones . He put the spirit back in the band . '' Richie is the only Ramones drummer to sing lead vocals on Ramones songs , including `` ( You ) Ca n't Say Anything Nice '' as well as the unreleased `` Elevator Operator '' . Joey Ramone commented , `` Richie 's very talented and he 's very diverse ... He really strengthened the band a hundred percent because he sings backing tracks , he sings lead , and he sings with Dee Dee 's stuff . In the past , it was always just me singing for the most part . '' Richie was also the only drummer to be the sole composer of Ramones songs including their hit `` Somebody Put Something in My Drink '' as well as `` Smash You '' , `` Humankind '' , `` I 'm Not Jesus '' , `` I Know Better Now '' and `` ( You ) Ca n't Say Anything Nice '' . Joey Ramone supported Richie 's songwriting contributions : `` I encouraged Richie to write songs . I figured it would make him feel more a part of the group , because we never let anybody else write our songs . '' Richie 's composition , `` Somebody Put Something in My Drink '' , remained a staple in the Ramones set list until their last show in 1996 and was included in the album Loud , Fast Ramones : Their Toughest Hits . The eight song bonus disc , The Ramones Smash You : Live ' 85 , is also named after Richie 's composition `` Smash You '' . The first album the Ramones recorded with Richie was Too Tough to Die in 1984 , with Tommy Erdelyi and Ed Stasium returning as producers . The album marked a shift to something like the band 's original sound . In the description of Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine , the `` rhythms are back up to jackhammer speed and the songs are down to short , terse statements . '' `` Bonzo Goes to Bitburg '' Over a `` power - pop beat and melodic hooks galore '' , writes David Corn , Joey `` snarls '' the beginning of the refrain -- `` Bonzo goes to Bitburg / then goes out for a cup of tea / As I watched it on TV / somehow it really bothered me '' . In contrast , Salon.com arts editor Bill Wyman writes of `` Joey 's pained , pleading voice '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The band 's main release of 1985 was the British single `` Bonzo Goes to Bitburg '' ; though it was available in the United States only as an import , it was played widely on American college radio . The song was written , primarily by Joey , in protest of Ronald Reagan 's visit to a German military cemetery , which included graves of Waffen SS soldiers . Retitled `` My Brain Is Hanging Upside Down ( Bonzo Goes to Bitburg ) '' , the song appeared on the band 's ninth studio album , Animal Boy ( 1986 ) . Produced by Jean Beauvoir , formerly a member of the Plasmatics , the album was characterized by a Rolling Stone reviewer as `` nonstop primal fuzz pop '' . Making it his pick for `` album of the week '' , New York Times critic Jon Pareles wrote that the Ramones `` speak up for outcasts and disturbed individuals '' . The following year the band recorded their last album with Richie , Halfway to Sanity . Richie left in August 1987 , upset that after being in the band for five years , the other members would still not give him a share of the money they made selling T - shirts . Richie was replaced by Clem Burke from Blondie , which was disbanded at the time . According to Johnny , the performances with Burke -- who adopted the name Elvis Ramone -- were a disaster . He was fired after two performances ( August 28 & 29 , 1987 ) because his drumming could not keep up with the rest of the band . In September , Marky , now clean and sober , returned to the band . In December 1988 , the Ramones recorded material for their eleventh studio album , Brain Drain ; co-produced by Beauvoir , Rey , and Bill Laswell . However , the bass parts were done by Daniel Rey and the Dictators ' Andy Shernoff . Dee Dee Ramone would only record the additional vocals on the album citing that the other members of the band ( including himself ) were going through personal troubles and changes to the point where he did n't want to be in the band anymore . After the band finished their Halfway to Sanity tour in February 1989 , Dee Dee became sober and left the band . He was replaced by Christopher Joseph Ward ( C.J. Ramone ) , who performed with the band until they disbanded . Dee Dee initially pursued a brief career as a rapper under the name Dee Dee King . He quickly returned to punk rock and formed several bands , in much the same vein as the Ramones , for whom he also continued to write songs . Final years : 1990 -- 1996 ( edit ) After more than a decade and a half at Sire Records , the Ramones moved to a new label , Radioactive Records . Their first album for the label was 1992 's Mondo Bizarro , which reunited them with producer Ed Stasium . Acid Eaters , consisting entirely of cover songs , came out the following year . In 1993 , the Ramones were featured in the animated television series The Simpsons , providing music and voices for animated versions of themselves in the episode `` Rosebud '' . Executive producer David Mirkin described the Ramones as `` gigantic , obsessive Simpsons fans . '' In 1995 , the Ramones released ¡ Adios Amigos ! , their fourteenth studio album , and announced that they planned to disband if it was not successful . Its sales were unremarkable , garnering it just two weeks on the lower end of the Billboard chart . The band spent late 1995 on what was promoted as a farewell tour . However , they accepted an offer to appear in the sixth Lollapalooza festival , which toured around the United States during the following summer . After the Lollapalooza tour 's conclusion , the Ramones played their final show on August 6 , 1996 , at the Palace in Hollywood . A recording of the concert was later released on video and CD as We 're Outta Here ! . In addition to a reappearance by Dee Dee , the show featured several guests including Motörhead 's Lemmy , Pearl Jam 's Eddie Vedder , Soundgarden 's Chris Cornell , Numskull 's Ralph Foster and Rancid 's Tim Armstrong and Lars Frederiksen . Aftermath and deaths ( edit ) On July 20 , 1999 , Dee Dee , Johnny , Joey , Tommy , Marky , and C.J. appeared together at the Virgin Megastore in New York City for an autograph signing . This was the last occasion on which the original four members of the group appeared together . Joey , who had been diagnosed with lymphoma in 1995 , died of the illness on April 15 , 2001 , in New York . Session drummer Billy Rogers , who performed on `` Time Has Come Today '' from Subterranean Jungle , died from complications due to pneumonia on August 7 , 2001 . On March 18 , 2002 , the Ramones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , which specifically named Dee Dee , Johnny , Joey , Tommy , and Marky . At the ceremony , the surviving inductees spoke on behalf of the band . Johnny spoke first , thanking the band 's fans and blessing George W. Bush and his presidency . Tommy spoke next , saying how honored the band felt , but how much it would have meant for Joey . Dee Dee humorously congratulated and thanked himself , while Marky thanked Tommy for influencing his drum style . Green Day played `` Teenage Lobotomy '' , `` Rockaway Beach '' , and `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' as a tribute , demonstrating the Ramones ' continuing influence on later rock musicians . The ceremony was one of Dee Dee 's last public appearances ; on June 5 , 2002 , two months later , he was found at his Hollywood home , dead from a heroin overdose . On November 30 , 2003 , New York City unveiled a sign designating East 2nd Street at the corner of Bowery as Joey Ramone Place . The singer lived on East 2nd for a time , and the sign is near the former Bowery site of CBGB . The documentary film End of the Century : The Story of the Ramones came out in 2004 . Johnny , who had been privately suffering from prostate cancer , died on September 15 , 2004 in Los Angeles , shortly after the film 's release . On the same day as Johnny 's death , the world 's first Ramones Museum opened its doors to the public . Located in Berlin , Germany , the museum features more than 300 items of memorabilia , including a pair of stage - worn jeans from Johnny , a stage - worn glove from Joey , Marky 's sneakers , and C.J. 's stage - worn bass strap . The Ramones were inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007 . That October saw the release of a DVD set containing concert footage of the band : It 's Alive 1974 - 1996 includes 118 songs from 33 performances over the span of the group 's career . In February 2011 the group was honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Drummers Tommy , Marky , and Richie attended the ceremony . Marky declared , `` This is amazing . I never expected this . I 'm sure Johnny , Joey , and Dee Dee would never have expected this . '' Richie noted that it was the first time ever that all three drummers were under the same roof , and mused that he could n't `` help thinking that ( Joey ) is watching us right now with a little smile on his face behind his rose - colored glasses . '' On April 30 , 2014 , their first album , Ramones , became certified Gold by the Recording Industry of America after selling 500,000 copies , 38 years after its release . Arturo Vega , creative director from their formation in 1974 until their disbanding in 1996 and often considered the fifth Ramone , died on June 8 , 2013 , at the age of 65 . The final original member , Tommy Ramone , died on July 11 , 2014 after a battle with bile duct cancer . On October 30 , 2016 , the RAMONES WAY was unveiled at the intersection of 67th Avenue and 110th Street in front of the main entrance of Forest Hills High School in the borough of Queens . Conflicts between members ( edit ) There were strong tensions between Joey and Johnny , which colored much of the Ramones ' career . The pair were politically antagonistic , Joey being a liberal and Johnny a conservative . Their personalities also clashed : Johnny , who spent two years in military school , lived by a strict code of self - discipline , while Joey struggled with obsessive - compulsive disorder and alcoholism . In the early 1980s , Linda Ramone began a relationship with Johnny after having already been romantically involved with Joey . Consequently , despite their continued professional relationship , Joey and Johnny had become aloof . It was not until after Joey 's death that Johnny had admitted to not calling Joey prior to his passing , and in the documentary End of the Century Johnny claimed that Joey 's death had a profound impact on him emotionally and that he was depressed for `` the whole week '' after his death . Dee Dee 's bipolar disorder and repeated relapses into drug addiction also caused significant strains . Tommy would also leave the band after being `` physically threatened by Johnny , treated with contempt by Dee Dee , and all but ignored by Joey '' . As new members joined over the years , disbursement and the bands ' image frequently became matters of serious dispute . The tensions among the group members were not kept secret from the public as was heard on the Howard Stern radio show in 1997 , where during the interview Marky and Joey got into a fight about their respective drinking habits . Style ( edit ) Musical style ( edit ) `` Sheena Is a Punk Rocker '' Cultural critic Anders Johannsson uses this 1977 single as an example of how most Ramones songs `` work in the same way : the same hammering on the drums , the same distorted guitars , the same howling of an extremely short text , in a simple tune with an even simpler chorus '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Ramones ' loud , fast , straightforward musical style was influenced by pop music that the band members grew up listening to in the 1950s and 1960s , including classic rock groups such as the Beach Boys , the Who , the Beatles , the Kinks , Led Zeppelin , the Rolling Stones and Creedence Clearwater Revival ; bubblegum acts like the 1910 Fruitgum Company and Ohio Express ; and girl groups such as the Ronettes and the Shangri - Las . They also drew on the harder rock sound of the MC5 , Black Sabbath , the Stooges and the New York Dolls , now known as seminal protopunk bands . The Ramones ' style was in part a reaction against the heavily produced , often bombastic music that dominated the pop charts in the 1970s . `` We decided to start our own group because we were bored with everything we heard , '' Joey once explained . `` In 1974 everything was tenth - generation Elton John , or overproduced , or just junk . Everything was long jams , long guitar solos ... We missed music like it used to be . '' Ira Robbins and Scott Isler of Trouser Press describe the result : With just four chords and one manic tempo , New York 's Ramones blasted open the clogged arteries of mid - ' 70s rock , reanimating the music . Their genius was to recapture the short / simple aesthetic from which pop had strayed , adding a caustic sense of trash - culture humor and minimalist rhythm guitar sound . As leaders in the punk rock scene , the Ramones ' music has usually been identified with that label , while some have defined their characteristic style more specifically as pop punk and others as power pop . In the 1980s , the band sometimes veered into hardcore punk territory , as can be heard on Too Tough to Die . On stage , the band adopted a focused approach directly intended to increase the audience 's concert experience . Johnny 's instructions to C.J. when preparing for his first live performances with the group were to play facing the audience , to stand with the bass slung low between spread legs , and to walk forward to the front of stage at the same time as he did . Johnny was not a fan of guitarists who performed facing their drummer , amplifier , or other band members . Visual imagery ( edit ) The Ramones ' art and visual imagery complemented the themes of their music and performance . The band members adopted a uniform look of long hair , leather jackets , T - shirts , torn jeans , and sneakers . This fashion emphasized minimalism , which was a powerful influence on the New York punk scene of the 1970s and reflected the band 's short , simple songs . Tommy Ramone recalled that , both musically and visually , `` we were influenced by comic books , movies , the Andy Warhol scene , and avant - garde films . I was a big Mad magazine fan myself . '' The band 's logo , based on the Seal of the President of the United States The band 's logo was created by New York City artist Arturo Vega together with the Ramones . Vega was a longtime friend who had allowed Joey and Dee Dee to move into his loft . Vega produced the band 's T - shirts , their main source of income , basing most of the images on a black - and - white self - portrait photograph he had taken of his American bald eagle belt buckle which had appeared on the back sleeve of the Ramones ' first album . He was inspired to create the band 's logo after a trip to Washington , D.C. : I saw them as the ultimate all - American band . To me , they reflected the American character in general -- an almost childish innocent aggression ... I thought , ' The Great Seal of the President of the United States ' would be perfect for the Ramones , with the eagle holding arrows -- to symbolize strength and the aggression that would be used against whomever dares to attack us -- and an olive branch , offered to those who want to be friendly . But we decided to change it a little bit . Instead of the olive branch , we had an apple tree branch , since the Ramones were American as apple pie . And since Johnny was such a baseball fanatic , we had the eagle hold a baseball bat instead of the ( Great Seal ) 's arrows . The scroll in the eagle 's beak originally read `` Look out below '' , but this was soon changed to `` Hey ho let 's go '' after the opening lyrics of the band 's first single , `` Blitzkrieg Bop '' . The arrowheads on the shield came from a design on a polyester shirt Vega had bought . The name `` Ramones '' was spelled out in block capitals above the logo using plastic stick - on letters . Where the presidential emblem read `` Seal of the President of the United States '' clockwise in the border around the eagle , Vega instead placed the pseudonyms of the four band members : Johnny , Joey , Dee Dee , and Tommy . Over the years the names in the border would change as the band 's line - up fluctuated . Influence ( edit ) Johnny Ramone in concert , 1977 The Ramones had a broad and lasting influence on the development of popular music . Music historian Jon Savage writes of their debut album that `` it remains one of the few records that changed pop forever . '' As described by AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine , `` The band 's first four albums set the blueprint for punk , especially American punk and hardcore , for the next two decades . '' Trouser Press 's Robbins and Isler similarly wrote that the Ramones `` not only spearheaded the original new wave / punk movement , but also drew the blueprint for subsequent hardcore punk bands '' . Punk journalist Phil Strongman writes , `` In purely musical terms , the Ramones , in attempting to re-create the excitement of pre-Dolby rock , were to cast a huge shadow -- they had fused a blueprint for much of the indie future . '' Writing for Slate in 2001 , Douglas Wolk described the Ramones as `` easily the most influential group of the last 30 years . '' The Ramones ' debut album had an outsized effect relative to its modest sales . According to Generation X bassist Tony James , `` Everybody went up three gears the day they got that first Ramones album . Punk rock -- that rama - lama super fast stuff -- is totally down to the Ramones . Bands were just playing in an MC5 groove until then . '' The Ramones ' two July 1976 shows , like their debut album , are seen as having a significant impact on the style of many of the newly formed British punk acts -- as one observer put it , `` instantly nearly every band speeded up '' . The Ramones ' first British concert , at London 's Roundhouse concert hall , was held on July 4 , 1976 , the United States Bicentennial . The Sex Pistols were playing in Sheffield that evening , supported by the Clash , making their public debut . The next night , members of both bands attended the Ramones ' gig at the Dingwall 's club . Ramones manager Danny Fields recalls a conversation between Johnny Ramone and Clash bassist Paul Simonon ( which he mislocates at the Roundhouse ) : `` Johnny asked him , ' What do you do ? Are you in a band ? ' Paul said , ' Well , we just rehearse . We call ourselves the Clash but we 're not good enough . ' Johnny said , ' Wait till you see us -- we stink , we 're lousy , we ca n't play . Just get out there and do it . ' '' Another band whose members saw the Ramones perform , the Damned , played their first show two days later . The central fanzine of the early UK punk scene , Sniffin ' Glue , was named after the song `` Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue '' , which appeared on the debut LP . Ramones concerts and recordings influenced many musicians central to the development of California punk as well , including Greg Ginn of Black Flag , Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys , Al Jourgensen of Ministry , Mike Ness of Social Distortion , Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion , and members of the Descendents . Canada 's first major punk scenes -- in Toronto and in British Columbia 's Victoria and Vancouver -- were also heavily influenced by the Ramones . In the late 1970s , many bands emerged with musical styles deeply indebted to the band 's . There were the Lurkers from England , the Undertones from Ireland , Teenage Head from Canada , and the Zeros and the Dickies from southern California . The seminal hardcore band Bad Brains took its name from a Ramones song . The Riverdales emulated the sound of the Ramones throughout their career . Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong named his son Joey in homage to Joey Ramone , and drummer Tré Cool named his daughter Ramona . New Jersey 's horror punk / hardcore punk band the Misfits ( whose bassist Jerry Only was a longtime friend of the band ) were influenced by the `` Blitzkrieg '' tempo of the Ramones , infusing it into their already medium - fast tempo , R&B style of punk rock . The Ramones also influenced musicians associated with other genres , such as heavy metal . Their influence on metal gave birth to the punk - metal `` fusion '' genre of thrash . Metallica guitarist Kirk Hammett , one of the originators of thrash guitar , has described the importance of Johnny 's rapid - fire guitar playing style to his own musical development . Motörhead lead singer Lemmy , a friend of the Ramones since the late 1970s , mixed the band 's `` Go Home Ann '' in 1985 . The members of Motörhead later composed the song `` R.A.M.O.N.E.S. '' as a tribute , and Lemmy performed at the final Ramones concert in 1996 . In the realm of alternative rock , the song `` 53rd and 3rd '' lent its name to a British indie pop label cofounded by Stephen Pastel of the Scottish band the Pastels . Evan Dando of the Lemonheads , Dave Grohl of Nirvana and Foo Fighters , Mike Portnoy of Dream Theater , Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam ( who introduced the band members at their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ) and the Strokes are among the many alternative rock and metal musicians who have credited the Ramones with inspiring them . The band members were also individually influential . Johnny Ramone was named one of Time 's `` 10 Greatest Electric - Guitar Players '' in 2003 . That same year , he was number 16 on the `` 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time '' list in Rolling Stone . `` We think of the Ramones as a classic , iconic band , '' observed Gene Simmons . `` They have one gold record to their name . They never played arenas ; could n't sell them out . It was a failed band . It does n't mean they were n't great . It means the masses did n't care . '' Kevin Morby 's fourth album City Music features the track `` 1234 '' inspired by the singer 's childhood love of Ramones . It features the lyrics `` Joey , Johnny , Dee Dee , Tommy / They were all my friends , but they died . '' Tribute albums ( edit ) In April 2009 , Spin writer Mark Prindle observed that the Ramones had to date `` inspired a jaw - dropping 48 ( at least ! ) full - length tribute records . '' The first Ramones tribute album featuring multiple performers was released in 1991 : Gabba Gabba Hey : A Tribute to the Ramones includes tracks by such acts as the Flesh Eaters , L7 , Mojo Nixon , and Bad Religion . In 2001 , Dee Dee made a guest appearance on one track of Ramones Maniacs , a multi-artist cover of the entire Ramones Mania compilation album . The Song Ramones the Same , which came out the following year , includes performances by the Dictators , who were part of the early New York punk scene , and Wayne Kramer , guitarist for the influential protopunk band MC5 . We 're a Happy Family : A Tribute to Ramones , released in 2003 , features performers such as Rancid , Green Day , Metallica , Kiss , the Offspring , Red Hot Chili Peppers , U2 , and Rob Zombie ( who also did the album cover artwork ) . Also some other famous bands recorded tribute songs . Motörhead 's Phil Campbell tells in Jari - Pekka Laitio - Ramone 's book Ramones : Soundtrack Of Our Lives : `` We did a cover of Rockaway Beach with me on backing vocals , which was quite enjoyable . When Johnny Ramone heard it , he refused to put it on the tribute album . Lemmy and I thought we did a good version . '' Punk bands such as Screeching Weasel , the Vindictives , the Queers , Parasites , the Mr. T Experience , Boris the Sprinkler , Beatnik Termites , Tip Toppers , Jon Cougar Concentration Camp , McRackins , and Kobanes have recorded cover versions of entire Ramones albums -- Ramones , Leave Home , Rocket to Russia , It 's Alive , Road to Ruin , End of the Century , Pleasant Dreams , Subterranean Jungle , two versions of Too Tough to Die , and Halfway To Sanity respectively . The Huntingtons ' File Under Ramones consists of Ramones covers from across the band 's history . Shonen Knife , an all - woman trio band from Osaka , Japan , was formed in 1981 as a direct result of founder - lead singer - guitarist Naoko Yamano 's instant infatuation with the music of the Ramones . In 2012 , to observe the band 's 30th anniversary , Shonen Knife released Osaka Ramones , which featured thirteen Ramones songs covered by the band . There are also many other tribute albums listed on Jari - Pekka Laitio - Ramone 's site . ( 1 ) Band members ( edit ) Joey Ramone ( Jeffrey Hyman ) -- drums ( 1974 ) ; lead vocals ( 1974 -- 1996 ; died 2001 ) Johnny Ramone ( John Cummings ) -- guitar ( 1974 -- 1996 ; died 2004 ) Dee Dee Ramone ( Douglas Colvin ) -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1974 -- 1989 ; died 2002 ) Tommy Ramone ( Thomas Erdelyi ) -- drums ( 1974 -- 1978 ; died 2014 ) Marky Ramone ( Marc Bell ) -- drums ( 1978 -- 1983 , 1987 -- 1996 ) Richie Ramone ( Richard Reinhardt ) -- drums , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 1987 ) C.J. Ramone ( Christopher Joseph Ward ) -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1989 -- 1996 ) Elvis Ramone ( Clem Burke ) -- drums ( 1987 ) Timeline Discography ( edit ) Main article : Ramones discography Studio albums Ramones ( 1976 ) Leave Home ( 1977 ) Rocket to Russia ( 1977 ) Road to Ruin ( 1978 ) End of the Century ( 1980 ) Pleasant Dreams ( 1981 ) Subterranean Jungle ( 1983 ) Too Tough to Die ( 1984 ) Animal Boy ( 1986 ) Halfway to Sanity ( 1987 ) Brain Drain ( 1989 ) Mondo Bizarro ( 1992 ) Acid Eaters ( 1993 ) ¡ Adios Amigos ! ( 1995 ) See also ( edit ) Punk rock portal New York City portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal List of Ramones concerts Gabba Gabba Hey Danny Says ( film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Ramones '' . MTV . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame + Museum . September 15 , 2004 . 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ISBN 1 - 55652 - 613 - X Bessman , Jim ( 1993 ) . Ramones : An American Band , St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 09369 - 1 Colegrave , Stephen , and Chris Sullivan ( 2005 ) . Punk : The Definitive Record of a Revolution , Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 769 - 5 Edelstein , Andrew J. , and Kevin McDonough ( 1990 ) . The Seventies : From Hot Pants to Hot Tubs , Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 48572 - 4 Isler , Scott , and Ira A. Robbins ( 1991 ) . `` Ramones '' , in Trouser Press Record Guide ( 4th ed . ) , ed . Ira A. Robbins , pp. 532 -- 34 , Collier . ISBN 0 - 02 - 036361 - 3 Johansson , Anders ( 2009 ) . `` Touched by Style '' , in The Hand of the Interpreter : Essays on Meaning after Theory , ed . G.F. Mitrano and Eric Jarosinski , pp. 41 -- 60 , Peter Lang . ISBN 3 - 03911 - 118 - 3 Keithley , Joe ( 2004 ) . I , Shithead : A Life in Punk , Arsenal Pulp Press . ISBN 1 - 55152 - 148 - 2 Leigh , Mickey , and Legs McNeil ( 2009 ) . I Slept With Joey Ramone : A Family Memoir , Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5216 - 0 McNeil , Legs , and Gillian McCain ( 1996 ) . Please Kill Me : The Uncensored Oral History of Punk ( 2d ed . ) , Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026690 - 9 Melnick , Monte A. , and Frank Meyer ( 2003 ) . On The Road with the Ramones , Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 514 - 8 Miles , Barry , Grant Scott , and Johnny Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Greatest Album Covers of All Time , Collins & Brown . ISBN 1 - 84340 - 301 - 3 Ramone , Dee Dee , and Veronica Kofman ( 2000 ) . Lobotomy : Surviving the Ramones , Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 252 - 9 Ramone , Johnny ( 2004 ) . Commando , Abrams Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9660 - 1 Roach , Martin ( 2003 ) . The Strokes : The First Biography of the Strokes , Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9601 - 6 Robb , John ( 2006 ) . Punk Rock : An Oral History , Elbury Press . ISBN 0 - 09 - 190511 - 7 Sandford , Christopher ( 2006 ) . McCartney , Century . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 602 - 7 Savage , Jon ( 1992 ) . England 's Dreaming : Anarchy , Sex Pistols , Punk Rock , and Beyond , St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08774 - 8 Schinder , Scott , with Andy Schwartz ( 2007 ) . Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever , Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33847 - 7 Shirley , Ian ( 2005 ) . Can Rock & Roll Save the World ? : An Illustrated History of Music and Comics , SAF Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0946719808 Spicer , Al ( 2003 ) . `` The Lurkers '' , in The Rough Guide to Rock ( 3d ed . ) , ed . Peter Buckley , p. 349 , Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 105 - 4 Spitz , Mark , and Brendan Mullen ( 2001 ) . We Got the Neutron Bomb : The Untold Story of L.A. Punk , Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80774 - 9 Stim , Richard ( 2006 ) . Music Law : How to Run Your Band 's Business , Nolo . ISBN 1 - 4133 - 0517 - 2 Strongman , Phil ( 2008 ) . Pretty Vacant : A History of UK Punk , Chicago Review Press . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 752 - 7 Taylor , Steven ( 2003 ) . False Prophet : Field Notes from the Punk Underground , Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6668 - 3 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRamonesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Ramones at DMOZ ( hide ) Ramones Joey Ramone Johnny Ramone Dee Dee Ramone Tommy Ramone Marky Ramone Richie Ramone C.J. Ramone Studio albums Ramones Leave Home Rocket to Russia Road to Ruin End of the Century Pleasant Dreams Subterranean Jungle Too Tough to Die Animal Boy Halfway to Sanity Brain Drain Mondo Bizarro Acid Eaters ¡ Adios Amigos ! Live albums It 's Alive Loco Live Greatest Hits Live We 're Outta Here ! You Do n't Come Close NYC 1978 Compilations Ramones Mania All the Stuff ( And More ! ) Vol. 1 All the Stuff ( And More ! ) Vol. 2 Hey ! Ho ! 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Harry Potter

Harry Potter - wikipedia Harry Potter This article is about the series of novels . For other uses , including related topics and derivative works , see Harry Potter ( disambiguation ) . For the character in the series , see Harry Potter ( character ) . For the film adaptations , see Harry Potter ( film series ) . For the franchise as a whole , see Wizarding World . Harry Potter The Harry Potter logo , used first in American editions of the novel series and later in films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Author J.K. Rowling Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy , drama , young adult fiction , mystery , thriller , Bildungsroman Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Published 26 June 1997 -- 21 July 2007 ( initial publication ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book ( as of March 2012 ) No. of books 7 Website www.pottermore.com Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J.K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and Muggles ( non-magical people ) . Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of February 2018 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into eighty languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight - part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which is the third highest - grossing film series of all time as of February 2018 . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror , and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin - off films premiering in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Early years 1.2 Voldemort returns 2 Supplementary works 2.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 2.2 In - universe books 2.3 Pottermore website 3 Structure and genre 4 Themes 5 Origins 6 Publishing history 6.1 Translations 6.2 Completion of the series 6.3 Cover art 7 Achievements 7.1 Cultural impact 7.2 Commercial success 7.3 Awards , honours , and recognition 8 Reception 8.1 Literary criticism 8.2 Social impact 8.3 Controversies 9 Adaptations 9.1 Films 9.1. 1 Spin - off prequels 9.2 Games 9.3 Audiobooks 9.4 Stage production 10 Attractions 10.1 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 10.2 The Making of Harry Potter 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Further information : Fictional universe of Harry Potter The central character in the series is Harry Potter , a boy who lives in Surrey with his aunt , uncle , and cousin - the Dursleys - who discovers , at the age of eleven , that he is a wizard , though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles . The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world , albeit hidden and in secrecy . His magical ability is inborn , and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world . Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a wizarding academy in Scotland , and it is here where most of the events in the series take place . As Harry develops through his adolescence , he learns to overcome the problems that face him : magical , social , and emotional , including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships , infatuation , romantic relationships , schoolwork and exams , anxiety , depression , stress , and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain 's increasingly - violent second wizarding war . Each novel chronicles one year in Harry 's life during the period from 1991 to 1998 . The books also contain many flashbacks , which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve . The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality . The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture , European folklore , classical mythology and alchemy , incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands , magic plants , potions , spells , flying broomsticks , centaurs and other magical creatures , the Deathly Hallows , and the Philosopher 's Stone , beside others invented by Rowling . While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings ' Middle - earth a mythic past , the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life , with the action mostly set in Scotland ( Hogwarts ) , the West Country , Devon , London , and Surrey in southeast England . The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets , ancient pubs , lonely country manors , and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population . Early years When the first novel of the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) opens , it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the wizarding world -- an event so very remarkable , even Muggles ( non-magical people ) notice signs of it . The full background to this event and Harry Potter 's past is revealed gradually throughout the series . After the introductory chapter , the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter 's eleventh birthday , and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed . Despite Harry 's aunt and uncle 's desperate prevention of Harry learning about his abilities , their efforts are in vain . Harry meets a half - giant , Rubeus Hagrid , who is also his first contact with the wizarding world . Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry 's history . Harry learns that , as a baby , he witnessed his parents ' murder by the power - obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who subsequently attempted to kill him as well . Instead , the unexpected happened : Harry survived with only a lightning - shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack , and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards , gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse . As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort 's reign of terror , Harry has become a living legend in the wizarding world . However , at the orders of the venerable and well - known wizard Albus Dumbledore , the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives , the Dursleys , who have kept him safe but treated him poorly , including confining him to a cupboard without meals and treating as their servant . Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years , from age eleven to seventeen . With Hagrid 's help , Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts . As Harry begins to explore the magical world , the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series . Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends : Ron Weasley , a fun - loving member of an ancient , large , happy , but poor wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a gifted , bright , and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage . Harry also encounters the school 's potions master , Severus Snape , who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him , the rich brat Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with , and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Quirinus Quirrell , who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort . He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house 's Quidditch team , a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks . The first book concludes with Harry 's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort , who , in his quest to regain a body , yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold . The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , describing Harry 's second year at Hogwarts . He and his friends investigate a 50 - year - old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school . Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley , enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts , and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus 's diary , Tom Marvolo Riddle , later revealed to be Voldemort 's younger self , who is bent on ridding the school of `` mudbloods '' , a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage . The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary , Voldemort is able to possess her . Through the diary , Ginny acts on Voldemort 's orders and unconsciously opens the `` Chamber of Secrets '' , unleashing an ancient monster , later revealed to be a basilisk , which begins attacking students at Hogwarts . It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly . The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Gilderoy Lockhart , a highly cheerful , self - conceited wizard with a pretentious facade , later turning out to be a fraud . Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school 's history , and learns that Voldemort 's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles . Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts . When Hermione is attacked and petrified , Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets , with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny , and also destroying a part of Voldemort 's soul . The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy , Draco 's father and rival of Ron and Ginny 's father , to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny 's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts . The third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , follows Harry in his third year of magical education . It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form . Instead , Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius Black , his father 's best friend , and , according to the Wizarding World , an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry 's parents . As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors -- dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair -- which are ostensibly protecting the school , he reaches out to Remus Lupin , a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is eventually revealed to be a werewolf . Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age . Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend , Peter Pettigrew , who had been hiding as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . In this book , a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised -- in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , none of whom lasts more than one school year . Voldemort returns The Elephant House was one of the cafés in Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter . During Harry 's fourth year of school ( detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament , a dangerous yet exciting contest where three `` champions '' , one from each participating school , must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup . This year , Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard `` champion '' from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , as well as another Hogwarts student , causing Harry 's friends to distance themselves from him . Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody , who turns out to be an impostor -- one of Voldemort 's supporters named Barty Crouch , Jr. in disguise . The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series ' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict . Voldemort 's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds . Although Harry manages to escape , Cedric Diggory , the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament , is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body . In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort . In response to Voldemort 's reappearance , Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix , a secret society which works from Sirius Black 's dark family home to defeat Voldemort 's minions and protect Voldemort 's targets , especially Harry . Despite Harry 's description of Voldemort 's recent activities , the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned . In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore , who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World attempting to warn of Voldemort 's return , the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic . With Ron and Hermione 's suggestion , Harry forms `` Dumbledore 's Army '' , a secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher - level skills of Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his previous encounters with Dark wizards . Through those lessons , Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang . Juggling schoolwork , Umbridge 's incessant and persistent efforts to land him in trouble and the defensive lessons , Harry begins to lose sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic , followed by a burning desire . An important prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed , and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection , allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort 's actions telepathically . In the novel 's climax , Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic . He and his friends face off against Voldemort 's followers ( nicknamed Death Eaters ) at the Ministry of Magic . Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers ' lives , Sirius Black is killed in the conflict . In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Voldemort begins waging open warfare . Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts . They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence -- Harry eventually begins dating Ginny , Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown , and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron . Near the beginning of the novel , lacking his own book , Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled ; `` the Half - Blood Prince . '' This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master , Horace Slughorn , but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it , becomes a source of concern . With war drawing near , Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore , who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve . These reveal that in order to preserve his life , Voldemort has split his soul into pieces , creating a series of Horcruxes -- evil enchanted items hidden in various locations , one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book . On their way to collect a Horcrux , Draco , who has joined with the Death Eaters , attempts to attack Dumbledore , and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape , the titular Half - Blood Prince . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series , begins directly after the events of the sixth book . Lord Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of the Ministry of Magic . Harry , Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes . To ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends , they are forced to isolate themselves . A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill with a contagious disease , Harry and the Dursleys separate , and Hermione wipes her parents ' memories . As they search for the Horcruxes , the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the Deathly Hallows , three legendary items that when united under one Keeper , would supposedly grant that person to be the Master of Death . Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items , and Voldemort to be searching for another : the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand in history . At the end of the book , Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore 's past , as well as Snape 's true motives -- he had worked on Dumbledore 's behalf since the murder of Harry 's mother . Eventually , Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia . The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts . Harry , Ron and Hermione , in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students , defend Hogwarts from Voldemort , his Death Eaters , and various dangerous magical creatures . Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle , including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley , Ron 's older brother . After learning that he himself is a Horcrux , Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest , who casts a killing curse ( Avada Kedavra ) at him . The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry 's presumed death and continue to fight on . Harry awakens and faces Voldemort , whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed . In the final battle , Voldemort 's killing curse rebounds off Harry 's defensive spell ( Expelliarmus ) , killing Voldemort . An epilogue `` Nineteen Years Later '' ( set on 1 September 2017 ) describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort 's death on the Wizarding World . In the epilogue , Harry and Ginny are married with three children , and Ron and Hermione are married with two children . Supplementary works Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part West End stage play . It was written by Jack Thorne , based on a story by J.K. Rowling , Thorne and director John Tiffany . The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , London , England . The script was released on 31 July 2016 . The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter . The play 's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . In - universe books See also : J.K. Rowling § Philanthropy Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities . In 2001 , she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( a purported Hogwarts textbook ) and Quidditch Through the Ages ( a book Harry reads for fun ) . Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief . In 2007 , Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel , one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children 's High Level Group , a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries . The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008 . Rowling also wrote an 800 - word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones . All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels . In 2016 , she released three new e-books : Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore website In 2011 , Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called Pottermore . Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012 . Pottermore allows users to be sorted , be chosen by their wand and play various minigames . The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously , with over 18,000 words of additional content . In September 2015 , the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed . The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available , rather than exploration . Structure and genre The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers , children , or adults . The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature , and qualify as a type of fantasy called `` urban fantasy '' , `` contemporary fantasy '' , or `` low fantasy '' . They are mainly dramas , and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout , though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour . In many respects , they are also examples of the bildungsroman , or coming of age novel , and contain elements of mystery , adventure , horror , thriller , and romance . The books are also , in the words of Stephen King , `` shrewd mystery tales '' , and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes - style mystery adventure . The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions ( such as the opening chapters of Philosopher 's Stone , Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half - Blood Prince ) . The series can be considered part of the British children 's boarding school genre , which includes Rudyard Kipling 's Stalky & Co. , Enid Blyton 's Malory Towers , St. Clare 's and the Naughtiest Girl series , and Frank Richards 's Billy Bunter novels : the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts , a fictional British boarding school for wizards , where the curriculum includes the use of magic . In this sense they are `` in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life '' , though they are , as many note , more contemporary , grittier , darker , and more mature than the typical boarding school novel , addressing serious themes of death , love , loss , prejudice , coming - of - age , and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting . The Harry Potter stories feature much medieval imagery and motifs drawn from the King Arthur stories . Hogwarts resembles a medieval university - cum - castle with several professors who belonging to an Order of Merlin ; Old Professor Binns still lectures about the International Warlock Convention of 1289 ; and a real historical person , a 14th century scribe Sir Nicolas Flamel , is described as a holder of the Philosopher 's Stone . Other medieval elements in Hogwarts include coats - of - arms and medieval weapons on the walls , letters written on parchment and sealed with wax , the Great Hall of Hogwarts which is similar to the Great Hall of Camelot , the use of Latin phrases , the tents put up for Quidditch tournaments are similar to the `` marvelous tents '' put up for knightly tournaments , imaginary animals like dragons and unicorns which exist around Hogwarts , and the banners with heraldic animals for the four Houses of Hogwarts . Many of the motifs of the Potter stories such as the hero 's quest invoking objects that confer invisibility , magical animals and trees , a forest full of danger and the recognition of a character based upon scars are drawn from medieval French Arthurian romances . Other aspects borrowed from French Arthurian romances include the use of owls as messengers , werewolves as characters , and white deer . The American scholars Heather Arden and Kathrn Lorenz in particular argue that many aspects of the Potter stories are inspired by a 14th century French Arthurian romance , Claris et Laris , writing of the `` startling '' similarities between the adventures of Potter and the knight Claris . Arden and Lorenz noted that Rowling graduated from the University of Exeter in 1986 with a degree in French literature and spent a year living in France afterwards . Arnden and Lorenz wrote about the similarity between the Arthurian romances , where Camelot is a place of wonder and safety , and from the heroic knights must venture forth facing various perils , usually in an enchanted forest ; and Hogwarts , likewise a wondrous safe place , where Harry Potter and friends must periodically venture forth from to the magical forest that surrounds Hogwarts . In the same way that knights in the Arthurian romances usually have a female helper , who is very intelligent and has a connection with nature , Harry has Hermione who plays a similar role . Like an Arthurian knight , Harry receives advice and encouragement from his mentor , Albus Dumbldore , who resembles both Merlin and King Arthur , but must vanquish his foes alone . Arnden and Lorenz wrote that with Rowling 's books , the characters are `` ... not a simple reworking of the well - known heroes of romance , but a protean melding of different characters to form new ones ... '' . However , Lorenz and Arnden argue the main inspiration for Harry Potter was Sir Percival , one of the Knights of the Round Table who searches for the Holy Grail . Both Potter and Sir Percival had an `` orphaned or semi-orphaned youth , with inherent nobility and powers '' , being raised by relatives who tried to keep them away from the places where they really belong , Hogwarts and Camelot respectively . Both Percival and Potter are however outsiders in the places that they belong , unfamiliar with the rules of knighthood and magic , but both show extraordinary natural abilities with Percival proving himself an exceptional fighter while Potter is an excellent player of Quidditch . And finally , both Percival and Potter found love and acceptance from surrogate families , in the form of the Knights of the Round Table and the Weasley family respectively . Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year . Harry struggles with the problems he encounters , and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules . If students are caught breaking rules , they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors . The stories reach their climax in the summer term , near or just after final exams , when events escalate far beyond in - school squabbles and struggles , and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers , the Death Eaters , with the stakes a matter of life and death -- a point underlined , as the series progresses , by characters being killed in each of the final four books . In the aftermath , he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The only exception to this school - centred setting is the final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts , and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement . Themes According to Rowling , a major theme in the series is death : `` My books are largely about death . They open with the death of Harry 's parents . There is Voldemort 's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price , the goal of anyone with magic . I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death . We 're all frightened of it . '' Rowling stated that `` Harry Potter books have always , in fact , dealt explicitly with religious themes and questions '' and that she did not reveal its Christian parallels in the beginning because doing so would have `` give ( n ) too much away to fans who might then see the parallels . '' In the final book of the series Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Rowling makes the book 's Christian imagery more explict , quoting both Matthew 6 : 19 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 26 when Harry visits his parents ' graves . Hermione Granger teaches Harry Potter that the meaning of these verses from the Christian Bible are `` living beyond death . Living after death '' , which Rowling states is `` one of the central foundations of resurrection theology '' and that these bible verses `` epitomize the whole series '' . Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that they also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . While the books could be said to comprise many other themes , such as power / abuse of power , violence and hatred , love , loss , prejudice , and free choice , they are , as Rowling states , `` deeply entrenched in the whole plot '' ; the writer prefers to let themes `` grow organically '' , rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers . Along the same lines is the ever - present theme of adolescence , in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters ' sexualities and not leaving Harry , as she put it , `` stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence '' . Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth , and humanity as a whole . Rowling said that , to her , the moral significance of the tales seems `` blindingly obvious '' . The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy , `` because that ... is how tyranny is started , with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble . '' Origins Main article : Harry Potter influences and analogues In 1990 , Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly `` fell into her head '' . Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying : `` I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before . I simply sat and thought , for four ( delayed train ) hours , and all the details bubbled up in my brain , and this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me . '' Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents . The second agent she tried , Christopher Little , offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury . Publishing history The novelist , J.K. Rowling The logo used in British , Australian , and Canadian editions before 2010 , which uses the typeface Cochin Bold . After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher 's Stone , Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for its publication . Despite Rowling 's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books , the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven . On the eve of publishing , Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender - neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group , fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman . She elected to use J.K. Rowling ( Joanne Kathleen Rowling ) , using her grandmother 's name as her second name because she has no middle name . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 26 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- a record amount for a children 's book by an unknown author . Fearing that American readers would not associate the word `` philosopher '' with magic ( although the Philosopher 's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy ) , Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for the American market . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series , at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 ; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release , breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Translations Main article : Harry Potter in translation The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow , 2007 The series has been translated into 80 languages , placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history . The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean , Armenian , Ukrainian , Arabic , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Bulgarian , Welsh , Afrikaans , Albanian , Latvian , Vietnamese and Hawaiian . The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek , making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD . The second volume has also been translated into Latin . Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well - known authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series ' fifth book . The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator . For reasons of secrecy , translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English , leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available . This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries ; for example , such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English - language book ever to top the best - seller list in France . The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience . Completion of the series In December 2005 , Rowling stated on her web site , `` 2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series . '' Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of 21 July 2007 . The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel , Edinburgh , where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes . It read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 . '' Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book ( in fact , the epilogue ) was completed `` in something like 1990 '' . In June 2006 , Rowling , on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as one character `` got a reprieve '' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed . On 28 March 2007 , the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released . In September 2012 , Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a `` director 's cut '' of two of the existing Harry Potter books . Cover art For cover art , Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design , with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express , and a title in the font Cochin Bold . The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic , illustrating scenes from the books . These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft . Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience , Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an ' adult ' style . These initially used black - and - white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books ( including a very American Hogwarts Express ) without depicting people , but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin 's locket on the cover of the final book . International and later editions have been created by a range of designers , including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland . For a later American release , Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime - influenced style . Achievements `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign on London King 's Cross railway station Cultural impact Further information : Harry Potter fandom Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books , beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The events , commonly featuring mock sorting , games , face painting , and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours . The final book in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history , moving 11 million units in the first twenty - four hours of release . The series has also gathered adult fans , leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book , identical in text but with one edition 's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults . Besides meeting online through blogs , podcasts , and fansites , Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia . The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins , becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary . The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular , often weekly , insight to the latest discussion in the fandom . Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts . Some lessons identified in the series include diversity , acceptance , political tolerance , and equality . Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not . Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant , more opposed to violence and torture , less authoritarian , and less cynical . Although it is not known if this is a cause - and - effect relationship , there is a clear correlation , and it seems that Harry Potter 's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond . Many fan fiction and fan art works about Harry Potter have been made . In March 2007 , `` Harry Potter '' was the most commonly searched fan fiction subject on the internet . At the University of Michigan in 2009 , StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009 . The sport Quidditch , played by characters in the Harry Potter series , was created in 2005 and is played worldwide . Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms , including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia , the spider Eriovixia gryffindori , the wasp Ampulex dementor , and the crab Harryplax severus . Commercial success See also : List of best - selling books Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling , her publishers , and other Harry Potter related license holders . This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author . The books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros. , all of which have been highly successful in their own right . The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products . The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion . The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated The New York Times to create a separate best - seller list for children 's literature in 2000 , just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . By 24 June 2000 , Rowling 's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks ; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best - seller list . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . For the release of Goblet of Fire , 9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book . Together , Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book . In the United States , the book 's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies . This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million , which was then shattered by Half - Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies . 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release ; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day . The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble . Awards , honours , and recognition The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher 's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards ( all of which were awarded in 2001 ) , three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards ( 1999 and 2001 ) , the inaugural Whitbread children 's book of the year award ( 1999 ) , the WHSmith book of the year ( 2006 ) , among others . In 2000 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel , and in 2001 , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award . Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal ( 1997 ) , a short listing for the Guardian Children 's Award ( 1998 ) , and numerous listings on the notable books , editors ' Choices , and best books lists of the American Library Association , The New York Times , Chicago Public Library , and Publishers Weekly . In 2002 , British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes . In 2003 , four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC 's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK . A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Three of the books placed among the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time , or children 's novels , in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal : Sorcerer 's Stone ranked number three , Prisoner of Azkaban 12th , and Goblet of Fire 98th . In 2012 , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100 - foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK 's cultural icons . Reception Literary criticism Early in its history , Harry Potter received positive reviews . On publication , the first book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers , such as The Scotsman , which said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' , and The Glasgow Herald , which called it `` Magic stuff '' . Soon the English newspapers joined in , with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl 's work : The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' , a view echoed by The Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' . By the time of the release of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars . Yale professor , literary scholar , and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books ' literary merits , saying , `` Rowling 's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing . '' A.S. Byatt authored an op - ed article in The New York Times calling Rowling 's universe a `` secondary secondary world , made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children 's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons , and the exaggerated ( more exciting , not threatening ) mirror - worlds of soaps , reality TV and celebrity gossip '' . Michael Rosen , a novelist and poet , advocated the books were not suited for children , who would be unable to grasp the complex themes . Rosen also stated that `` J.K. Rowling is more of an adult writer . '' The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards . His overall view of the series was negative -- `` the Potter saga was essentially patronising , conservative , highly derivative , dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain '' , and he speaks of `` a pedestrian , ungrammatical prose style '' . Ursula K. Le Guin said , `` I have no great opinion of it . When so many adult critics were carrying on about the ' incredible originality ' of the first Harry Potter book , I read it to find out what the fuss was about , and remained somewhat puzzled ; it seemed a lively kid 's fantasy crossed with a `` school novel '' , good fare for its age group , but stylistically ordinary , imaginatively derivative , and ethically rather mean - spirited . '' By contrast , author Fay Weldon , while admitting that the series is `` not what the poets hoped for '' , nevertheless goes on to say , `` but this is not poetry , it is readable , saleable , everyday , useful prose '' . The literary critic A.N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times , stating : `` There are not many writers who have JK 's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages , to weep -- openly , with tears splashing -- and a few pages later to laugh , at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest , funniest , scariest and most moving children 's stories ever written '' . Charles Taylor of Salon.com , who is primarily a movie critic , took issue with Byatt 's criticisms in particular . While he conceded that she may have `` a valid cultural point -- a teeny one -- about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art '' , he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers . Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books , shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes . Taylor also argued that Philosopher 's Stone , said to be the most light - hearted of the seven published books , disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series ' success : the book opens with news of a double murder , for example . Stephen King called the series `` a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable '' , and declared `` Rowling 's punning , one - eyebrow - cocked sense of humor '' to be `` remarkable '' . However , he wrote that despite the story being `` a good one '' , he is `` a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle '' , the formulaic beginning of all seven books . King has also joked that `` Rowling 's never met an adverb she did not like ! '' He does however predict that Harry Potter `` will indeed stand time 's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept ; I think Harry will take his place with Alice , Huck , Frodo , and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade , but for the ages '' . Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed , saying `` It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year - olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas . What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I 'm not sure -- but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump , comfortable , infantilising society and the popularity of Potter . '' There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings books . Social impact Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner - up for its 2007 Person of the Year award , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fandom , cultural comments on the series have been mixed . Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a `` bad case of cultural infantilism '' , and that the straightforward `` good vs. evil '' theme of the series is `` childish '' . He also argued `` through no fault of Rowling 's '' , the cultural and marketing `` hysteria '' marked by the publication of the later books `` trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum , a mass - media experience that no other novel can possibly provide '' . Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books ' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would . The seven - book series has a word count of 1,083,594 ( US edition ) . Agreeing about the motivating effects , Diane Penrod also praised the books ' blending of simple entertainment with `` the qualities of highbrow literary fiction '' , but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches . However , the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is `` largely a folk legend . '' Research by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon , nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books . The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres . NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series , `` got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books . The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading . '' Jennifer Conn used Snape 's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch 's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching , and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . From the early 2000s onwards several news reports appeared in the UK of the Harry Potter book and movie series driving demand for pet owls and even reports that after the end of the movie series these same pet owls were now being abandoned by their owners . This led J.K. Rowling to issue several statements urging Harry Potter fans to refrain from purchasing pet owls . Despite the media flurry , research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter franchise had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries . Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a `` disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society '' in that stories `` moral center ( sic ) have all but vanished from much of today 's pop culture ... after 10 years , 4,195 pages , and over 375 million copies , J.K. Rowling 's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children 's literature : the hero 's moral journey '' . Harry Potter , Sawyer argues , neither faces a `` moral struggle '' nor undergoes any ethical growth , and is thus `` no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white '' . In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry 's first passage through to Platform 93⁄4 as an application of faith and hope , and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes . She also noted the `` deeper magic '' by which the self - sacrifice of Harry 's mother protects the boy throughout the series , and which the power - hungry Voldemort fails to understand . In an 8 November 2002 Slate article , Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a `` trust - fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him '' . Noting that in Rowling 's fiction , magical ability potential is `` something you are born to , not something you can achieve '' , Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore 's maxim that `` It is our choices that show what we truly are , far more than our abilities '' is hypocritical , as `` the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else '' . In a 12 August 2007 , review of Deathly Hallows in The New York Times , however , Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for `` unmooring '' her `` English school story '' from literary precedents `` bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery '' , arguing that she had instead created `` a world of youthful democracy and diversity '' . In 2010 , coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 , a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army . This real - life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939 . His grave , located in the British cemetery in Ramla , Israel , began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website . In 2016 , an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign . She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant ' 1 ) the value of tolerance and respect for difference ; 2 ) opposition to violence and punitiveness ; and 3 ) the dangers of authoritarianism . ' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign . Controversies Main articles : Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series , Religious debates over the Harry Potter series , Politics of Harry Potter , and Tanya Grotter The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings , stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements . The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling , her publishers , and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright , which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations , targeting the owners of websites over the `` Harry Potter '' domain name , and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work . Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children , while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas . The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds . From 1997 to 1998 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children , but none of the children 's book awards judged by adults , and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children . In 1999 , the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children 's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award , and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner ; it finished second , very close behind the winner of the poetry prize , Seamus Heaney 's translation of the Anglo - Saxon epic Beowulf . In 2000 , shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the previous three Harry Potter books topped The New York Times fiction best - seller list and a third of the entries were children 's books . The newspaper created a new children 's section covering children 's books , including both fiction and non-fiction , and initially counting only hardback sales . The move was supported by publishers and booksellers . In 2004 , The New York Times further split the children 's list , which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books , and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books . The split in 2000 attracted condemnation , praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move . Time suggested that , on the same principle , Billboard should have created a separate `` mop - tops '' list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list , and Nielsen should have created a separate game - show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? dominated the ratings . Adaptations Films Main article : Harry Potter ( film series ) The locomotive that features as the `` Hogwarts Express '' in the film series . In 1998 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . After many directors including Steven Spielberg , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , and Alan Parker were considered , Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( titled `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' in the United States ) , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision . After extensive casting , filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself , with production ending in July 2001 . Philosopher 's Stone was released on 14 November 2001 . Just three days after the film 's release , production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , also directed by Columbus , began . Filming was completed in summer 2002 , with the film being released on 15 November 2002 . Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter , doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise . Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , only acting as producer . Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job , and after shooting in 2003 , the film was released on 4 June 2004 . Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third 's release , Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , released on 18 November 2005 . Newell became the first British director of the series , with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007 . After executives were `` really delighted '' with his work on the film , Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which was released on 15 July 2009 . A studio model of Hogwarts Castle as it appears in the films . In March 2008 , Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , would be released in two cinematic parts : Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Production of both parts started in February 2009 , with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010 . Rowling had creative control on the film series , observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher 's Stone and serving as producer on the two - part Deathly Hallows , alongside David Heyman and David Barron . The Harry Potter films have been top - rank box office hits , with all eight releases on the list of highest - grossing films worldwide . Philosopher 's Stone was the highest - grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series , Deathly Hallows , while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . As well as being a financial success , the film series has also been a success among film critics . Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans , with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films , and another group preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her `` favourite one '' in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have , constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series . Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , were also in attendance . Spin - off prequels A new series consisting of five films , beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , will take place before the main series . The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020 . Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment , marking her first foray into screenwriting . Games Main article : Harry Potter video games A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter Edition , Scene It ? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models , which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films . There are thirteen Harry Potter video games , eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin - offs . The film / book - based games are produced by Electronic Arts , as was Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup , with the game version of the first entry in the series , Philosopher 's Stone , being released in November 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone went on to become one of the best - selling PlayStation games ever . The video games were released to coincide with the films , containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books . Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts , along with various other magical areas . The story and design of the games follow the selected film 's characterisation and plot ; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films . The last game in the series , Deathly Hallows , was split , with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011 . The two - part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence , with the gameplay revolving around a third - person shooter style format . The spin - off games Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 and Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 were developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The spin - off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook , an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye . The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions , with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World , and Harry , Voldemort , and Hermione as playable characters . In 2017 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment opened its own Harry Potter themed game design studio , by the name of Portkey Games ; before releasing Hogwarts Mystery in 2018 , developed by Jam City . Audiobooks All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions , with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions . Stage production Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : Parts I and II is a play which serves as a sequel to the books , beginning nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . It was written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne , Rowling and John Tiffany . It has run at the Palace Theatre in London 's West End since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30 June 2016 . The first four months of tickets for the June -- September performances were sold out within several hours upon release . Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway and Melbourne . The script was released as a book at the time of the premiere , with a revised version following the next year . Attractions The Wizarding world of Harry Potter Main article : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , located in Universal Orlando Resort 's Island of Adventure After the success of the films and books , Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a new Harry Potter - themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida . The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010 . It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Other rides include Dragon Challenge , a pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . Four years later , on 8 July 2014 , Universal opened a Harry Potter - themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride . Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure . Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series , including Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron . On 15 July 2014 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka , Japan . It includes the village of Hogsmeade , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride , and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster . On 7 April 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles , California . The making of Harry Potter Main article : Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter In March 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series . The Making of Harry Potter is a behind - the - scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets , costumes and props from the film series . The attraction is located at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made . Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British - made productions , following a £ 100 million investment . It opened to the public in March 2012 . 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Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Further reading Agarwal , Nikita ; Chitra Agarwal ( 2005 ) . Friends and Foes of Harry Potter : Names Decoded . Outskirts Press . ISBN 1 - 59800 - 221 - X Anatol , Giselle Liza ( 2003 ) . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 Burkart , Gina ( 2005 ) . A parent 's guide to Harry Potter . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3288 - 2 Duriez , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Harry Potter . IVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3430 - 3 Gunelius , Susan ( 2008 ) . Harry Potter : the story of a global business phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 20323 - X Heilman , Elizabeth E ( 2008 ) . Critical perspectives on Harry Potter . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96484 - 5 Mulholland , Neil ( 2007 ) . The psychology of Harry Potter : an unauthorized examination of the boy who lived . BenBella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 88 - 4 Silvester , William ( 2010 ) . Harry Potter Collector 's Handbook . Krause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0897 - 3 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Harry Potter tourism . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter . Harry Potter , an external wiki J.K. Rowling 's personal website Harry Potter movies -- Official website ( Warner Bros . ) Harry Potter at Bloomsbury.com ( International publisher ) Harry Potter at Scholastic.com ( US publisher ) Harry Potter at Raincoast.com ( Canadian publisher ) Works by or about Harry Potter in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Orlando resort , Florida The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal `` The template below ( Wizarding World ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World Books I Love Best Yearly : Younger Readers Award Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1990 ) The BFG by Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl ( 1992 ) Blabber Mouth by Morris Gleitzman ( 1993 ) Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl ( 1994 ) The Pagemaster by David Kirschner ( 1995 ) When the Wind Changed by Ruth Park ( 1996 ) Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1997 ) Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy Corning Stone Spedder ( 1998 ) Detective Donut and the Wild Goose Chase by Bruce Whatley and R. Smith ( 1999 ) Just Stupid ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2002 ) The Saddle Club series by Bonnie Bryant ( 2003 ) Just Disgusting ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2004 ) The Bad Book by Andy Griffiths ( 2005 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2006 ) Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. 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Oman

Oman - wikipedia Oman This article is about the Arabian sultanate . For the adjacent historical confederation named Trucial Oman , see Trucial States . For other uses , see Oman ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 21 ° N 57 ° E  /  21 ° N 57 ° E  / 21 ; 57 Sultanate of Oman سلطنة عُمان ( Arabic ) Salṭanat ʻUmān Flag National emblem Anthem : نشيد السلام السلطاني `` as - Salām as - Sultānī '' `` Sultanic Salutation '' Location of Oman in the Arabian Peninsula ( Red ) Capital and largest city Muscat 23 ° 36 ′ N 58 ° 33 ′ E  /  23.600 ° N 58.550 ° E  / 23.600 ; 58.550 Official languages Arabic Religion Islam Demonym Omani Government Unitary parliamentary absolute monarchy Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said Deputy Prime Minister Fahd bin Mahmoud al Said Legislature Parliament Upper house Council of State ( Majlis al - Dawla ) Lower house Consultative Assembly ( Majlis al - Shura ) Establishment The Azd tribe migration 130 Al - Julanda 629 Imamate established 751 Nabhani dynasty 1145 Yaruba dynasty 1624 House of Al Said 1744 Muscat and Oman 8 January 1820 Dhofar Rebellion 9 June 1965 -- 11 December 1975 Sultanate of Oman 9 August 1970 Admitted to the United Nations 7 October 1971 Current constitution 6 November 1996 Area Total 309,500 km ( 119,500 sq mi ) ( 70th ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 estimate 4,424,762 ( 125th ) 2010 census 2,773,479 Density 15 / km ( 38.8 / sq mi ) ( 214th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $189.582 billion Per capita $46,475 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $71.325 billion Per capita $17,485 HDI ( 2015 ) 0.796 high 52nd Currency Rial ( OMR ) Time zone GST ( UTC + 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 968 ISO 3166 code OM Internet TLD . om , عمان . Website www.oman.om Oman ( / oʊ ˈmɑːn / ( listen ) oh - MAHN ; Arabic : عمان ‎ ʻumān ( ʕʊˈmaːn ) ) , officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic : سلطنة عُمان ‎ Salṭanat ʻUmān ) , is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia . Its official religion is Islam . Holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf , the country shares land borders with the United Arab Emirates to the northwest , Saudi Arabia to the west , and Yemen to the southwest , and shares marine borders with Iran and Pakistan . The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast . The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders , with the Strait of Hormuz ( which it shares with Iran ) and Gulf of Oman forming Musandam 's coastal boundaries . From the late 17th century , the Omani Sultanate was a powerful empire , vying with Portugal and Britain for influence in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean . At its peak in the 19th century , Omani influence or control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to modern - day Iran and Pakistan , and as far south as Zanzibar . As its power declined in the 20th century , the sultanate came under the influence of the United Kingdom . Historically , Muscat was the principal trading port of the Persian Gulf region . Muscat was also among the most important trading ports of the Indian Ocean . The Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said has been the hereditary leader of the country , an absolute monarchy , since 1970 . Sultan Qaboos is the longest - serving current ruler in the Middle East , and third - longest current reigning monarch in the world . Oman is a member of the United Nations , the Arab League , the Gulf Cooperation Council , the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . It has modest oil reserves , ranking 25th globally . Nevertheless , in 2010 the UNDP ranked Oman as the most improved nation in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years . A significant portion of its economy involves tourism and trade of fish , dates , and certain agricultural produce . This sets it apart from its neighbors ' largely oil - dependent economies . Oman is categorized as a high - income economy and ranks as the 70th most peaceful country in the world according to the Global Peace Index . Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistory and ancient history 1.2 Portuguese colonization 1.3 18th and 19th centuries 1.4 Reign of Sultan Said ( 1932 -- 1970 ) 1.5 Reign of Sultan Qaboos ( from 1970 ) 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Flora and fauna 2.3 Environmental issues 3 Politics 3.1 Legal system 3.2 Human rights 3.3 Migrant workers 3.4 Foreign policy 3.5 Military 3.6 Administrative divisions 4 Economy 4.1 Oil and gas 4.2 Tourism 5 Demographics 5.1 Religion 5.2 Languages 5.3 Largest cities 6 Culture 6.1 Dress 6.2 Music and cinema 6.3 Media 6.4 Food 6.5 Sports 7 Education 8 Health 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History Main article : History of Oman Prehistory and ancient history At Aybut Al Auwal , in the Dhofar Governorate of Oman , a site was discovered in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools , belonging to a regionally specific African lithic industry -- the late Nubian Complex -- known previously only from the northeast and Horn of Africa . Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old . This supports the proposition that early human populations moved from Africa into Arabia during the Late Pleistocene . In recent years known primarily from survey finds , Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites have come to light most on the eastern coast . Main Palaeolithic sites include Saiwan - Ghunaim in the Barr al - Hikman . Archaeological remains are particularly numerous for the Bronze Age Umm an - Nar and Wadi Suq periods . Sites such as Baat show accomplished wheel - turned pottery , excellent hand - made stone vessels , a metals industry , and monumental architecture . The Early ( 1300 ‒ 300 BC ) and Late Iron Ages ( 100 BC ‒ 300 AD ) show more differences than similarities to each other . Thereafter until the coming of the Ibadhidya little or nothing of is known . A grave at Al Ayn , Oman , a World Heritage site Sumerian tablets refer to a country called Magan and Akkadian ones Makan , a name which links Oman 's ancient copper resources . Mazoon , a Persian name used for the region . Over centuries tribes from the west settled in Oman , making a living by fishing , farming , herding or stock breeding , and many present day Omani families trace their ancestral roots to other parts of Arabia . When the emigrants from northern - western and south - western Arabia arrived in Oman , they had to compete with the indigenous population for the best arable land . Oman , Late Iron Age sites In the 1970s and 1980s scholars like John C. Wilkinson believed by virtue of oral history that in the 6th century BC , the Achaemenids exerted control over the Omani peninsula , most likely ruling from a coastal center such as Suhar . Central Oman has its own indigenous Samad Late Iron Age cultural assemblage named eponymously from Samad al - Shan . In the northern part of the Oman Peninsula the Recent Pre-Islamic Period begins in the 3rd century BCE and extends into the 3rd century CE . Whether or not Persians brought south - eastern Arabian under their control is a moot point , since the lack of Persian finds speak against this belief . Four centuries later , Omanis came in contact with and accepted Islam . The conversion of Oman is usually ascribed to Amr ibn al - As , who was sent by the prophet Muhammad during the Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha ( Hisma ) . Portuguese colonization Seydi Ali Reis and his galleys taken in an ambush by Portuguese forces while trying to bring back his flotilla from Basra to Suez in August 1554 A decade after Vasco da Gama 's successful voyage around the Cape of Good Hope and to India in 1497 -- 98 , the Portuguese arrived in Oman and occupied Muscat for a 143 - year period , from 1507 to 1650 . Their fortress still remains . In need of an outpost to protect their sea lanes , the Portuguese built up and fortified the city , where remnants of their colonial architectural style still exist . An Ottoman fleet captured Muscat in 1552 , during the fight for control of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean . The Ottoman Turks captured Muscat from the Portuguese in 1581 and held it until 1588 . Rebellious tribes eventually drove out the Portuguese , but were themselves pushed out about a century later , in 1741 , by the leader of an Omani tribe , who began the current line of ruling sultans . Except for a brief Persian invasion in the late 1740s , Oman has been self - governing ever since . The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 18th and 19th centuries The Sultan 's Palace in Zanzibar , which was once Oman 's capital and residence of its Sultans In the 1690s , Saif bin Sultan , the Imam of Oman , pressed down the Swahili Coast . A major obstacle to his progress was Fort Jesus , housing the garrison of a Portuguese settlement at Mombasa . After a two - year siege , the fort fell to bin Sultan in 1698 . Thereafter the Omanis easily ejected the Portuguese from Zanzibar and from all other coastal regions north of Mozambique . The Persians invaded Oman in 1737 . They were driven out in 1749 when the Al Said dynasty came to power . It continues to rule Oman to this day . Zanzibar was a valuable property as the main slave market of the Swahili Coast , and became an increasingly important part of the Omani empire , a fact reflected by the decision of the 19th century Imam of Muscat , Sa'id ibn Sultan , to make it his main place of residence in 1837 . Sa'id built impressive palaces and gardens in Zanzibar . Rivalry between his two sons was resolved , with the help of forceful British diplomacy , when one of them , Majid , succeeded to Zanzibar and to the many regions claimed by the family on the Swahili Coast . The other son , Thuwaini , inherited Muscat and Oman . Zanzibar influences in the Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean indirectly introduced Omani customs to the Comorian culture . These influences include clothing traditions and wedding ceremonies . In 1783 , Oman 's Seyyid Sultan , defeated ruler of Muscat , was granted sovereignty over Gwadar . This coastal city is located in the Makran region of what is now the far southwestern corner of Pakistan , near the present - day border of Iran , at the mouth of the Gulf of Oman . After regaining control of Muscat , this sovereignty was continued via an appointed wali ( `` governor '' ) . The Al Hajar Mountains , of which the Jebel Akhdar is a part , separate the country into two distinct regions : the interior , known as Oman , and the coastal area dominated by the capital , Muscat . In 1913 , control of the country split . The interior was ruled by Ibadite imams and the coastal areas by the sultan . Under the terms of the British - brokered Treaty of Seeb of 1920 , the sultan recognised the autonomy of the interior . The Sultan of Muscat would be responsible for the external affairs of Oman . Reign of Sultan Said ( 1932 -- 1970 ) Sultan Said Bin Taimur The rule of Sultan Said bin Taimur was characterised by a feudal and isolationist approach . Imam Ghalib Alhinai was the elected Imam of the Imamate of Oman in May 1954 . Relations between the Sultan of Muscat , Said bin Taimur , and Imam Ghalib Alhinai were ruptured over a dispute concerning the right to grant oil concessions . A subsidiary of the Iraq Petroleum Company was intensely interested in some promising geological formations near Fahud . Under the terms of the 1920 treaty of Seeb , the Sultan claimed all dealings with the oil company as his prerogative . The Imam , on the other hand , claimed that since the oil was in his territory , anything dealing with it was an internal matter . Bahla Fort In December 1955 , Sultan Said bin Taimur sent troops of the Muscat and Oman Field Force to occupy the main centres in Oman , including Nizwa , the capital of the Imamate of Oman , and Ibri . Imam Ghalib Alhinai and his younger brother , Talib bin Ali Alhinai , led the Imamate of Oman in the Jebel Akhdar War against Sultan Said bin Taimur 's attack on his lands . In July 1957 , the Sultan 's forces were withdrawing , but they were repeatedly ambushed , sustaining heavy casualties . Sultan Said bin Taimur , however , with the intervention of infantry ( two companies of the Cameronians ) , armoured car detachments from the British Army and RAF aircraft , was able to suppress the rebellion . Talib 's forces retreated to the inaccessible Jebel Akhdar . Colonel David Smiley , who had been seconded to organize the Sultan 's Armed Forces , managed to isolate the mountain in autumn 1958 and found a route to the plateau from Wadi Bani Kharus . On 27 January 1959 , they occupied the mountain in a surprise operation . Ghalib , Talib and Sulaiman managed to escape to Saudi Arabia , where the Imamate 's cause was promoted until the 1970s . Imam Ghalib delegated his brother , Talib Alhinai , to present the issue to the Arab League and the United Nations in order to seek recognition of the Imamate of Oman by peaceful means . In 1955 , the exclave coastal Makran strip acceded to Pakistan and was made a district of its Balochistan province , while Gwadar was not included in Makran then . On 8 September 1958 , Pakistan purchased the Gwadar enclave from Oman for US $ 3 million . Gwadar then became a tehsil in the Makran district . Oil reserves were discovered in 1964 and extraction began in 1967 . In the Dhofar Rebellion , which began in 1965 , leftist forces were pitted against government troops . As the rebellion threatened to overthrow the Sultan 's rule in Dhofar , Sultan Said bin Taimur was deposed in a bloodless coup ( 1970 ) by his son Qaboos bin Said , who expanded the Sultan of Oman 's Armed Forces , modernised the state 's administration and introduced social reforms . The uprising was finally put down in 1975 with the help of forces from Iran , Jordan , Pakistan and the British Royal Air Force , army and Special Air Service . Reign of Sultan Qaboos ( from 1970 ) After deposing his father in 1970 , Sultan Qaboos opened up the country , embarked on economic reforms , and followed a policy of modernisation marked by increased spending on health , education and welfare . Slavery , once a cornerstone of the country 's trade and development , was outlawed in 1970 as well . In 1981 Oman became a founding member of the six - nation Gulf Cooperation Council . Political reforms were eventually introduced . Historically , voters had been chosen from among tribal leaders , intellectuals , and businessmen . In 1997 Sultan Qaboos decreed that women could vote for , and stand for election to , the Majlis al - Shura , the Consultative Assembly of Oman . Two women were duly elected to the body . In 2002 , voting rights were extended to all citizens over the age of 21 , and the first elections to the Consultative Assembly under the new rules were held in 2003 . In 2004 , the Sultan appointed Oman 's first female minister with portfolio , Sheikha Aisha bint Khalfan bin Jameel al - Sayabiyah . She was appointed to the post of National Authority for Industrial Craftsmanship , an office that attempts to preserve and promote Oman 's traditional crafts and stimulate industry . Despite these changes , there was little change to the actual political makeup of the government . The Sultan continued to rule by decree . Nearly 100 suspected Islamists were arrested in 2005 and 31 people were convicted of trying to overthrow the government . They were ultimately pardoned in June of the same year . Inspired by the Arab Spring uprisings taking place throughout the region , protests also occurred in Oman during the early months of 2011 . Although they did not call for the ousting of the regime , demonstrators demanded political reforms , improved living conditions , and the creation of more jobs . They were dispersed by riot police in February 2011 . Sultan Qaboos reacted by promising jobs and benefits . In October 2011 , elections were held to the Consultative Assembly , to which Sultan Qaboos promised greater powers . The following year , the government began a crackdown on internet criticism . In September 2012 , trials began of ' activists ' accused of posting `` abusive and provocative '' criticism of the government online . Six were given jail terms of 12 -- 18 months and fines of around $2,500 each . Geography The coast of Sur , Oman Wadi Shab Oman lies between latitudes 16 ° and 28 ° N , and longitudes 52 ° and 60 ° E. A vast gravel desert plain covers most of central Oman , with mountain ranges along the north ( Al Hajar Mountains ) and southeast coast ( Qara or Dhofar Mountains ) , where the country 's main cities are also located : the capital city Muscat , Sohar and Sur in the north , and Salalah in the south . Oman 's climate is hot and dry in the interior and humid along the coast . During past epochs , Oman was covered by ocean , witnessed by the large numbers of fossilized shells existing in areas of the desert away from the modern coastline . An Omani desert landscape The peninsula of Musandam ( Musandem ) exclave , which has a strategic location on the Strait of Hormuz , is separated from the rest of Oman by the United Arab Emirates . The series of small towns known collectively as Dibba are the gateway to the Musandam peninsula on land and the fishing villages of Musandam by sea , with boats available for hire at Khasab for trips into the Musandam peninsula by sea . Oman 's other exclave , inside UAE territory , known as Madha , located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the main body of Oman , is part of the Musandam governorate , covering approximately 75 km ( 29 sq mi ) . Madha 's boundary was settled in 1969 , with the north - east corner of Madha barely 10 m ( 32.8 ft ) from the Fujairah road . Within the Madha exclave is a UAE enclave called Nahwa , belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah . Situated about 8 km ( 5 mi ) along a dirt track west of the town of New Madha , consisting of about forty houses with a clinic and telephone exchange . The central desert of Oman is an important source of meteorites for scientific analysis . Climate Main article : Climate of Oman Like the rest of the Persian Gulf , Oman generally has one of the hottest climates in the world -- with summer temperatures in Muscat and northern Oman averaging 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) to 40 ° C ( 104.0 ° F ) . Oman receives little rainfall , with annual rainfall in Muscat averaging 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) , falling mostly in January . In the south , the Dhofar Mountains area near Salalah has a tropical - like climate and receives seasonal rainfall from late June to late September as a result of monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean , leaving the summer air saturated with cool moisture and heavy fog . Summer temperatures in Salalah range from 20 ° C ( 68.0 ° F ) to 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) -- relatively cool compared to northern Oman . The mountain areas receive more rainfall , and annual rainfall on the higher parts of the Jabal Akhdar probably exceeds 400 mm ( 15.7 in ) . Low temperatures in the mountainous areas result in snow cover once every few years . Some parts of the coast , particularly near the island of Masirah , sometimes receive no rain at all within the course of a year . The climate generally is very hot , with temperatures reaching around 50 ° C ( 122.0 ° F ) ( peak ) in the hot season , from May to September . On June 26 , 2018 the city of Quriyat in Oman set the lowest temperature record ( day and night time lowest temperature ) with 42.6 ° C ( 108.7 ° F ) . Flora and fauna See also : Wildlife of Oman Nakhal palm tree farms in Oman 's Batina Region The Arabian humpback whales off Dhofar Desert shrub and desert grass , common to southern Arabia , are found in Oman , but vegetation is sparse in the interior plateau , which is largely gravel desert . The greater monsoon rainfall in Dhofar and the mountains makes the growth there more luxuriant during summer ; coconut palms grow plentifully in the coastal plains of Dhofar and frankincense is produced in the hills , with abundant oleander and varieties of acacia . The Al Hajar Mountains are a distinct ecoregion , the highest points in eastern Arabia with wildlife including the Arabian tahr . Indigenous mammals include the leopard , hyena , fox , wolf , hare , oryx , and ibex . Birds include the vulture , eagle , stork , bustard , Arabian partridge , bee eater , falcon , and sunbird . In 2001 , Oman had nine endangered species of mammals , five endangered types of birds , and nineteen threatened plant species . Decrees have been passed to protect endangered species , including the Arabian leopard , Arabian oryx , mountain gazelle , goitered gazelle , Arabian tahr , green sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , and olive ridley turtle . However , the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary is the first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO 's World Heritage List , due to the government 's decision to reduce the site to 10 % of its former size so that the remainder could be opened to oil prospectors . Osprey in Yiti Beach , Oman In recent years , Oman has become one of newer hot spots for whale watching , highlighting the critically endangered Arabian humpback whale , the most isolated and only non-migratory population in the world , sperm whales , and pygmy blue whales . Environmental issues Drought and limited rainfall contribute to shortages in the nation 's water supply . Maintaining an adequate supply of water for agricultural and domestic use is one of Oman 's most pressing environmental problems , with limited renewable water resources . 94 % of available water is used in farming and 2 % for industrial activity , with the majority sourced from fossil water in the desert areas and spring water in hills and mountains . Drinking water is available throughout Oman , either piped or delivered . The soil in coastal plains , such as Salalah , have shown increased levels of salinity , due to over exploitation of ground water and encroachment by seawater on the water table . Pollution of beaches and other coastal areas by oil tanker traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman is also a persistent concern . Local and national entities have noted unethical treatment of animals in Oman . In particular , stray dogs ( and to a lesser extent , stray cats ) are often the victims of torture , abuse or neglect . Currently , the only approved method of decreasing the stray dog population is shooting by police officers . The Oman government has refused to implement a spay and neuter program or create any animal shelters in the country . Cats , while seen as more acceptable than dogs , are viewed as pests and frequently die of starvation or illness . Politics Main articles : Politics of Oman and Human rights in Oman The Sultan 's Al Alam Palace in Old Muscat Oman is a unitary state and an absolute monarchy , in which all legislative , executive and judiciary power ultimately rests in the hands of the hereditary Sultan . Freedom House has routinely rated the country `` Not Free '' as it is an absolute monarchy . Sultan Qaboos is the head of state and also directly controls the foreign affairs and defence portfolios . The sultan has absolute power and issues laws by decree . He is also the longest - serving ruler in the Middle East . Legal system Oman is an absolute monarchy , with the Sultan 's word having the force of law . The judiciary branch is subordinate to the Sultan . According to Oman 's constitution , Sharia law is one of the sources of legislation . Sharia court departments within the civil court system are responsible for family - law matters , such as divorce and inheritance . The country has no system of checks and balances , and thus no separation of powers . All power is concentrated in the Sultan , who is also chief of staff of the armed forces , Minister of Defence , Minister of Foreign Affairs and chairman of the Central Bank . All legislation since 1970 has been promulgated through royal decrees , including the 1996 Basic Law . The Sultan appoints judges , and can grant pardons and commute sentences . The Sultan 's authority is inviolable and the Sultan expects total subordination to his will . The administration of justice is highly personalized , with limited due process protections , especially in political and security - related cases . The Basic Statute of the State is supposedly the cornerstone of the Omani legal system and it operates as a constitution for the country . The Basic Statute was issued in 1996 and thus far has only been amended once , in 2011 , in response to protests . Though Oman 's legal code theoretically protects civil liberties and personal freedoms , both are regularly ignored by the regime . Women and children face legal discrimination in many areas . Women are excluded from certain state benefits , such as housing loans , and are refused equal rights under the personal status law . Women also experience restrictions on their self - determination in respect to health and reproductive rights . Qaboos bin Said al Said The National Human Rights Commission , established in 2008 , is not independent from the regime . It is chaired by the former deputy inspector general of Police and Customs and its members are appointed by royal decree . In June 2012 , one of its members requested that she be relieved of her duties because she disagreed with a statement made by the Commission justifying the arrest of intellectuals and bloggers and the restriction of freedom of expression in the name of respect for `` the principles of religion and customs of the country '' . Since the beginning of the `` Omani Spring '' in January 2011 , a number of serious violations of civil rights have been reported , amounting to a critical deterioration of the human rights situation . Prisons are not accessible to independent monitors . Members of the independent Omani Group of Human Rights have been harassed , arrested and sentenced to jail . There have been numerous testimonies of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by security forces on protesters and detainees . The detainees were all peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression and assembly . Although authorities must obtain court orders to hold suspects in pre-trial detention , they do not regularly follow these procedures . The penal code was amended in October 2011 to allow the arrest and detention of individuals without an arrest warrant from public prosecutors . The Omani legislature is the bicameral Council of Oman , consisting of an upper chamber , the Council of State ( Majlis ad - Dawlah ) and a lower chamber , the Consultative Council ( Majlis ash - Shoura ) . Political parties are banned . The upper chamber has 71 members , appointed by the Sultan from among prominent Omanis ; it has only advisory powers . The 84 members of the Consultative Council are elected by popular vote to serve four - year terms , but the Sultan makes the final selections and can negotiate the election results . The members are appointed for three - year terms , which may be renewed once . The last elections were held on October 2011 . Oman 's national anthem , As - Salam as - Sultani is dedicated to Sultan Qaboos . Human rights Main article : Human rights in Oman Oman is an absolute monarchy by male primogeniture . The present Sultan , Qaboos bin Said al Said , has been the hereditary leader of the country since 1970 . Homosexual acts are illegal in Oman . The practice of torture is widespread in Oman state penal institutions and has become the state 's typical reaction to independent political expression . Torture methods in use in Oman include mock execution , beating , hooding , solitary confinement , subjection to extremes of temperature and to constant noise , abuse and humiliation . There have been numerous reports of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by Omani security forces on protesters and detainees . Several prisoners detained in 2012 complained of sleep deprivation , extreme temperatures , and solitary confinement . Omani authorities kept Sultan al - Saadi , a social media activist , in solitary confinement , denied him access to his lawyer and family , forced him to wear a black bag over his head whenever he left his cell , including when using the restroom , and told him his family had `` forsaken '' him and asked for him to be imprisoned . The Omani government decides who can or can not be a journalist and this permission can be withdrawn at any time . Censorship and self - censorship are a constant factor . Omanis have limited access to political information through the media . Access to news and information can be problematic : journalists have to be content with news compiled by the official news agency on some issues . Through a decree by the Sultan , the government has now extended its control over the media to blogs and other websites . Omanis can not hold a public meeting without the government 's approval . Omanis who want to set up a non-governmental organisation of any kind need a licence . To get a licence , they have to demonstrate that the organisation is `` for legitimate objectives '' and not `` inimical to the social order '' . The Omani government does not permit the formation of independent civil society associations . The law prohibits criticism of the Sultan and government in any form or medium . Oman 's police do not need search warrants in order to enter people 's homes . The law does not provide citizens with the right to change their government . The Sultan retains ultimate authority on all foreign and domestic issues . Government officials are not subject to financial disclosure laws . Libel laws and concerns for national security have been used to suppress criticism of government figures and politically objectionable views . Publication of books is limited and the government restricts their importation and distribution , as with other media products . Merely mentioning the existence of such restrictions can land Omanis in trouble . In 2009 , a web publisher was fined and given a suspended jail sentence for revealing that a supposedly live TV programme was actually pre-recorded in order to eliminate any criticisms of the government . Faced with so many restrictions , Omanis have resorted to unconventional methods for expressing their views . Omanis sometimes use donkeys to express their views . Writing about Gulf rulers in 2001 , Dale Eickelman observed : `` Only in Oman has the occasional donkey ... been used as a mobile billboard to express anti-regime sentiments . There is no way in which police can maintain dignity in seizing and destroying a donkey on whose flank a political message has been inscribed . '' Omani citizens need government permission to marry foreigners . The Ministry of Interior requires Omani citizens to obtain permission to marry foreigners ( except nationals of GCC countries ) ; permission is not automatically granted . Citizen marriage to a foreigner abroad without ministry approval may result in denial of entry for the foreign spouse at the border and preclude children from claiming citizenship rights . It also may result in a bar from government employment and a fine of 2,000 rials ( $5,200 ) . In August 2014 , The Omani writer and human rights defender Mohammed Alfazari , the founder and editor - in - chief of the e-magazine Mowatin `` Citizen '' , disappeared after going to the police station in the Al - Qurum district of Muscat . For several months the Omani government denied his detention and refused to disclose information about his whereabouts or condition . On July 17 , 2015 , Al Fazari left Oman seeking political asylum in UK after a travel ban was issued against him without providing any reasons and after his official documents including his national ID and passport were confiscated for more than 8 months . There were more reports of politically motivated disappearances in the country . In 2012 , armed security forces arrested Sultan al - Saadi , a social media activist . According to reports , authorities detained him at an unknown location for one month for comments he posted online critical of the government . Authorities previously arrested al - Saadi in 2011 for participating in protests and again in 2012 for posting comments online deemed insulting to Sultan Qaboos . In May 2012 security forces detained Ismael al - Meqbali , Habiba al - Hinai , and Yaqoub al - Kharusi , human rights activists who were visiting striking oil workers . Authorities released al - Hinai and al - Kharusi shortly after their detention but did not inform al - Meqbali 's friends and family of his whereabouts for weeks . Authorities pardoned al - Meqbali in March . In December 2013 , a Yemeni national disappeared in Oman after he was arrested at a checkpoint in Dhofar Governorate . Omani authorities refuse to acknowledge his detention . His whereabouts and condition remain unknown . The National Human Rights Commission , established in 2008 , is not independent from the regime . It is chaired by the former deputy inspector general of Police and Customs and its members are appointed by royal decree . In June 2012 , one of its members requested that she be relieved of her duties because she disagreed with a statement made by the Commission justifying the arrest of intellectuals and bloggers and the restriction of freedom of expression in the name of respect for `` the principles of religion and customs of the country '' . Since the beginning of the `` Omani Spring '' in January 2011 , a number of serious violations of civil rights has been reported , amounting to a critical deterioration of the human rights situation . Prisons are inaccessible to independent monitors . Members of the independent Omani Group of Human Rights have been harassed , arrested and sentenced to jail . There have been numerous testimonies of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by security forces on protesters and detainees . The detainees were all peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression and assembly . Although authorities must obtain court orders to hold suspects in pre-trial detention , they do not regularly do this . The penal code was amended in October 2011 to allow the arrest and detention of individuals without an arrest warrant from public prosecutors . In January 2014 , Omani intelligence agents arrested a Bahraini actor and handed him over to the Bahraini authorities on the same day of his arrest . The actor has been subjected to a forced disappearance , his whereabouts and condition remain unknown . Migrant workers Main article : Migrant workers in the Gulf region The plight of domestic workers in Oman is a taboo subject . In 2011 , the Philippines government determined that out of all the countries in the Middle East , only Oman and Israel qualify as safe for Filipino migrants . In 2012 , it was reported that every 6 days , an Indian migrant in Oman commits suicide . There has been a campaign urging authorities to check the migrant suicide rate . In the 2014 Global Slavery Index , Oman is ranked # 45 due to 26,000 people in slavery . The descendants of servant tribes and slaves are victims of widespread discrimination . Oman was one of the last countries to abolish slavery in 1970 . Foreign policy Main article : Foreign relations of Oman U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry meets with Sultan Qaboos in Muscat , May 2013 Since 1970 , Oman has pursued a moderate foreign policy , and has expanded its diplomatic relations dramatically . Oman is among the very few Arab countries that have maintained friendly ties with Iran . WikiLeaks disclosed US diplomatic cables which state that Oman helped free British sailors captured by Iran 's navy in 2007 . The same cables also portray the Omani government as wishing to maintain cordial relations with Iran , and as having consistently resisted US diplomatic pressure to adopt a sterner stance . Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah is the Sultanate 's Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs . Military Main article : Sultan of Oman 's Armed Forces The Khareef - class corvette , Al - Shamikh Oman 's military manpower totalled 44,100 in 2006 , including 25,000 men in the army , 4,200 sailors in the navy , and an air force with 4,100 personnel . The Royal Household maintained 5,000 Guards , 1,000 in Special Forces , 150 sailors in the Royal Yacht fleet , and 250 pilots and ground personnel in the Royal Flight squadrons . Oman also maintains a modestly sized paramilitary force of 4,400 men . The Royal Army of Oman had 25,000 active personnel in 2006 , plus a small contingent of Royal Household troops . Despite a comparative large military spending , it has been relatively slow to modernize its forces . Oman has a relatively limited number of tanks , including 6 M60A1 , 73 M60A3 , and 38 Challenger 2 main battle tanks , as well as 37 aging Scorpion light tanks . The Royal Air Force of Oman has approximately 4,100 men , with only 36 combat aircraft and no armed helicopters . Combat aircraft include 20 aging Jaguars , 12 Hawk Mk 203s , 4 Hawk Mk 103s , and 12 PC - 9 turboprop trainers with a limited combat capability . It has one squadron of 12 F - 16C / D aircraft . Oman also has 4 A202 - 18 Bravos , and 8 MFI - 17B Mushshaqs . The Royal Navy of Oman had 4,200 men in 2000 , and is headquartered at Seeb . It has bases at Ahwi , Ghanam Island , Mussandam and Salalah . In 2006 , Oman had 10 surface combat vessels . These included two 1,450 - ton Qahir class corvettes , and 8 ocean - going patrol boats . The Omani Navy had one 2,500 - ton Nasr al Bahr class LSL ( 240 troops , 7 tanks ) with a helicopter deck . Oman also had at least four landing craft . Oman ordered three Khareef class corvettes from the VT Group for £ 400 million in 2007 . They are being built at Portsmouth . In 2010 Oman spent US $4.074 billion on military expenditures , 8.5 % of the gross domestic product . The sultanate has a long history of association with the British military and defence industry . According to SIPRI , Oman was the 23rd largest arms importer from 2012 -- 2016 . Administrative divisions Main article : Regions and governorates of Oman Governorates of Oman The Sultanate is administratively divided into eleven governorates . Governorates are , in turn , divided into 60 wilayats . Ad Dakhiliyah Ad Dhahirah Al Batinah North Al Batinah South Al Buraimi Al Wusta Ash Sharqiyah North Ash Sharqiyah South Dhofar Muscat Musandam Economy Main article : Economy of Oman A proportional representation of Oman 's exports Muscat Securities Market Oman 's Basic Statute of the State expresses in Article 11 that the `` national economy is based on justice and the principles of a free economy . '' By regional standards , Oman has a relatively diversified economy , but remains dependent on oil exports . Tourism is the fastest - growing industry in Oman . Other sources of income , agriculture and industry , are small in comparison and account for less than 1 % of the country 's exports , but diversification is seen as a priority by the government . Agriculture , often subsistence in its character , produces dates , limes , grains , and vegetables , but with less than 1 % of the country under cultivation , Oman is likely to remain a net importer of food . Since a slump in oil prices in 1998 , Oman has made active plans to diversify its economy and is placing a greater emphasis on other areas of industry , namely tourism and infrastructure . A free - trade agreement with the United States took effect 1 January 2009 , eliminated tariff barriers on all consumer and industrial products , and also provided strong protections for foreign businesses investing in Oman . Tourism , another source of Oman 's revenue , is on the rise . A popular event is The Khareef Festival held in Salalah , Dhofar , which is 1,200 km from the capital city of Muscat , during the monsoon season ( August ) and is similar to Muscat Festival . During this latter event the mountains surrounding Salalah are popular with tourists as a result of the cool weather and lush greenery , rarely found anywhere else in Oman . Oman 's foreign workers send an estimated US $30 billion annually to their home states in Asia and Africa , more than half of them earning a monthly wage of less than US $400 . The largest foreign community is from the Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Gujarat and the Punjab , representing more than half of entire workforce in Oman . Salaries for overseas workers are known to be less than for Omani nationals , though still from two to five times higher than for the equivalent job in India . The Oman Ferries Company maintains the two diesel - powered , high - speed , car ferries -- Shinas and Hormouz . The ferries are used for travel between Muscat and Khasab . Khasab is strategically located in Musandam on the southern tip of the Strait of Hormuz and is controlled by Oman . Mainland Oman is separated by a small strip of UAE territory from Musandam . Oil and Gas Petrochemical tanks in Sohar Oman 's proved reserves of petroleum total about 5.5 billion barrels , 25th largest in the world . Oil is extracted and processed by Petroleum Development Oman ( PDO ) , with proven oil reserves holding approximately steady , although oil production has been declining . The Ministry of Oil and Gas is responsible for all oil and gas infrastructure and projects in Oman . Following the 1970s energy crisis , Oman doubled their oil output between 1979 and 1985 . Between 2000 and 2007 , production fell by more than 26 % , from 972,000 to 714,800 barrels per day . Production has recovered to 816,000 barrels in 2009 , and 930,000 barrels per day in 2012 . Oman 's natural gas reserves are estimated at 849.5 billion cubic meters , ranking 28th in the world , and production in 2008 was about 24 billion cubic meters per year . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Oman Wahiba Sands Bustan Palace Tourism in Oman has grown considerably recently , and it is expected to be one of the largest industries in the country . The World Travel & Tourism Council stated that Oman is the fastest growing tourism destination in the Middle East . Oman has one of the most diverse environments in the Middle East with various tourist attractions and is particularly well known for adventure and cultural tourism . Muscat , the capital of Oman , was named the second best city to visit in the world in 2012 by the travel guide publisher Lonely Planet . Muscat also was chosen as the Capital of Arab Tourism of 2012 . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Oman As of 2014 , Oman 's population is over 4 million , with 2.23 million Omani nationals and 1.76 million expatriates . The total fertility rate in 2011 was estimated at 3.70 . Oman has a very young population , with 43 percent of its inhabitants under the age of 15 . Nearly 50 percent of the population lives in Muscat and the Batinah coastal plain northwest of the capital . Omani people are predominantly of Arab , Baluchi and African origins . Omani society is largely tribal and encompasses three major identities : that of the tribe , the Ibadi faith , and maritime trade . The first two identities are closely tied to tradition and are especially prevalent in the interior of the country , owing to lengthy periods of isolation . The third identity pertains mostly to Muscat and the coastal areas of Oman , and is reflected by business , trade , and the diverse origins of many Omanis , who trace their roots to Baloch , Al - Lawatia , Persia , and historical Omani Zanzibar . Consequently , the third identity is generally seen to be more open and tolerant towards others , and is often in tension with the more traditional and insular identities of the interior . Religion Main article : Islam in Oman Further information : Freedom of religion in Oman Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque Religion in Oman ( 2010 ) Islam ( 85.9 % ) Christianity ( 6.5 % ) Hinduism ( 5.5 % ) Others ( 1 % ) Buddhism ( 0.8 % ) Unaffiliated ( 0.2 % ) Judaism ( 0.1 % ) Islam ( official ; majority are Ibadi and less Sunni and Shia ) 85.9 % , Christian 6.5 % , Hindu 5.5 % , Buddhist 0.8 % , Jewish < 0.1 , Other 1 % , Unaffiliated 0.2 % . The Oman government does not keep statistics on religious affiliation , but virtually all Omanis are Muslims , most of whom follow the Ibadi School of Islam , followed by the Shafi ` i school of Sunni Islam . Virtually all non-Muslims in Oman are foreign workers . Non-Muslim religious communities include various groups of Jains , Buddhists , Zoroastrians , Sikhs , Jews , Hindus and Christians . Christian communities are centred in the major urban areas of Muscat , Sohar , and Salalah . These include Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and various Protestant congregations , organizing along linguistic and ethnic lines . More than 50 different Christian groups , fellowships , and assemblies are active in the Muscat metropolitan area , formed by migrant workers from Southeast Asia . There are also communities of ethnic Indian Hindus and Christians . Muscat has two Hindu temples . One of them is over a hundred years old . There is a significant Sikh community in Oman . Though there are no permanent gurdwaras , many smaller gurdwaras in makeshift camps exist and are recognised by the government . The Government of India had signed an accord in 2008 with the Omani government to build a permanent gurdwara but little progress has been made on the matter . Languages Arabic and English Road Sign in Oman Arabic is the official language of Oman . It belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic family . Prior to Islam , Central Oman lay outside of the core area of spoken Arabic . Possibly Old South Arabian speakers dwelled from the Bāṭinah to Ẓafār . Rare Musnad inscriptions have come to light in central Oman and in the Emirate of Sharjah , but the script says nothing about the language which it conveys . A bilingual text from the 3rd century BCE is written in Aramaic and in musnad Hasiatic , which mentions a ' king of Oman ' ( mālk mn ʿmn ) . Today the Mehri language is limited in its distribution to the area around Ṣalālah in Ẓafār and westward into the Yemen . But until the 18th or 19th century it was spoken further north , perhaps into Central Oman . Baluchi ( Southern Baluchi ) is widely spoken in Oman . Endangered indigenous languages in Oman include Kumzari , Bathari , Harsusi , Hobyot , Jibbali and Mehri . Omani Sign Language is the language of the deaf community . Oman was also the first Arab country in the Persian Gulf to have German taught as a second language . The Bedouin Arabs , who reached eastern and south - eastern Arabia in migrational waves - the latest in the 18th century , brought their language and rule including the ruling families of Bahrain , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates . At the most basic level , there are two kinds of dialects , those of settlers and those of Bedouin which share some features . Omani dialects preserve much vocabulary which has been lost in other Arabic dialects. C. Holes has argued convincingly that Omani Arabic has indigenous characteristics of its own which do not derive from Bedouin central Arabia . They are better preserved than in neighbouring countries . According to the CIA , besides Arabic , English , Baluchi ( Southern Baluchi ) , Urdu , and various Indian languages are the main languages spoken in Oman . English is widely spoken in the business community and is taught at school from an early age . Almost all signs and writings appear in both Arabic and English at tourist sites . Baluchi is the mother tongue of the Baloch people from Balochistan in western - Pakistan , eastern Iran , and southern Afghanistan . It is also used by some descendants of Sindhi sailors . A significant number of residents also speak Urdu , due to the influx of Pakistani migrants during the late 1980s and 1990s . Additionally , Swahili is widely spoken in the country due to the historical relations between Oman and Zanzibar . Largest cities Largest cities or towns in Oman http://www.geonames.org/OM/largest-cities-in-oman.html Rank Name Governorate / Region Pop . Muscat Seeb Muscat Muscat 797 000 Salalah Bawshar Seeb Muscat 237 816 Salalah Dhofar 163 140 Bawshar Muscat 159 487 5 Sohar Al Batinah 108 274 6 Suwayq Al Batinah 107 143 7 Ibri Az Zahirah 101 640 8 Saham Al Batinah 89 327 9 Barka Al Batinah 81 647 10 Rustaq Al Batinah 79 383 Culture Main article : Culture of Oman The traditional Dhow , an enduring symbol of Oman Outwardly , Oman shares many of the cultural characteristics of its Arab neighbours , particularly those in the Gulf Cooperation Council . Despite these similarities , important factors make Oman unique in the Middle East . These result as much from geography and history as from culture and economics . The relatively recent and artificial nature of the state in Oman makes it difficult to describe a national culture ; however , sufficient cultural heterogeneity exists within its national boundaries to make Oman distinct from other Arab States of the Persian Gulf . Oman 's cultural diversity is greater than that of its Arab neighbours , given its historical expansion to the Swahili Coast and the Indian Ocean . Oman has a long tradition of shipbuilding , as maritime travel played a major role in the Omanis ' ability to stay in contact with the civilisations of the ancient world . Sur was one of the most famous shipbuilding cities of the Indian Ocean . The Al Ghanja ship takes one whole year to build . Other types of Omani ship include As Sunbouq and Al Badan . In March 2016 archaeologists working off Al Hallaniyah Island identified a shipwreck believed to be that of the Esmeralda from Vasco da Gama 's 1502 -- 1503 fleet . The wreck was initially discovered in 1998 . Later underwater excavations took place between 2013 and 2015 through a partnership between the Oman Ministry of Heritage and Culture and Bluewater Recoveries Ltd. , a shipwreck recovery company . The vessel was identified through such artifacts as a `` Portuguese coin minted for trade with India ( one of only two coins of this type known to exist ) and stone cannonballs engraved with what appear to be the initials of Vincente Sodré , da Gama 's maternal uncle and the commander of the Esmeralda . '' Dress A khanjar , the traditional dagger of Oman ( c. 1924 ) The male national dress in Oman consists of the dishdasha , a simple , ankle - length , collarless gown with long sleeves . Most frequently white in colour , the dishdasha may also appear in a variety of other colours . Its main adornment , a tassel ( furakha ) sewn into the neckline , can be impregnated with perfume . Underneath the dishdasha , men wear a plain , wide strip of cloth wrapped around the body from the waist down . The most noted regional differences in dishdasha designs are the style with which they are embroidered , which varies according to age group . On formal occasions a black or beige cloak called a bisht may cover the dishdasha . The embroidery edging the cloak is often in silver or gold thread and it is intricate in detail . Omani men wear two types of headdress : the ghutra , also called `` Musar '' a square piece of woven wool or cotton fabric of a single colour , decorated with various embroidered patterns . the kummah , a cap that is the head dress worn during leisure hours . Some men carry the assa , a stick , which can have practical uses or is simply used as an accessory during formal events . Omani men , on the whole , wear sandals on their feet . The khanjar ( dagger ) forms part of the national dress and men wear the khanjar on all formal public occasions and festivals . It is traditionally worn at the waist . Sheaths may vary from simple covers to ornate silver or gold - decorated pieces . It is a symbol of a man 's origin , his manhood and courage . A depiction of a khanjar appears on the national flag . Omani women wear eye - catching national costumes , with distinctive regional variations . All costumes incorporate vivid colours and vibrant embroidery and decorations . In the past , the choice of colours reflected a tribe 's tradition . The Omani women 's traditional costume comprises several garments : the kandoorah , which is a long tunic whose sleeves or radoon are adorned with hand - stitched embroidery of various designs . The dishdasha is worn over a pair of loose fitting trousers , tight at the ankles , known as a sirwal . Women also wear a head shawl most commonly referred to as the lihaf . As of 2014 women reserve wearing their traditional dress for special occasions , and instead wear a loose black cloak called an abaya over their personal choice of clothing , whilst in some regions , particularly amongst the Bedouin , the burqa is still worn . Women wear hijab , and though some women cover their faces and hands , most do not . The Sultan has forbidden the covering of faces in public office . Music and cinema Royal Opera House Muscat Music of Oman is extremely diverse due to Oman 's imperial legacy . There are over 130 different forms of traditional Omani songs and dances . The Oman Centre for Traditional Music was established in 1984 to preserve them . In 1985 , Sultan Qaboos founded the Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra , an act attributed to his love for classical music . Instead of engaging foreign musicians , he decided to establish an orchestra made up of Omanis . On 1 July 1987 at the Al Bustan Palace Hotel 's Oman Auditorium the Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra gave its inaugural concert . Cinema in Sur The cinema of Oman is very small , there being only one Omani film Al - Boom ( 2006 ) as of 2007 . Oman Arab Cinema Company LLC is the single largest motion picture exhibitor chain in Oman . It belongs to the Jawad Sultan Group of Companies , which has a history spanning more than 40 years in the Sultanate of Oman . In popular music , a seven - minute music video about Oman went viral , achieving 500,000 views on YouTube within 10 days of being released on YouTube in November 2015 . The a cappella production features three of the region 's most popular talents : Kahliji musician Al Wasmi , Omani poet Mazin Al - Haddabi and actress Buthaina Al Raisi . Media Sultanate of Oman Television began broadcasting for the first time from Muscat on 17 November 1974 and separately from Salalah on 25 November 1975 . On 1 June 1979 , the two stations at Muscat and Salalah linked by satellite to form a unified broadcasting service . In order to overcome the natural obstacles created by the mountainous terrain , a network of stations spread across the country in both populated and remote areas transmit Oman TV 's broadcasts . Oman has fewer restrictions on independent media than its neighbors Saudi Arabia or Yemen . The press freedom group Reporters Without Borders ranked the country 125th out of 180 countries on its 2016 World Press Freedom Index , one spot below Zimbabwe . However , in 2016 , the government drew international criticism for closing the newspaper Azamn and arresting three journalists after a report about corruption in the country 's judiciary . Food Main article : Omani cuisine Traditional Omani Food Omani cuisine is diverse and has been influenced by many cultures . Omanis usually eat their main daily meal at midday , while the evening meal is lighter . During Ramadan , dinner is served after the Taraweeh prayers , sometimes as late as 11 pm . However these dinner timings differ according to each family -- for instance , some families would choose to eat right after maghrib prayers and have dessert after taraweeh . Arsia , a festival meal served during celebrations , consists of mashed rice and meat ( sometimes chicken ) . Another popular festival meal , shuwa , consists of meat cooked very slowly ( sometimes for up to 2 days ) in an underground clay - oven . The meat becomes extremely tender and it is infused with spices and herbs before cooking to give it a very distinct taste . Fish is often used in main dishes too , and the kingfish is a popular ingredient . Mashuai is a meal consisting of a whole spit - roasted kingfish served with lemon rice . Rukhal bread is a thin , round bread originally baked over a fire made from palm leaves . It is eaten at any meal , typically served with Omani honey for breakfast or crumbled over curry for dinner . Chicken , fish , and lamb or mutton are regularly used in dishes . The Omani halwa is a very popular sweet , basically consisting of cooked raw sugar with nuts . There are many different flavors , the most popular ones being the black halwa ( original ) and the saffron halwa . Halwa is considered as a symbol of Omani hospitality , and is traditionally served with coffee . As is the case with most Arab States of the Persian Gulf , alcohol is only available over-the - counter to non-Muslims . Muslims can still purchase alcoholic drinks . Alcohol is served in many hotels and a few restaurants . Sports Oman hosted and won the 19th Arabian Gulf Cup 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers Round 3 match between Oman and Japan at the Royal Oman Police Stadium on June 7 , 2008 in Muscat , Oman In October 2004 , the Omani government set up a Ministry of Sports Affairs to replace the General Organization for youth , sports and cultural affairs . The 19th Arabian Gulf Cup , the 19th edition , took place in Muscat , from 4 to 17 January 2009 and was won by the Omani national football team . The 23rd Arabian Gulf Cup , the 23rd edition , that took place in Kuwait , from 22 December 2017 until January 5th 2018 . Oman won their second title , defeating the United Arab Emirates in the final on penalties following a goalless draw . Oman 's traditional sports are dhow racing , horse racing , camel racing , bull fighting and falconry . Association football , basketball , waterskiing and sandboarding are among the sports that have emerged quickly and gained popularity among the younger generation . Ali Al - Habsi is an Omani professional association football player . As of 2015 , he plays in the Football League Championship as a goalkeeper for Reading . The International Olympic Committee awarded the former GOYSCA its prestigious prize for Sporting excellence in recognition of its contributions to youth and sports and its efforts to promote the Olympic spirit and goals . The Oman Olympic Committee played a major part in organizing the highly successful 2003 Olympic Days , which were of great benefit to the sports associations , clubs and young participants . The football association took part , along with the handball , basketball , rugby union , hockey , volleyball , athletics , swimming , and tennis associations . In 2010 Muscat hosted the 2010 Asian Beach Games . Oman also hosts tennis tournaments in different age divisions each year . The Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex stadium contains a 50 - meter swimming pool which is used for international tournaments from different schools in different countries . The Tour of Oman , a professional cycling 6 - day stage race , takes place in February . Oman hosted the Asian 2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifiers , where 11 teams competed for three spots at the FIFA World Cup . Oman hosted the Men 's and Women 's 2012 Beach Handball World Championships at the Millennium Resort in Mussanah , from 8 to 13 July . Oman has competed repeatedly for a position in the FIFA World Cup , but have yet qualified to compete in the tournament . Oman , along with Fujairah in the UAE , are the only regions in the Middle East that have a variant of bullfighting , known as ' bull - butting ' , organized within their territories . Al - Batena area in Oman is specifically prominent for such events . It involves two bulls of the Brahman breed pitted against one another and as the name implies , they engage in a forceful barrage of headbutts . The first one to collapse or concede its ground is declared the loser . Most bull - butting matches are short affairs and last for less than 5 minutes . The origins of bull - butting in Oman remain unknown , but many locals believe it was brought to Oman by the Moors of Spanish origin . Yet others say it has a direct connection with Portugal , which colonized the Omani coastline for nearly two centuries . In Cricket , Oman qualified for the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 by securing sixth place in 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . They have also been granted T20I status as they were among the top six teams in the qualifiers . Education Main article : Education in Oman The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 86.9 % . Before 1970 , only three formal schools existed in the entire country , with fewer than 1,000 students . Since Sultan Qaboos ' ascension to power in 1970 , the government has given high priority to education in order to develop a domestic work force , which the government considers a vital factor in the country 's economic and social progress . Today , there are over 1,000 state schools and about 650,000 students . Oman 's first university , Sultan Qaboos University , opened in 1986 . The University of Nizwa is one of the fastest growing universities in Oman . Other post-secondary institutions in Oman include the Higher College of Technology and its six branches , six colleges of applied sciences ( including a teacher 's training college ) , a college of banking and financial studies , an institute of Sharia sciences , and several nursing institutes . Some 200 scholarships are awarded each year for study abroad . According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities , the top - ranking universities in the country are Sultan Qaboos University ( 1678th worldwide ) , the Dhofar University ( 6011th ) and the University of Nizwa ( 6093rd ) . Health Main article : Healthcare in Oman Life expectancy at birth in Oman was estimated to be 76.1 years in 2010 . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 2.1 physicians and 2.1 hospital beds per 1,000 people . In 1993 , 89 % of the population had access to health care services . In 2000 , 99 % of the population had access to health care services . During the last three decades , the Oman health care system has demonstrated and reported great achievements in health care services and preventive and curative medicine . In 2001 , Oman 's health system was ranked number 8 by the World Health Organization . See also Outline of Oman Index of Oman - related articles Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said al Said Archaeology of Oman Geography portal Oman portal Asia portal Middle East portal Notes Jump up ^ In 1783 , when Seyyid Said succeeded to the `` masnad '' of Muscat and Oman ( an independent state founded in 1749 ) , he fell out with his brother Seyyid Sultan , who fled to safety in Makran and entered into communication with Nasir Khan of Kalat . Said was granted the Kalat share of the revenues of Gwadar and lived there until 1797 when he came to rule over Muscat and Oman . Jump up ^ Gwadar remained an Omani possession as part of the sultanate until September 1958 References Jump up ^ `` Cabinet Ministers '' . Government of Oman . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Oman . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . In 751 Ibadi Muslims , a moderate branch of the Kharijites , established an imamate in Oman . Despite interruptions , the Ibadi imamate survived until the mid-20th century . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Results of Census 2010 '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Statistics & Information . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kharusi , N.S. ( 2012 ) . `` The ethnic label Zinjibari : Politics and language choice implications among Swahili speakers in Oman '' . Ethnicities. 12 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 353 . doi : 10.1177 / 1468796811432681 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Report : Oman '' . BTI Project . 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arab uprising : Country by country -- Oman '' . BBC News . 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman profile -- Overview '' . BBC News . 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Private sector gets Omanisation targets '' . Gulf News . 13 February 2011 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five Arab states among top leaders in long - term development gains '' . Hdr.undp.org. 4 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Peace Index : 2017 '' ( PDF ) . visionofhumanity.org . Global Peace Index and Institute for Economics and Peace . p. 11 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , J.I. ; Usik , V.I. ; Marks , A.E. ; Hilbert , Y.H. ; Galletti , C.S. ; Parton , A. ; Geiling , J.M. ; Černý , V. ; Morley , M.W. ; Roberts , R.G. ( 2011 ) . `` The Nubian Complex of Dhofar , Oman : An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 11 ) : e28239 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028239 . PMC 3227647 . PMID 22140561 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey I. Rose et al. , The Nubian Complex of Dhofar , Oman : An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia , Plos November 30 , 2011 DOI : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028239 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Christopher ; Cable , Charlotte ; Possehl , Gregory ( 2016 ) . The Bronze Age Towers at Bat , Sultanate of Oman ... 2007 - 12 . University of Pennsylvania Museum . ISBN 9781934536063 . Jump up ^ `` Digging in the Land of Magan -- Archaeology Magazine Archive '' . Archive.archaeology.org . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : The Lost Land '' . Saudi Aramco World . March 1983 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : A History '' . Saudi Aramco World . March 1983 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Feuerstein , Georg ; Kak , Subhash & Frawley , David ( 2005 ) . The Search of the Cradle of Civilization : New Light on Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass Publisher . p. 119 . ISBN 8120820371 . Jump up ^ Gerd Weisgerber , Mehr als Kupfer in Oman , Anschnitt 5 - 6 , 1981 , 180 - 181 Archaeology of Oman Jump up ^ Wilkinson , John ( 1977 ) . Water and Tribal Settlement in South East Arabia - A Study of the Aflaj of Oman . Clarendon Press . pp. 76 , 85 , 122 , 126 -- 130 , 132 . ISBN 0198232179 . Jump up ^ Yule , Paul ( 2014 ) . Cross-roads Early and Late Iron Age South - Eastern Arabia . Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 15 -- 18 . ISBN 9783447101271 . Jump up ^ `` History of OMAN '' . Historyworld.net . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . United States Department of State . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Oman adopted Islam in the seventh century A.D. , during the lifetime of Muhammad . Jump up ^ Holt , Peter Malcolm ; Lambton , Ann K.S. and Lewis , Bernard ( 1977 ) The Cambridge history of Islam , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0521291364 . Jump up ^ Oman History . Sultanate of Oman ^ Jump up to : Benjamin Plackett ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Omani Music Masks A Slave Trading Past '' . Al - Fanar Media . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Cowasjee , Ardeshir ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` DAWN -- Cowasjee Corner ; September 11 , 2005 '' . DAWN Group of Newspapers . Archived from the original on 9 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Meagher , John . `` The Jebel Akhdar War Oman 1954 -- 1959 '' . Global Security . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jebel Akhdar '' . Britain 's Small Wars . Archived from the original on 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Peterson , John E. ( 1978 ) . Oman in the Twentieth Century : Political Foundations of an Emerging State . Croom Helm . p. 182 . ISBN 9780856646294 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mike ( 2003 ) . Secret Operations of the Sas . Zenith Imprint . pp. 68 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Owtram , Francis ( 2004 ) . A Modern History of Oman : Formation of the State since 1920 . I.B. Tauris . p. 106 . Jump up ^ The Last Imam of Oman has Died in Saudi Arabia , CNN Arabic . Jump up ^ Nicolin , Beatrice ( 25 May 1998 ) . `` International trade networks : The Omani Enclave of Gwadar -- Conference on German and International Research on Oman , Bonn 1998 : abstracts '' . Bonn : Conference on German and International Research on Oman . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy and rich in an Omani toytown '' . The Economist. 31 August 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Oman appoints first female minister '' . BBC News . 4 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Oman profile -- Timeline '' . BBC News . 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Geography 2007 '' . home.kpn.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Expedition Report : Dhofar Mountains Oman '' . 2011 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Krogh , Jan S. `` Oman '' . jankrogh.com . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . Jump up ^ 4th Swiss Geoscience Meeting , Bern 2006 . Meteorite accumulation surfaces in Oman : Main results of . Omani - Swiss meteorite search campaigns , 2001 -- 2006 . by Beda Hofmann et al . Jump up ^ `` Muscat ( Seeb ) Climate -- Climate of Muscat ( Seeb ) Oman World Climates '' . www.world-climates.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Oman -- Country Pasture / Forage Resource Profiles '' . Food and Agriculture Organization . Jump up ^ `` Salalah Climate -- Climate of Salalah Oman World Climates '' . www.world-climates.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Weather -- Oman '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Snow blankets Oman 's mountains as temperatures drop . Gulf News ( 16 February 2014 ) . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quriyat in Oman breaks world temperature record '' . CNN . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO World Heritage Center -- Oman 's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary : first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO 's World Heritage List '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ettinger , Powell . `` Whales and dolphins of Oman -- Dolphins , Humpbacks and Blue whales ! '' . Jump up ^ The Oman National Spatial Strategy ( ONSS ) deals with these issues at a national scale , and its under developmente by Consatt limited with the participation of IE Professor and economist , Hermenegildo Seisdedos . ONSS Oman National Spatial Strategy . freiland.at Jump up ^ Animal Tragedy . y-oman.com. 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Sarah ( 22 March 2014 ) Strays on streets a growing issue for Oman Archived 12 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Times of Oman Jump up ^ Captive Creatures . y-oman.com. 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Elections to Oman 's Consultative Council '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . Freedom House . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OMAN Majles A'Shura ( Consultative Council ) '' . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . Freedom in the World 2012 . Freedom House . ^ Jump up to : `` Waking up too '' . The Economist. 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Stork , Joe ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Human rights in the smaller Persian Gulf states : Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar and UAE '' . NOREF . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Statute of the State '' ( PDF ) . Royal Decree 101 / 96 . Ministry of Legal Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amendment to Some of the Provisions of the Basic Statute of the State '' ( PDF ) . Royal Decree 99 / 2011 . Ministry of Legal Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profiles ( Legislature ) -- Oman '' . Arab Parliaments . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legislative Branch '' . The World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries , research finds '' . The Independent . 17 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Torture in Oman '' . Gulf Center for Human Rights . 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Torture in Oman '' . Gulf Center for Human Rights . 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . The practice of torture is widespread in Oman state penal institutions and has become the state 's knee jerk reaction to independent political expression , the Gulf Centre for Human Rights ( GCHR ) says in a report published today ^ Jump up to : `` BTI 2014 -- Oman Country Report '' . BTI Project . 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Human Rights Reports : Oman '' . US Department of State . 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Whitaker , Brian ( 2011 ) . `` Oman 's Sultan Qaboos : a classy despot '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Country Report : Oman '' ( PDF ) . BTI Project . 2016 . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman -- Enforced disappearance of human rights defender Mr Mohamed Al Fazari '' . Front Line Defenders. 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human rights '' . amnesty.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman : Enforced disappearance of a Yemeni citizen , Abdulrahman Ali Salem Mohammed , for more than six months '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Actor Sadiq AlShaabani : Arrested in Oman , Handed to Bahrain Authorities , Subjected to Enforced Disappearance '' . Bahrain Center for Human Rights . 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Susan Al Shahri ( 2012 ) . `` A Taboo Subject : The Desperate Plight of Domestic Workers in Oman '' . Mideast Posts . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Mubarak ( 2012 ) . `` Things We Do n't Talk About '' . Muscat Daily . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Any Country in The Middle East Safe for Migrant Workers ? '' . migrantrights.org. 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Indian ends life every sixth day in Oman '' . The Times of India . 2012 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant Rights -- Research '' . migrantrights.org. 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign in Oman to check suicide rate '' . Gulf News . 2012 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Slavery Index findings '' . globalslaveryindex.com. 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Slavery Index '' ( PDF ) . 2014 . p. 19 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Khalid M. Al - Azri ( 2013 ) . Social and Gender Inequality in Oman : The Power of Religious and Political Tradition . p. 40 . ISBN 1138816795 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman '' . CIA -- The World Factbook . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : A Unique Foreign Policy '' . RAND . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The view from the Gulf : America 's quiet go - between speaks '' . Fox News Channel . 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Omani Ministers Voice Increasing Concerns Over Region 's Stability '' . Wikileaks . Archived from the original on 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Remains Wary Of Iranian Expansionism '' . Wikileaks . Archived from the original on 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Admiral William J. Fallon 's Meeting With Sultan Qaboos '' . Wikileaks . Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony H. Cordesman ; Khalid R. Al - Rodhan ( 28 June 2006 ) . `` The Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric War '' ( PDF ) . Center for Strategic and International Studies . Jump up ^ `` Testing times for corvette '' . Maritime Photographic. 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A balancing act '' . The Economist. 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TOP LIST TIV TABLES '' . SIPRI . Jump up ^ `` About Oman '' . National Center for Statistics & Information . Archived from the original on 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Governorates of Sultanate Of Oman '' . Ministry of Information , Sultanate of Oman . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basic Statute of the State '' ( PDF ) . Ministry Of Legal Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Chemical & Engineering News , 5 January 2009 , `` U.S. - Oman pact expands Free Trade '' , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Kharusi , N.S. ; Salman , A. ( September 2011 ) . `` The English Transliteration of Place Names in Oman '' . Journal of Academic and Applied Studies . 1 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` Arabia Tourism '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian migrant workers in Oman speak to the WSWS '' . Wsws.org . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Antony meets Indian diaspora in Oman '' . Thaindian.com. 18 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : proven oil reserves '' . Indexmundi.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oman : Energy data '' . EIA . Archived from the original on 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Ministry of Oil and Gas . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Gately , Dermot ( 1986 ) . `` Lessons from the 1986 Oil Price Collapsey '' ( PDF ) . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity ( 2 ) : 239 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oman the comeback kid of oil '' . The National . 9 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Travel & Leisure Market Research Reports and Industry Analysis '' . Marketresearch.com . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Eyes Lucrative Business Tourism Market '' . Forbesmiddleeast . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Babu . `` Culture in Oman , Tourism '' . Omanet.om . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ I'Anson , Richard ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` Lonely Planet 's Best in Travel : top 10 cities for 2012 -- travel tips and articles '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Postings of opinions published in the Gulf and international newspapers . gulfinthemedia.com Jump up ^ Andy Sambidge . `` Oman 's population passes 4 million mark '' . Arabian Business . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Economic & Social Indicators '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Statistics & Information . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Judith Miller ( 1997 ) . `` Creating Modern Oman : An Interview with Sultan Qabus '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulaiman al - Farsi ( 2013 ) . Democracy and Youth in the Middle East : Islam , Tribalism and the Rentier State in Oman . pp. 170 -- 197 . ISBN 1780760906 . Jump up ^ al Shaibany , Saleh ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` Omanis flocking to Zanzibar , their ancestral home '' . The National . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East OMAN '' . CIA The World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` Oman to allow temple , gurdwara '' . Sify.com. 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Behnstedt and Manfred Woidich , Arabische Dialektgeographie eine Einführung , Brill , Leiden , 2005 , 27 Karte 1 ISBN 9004141308 Jump up ^ Paul Yule , Pre-Arabic Inscriptions from Wādī Saḥtan , Wilāyat al - Rustāq , Governorate of the South al - Bāṭinah Region , Sultanate of Oman , Renaud Kuty , Ulrich Seeger und Shabo Talay ( eds . ) , Nicht nur mit Engelszungen Beiträge zur semitischen Dialektologie Festschrift für Werner Arnold zum 60 . Geburtstag , Harrassowitz Verlag , Wiesbaden , 2013 , 399 - 402 ISBN 9783487147987 Jump up ^ Bruno Overlaet , Michael Macdonald , Peter Stein , An Aramaic - Hasaitic bilingual inscription from a monumental tomb at Mleiha , Sharjah , UAE , Arab . Archaeol. and Epigraphy 27 , 2016 , 127 - 142 Jump up ^ Paul Yule , Late Pre-Islamic Oman : The Inner Evidence -- The Outside View , in : M. Hoffmann - Ruf -- A. al - Salami ( eds . ) , Studies on Ibadism and Oman , Oman and Overseas , vol. 2 , Hildesheim , 2013 , 13 -- 33 , ISBN 9783487147987 Jump up ^ `` Basic Information on Oman '' . Oman News Agency . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Atlas of the World 's Languages in Danger '' . UNESCO . Khojki and Zidjali were also reported , but Khojki is an alphabet , not a language , and Zidjali AKA Makrani is a dialect of Southern Baluchi Jump up ^ `` Oman first Gulf state to have German taught as second language '' . Al Arabiya . Jump up ^ Clive Holes , The Omani Arabic Dialects in their regional Context , R. Stiegener ( ed . ) , Süd - Arabien / South Arabia , a great `` lost corridor '' of mankind ... , Wiener Offene Orientalistik Band 10 / 1 , Gebhard J. Selz ( ed . ) , Template : ISBN 978 - 3 - 86835 - 214 - 6 , Münster , 2017 , 287 ‒ 95 Jump up ^ Salman , Amel ; Kharusi , Nafla S. ( May 2012 ) . `` The Sound System of Lawatiyya '' . Journal of Academic and Applied Studies . 2 ( 5 ) : 36 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` Culture of Oman '' . Sultanate of Oman . ^ Jump up to : Common , Richard K. `` Barriers To Developing ' Leadership ' In The Sultanate Of Oman '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Leadership Studies . Jump up ^ `` The Ship Building Industry '' . Ministry of Tourism , Sultanate of Oman . Jump up ^ Romey , Kristin ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Shipwreck Discovered from Explorer Vasco da Gama 's Fleet '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Culture '' . Omani Students Society . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's Traditional Clothing '' . Oman Cultural Days Exhibition . Archived from the original on 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Oman Centre for Traditional Music . Archived from the original on 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra '' . Oman Tours . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra '' . Oman Observer. 9 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ City Cinema. ( 2014 ). About Us. Retrieved 4th of March , 2016 , from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # LoveOman video goes viral with 500 , 000 views -- Oman Observer '' . Oman Observer. 13 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Sultanate of Oman TV Site . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nazneen Akbari Traditional sports in Oman -- relics of the rich Arabian history , Your Middle East , 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports Profile '' . Skysports.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Handball 2012 World Championships '' . 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bullfighting à la Batinah '' . Rough Guides . Jump up ^ Osborne , Chrisitne . `` Bullfighting : Omani Style '' . Travels With My Hat . Jump up ^ `` Serving Mangaloreans Around The World ! '' . Mangalorean.Com. 1 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National adult literacy rates ( 15 + ) , youth literacy rates ( 15 -- 24 ) and elderly literacy rates ( 65 + ) '' . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Jump up ^ `` Oman '' . Ranking Web of Universities . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Health Organization Assesses the World 's Health Systems '' . World Health Organization . External links Find more aboutOmanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Ministry of Tourism ( official government website ) . Ministry of Information ( official government website ) . `` Oman '' , Encyclopædia Britannica `` Oman '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Oman web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado -- Boulder Libraries Oman at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Oman from the BBC News . Wikimedia Atlas of Oman Key Development Forecasts for Oman from International Futures . Joint Supplier Registration System ( Initiative of Ministry of Oil & Gas , Oman ) . 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Monarchies List of current sovereign monarchs List of current constituent monarchs Type Absolute Constitutional Diarchy Elective Federal Hereditary By region or entity Africa Lesotho Morocco Swaziland Asia Bahrain Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Japan Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Thailand United Arab Emirates Europe Andorra Belgium Denmark Luxembourg Liechtenstein Monaco Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Vatican City United Kingdom Oceania Australia Tonga New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tuvalu Americas Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Greenland Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines BNE : XX453551 BNF : cb11865205d ( data ) GND : 4075653 - 1 ISNI : 0000 0001 2315 0309 LCCN : n81035932 NARA : 10035748 NDL : 00567516 SUDOC : 077828895 VIAF : 137795373 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oman&oldid=856831366 '' Categories : Oman 750s establishments 751 establishments Arabian Peninsula Arabic - 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You're So Vain

You 're So Vain - wikipedia You 're So Vain `` You 're So Vain '' Single by Carly Simon from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 8 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Richard Perry Carly Simon singles chronology `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're So Vain '' is a song written in 1971 by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 92 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s . The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann . The strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 All - time charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview , Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock and Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also evoking other previous relationships in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen . The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form '' . Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) Gavotte -- used in the line `` You had one eye in the mirror as you watched yourself gavotte '' -- is a French kissing dance . In this context it can be taken to mean moving in a pretentious manner . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Lear jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . On the October , 3 , 2017 , episode of the reality television singing competition program The Voice , Karli Webster performed a shortened version of the song for a Blind Audition , which turned the chairs of prospective coaches Adam Levine and Miley Cyrus . ( The full version of Webster 's rendition , even today , is available for purchase and download on iTunes . ) Webster ultimately chose Cyrus as her coach and joined Team Miley . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Cash Box Top 100 7 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 - 2018 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 92 Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` You 're So Vain 's ' lost ' verse premiered '' . Retrieved 6 June 2018 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chagollan , Steve ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Deconstructing Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Weekly Single Ccharts ( David Kent ) for 1973 '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 Flanders . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4266 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4279 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- You 're So Vain '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 Songs W-Z '' . South African Rock Lists . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 turns 60 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Carly Simon Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Family Richard L. Simon ( father ) Andrea Simon ( mother ) Joanna Simon ( sister ) Lucy Simon ( sister ) James Taylor ( ex-husband ) Ben Taylor ( son ) Sally Taylor ( daughter ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=853647559 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1973 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 03 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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Ghost Whisperer (season 4)

Ghost Whisperer ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Ghost Whisperer ( season 4 ) Ghost Whisperer season 4 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 Release Original network CBS Original release October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) -- May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Ghost Whisperer episodes The fourth season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on October 3 , 2008 , concluded May 15 , 2009 , and consisted of 23 episodes . The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts . While trying to live as normal a life as possible -- she is married and owns an antique store -- Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light , or the spirit world . Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability . In addition , the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit 's needs and help them . Ghost Whisperer 's fourth season aired in the United States ( U.S. ) on Fridays at 8 : 00 pm ET on CBS , a terrestrial television network , where it received an average of 10.62 million viewers per episode , becoming the most watched season of the series . Contents 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References Plot ( edit ) In the fourth season , Melinda meets Eli James ( Jamie Kennedy ) after a fire at Rockland University who , after his own near - death experience , develops the ability to hear ghosts . Melinda says goodbye to her close friend Rick Payne , who leaves Grandview on a research trip for the university . In this season , Jim is shot and killed . He does not `` cross over '' because he does not want to leave Melinda , and his spirit later enters the body of a man named Sam Lucas , who died in an unrelated accident in Grandview and crossed over . When Jim / Sam regains consciousness , he has no memory of being Jim . Melinda works to get him to remember his past life and her , and succeeds after much difficulty and skepticism on the part of her friends . They soon discover that Melinda is pregnant and that the date of conception was right before Jim died . At the end of the season , Ned and Eli find the Book of Changes , a book written by the Watchers ( a benevolent group of ghosts who keep watch over the living ) . The book tells them of past and future prominent dates , such as Andrea and Jim 's deaths . One date is listed as September 25 , 2009 ; Melinda 's due date . Melinda learns from a Watcher named Carl that her child is destined to not only inherit her gift , but be far more powerful than her . Melinda and Jim decide to remarry and have a small ceremony on a snowy night , on the street where they first met . Development ( edit ) Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' James Van Praagh , who is co-executive producer and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV . The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' Mary Ann Winkowski . Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere . The show was produced by Sander / Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios ( originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios ( originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons ) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three ) . The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles . One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview . For example , the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up . Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits . Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound . Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works . Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX . Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn , New York , which is not far from Grandview - On - Hudson , west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town , which is accurate to real life as Grandview - On - Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont . Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional `` Rockland University , '' and perhaps not coincidentally , the actual Grandview , New York is a village located in Rockland County , New York . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer characters Jennifer Love Hewitt as Melinda Gordon ( 23 episodes ) David Conrad as Jim Clancy / Sam Lucas ( 23 episodes ) Camryn Manheim as Delia Banks ( 23 episodes ) Jay Mohr as Rick Payne ( 1 episode ) Christoph Sanders as Ned Banks ( 13 episodes ) Jamie Kennedy as Eli James ( 23 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer episodes No. in Series No. in Season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Firestarter '' Eric Laneuville P.K. Simonds October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 9.44 Melinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there , and hurries over , fearful for Professor Rick Payne , but he is revealed to be alive and well . However , a therapist by the name Eli James dies , and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back . This ' near - death ' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts . The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli 's patients , who was possibly more than that , and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12 . Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives , she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers , who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves . Note : This was Jay Mohr 's last appearance as Professor Payne . First appearance of Jamie Kennedy Guest Star : Alona Tal as Fiona Raine 64 `` Big Chills '' Peter Werner Laurie McCarthy October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 9.69 A woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her . She remembers Melinda 's abilities from high school ( not that she ever believed it before ) and calls on her for help . Mel quickly uncovers the story - Grace , her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead . The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police , the other two stopped him . Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on . 65 `` Ghost in the Machine '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 8.97 Melinda watches Ned playing a computer game , and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her , and he appears in her shop , making her realise she has pulled him out of the game . She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself , he died whilst playing the game . After realising that this Ghost / Avatar - ' Phoenix ' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game , Mel , Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator , and proceed to try and catch him . Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game , and eventually discovers that ' Phoenix ' is the girls dad , and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator , who they then have to work together to catch . 66 `` Save Our Souls '' Gloria Muzio Mark B. Perry October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 10.14 Melinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage . Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful . Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her . She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was - he happens to be the owner of the ship , and has to get him to help the ghost cross over . Guest Star : Solange Knowles as cruise singer . 67 5 `` Bloodline '' Ian Sander Melissa Blake & Joy Blake October 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) 9.40 A teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend , and her ghost starts haunting the girl . Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away . After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition , it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth . The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth . 68 6 `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' Eric Laneuville Vivian Lee November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 11.06 Mel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend , her daughter and her new fiancé , and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl 's imaginary friend is actually a ghost . The ghost seems obsessed with the girl 's mother , and wants to play a game with her , but the game ends up hurting the mother . It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost ( when he was alive and after ) , and he is trying to warn her about someone , using a clues game they used to play . Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues . Jim is shot . 69 7 `` Threshold '' John Gray John Gray November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 11.57 Jim meets his brother in the in - between state , but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel , since she 's not coping without him . She ca n't see him even though he 's there , because her grief is strengthening the veil , but there is another ghost who wants her help , and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim . Eventually he gets through to her , and she tries to convince him to cross over , but he refuses . The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim . At an accident , a man dies and goes into the light , and Jim steps into the body , despite Melinda 's warning . 70 8 `` Heart & Soul '' Ian Sander Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 11.28 Jim / Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam , and Melinda tries to help , wanting the love of her life back . He visits Sam 's family but eventually accepts Mel 's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so . Delia does n't believe Melinda about Jim 's spirit stepping into Sam 's body . 71 9 `` Pieces of You '' Jim Chressanthis Laurie McCarthy December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 9.71 Jim / Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda , thinking they were having an affair , and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband . She starts to tell him about the whole Jim / Sam thing , but his reaction stops her . Delia believes Mel about Jim / Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court , and convinces him to stay . Meanwhile , Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well . 72 10 `` Ball & Chain '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw December 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) 10.18 Whilst doing work at a house , Jim / Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot , which he finds weird , but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere . Whilst searching for clues about who he is , he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on / off girlfriend , bought a month before his accident . Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost 's death , since the ghost is convinced she did n't abandon her family . 73 11 `` Life on the Line '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 10.64 Delia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere . Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost , who resends an old 911 call made from the house . This leads Melinda to investigate , and she discovers that a 14 - year - old boy was killed by the lawnmower there . She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on . Also , Sam remembers medical procedures , indicating that more of Jim 's past is coming up . He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails . 74 12 `` This Joint 's Haunted '' Mark Rosman Mark B. Perry January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 10.58 Delia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place . Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory . Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way , all without revealing her abilities to Sam . The ghost in Delia 's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death . Sam 's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia . 75 13 `` Body of Water '' Jennifer Love Hewitt P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 11.18 A girl swims in a lake and is scared away . It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls ' father . Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on , and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home , who now has cancer and wo n't take his medication . Sam 's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam , which worries Delia , who urges Mel to fight for him . The Watchers return and warn Mel again , and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living . After his past life regression session with Eli , Sam remembers loving Mel , but he thinks he is remembering Nikki . Note : This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt 's directorial debut . 76 14 `` Slow Burn '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 11.41 Delia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned 's school dance , and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy . She quickly realises the ghost is the girls ' mother , and must figure out why she does n't want the two to be together , with very little help from the ghost herself . Delia and Eli help her . Sam asks her on a date and she accepts , but helping the ghost causes her to miss it , and leads Sam to think she 's not ready to date after losing her husband . Guest Star : Kendall Schmidt as Jeff 77 15 `` Greek Tragedy '' Karen Gaviola Christina M. Kim February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 10.30 A sorority at Rockland University ' hazes ' new members with a brutal ritual , and one girl never returns the next day , which is a first . Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business , but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head , immediately thinking it is the missing girl . Eli works with her to figure out how she died , but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all , she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader . Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse , and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in , but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission . He asks her about it and she lies , making him suspicious . 78 16 `` Ghost Busted '' John Behring Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 11.54 Melinda 's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift , and after seeing his sceptical reaction , she holds off on telling him , despite Delia 's urging otherwise . Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift , ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit , and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house 's previous owner . Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel , and Delia tells him to keep an open mind . Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on , finally tells Sam about her gift , and is crushed when he is sceptical . 79 17 `` Delusions of Grandview '' Jefery Levy Laurie McCarthy & Mark B. Perry March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 11.09 Sam wants to see Melinda doing her thing , and follows her to a school where he 's been doing work . Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be . One ghost in particular needs her help , she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby . Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda , and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died , which involved electro - shock therapy . Delia and Eli work out that the ghost 's doctor was a ghost himself , and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him . Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim , and he refuses to believe it , instead thinking that Mel needs professional help . 80 18 `` Leap of Faith '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 10.58 Sam moved out at Melinda 's request , but he forgot something , so tries calling her to ask for it , but she wo n't answer his calls . Mel is scared by a break - in at her shop , especially when Dr Byrd 's ghost shows up again . Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step - in ( like what Jim did to Sam ) . Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step - in 's , and works out that he wants another body for himself . Mel realises the other step - in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him , but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water . Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he does n't trust , but follows him down anyway . Since Eli ca n't swim , Sam goes to rescue Mel , and after his bag gets trapped on something , Jim 's life flashes before his eyes . 81 19 `` Thrilled to Death '' Gloria Muzio Laurie McCarthy & Jeannine Renshaw April 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) 10.08 A young woman in Eli 's apartment building is being haunted , but claims she does n't know anyone who has died . Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is , and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him , they wonder what else she 's been lying about , and quickly discover that she is ill herself . Meanwhile , Jim misses his job and friends but realises that ca n't be his life anymore , and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School . Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan 's story , and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to . Guest Star : Hilary Duff as Morgan . 82 20 `` Stage Fright '' Eric Laneuville Mark B. Perry April 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) 9.23 A TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda 's store . Mel , Delia , Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event , and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor , and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience . They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned . Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show . They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over . After an accident shooting a walk - on part , Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news . Guest Star : Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis . 83 21 `` Cursed '' Kim Moses Laurie McCarthy May 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) 9.79 A little girl comes into the store , searching for a very specific doll , and when the older girl ( a cousin ) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died , and that the dolls ' talk ' to the little girl , Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma 's family are trapped in the dollhouse . She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths , leading her to think that the little girls mother ( and Emma 's Aunt ) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma . Mel tells Delia she 's pregnant , then discovers that she 's lost her wedding bands . Jim proposes again . 84 22 `` Endless Love '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) 9.50 Melinda is at Delia 's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned 's study group is being haunted . After a sleepwalking incident , Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants . Eli 's friend Zoe ( who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode ) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths , leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost , and whether she was into Vampires . When she tries to ask her about it , Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real , and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost . The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him , and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out . Also , Mel and Jim plan their second wedding - with Jim as Sam . Guest Star : Alexa Vega as Serena 85 23 `` The Book of Changes '' John Gray John Gray May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 9.15 Melinda 's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want . Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe 's house , but is interrupted by Eli . The thief only stole one book - called ' The Book of Changes ' by the Watchers . It has important dates in it , such as previous deaths and Melinda 's due date , which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book . Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought , the Watchers are trying to protect it . Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel 's future is in ' her ' hands and that Mel ca n't save ' her ' . Mel is scared for her unborn baby , especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her ( with their gift ) . Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met , with only Delia and Eli in attendance , and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have . Mel is told she has lots of white light around her - spirits protecting her , but if the balance slips , that could change . Eli becomes ' The Book of Changes ' new caretaker . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090617073441/http://www.variety.com/profiles/TVSeries/Synopsis/173242/Ghost+Whisperer.html?dataSet=1 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 17 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer on Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV Archived March 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Real - life ' Ghost Whisperer ' inspires CBS '' . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV '' . Jump up ^ Universal Studios Hollywood - What 's New Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Scifi.com '' . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer Television Show - Mix Checks in on Creating Audio Sounds for Ghost Whisperer TV Show Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Flash Film Works - Ghost Whisperer '' . www.flashfilmworks.com . Jump up ^ `` EDEN FX '' . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings Top CBS Primetime Shows , September 29 - October 5 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 6 -- 12 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings CBS Primetime Shows , October 13 -- 19 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 20 -- 26 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 27 -- November 2 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 3 -- 9 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 10 -- 16 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows November 17 -- 23 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , December 1 -- 7 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , December 15 -- 21 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Show , January 5 -- 11 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 12 -- 18 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 19 -- 25 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , February 2 -- 8 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , February 9 -- 15 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows February 23 to March 1 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , March 2 -- 8 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 6 -- 12 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. April 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 20 -- 26 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. April 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 27 -- May 3 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 4 -- 10 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . May 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 11 -- 17 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . General references `` Ghost Whisperer Episodes on CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z - the ghost whisperer on cbs '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` The Ghost Whisperer : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Ghost Whisperer Episodes Season 1 `` Stranglehold '' `` Pater Familias '' 5 `` Birthday Presence '' `` Implosion '' `` The Children 's Parade '' Characters Melinda Gordon Related John Gray ( creator ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Whisperer_(season_4)&oldid=855793169 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Ghost Whisperer Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 21 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

what episode did jim die on ghost whisperer

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Darien Sills-Evans

Darien Sills - Evans - wikipedia Darien Sills - Evans Jump to : navigation , search Darien Sills - Evans ( 1974 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Brooklyn , New York City , New York , United States Occupation actor , writer , comedian , director Years active 1995 -- present Darien Sean Evans , better known by his stage name , Darien Sills - Evans , ( October 11 , 1974 ) is an American actor , writer , comedian , and director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television Career 2 Cinema Career 3 Comedy 4 Filmography and awards 4.1 Director 4.2 Producer 4.3 Actor 5 References 6 External links Television career ( edit ) Early in his career , Evans was best known for his television career including playing `` Darien '' on 17 episodes of the CBS sitcom Cosby from 1998 until 2000 , and as `` Dr. Fields '' on the NBC drama Third Watch in 22 episodes from 2002 until 2005 . Other guest appearances include Law & Order , New York Undercover , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , The Black Donnellys , and Person of Interest . More recently , he played `` Darnell Nichols '' on 8 episodes of Treme between 2011 and 2013 . Since at least 2011 , Evans has been the national spokesperson for U.S. Cellular . Cinema career ( edit ) Sills - Evans wrote , directed and starred in the 2002 film X-Patriots , a romantic comedy about two black American men who travel to the Netherlands -- a place where no one looks like them -- in search of self - identity . X-Patriots was named Best Feature Drama and a Critic 's Choice at the Angelciti Film Festival in Chicago , and an official selection at the Boston Film Festival , the Newark Black Film Festival and the Sidewalk Film Festival . He financed the film with money he earned from his appearances on Cosby . In 2005 , Sills - Evans was associate producer and starred in The Reception directed by John G. Young which had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival . The film subsequently played at numerous festivals in the U.S. , including Outfest in Los Angeles , where Sills - Evans earned a best actor award . In 2009 , co-wrote and produced the feature film Rivers Wash Over Me directed by John G. Young ( of The Reception ) . The film became the centerpiece movie of the 2009 NewFest Festival . At the 2009 Outfest in Los Angeles , the leading role actor Derrick L. Middleton in the movie won the Grand Jury Award for `` Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film '' . Darien Sills - Evans also appears in the film in the role of Charles King . In 2010 , Sills - Evans directed the short film , `` Dream House '' , written and produced by Caytha Jentis . In 2010 , Sills - Evans wrote and directed six episodes of `` MC Extra Cheese : The 40 - Year - Old Rapper '' for American Cheesehole Productions . The pilot was nominated for Best Pilot at the 2012 Bannf World Media Festival . In addition to his entertainment work , Sills - Evans has worked in the industrial video field directing and producing educational titles like I Do n't Have A Problem : The Path To Addiction and Student Workshop : Building Character . Comedy ( edit ) Sills - Evans has appeared in comedy venues across the United States . In 2010 he founded Tipsy Hustle , a comedy show and open mic that continues at The Five Spot Soul Food Restaurant in Brooklyn , New York and at The Improv Space in Los Angeles . In 2014 , Sills - Evans began production on RaceMan , a weekly podcast that features comedians - usually persons of color - discussing newsworthy events and pop culture . Filmography and awards ( edit ) Director ( edit ) 2002 : X-Patriots Producer ( edit ) 2005 : The Reception - Associate producer 2009 : Rivers Wash Over Me - Producer Actor ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order ( TV series ) Cyrus 1 episode , `` The Fertile Fields '' 1995 New York Undercover ( TV series ) Lawrence 1 episode , `` CAT '' 1998 - 2000 Cosby ( TV series ) Darien recurring , then series regular for last season ; 17 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( TV series ) CSU Tech Foster 1 episode , `` Folly '' 2002 X-Patriots Dexter Payne 2002 - 2005 Third Watch ( TV series ) CSU Tech Foster recurring , 24 episodes 2002 Washington Heights Danny The Jury ( TV series ) Bennett Clarkson 1 episode , `` Bangers '' 2005 The Reception Andrew Outfest Best Actor Award 2005 Angel Rodriguez Receptionist TV Movie , on HBO 2005 Preaching to the Choir Wesley Tucker 2006 The Bedford Diaries ( TV series ) Aaron Evans series regular 2007 The Black Donnellys ( TV series ) Dr. Coles 1 episode , `` God is a Comedian '' 2008 Prana Tourist short film 2008 Law & Order ( TV series ) Young Male D.A. 1 episode , `` Strike '' 2009 Rivers Wash Over Me Charles King 2010 - 2013 Treme ( TV series ) Darnell Nichols recurring , 8 episodes 2010 - 2011 Blue Bloods ( TV series ) ESU Cop 2 episodes 2011 - 2012 Person of Interest ( TV series ) Tyrell Evans 3 episodes 2012 White Collar ( TV series ) Manager 1 episode , `` Pulling Strings '' 2012 I Just Want My Pants Back ( TV series ) Driver 1 episode , `` Blackout '' 2012 30 Rock ( TV series ) Man in the Bronx 1 episode , `` The Return of Avery Jessup '' 2013 Big Words Malik 2013 Cleaners ( TV series ) Detective Armstrong 1 episode , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' 2013 Life with Jeannie ( TV series ) 1 episode , `` My First Baby Jesus '' 2015 The Whispers ( TV series ) General Ousmane Damba 1 episode , `` X Marks the Spot '' 2015 Star Wars : Uprising ( video game ) voice only 2015 Need for Speed ( video game ) voice only References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Darien Sills - Evans '' . Official website . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Cellular Holiday 2011 Commercial '' . YouTube . Nov 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darien Sills - Evans '' . Wolfman Productions , Inc . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Darien Sills - Evans '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Independent Media Makers '' . D Street Media Group . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official website Darien Sills - Evans on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darien_Sills-Evans&oldid=798960733 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people Male actors from New York City American male film actors American male television actors People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 20 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods

Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods - wikipedia Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 68.7. 31.50 ( talk ) at 16 : 26 , 12 August 2017 ( → ‎ Plot ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 16 : 26 , 12 August 2017 by 68.7. 31.50 ( talk ) ( → ‎ Plot ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Japanese release poster Directed by Masahiro Hosoda Produced by Rioko Tominaga Gyarmath Bogdan Screenplay by Akira Toriyama Story by Akira Toriyama Based on Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Starring Masako Nozawa Kōichi Yamadera Masakazu Morita Masaharu Satō Hiromi Tsuru Mayumi Tanaka Ryō Horikawa Toshio Furukawa Tōru Furuya Takeshi Kusao Jōji Yanami Music by Norihito Sumitomo Edited by Shinichi Fukumitsu Production company Toei Animation Distributed by Toei Company 20th Century Fox Release date March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) ( Japan ) Running time 85 minutes ( theatrical ) 105 minutes ( Fuji TV ) Country Japan Language Japanese Box office $51.2 million Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール Z 神 と 神 , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto : Kami to Kami , lit . `` Dragon Ball Z : God and God '' ) is the eighteenth Japanese animated feature film based on the Dragon Ball series and the fourteenth to carry the Dragon Ball Z branding , released in theaters on March 30 , 2013 . It is the first Dragon Ball movie in 17 years to have a theatrical release , the last being the tenth anniversary movie in 1996 , which followed the first three Dragon Ball films and the thirteen Dragon Ball Z films . Unlike previous theatrical Dragon Ball releases , this was a full feature - length production with a stand - alone release and not shown as part of the now - discontinued Toei Anime Fair ( formerly the Toei Manga Matsuri ) . It is the first - ever Japanese film to be screened at IMAX Digital Theaters , and was released on Blu - ray and DVD on September 13 , 2013 . Funimation acquired the North American rights to Battle of Gods and produced an English dub that they co-released with 20th Century Fox in North American cinemas in August 2014 . Madman Entertainment acquired the Australasian rights and screened the movie at the 2013 Japanese Film Festival in Australia before screening the English dub to select theaters in August 2014 , and Manga Entertainment released the film in the United Kingdom in November 2014 . Battle of Gods was the first film considered an official part of the Dragon Ball storyline , being set during the time skip in chapter 517 of the original manga , with original creator Akira Toriyama deeply involved . The plot involves Beerus , the God of Destruction , learning of the defeat of the galactic overlord Freeza at the hands of Son Goku . Seeking an opponent worthy of his power , Beerus , along with his companion Whis , travels to the North Galaxy to challenge Goku to a battle . The first story arc of Dragon Ball Super , the newest canonical anime series in the Dragon Ball franchise , retells the events of Battle of Gods . Some details have been altered , scenes added , and dialogue expanded to cover the 14 - episode arc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Development and production 3.1 Music 4 Marketing 4.1 Promotions 4.2 Collaborations 4.3 Tie - ins with other media 5 Release and reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Whis wakes Beerus , the God of Destruction , from his long slumber and tells him that Frieza was defeated by a Saiyan . Thirty - nine years earlier , the Yogen - gyo ( 予言 魚 ) foretold that a mighty opponent would appear before Beerus , the Super Saiyan God . Beerus , with Whis , then tracks down the Saiyan warrior Goku , who defeated Freeza . On Kaiō - sama 's planet , Goku proceeds to challenge Beerus . Despite having powered up to Super Saiyan 3 , Goku is ultimately overwhelmed and defeated in two strikes . Disappointed by the subsequent lack of challenge , Beerus departs in order to seek out more powerful adversaries on Earth . Beerus ' arrival interrupts Bulma 's birthday party . Vegeta , who already knew about Beerus , because of a warning from Kaiō - sama , casts his pride aside in order to put Beerus in a good mood . Meanwhile , Pilaf , Mai , and Shu sneak into the party in order to steal the Dragon Balls , but are not recognized as they have been turned into children ; before the events of the film , they gathered all the Dragon Balls themselves and wished for youth , but Shenlong made them a little too young . Discovering the three of them , Trunks mistakes Pilaf for a monkey and fibs to Goten that Mai is his girlfriend , which leads to the trio being brought in front of the party - goers . When Mai accidentally drops the Dragon Ball she stole , she takes Trunks hostage , but no one seems concerned . A drunk Gohan dares Mai to shoot him ; he deflects the bullets with one finger , but one of them hits Videl 's leg and another one hits Beerus ' forehead . Dende heals Videl and discovers that she is pregnant with Gohan 's child . Videl has been hiding the fact to surprise Gohan later and they do not reveal it to the others yet . When Beerus asks Mr. Boo for one or two of the puddings he has , Boo eats all of them , angering the God of Destruction who decides to destroy the Earth . Boo , Android 18 , Tenshinhan and Piccolo attempt to fight Beerus , but are easily defeated . Gohan powers up and attacks Beerus only to be taken down by a heavy kick . Vegeta tries his hand at defeating Beerus , but he is also taken down . Goten and Trunks fuse into Gotenks and attempt to fight Beerus but are quickly defeated as well . Bulma becomes annoyed at the fighting ruining her birthday party and yells at Beerus before slapping him . When Beerus slaps her back , it sends Vegeta into a fit of rage , becoming even stronger than Goku , however , he is still defeated . Goku appears , having been watching Vegeta 's fight and summons Shenlong to ask what a Super Saiyan God is . A Super Saiyan God once appeared on planet Vegeta to stop evil Saiyans , but failed because of the form 's time limit . The dragon also reveals that they need the power of six pure - hearted Saiyans for one of them to reach the Super Saiyan God form . Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan God , a form far stronger than even the Super Saiyan 3 , thanks to the power of himself , Vegeta , Gohan , Trunks , Goten , and Pan ( from inside her mother Videl ) , fulfilling the prophecy once stated by the Oracle Fish . Goku confronts Beerus again and they wage an intense battle in space , right above planet Earth . The form gives Goku the power to resist Beerus , but he reverts to his regular Super Saiyan form due to its time limit . However , he learns the form 's godlike feeling , which allows him to use some amount of Super Saiyan God power against Beerus . The two seem to be equally strong , but Beerus eventually decides to use his strongest attack . Goku stops the energy sphere , barely holding it back , but after Chi - Chi and Goku 's friends appear in Goku 's mind he is able to absorb the energy sphere and briefly transform into a Super Saiyan God once again . However , Goku is overwhelmed with exhaustion , and at Beerus ' suggestion , finally admits defeat . Beerus recognizes Goku 's effort and reveals that he was the second strongest person he had ever fought , after Whis , who is also his martial arts master and is even stronger than he is . Goku also learns from Beerus and Whis that there are actually other universes with other Gods of Destruction . Back on Earth , Beerus decides to spare the planet and takes his leave with Whis after bidding farewell to Goku and his friends , who return to Bulma 's birthday party . It is revealed by Whis that Beerus used only 70 % of his power while fighting Goku . Voice cast ( edit ) Character Japanese voice actor English voice actor Goku Masako Nozawa Sean Schemmel Vegeta Ryō Horikawa Christopher R. Sabat Gohan Masako Nozawa Kyle Hebert Piccolo Toshio Furukawa Christopher R. Sabat Krillin Mayumi Tanaka Sonny Strait Yamcha Tōru Furuya Christopher R. Sabat Tien Shinhan Hikaru Midorikawa John Burgmeier Trunks Takeshi Kusao Laura Bailey Goten Masako Nozawa Kara Edwards Puar Naoko Watanabe Brina Palencia Oolong Naoki Tatsuta Brad Jackson Master Roshi Masaharu Satō Mike McFarland Bulma Hiromi Tsuru Monica Rial Chi - Chi Naoko Watanabe Cynthia Cranz Android 18 Miki Itō Meredith McCoy Mr. Satan Unshō Ishizuka Chris Rager Mr. Buu Kōzō Shioya Josh Martin Videl Yuko Minaguchi Kara Edwards Dende Aya Hirano Justin Cook Pilaf Shigeru Chiba Chuck Huber Shenron Kenji Utsumi Christopher R. Sabat King Kai Jōji Yanami Sean Schemmel Gotenks Masako Nozawa Takeshi Kusao Kara Edwards Laura Bailey Ox - King Ryūzaburō Ōtomo Kyle Hebert Mai Eiko Yamada Colleen Clinkenbeard Shu Tesshō Genda Chris Cason Dr. Briefs Jōji Yanami Mark Stoddard Bulma 's Mother Yoko Kawanami Cynthia Cranz Beerus Kōichi Yamadera Jason Douglas Whis Masakazu Morita Ian Sinclair Yogen - gyo ( Seer ) Shoko Nakagawa Monica Rial Policewoman Kaori Matsumoto Mary Elizabeth McGlynn Sushi Chef Shinichi Karube T. Axelrod Narrator Jōji Yanami Kyle Hebert Development and production ( edit ) Early in July 2012 , Weekly Shōnen Jump 's official website had already opened a teaser page with a countdown to a `` surprise '' on Saturday , July 14 , the release date of its 33rd issue of the year . On July 14 , the magazine and website , now changed to show Shenlong appearing and then disappearing , revealed some minor information of the upcoming film ; including the premiere date , staff information , and companies involved in the production ( Fox International Productions Japan , Shueisha , Fuji TV , Toei Animation , Bandai , Bandai Namco Games , and Bird Studio ) . The film 's director is Masahiro Hosoda , who directed several Dragon Ball Z episodes back in 1992 , the screenplay was written by Yūsuke Watanabe , who has written manga adaptations before ( namely the 20th Century Boys and Gantz live - action films ) , and the lead animation director is Tadayoshi Yamamuro , who has worked on the series since the Dragon Ball anime . The magazine and official website also published a comment by Akira Toriyama about the movie . The Dragon Ball series creator notes that the adaptation will mark the first time he has been so deeply involved in the production of an anime , in this case as early as the screenwriting stages . Toriyama also said that the film will retain the atmosphere of the original while adding small amounts of modern flavor . Toei Animation released a press statement on July 17 , 2012 , saying it would be set `` between the animation series Z and GT , or in other words from the blank decade between the end of the battle with Majin Boo in chapter 517 of the manga and chapter 518 '' and calling it part of `` the official history of Dragon Ball . '' In September , it was announced that the film was one of four that year , and the only animated one , to receive money from the Japanese government as part of the non-profit organization UNIJAPAN 's `` Co-production Certification Program '' . Toei received 50 million yen ( roughly US $636,000 ) from the Agency for Cultural Affairs , whose aim is to promote Japanese arts and culture , with the United States named as the film 's partner country . This time in particular , we had a request from sensei to leave in not only the action , but also some truly enjoyable ... the truly enjoyable aspects of Dragon Ball ; Dragon Ball 's chaotic feeling , and the action of Gohan 's battles and of the Z Fighters are mixed together very well , so I believe that has also helped make it an enjoyable movie . -- Gyarmath Bogdan , MAG Net , NHK , March 1 , 2013 The December issue of Ultra Jump elaborated on Toriyama 's involvement in the movie , stating he came up with the movie 's story and character designs . On December 2 , the official website was updated with the movies ' cast and entire staff . The following day , a brief introduction to the film 's story was leaked from accessing an unlinked section of the website . In January 2013 , it was announced that Olympic gold medalist in judo Kaori Matsumoto and singer / tarento Shoko Nakagawa will have roles in the film . Nakagawa is a well - known otaku and Matsumoto is a fan of the series as well . Matsumoto voices a policewoman modeled after herself , while Nakagawa plays the Yogen - gyo ( 予言 魚 ) who first leads Beerus to Goku . The Fuji TV announcer Shin - ichi Karube also has a small part in the movie . The April issue of V Jump teased about a new Super Saiyan transformation being in the film , titled `` Super Saiyan God '' ( 超 サイヤ 人 ゴッド , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ) , saying : 39 years ago , the Oracle Fish told Beerus that the Super Saiyan God would appear before him . And that this is the beginning of the movie 's story . In Weekly Shōnen Jump issue # 14 of 2013 , Toriyama said that the plot for Battle of Gods began two years ago with ideas for the God of Destruction and Super Saiyan God , and that he got deeply involved in the story in order to keep it in - line with the series ' original tone so kids could enjoy it . In the following week 's issue , he revealed that Beerus ' design is based on a cat and his clothes based on Egyptian garments . A live greeting by cast members and Toriyama , followed by a preview screening of the film took place across Japan on Tuesday , March 12 , 2013 , with a limited number of attendees determined from a Jump lottery . The lottery tickets were included in 22 different Shueisha magazines ( including Weekly Shōnen Jump , V Jump , Jump SQ , and Ultra Jump ) and 884 pairs ( 1768 people ) were invited . There were five screenings , all the same day and at 6 : 30 p.m : Shinjuku Wald 9 cinema in Tokyo ( 428 people ) , Umeda Burg 7 theater in Osaka ( 440 people ) , 109 Cinemas in Nagoya ( 256 people ) , T - Joy Hakata in Fukuoka ( 322 people ) , and Sapporo Cinema Frontier in Sapporo ( 322 people ) . The special cast greeting at the Tokyo venue was beamed live to the other locations before the screening . A second preview screening with an on - stage greeting and a special guest took place at Differ Ariake Arena on March 16 , 2013 , with 250 pairs ( 500 people ) invited ( determined with lottery tickets included in V Jump , Weekly Shōnen Jump , and Saikyō Jump ) . Music ( edit ) The music in Battle of Gods was composed by Norihito Sumitomo . Its theme song is a cover of Hironobu Kageyama 's `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' , the original opening theme of Dragon Ball Z , by the rock band Flow . The band members commented that they were excited about the opportunity as they have been fans of the series since they were in elementary school . The cover and the film 's insert song , `` Hero ~ Song of Hope ~ '' ( HERO ~ 希望 の 歌 ~ , Hīro ~ Kibō no Uta ~ ) , were released as a double A-side single on March 20 , 2013 . It reached number 24 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart . The film 's original soundtrack , containing 43 tracks , was released on March 27 , 2013 . Due to licensing agreements , the international editions of the film use English - language versions of Flow 's `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' and `` Hero ~ Song of Hope ~ '' . The music to the trailers in Japan was composed by Immediate Music whom specialize in providing trailer music for films , such as Avatar , the Matrix films and the Harry Potter films . The trailers use the pieces `` Prologue to Conquest '' ( Trailerhead : NU EPIQ ) and `` Emergence of Empires '' ( Trailerhead : Saga ) , both composed by Yoav Goren with the latter based on `` Conquest of Kingdoms '' from Epic Choral Action # 1 and `` Rising Empires '' from Themes for Orchestra & Choir 2 : Abbey Road respectively . Pfeifer Broz . Music supplied `` Evil Island '' for Funimation 's promotions and trailers in North America . Marketing ( edit ) Promotions ( edit ) The July 14 , 2012 issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump published the first promotional images for the film ; featuring Goku , Gohan , Piccolo , Kuririn , Goten , Trunks , Vegeta , and Shenlong , with the tagline `` The mightiest make their move '' ( 最強 、 始動 , Saikyō , Shidō ) , followed by `` All humanity has been waiting . For excitement like none before ... '' ( 全 人類 待望. かつて ない 興奮 へー , Zen jinrui taibō . Katsute nai kōfun e ) . On July 21 , 2012 , a short teaser trailer announcing the film was shown at the Saikyō V Jump Festa , and later that month shown on television . The teaser trailer was added to the movie 's official website in August 2012 . In less than a week the video was viewed over 3.5 million times . With the movie title revealed in November 2012 , a special pre-sale collaboration ticket with the One Piece Film : Z movie was made to commemorate the release of the two films . The dual - ticket good for both films has a special new illustration by both Eiichirō Oda ( author of One Piece ) and Akira Toriyama . Limited to 8,989 across Japan , the tickets went on sale on November 23 , 2012 , for ¥ 2,600 ( US $31.51 ) apiece . The film 's poster and two new characters ' names and voice actors were officially revealed in December 2012 in Weekly Shōnen Jump 's first issue of 2013 ; Beerus , the God of Destruction voiced by Kōichi Yamadera and the mysterious Whis voiced by Masakazu Morita . The film poster displays Super Saiyan Goku combating the God of Destruction Beerus , with Whis floating showered in light in the background . Various other characters from the series are also featured on the poster ( Mr. Satan , Mr. Boo , Videl , the shrunken Pilaf gang , Super Saiyan Goten , Super Saiyan Gohan , Super Saiyan Vegeta , Super Saiyan Trunks , Bulma , Piccolo , Tenshinhan , Kuririn , Yamcha and Puar ) . The first full trailer for the film was aired on Fuji TV on December 7 , 2012 , during the morning show Mezamashi TV . A 30 - minute Battle of Gods discussion panel was held at Jump Festa 2013 ; on the Jump Super Stage , on December 22 , 2012 . Along with the voice actors Masako Nozawa , Mayumi Tanaka , Toshio Furukawa , the film director Masahiro Hosoda , V Jump editor - in - chief Akio Iyoku , and Toei Animation producer Gyarmath Bogdan took part at the discussion which was overseen by former YBS TV announcer Mariko Nakagomi . The second full trailer for the film began being streamed on Cinema Today 's website on February 27 , 2013 . In late March 2013 , Cinema Today 's website began streaming a TV ad for the movie that features Frieza ( Ryūsei Nakao ) and Cell ( Norio Wakamoto ) ; Cell questions why he is n't in the film and Frieza brags that he is , Cell then remarks that Frieza only has a non-speaking appearance . Collaborations ( edit ) During the 30th Prize Fair , which took place in Tokyo on November 7 , 2012 , Bandai showcased some of their new Dragon Ball figures for winter 2012 , as well their World Collectable Figure line produced in conjunction with the 2013 movie . The latter is a set of eight figures around 7 cm tall that covers characters that appear in the movie ; along with Vegeta and Super Saiyan 3 Goku , the three members of the Pilaf gang were among the figures revealed . In February 2013 , several collaborative projects between Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods and KFC in Japan began . On the seventh , the restaurants began selling `` Smile Sets with Strongest Battle Goods -- Parents and Kids Play Together ! '' , which came with Dragon Ball Z games such as reversi and playing cards . On the fifteenth , the KFC restaurants in Sapporo , Sendai , Ebisu , Sakae , Osaka , Hakata and Okinawa dressed their Colonel Sanders statues as Goku , with each one holding a different starred Dragon Ball . They began selling `` Strongest Sets '' that come with `` Light Up ! Dragon Bottles '' or `` Dream Dragon Radar detectors '' on February 28 , and a TV ad featuring Goku began airing . As part of a collaboration with the Japanese J. League Division 1 football team Albirex Niigata , a special poster unveiled on the official Battle of Gods website on February 20 , 2013 , was displayed across Niigata Prefecture in promotion of their match with the defending league Division 1 champions Sanfrecce Hiroshima on March 3 , 2013 . The poster is based on the Battle of Gods poster , with the movie characters replaced by the football team 's players : the figure in the background replacing Whis is the team 's manager Masaaki Yanagishita , Beerus has been replaced by the Sanfrecce Hiroshima goalkeeper Shūsaku Nishikawa , and Goku is replaced by the team 's forward Bruno Lopes . All supporters at the match wore orange , Goku made an `` appearance '' at the stadium , and the Dragon Ball Z theme song was used . From March 5 to April 8 the Lawson convenience stores sold special Battle of Gods inspired food items , such as Dragon Ball pizza balls , Super Saiyan fries , Demon King Piccolo 's Green Tea Cream Puffs , Majin Boo Milk Pudding and Vegeta 's Green Salad . Tie - ins with other media ( edit ) The March 2013 issue of V Jump revealed that Beerus would appear in the Dragon Ball Heroes arcade game as a boss battle , and subsequently in its Nintendo 3DS version titled Dragon Ball Heroes : Ultimate Mission . It also announced the Dragon Ball Z Festival at Toei Kyoto Studio Park from March 16 to September 8 in celebration of Battle of the Gods . Starting on March 30 , Beerus appeared in the Dragon Ball arcade game Zenkai Battle Royale . Beerus , Whis , and Goku 's Super Saiyan God form are all playable characters in the video game Battle of Z . A manga adaptation of Battle of Gods ran in the April 2013 issue of Saikyō Jump , which went on sale on March 4 , 2013 . Drawn by Naho Ōishi , who currently draws the Dragon Ball SD series in the magazine and previously Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock in V Jump , it depicts the beginning of the film . An anime comic version , more commonly known as `` ani - manga '' in the west , of Battle of Gods was released on October 4 , 2013 . Battle of Gods received its television debut on Fuji TV on March 22 , 2014 at 9 : 00pm . Toei Animation producer Gyarmath Bogdan confirmed through Twitter that the broadcast included up to twenty minutes of extra scenes and additional footage . The broadcast earned an average household rating of 13.1 % . The 2015 Dragon Ball Z : Resurrection ' F ' film is a sequel to Battle of Gods and features Beerus and Whis . The first story arc of Dragon Ball Super is a retelling of sorts of Battle of Gods , though some events are altered or expanded in the series ' version of events . The `` Battle of Gods '' arc covers episodes 1 - 14 . Release and reception ( edit ) Battle of Gods is the first - ever Japanese film to be screened at IMAX Digital Theaters , screening at all 16 IMAX Digital Theater locations across Japan . However , it was not shown in 3D . Madman Entertainment announced they had acquired the Australasian rights to the film and screened the movie at the 2013 Japanese Film Festival in Australia from October to December . On May 30 , 2014 , Funimation announced that they had acquired the North American rights to the movie and gave the film a limited theatrical run in North America from August 5 -- 7 and 9 , 2014 . Funimation held a red carpet premiere for Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods in Los Angeles on July 3 . The 8 : 00 p.m. red carpet and 9 : 00 p.m. screening was at the Regal LA Live Stadium 14 Theaters . Madman screened Funimation 's dub at a handful of Australasian theaters on August 30 , 2014 . Manga Entertainment , the United Kingdom 's distributor of the series , announced at the MCM Manchester Comic Con that they licensed the film and would give it a limited theatrical release , including an appearance at the 2014 Scotland Loves Anime convention . In Latin America , the movie was released by Diamond Films during the last days of September and first days of October 2013 ( depending on the country ) with almost every member of the original cast from the Mexican Spanish dub of the series . In Brazil , Battle of Gods was released by Diamond Filmes on October 11 , 2013 , with the original cast from the Brazilian Portuguese Dragon Ball Z dub . In Italy the movie entered theaters on February 1 , 2014 . In Spain , the movie was released in theaters on May 30 , 2014 in Castilian Spanish , Catalan and Basque languages , with the former bringing back almost every member of the original cast from the Castilian Spanish Dragon Ball Z dub while the latter two feature the respective Catalan and Basque voice casts from Dragon Ball Kai ( the Catalan voice cast also being essentially the same one from Dragon Ball Z ) . The extended version home release also featured a Valencian dub with almost every member of the original cast from the Valencian Dragon Ball Z dub . In Philippines , the movie was released subtitled in English by Pioneer Films during the month of April 2013 , making it the second Dragon Ball film to be shown in the country . The Filipino dub of the movie will be released on January 4 , 2015 by ABS - CBN TV Network . Box Office ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods opened at number one in the Japanese box office , earning US $7,307,760 with 561,098 tickets sold in its first two days . The movie 's showings at all 16 of the IMAX Digital theaters in Japan that weekend earned US $450,000 , with an average of US $28,000 per screen . It was ranked number five in the overseas box office chart by Variety , making it the top - grossing non-American film on the chart . While the top four films are playing in over 50 territories each , Battle of Gods ' performance is based only on 328 screens in Japan . By its fifth day , the film had made over US $12,000,000 with 988,790 tickets sold . As a result , the film was projected to sell more than 1 million tickets by its sixth day , making it the fastest film to reach that milestone so far that year in Japan . It was number one in its second week as well , with a total of 1,488,518 tickets sold and an estimated US $19,017,008 total earnings . The film was number one for a third week , raising its total to US $23,618,327 with 1,823,141 tickets sold , making it the fastest - grossing film of 2013 in Japan . It dropped to fourth place the subsequent weekend of April 20 -- 21 , but total tickets sold passed the two million mark and its total revenue climbed to US $26,419,641 . The film dropped to eighth during Golden Week , which is when many new movies open in theaters and is the film industry 's best week in Japan , while the box office gross grew to US $28,162,444 and tickets reached 2,181,328 . The following week it held on to the eighth place , with tickets sold increasing to 2,346,726 and its gross to US $29,172,291 . Toei aimed for Battle of Gods to earn a domestic Japanese box office take of ¥ 3 billion ( about US $30 million ) . In December 2013 , Oricon listed Battle of Gods as the Japanese box office 's eleventh highest - grossing film of the year earning a box office take of ¥ 3 billion . The film earned US $2.8 million in North American theaters in 8 days , placing it eleventh on a list of the highest - grossing theatrically released anime in North America of all time according to Box Office Mojo . Critical reception ( edit ) Richard Eisenbeis writing for Kotaku called the film `` a great nostalgic trip from beginning to end . '' He noted that it was focused on lighthearted moments , but that the `` comedic moments were not only funny but also true to the series , and the fight scenes were excellent one and all . '' He particularly praised the animation as the best of the series , due to technological advancements since the early 1990s , and declared that the highlight of the movie was how in the end the villain was undoubtedly the winner over Goku in a `` complete reversal of the standard DBZ formula '' . Otaku USA 's Matt Schley agreed that it is a comedy heavy film `` more reminiscent of the original Dragon Ball than Z '' . He speculates that the viewer 's enjoyment of the movie depends on what they expect ; `` If you want epic Dragon Ball Z story worthy of the title Battle of Gods , this film may disappoint . But if you 're just happy to see your favorite characters performing a few animated hijinx again after all these years , this film certainly delivers . '' Leah B. Jackson of IGN gave the English dub of the movie a 7.5 out of 10 , praising the animation and fight scenes , particularly the final battle . She was pleased to see Funimation 's voice actors return , but criticized the movie for the lack of iconic techniques and having too much `` filler '' . Theron Martin of Anime News Network ( ANN ) praised the movie for its humor , use of main and supporting cast , the introduction of Beerus and Whis and the overall light - hearted nature and plot . But also criticized the movie for its inconsistent animation , uninspiring fight scenes and use of CGI , stating , `` Ultimately Battle of Gods is entirely a movie for long - established fans , as it has too many in - jokes that those not familiar with wide swaths of the franchise would get . It is not a stellar addition to the franchise but is a worthwhile and at least moderately entertaining one , provided that one does not go into it expecting an action magnum opus . '' Kyle Mills Of DVD Talk highly recommended the movie , praising the dub and the perfect balancing of the humor elements from the first Dragon Ball anime with the action elements of Dragon Ball Z . He finished with , `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods is one hell of a fun flick . For any fan of the Dragon Ball franchise , you need to check it out. ( ... ) ( It is ) a film full of nostalgia , fun characters , legitimate laugh out loud moments , and slick action sequences . It 's a film that showcases perfectly why the Dragon Ball franchise has such long lasting popularity . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released in Japan in standard and limited edition DVD and Blu - ray formats on September 13 , 2013 . In addition to the design material and trailer collections included in the regular edition , the limited edition includes behind the scenes footage , interviews , and the 2008 short film Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! , as well as a figure , booklet , and special postcards . The home video release of Battle of Gods sold approximately 50,381 copies in its first week . By the end of the year , it had sold 46,761 DVDs and 33,737 Blu - rays . The extended TV version of the film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 13 , 2015 , selling approximately 1,666 copies in its first week . Funimation released the theatrical and extended TV versions in North America on DVD and Blu - ray on October 7 , 2014 . A similar set was released in the United Kingdom by Manga Entertainment on November 10 , 2014 . Madman Entertainment released the film in Australia and New Zealand on DVD and Blu - ray on November 26 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) Dragon Ball portal Anime and manga portal List of Dragon Ball films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FUNimation To Release Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Uncut Version for Home Video '' . Anime News Network . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ( 2014 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Film Set Between 517th & 518th Manga Chapters '' . Anime News Network . July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 's Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Film Story Outlined '' . Anime News Network . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akira Toriyama , Toei Make Dragon Ball Z Film Next March '' . Anime News Network . July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 映画 『 ドラゴンボール Z 』 2013 年 3 月 30 日 ( 土 ) 超 拡大 公開 ! '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Dragon Ball Z Film Gets 50 million Yen Support from Japanese Government '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 文化 庁 、 国際 共同 製作 支援 の 次 年度 の 募集 要項 公開 本年度 は 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 も '' . Animeanime.biz ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ultra Jump issue # 12 , November 19 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Judoka Matsumoto Kaori & Nakagawa Shoko to lend their voices for new Dragon Ball anime film '' . tokyohive.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ V Jump , issue # 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekly Shōnen Jump , issue # 14 , March 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekly Shōnen Jump , issue # 15 , March 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekly Young Jump , issue # 5 / 6 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : V Jump , issue # 3 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` FLOW to cover `` CHA - LA HEAD - CHA - LA '' for new ' Dragon Ball Z ' movie `` . tokyohive.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FLOW announces new single + album + nationwide tour '' . tokyohive.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FLOW の シングル 売り上げ ランキング '' . Oricon ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Original Soundtrack '' . cdjapan.co.jp . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGONBALL Z - ドラゴンボール Z - '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weekly Shōnen Jump issue # 33 , July 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dragon Ball Z Film 's Full Teaser & English Site Posted '' . Anime News Network . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dragon Ball Z Film Teaser Streamed 3.9 Million Times '' . Anime News Network . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Piece / Dragon Ball Z Ticket Set Illustrated by Creators '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weekly Shōnen Jump issue # 1 , December 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Film 's Latest Footage Aired '' . Anime News Network . December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ' 2nd Full Trailer Streamed '' . Anime News Network . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dragon Ball Film 's TV Ad Has Voice Cameo by Cell '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Smile Sets Offered at KFC in Japan '' . Anime News Network . January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` KFC 's Colonel Sanders to Cosplay as Dragon Ball 's Son Goku '' . Anime News Network . January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball 's Goku Chows Down on Fried Chicken in KFC TV Ad '' . Anime News Network . February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` アルビレックス 新潟 × 映画 「 ドラゴンボール Z 神 と 神 」 と の タイ アップ キャンペーン 実施 の お知らせ '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Inspires Super Saiyan Fries , Dragon Pizza Balls '' . Anime News Network . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Z Game 's English Trailer Streamed '' . Anime News Network . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saikyō Jump , April issue , March 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z 神 と 神 アニメ コミックス ( ジャンプ コミックス ) '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation TV Ranking , March 17 -- 23 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z 2015 Movie : Frieza 's Resurrection '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball to Be 1st Japanese Film in Imax Digital Theaters '' . Anime News Network . February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corporation , IMAX . `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle Of Gods TM Rolls Into IMAX ® Digital Theatres Across Japan Starting March 30 '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Fukkatsu no F to Be 1st Japanese Film in Imax 3D Theaters '' . Anime News Network . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Madman Ent . Adds Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Blasts into U.S. Movie Theaters This August '' . Funimation . May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods to Have Red Carpet Premiere in L.A. '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Announce Special Event Screenings for Dragon Ball Z : Battle Of Gods '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manga Entertainment Panel Announcements at Manchester '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Films : Home '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 初 登場 トップ ! 春休み で ファミリー 映画 が 好調 ! ( 映画 週末 興行 成績 ) '' . cinematoday.jp ( in Japanese ) . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- March 30th / 31st '' . tokyohive.com. April 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' G.I. Joe ' Opens Big with $132 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . March 31 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Variety : Dragon Ball Z Is Top Non-U.S. Film Overseas '' . Anime News Network . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Dragon Ball Sells 988,790 Tickets for 1.1 Billion Yen '' . Anime News Network . April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- April 6th / 7th '' . tokyohive.com. April 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 映画 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 V2 で 興 収 15 億 円 突破 ! トップ 3 を アニメ 作品 が 占める ! ( 映画 週末 興行 成績 ) '' . cinematoday.jp ( in Japanese ) . April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- April 13th / 14th '' . tokyohive.com. April 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dragon Ball Film Sells 1.8 Million Tickets for 2.2 Billion Yen '' . Anime News Network . April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- April 20th / 21st '' . tokyohive.com. April 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conan , Shin - chan Films Debut on Top , Pushing Dragon Ball to # 4 '' . Anime News Network . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report & Trailer Park -- April 27th / 28th '' . tokyohive.com . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 『 名 探偵 コナン 』 100 万 人 突破 で V2 ! 強敵 『 アイアン マン 』 『 仮面 ライダー 』 に 勝利 ! ( 映画 週末 興行 成績 ) '' . cinematoday.jp ( in Japanese ) . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office Report -- May 4th / 5th '' . tokyohive.com . May 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 『 名 探偵 コナン 』 V3 で 動員 200 万 人 突破 ! GW 終盤 で ファミリー 映画 が 絶好調 ! ( 映画 週末 興行 成績 ) '' . cinematoday.jp ( in Japanese ) . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toei Aims for 3 Billion Yen for 2013 Dragon Ball Z Film '' . Anime News Network . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 年間 映画 興行 ランキング 『 アニメ が TOP3 を 独占 ! ダイナミック な '' 観客 動向 `` の 変化 と メガヒット 時代 の 終焉 』 '' . Oricon ( in Japanese ) . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Entertainment , FUNimation . `` '' Dragon Ball Z : Resurrection ' F ' '' Books Back - To - Back Record Box Offices On First Two Days Of Run `` . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Dragon Ball Z Movie Is n't Deep or Profound , but it is a Ton of Fun '' . Kotaku. April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Review '' . Otaku USA . April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Leah B. , Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods review , IGN , retrieved August 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Martin , Thron , Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods , Anime News Network , retrieved August 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Mill , Kyle. , Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ( Blu Ray ) , DVD Talk , retrieved October 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` '' Dragon Ball Z Battle of Gods '' Japanese Home Video Release Listed `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , September 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , September 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Animation DVDs in Japan : 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Animation Blu - ray Discs in Japan : 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール Z 神 と 神 スペシャル ・ エディション ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , March 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation Blu - ray Disc Ranking , March 9 -- 15 '' . Anime News Network . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uncut Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Home Video Release Slated for October '' . Anime News Network . August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods and Usagi Drop Released Monday '' . Anime News Network . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the movie Official 20th Century Fox page Funimation official website of the movie Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods ( film ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods on IMDb Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods at Box Office Mojo Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Dragon Ball films and TV specials Animated ( Dragon Ball ) Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power Animated ( Dragon Ball Z ) Dead Zone The World 's Strongest The Tree of Might Lord Slug Cooler 's Revenge The Return of Cooler Super Android 13 ! Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Bojack Unbound Broly -- Second Coming Bio-Broly Fusion Reborn Wrath of the Dragon Battle of Gods Resurrection ' F ' TV specials Bardock -- The Father of Goku The History of Trunks A Hero 's Legacy OVAs Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans Festival Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! Episode of Bardock Live action Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku The Magic Begins Evolution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon_Ball_Z:_Battle_of_Gods&oldid=795187811 '' Categories : 2013 films Japanese - language films Dragon Ball films 2013 anime films 2010s action films Martial arts fantasy films Toei Animation films IMAX films 20th Century Fox films 20th Century Fox animated films Funimation Japanese films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from February 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 16 : 26 . 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Proxy (climate)

Proxy ( climate ) - wikipedia Proxy ( climate ) This article is about climatic patterns . For other uses , see Proxy . Preserved physical characteristics allowing reconstruction of past climatic conditions Reconstruction of global temperature over the past 2000 years , comparing results from researchers using different proxy methods In the study of past climates ( `` paleoclimatology '' ) , climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth 's history . Reliable global records of climate only began in the 1880s , and proxies provide the only means for scientists to determine climatic patterns before record - keeping began . Examples of proxies include ice cores , tree rings , sub-fossil pollen , boreholes , corals , lake and ocean sediments , and carbonate speleothems . The character of deposition or rate of growth of the proxies ' material has been influenced by the climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew . Chemical traces produced by climatic changes , such as quantities of particular isotopes , can be recovered from proxies . Some proxies , such as gas bubbles trapped in ice , enable traces of the ancient atmosphere to be recovered and measured directly to provide a history of fluctuations in the composition of the Earth 's atmosphere . To produce the most precise results , systematic cross-verification between proxy indicators is necessary for accuracy in readings and record - keeping . Proxies can be combined to produce temperature reconstructions longer than the instrumental temperature record and can inform discussions of global warming and climate history . The distribution of proxy records , just like the instrumental record , is not at all uniform , with more records in the northern hemisphere . Contents 1 Proxies 1.1 Ice cores 1.1. 1 Drilling 1.1. 2 Proxy 1.2 Tree rings 1.3 Fossil leaves 1.4 Boreholes 1.5 Corals 1.6 Pollen grains 1.7 Dinoflagellate cysts 1.8 Lake and ocean sediments 1.9 Water isotopes and temperature reconstruction 1.10 Membrane lipids 1.11 Pseudoproxies 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Proxies ( edit ) Main article : Proxy ( statistics ) In science , it is sometimes necessary to study a variable which can not be measured directly . This can be done by `` proxy methods , '' in which a variable which correlates with the variable of interest is measured , and then used to infer the value of the variable of interest . Proxy methods are of particular use in the study of the past climate , beyond times when direct measurements of temperatures are available . Most proxy records have to be calibrated against independent temperature measurements , or against a directly calibrated proxy , during their period of overlap to estimate the relationship between temperature and the proxy . The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods . Ice cores ( edit ) Drilling ( edit ) Ice Core sample taken from drill . Photo by Lonnie Thompson , Byrd Polar Research Center . Ice cores are cylindrical samples from within ice sheets in the Greenland , Antarctic , and North American regions . First attempts of extraction occurred in 1956 as part of the International Geophysical Year . As original means of extraction , the U.S. Army 's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory used an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) - long modified electrodrill in 1968 at Camp Century , Greenland , and Byrd Station , Antarctica . Their machinery could drill through 15 -- 20 feet of ice in 40 -- 50 minutes . From 1300 to 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) in depth , core samples were 4 1⁄4 inches in diameter and 10 to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long . Deeper samples of 15 to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long were not uncommon . Every subsequent drilling team improves their method with each new effort . Proxy ( edit ) δ18O and δD for Vostok , Antarctica ice core . The ratio between the O and O water molecule isotopologues in an ice core helps determine past temperatures and snow accumulations . The heavier isotope ( O ) condenses more readily as temperatures decrease and falls more easily as precipitation , while the lighter isotope ( O ) needs colder conditions to precipitate . The farther north one needs to go to find elevated levels of the O isotopologue , the warmer the period . In addition to oxygen isotopes , water contains hydrogen isotopes - H and H , usually referred to as H and D ( for deuterium ) - that are also used for temperature proxies . Normally , ice cores from Greenland are analyzed for δ O and those from Antarctica for δ - deuterium . Those cores that analyze for both show a lack of agreement . ( In the figure , δ O is for the trapped air , not the ice . δD is for the ice . ) Air bubbles in the ice , which contain trapped greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane , are also helpful in determining past climate changes . From 1989 - 1992 , the European Greenland Ice Core Drilling Project drilled in central Greenland at coordinates 72 ° 35 ' N , 37 ° 38 ' W . The ices in that core were 3840 years old at a depth of 770 m , 40,000 years old at 2521 m , and 200,000 years old or more at 3029 m bedrock . Ice cores in Antarctica can reveal the climate records for the past 650,000 years . Location maps and a complete list of U.S. ice core drilling sites can be found on the website for the National Ice Core Laboratory : http://icecores.org/ Tree rings ( edit ) Tree rings seen in a cross section of a trunk of a tree . Main article : Dendroclimatology Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees , primarily from properties of the annual tree rings . Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth , narrower when times are difficult . Other properties of the annual rings , such as maximum latewood density ( MXD ) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width . Using tree rings , scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous . By combining multiple tree - ring studies ( sometimes with other climate proxy records ) , scientists have estimated past regional and global climates ( see Temperature record of the past 1000 years ) . Fossil leaves ( edit ) New approaches retrieve data such as CO content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition , measuring cellular CO concentrations . A 2014 study was able to use the carbon - 13 isotope ratios to estimate the CO amounts of the past 400 million years , the findings hint at a higher climate sensitivity to CO concentrations . Boreholes ( edit ) Borehole temperatures are used as temperature proxies . Since heat transfer through the ground is slow , temperature measurements at a series of different depths down the borehole , adjusted for the effect of rising heat from inside the Earth , can be `` inverted '' ( a mathematical formula to solve matrix equations ) to produce a non-unique series of surface temperature values . The solution is `` non-unique '' because there are multiple possible surface temperature reconstructions that can produce the same borehole temperature profile . In addition , due to physical limitations , the reconstructions are inevitably `` smeared '' , and become more smeared further back in time . When reconstructing temperatures around 1,500 AD , boreholes have a temporal resolution of a few centuries . At the start of the 20th Century , their resolution is a few decades ; hence they do not provide a useful check on the instrumental temperature record . However , they are broadly comparable . These confirmations have given paleoclimatologists the confidence that they can measure the temperature of 500 years ago . This is concluded by a depth scale of about 492 feet ( 150 meters ) to measure the temperatures from 100 years ago and 1,640 feet ( 500 meters ) to measure the temperatures from 1,000 years ago . Boreholes have a great advantage over many other proxies in that no calibration is required : they are actual temperatures . However , they record surface temperature not the near - surface temperature ( 1.5 meter ) used for most `` surface '' weather observations . These can differ substantially under extreme conditions or when there is surface snow . In practice the effect on borehole temperature is believed to be generally small . A second source of error is contamination of the well by groundwater may affect the temperatures , since the water `` carries '' more modern temperatures with it . This effect is believed to be generally small , and more applicable at very humid sites . It does not apply in ice cores where the site remains frozen all year . More than 600 boreholes , on all continents , have been used as proxies for reconstructing surface temperatures . The highest concentration of boreholes exist in North America and Europe . Their depths of drilling typically range from 200 to greater than 1,000 meters into the crust of the Earth or ice sheet . A small number of boreholes have been drilled in the ice sheets ; the purity of the ice there permits longer reconstructions . Central Greenland borehole temperatures show `` a warming over the last 150 years of approximately 1 ° C ± 0.2 ° C preceded by a few centuries of cool conditions . Preceding this was a warm period centered around A.D. 1000 , which was warmer than the late 20th century by approximately 1 ° C . '' A borehole in the Antarctica icecap shows that the `` temperature at A.D. 1 ( was ) approximately 1 ° C warmer than the late 20th century '' . Borehole temperatures in Greenland were responsible for an important revision to the isotopic temperature reconstruction , revealing that the former assumption that `` spatial slope equals temporal slope '' was incorrect . Corals ( edit ) Coral bleached due to changes in ocean water properties Ocean coral skeletal rings , or bands , also share paleoclimatological information , similarly to tree rings . In 2002 , a report was published on the findings of Drs . Lisa Greer and Peter Swart , associates of University of Miami at the time , in regard to stable oxygen isotopes in the calcium carbonate of coral . Cooler temperatures tend to cause coral to use heavier isotopes in its structure , while warmer temperatures result in more normal oxygen isotopes being built into the coral structure . Denser water salinity also tends to contain the heavier isotope . Greer 's coral sample from the Atlantic Ocean was taken in 1994 and dated back to 1935 . Greer recalls her conclusions , `` When we look at the averaged annual data from 1935 to about 1994 , we see it has the shape of a sine wave . It is periodic and has a significant pattern of oxygen isotope composition that has a peak at about every twelve to fifteen years . '' Surface water temperatures have coincided by also peaking every twelve and a half years . However , since recording this temperature has only been practiced for the last fifty years , correlation between recorded water temperature and coral structure can only be drawn so far back . Pollen grains ( edit ) Pollen can be found in sediments . Plants produce pollen in large quantities and it is extremely resistant to decay . It is possible to identify a plant species from its pollen grain . The identified plant community of the area at the relative time from that sediment layer , will provide information about the climatic condition . The abundance of pollen of a given vegetation period or year depends partly on the weather conditions of the previous months , hence pollen density provides information on short - term climatic conditions . The study of prehistoric pollen is palynology . Dinoflagellate cysts ( edit ) Cyst of a dinoflagellate Peridinium ovatum Dinoflagellates occur in most aquatic environments and during their life cycle , some species produce highly resistant organic - walled cysts for a dormancy period when environmental conditions are not appropriate for growth . Their living depth is relatively shallow ( dependent upon light penetration ) , and closely coupled to diatoms on which they feed . Their distribution patterns in surface waters are closely related to physical characteristics of the water bodies , and nearshore assemblages can also be distinguished from oceanic assemblages . The distribution of dinocysts in sediments has been relatively well documented and has contributed to understanding the average sea - surface conditions that determine the distribution pattern and abundances of the taxa ( ) . Several studies , including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature , salinity , productivity and upwelling . Similarly , and use a box core at 576.5 m of water depth from 1992 in the central Santa Barbara Basin to determine oceanographic and climatic changes during the past 40 kyr in the area . Lake and ocean sediments ( edit ) Similar to their study on other proxies , paleoclimatologists examine oxygen isotopes in the contents of ocean sediments . Likewise , they measure the layers of varve ( deposited fine and coarse silt or clay ) laminating lake sediments . Lake varves are primarily influenced by : Summer temperature , which shows the energy available to melt seasonal snow and ice Winter snowfall , which determines the level of disturbance to sediments when melting occurs Rainfall Diatoms , foraminifera , radiolarians , ostracods , and Coccolithophores are examples of biotic proxies for lake and ocean conditions that are commonly used to reconstruct past climates . The distribution of the species of these and other aquatic creatures preserved in the sediments are useful proxies . The optimal conditions for species preserved in the sediment act as clues . Researchers use these clues to reveal what the climate and environment was like when the creatures died . The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature . Water isotopes and temperature reconstruction ( edit ) Ocean water is mostly H O , with small amounts of HD O and H O , where D denotes deuterium , i.e. hydrogen with an extra neutron . In Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ( VSMOW ) the ratio of D to H is 155.76 x10 and O - 18 to O - 16 is 2005.2 x10 . Isotope fractionation occurs during changes between condensed and vapour phases : the vapour pressure of heavier isotopes is lower , so vapour contains relatively more of the lighter isotopes and when the vapour condenses the precipitation preferentially contains heavier isotopes . The difference from VSMOW is expressed as δ O = 1000 ‰ × ( ( ( 18 O ) / ( 16 O ) ) ( ( 18 O ) / ( 16 O ) ) V S M O W − 1 ) ( \ textstyle \ times \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( ( ( ) ^ ( 18 ) O ) / ( ( ) ^ ( 16 ) O ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ^ ( 18 ) O ) / ( ( ) ^ ( 16 ) O ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( VSMOW ) ) ) ) - 1 \ right ) ) ; and a similar formula for δD . δ values for precipitation are always negative . The major influence on δ is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred ; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs . Taking into account that the precipitation forms above the inversion layer , we are left with a linear relation : δ O = aT + b This is empirically calibrated from measurements of temperature and δ as a = 0.67 ‰ / ° C for Greenland and 0.76 ‰ / ° C for East Antarctica . The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations . More recently , borehole thermometry has shown that for glacial - interglacial variations , a = 0.33 ‰ / ° C , implying that glacial - interglacial temperature changes were twice as large as previously believed . A study published in 2017 called the previous methodology to reconstruct paleo ocean temperatures 100 million years ago into question , suggesting it has been relatively stable during that time , much colder . Membrane lipids ( edit ) A novel climate proxy obtained from peat ( lignites , ancient peat ) and soils , membrane lipids known as glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether ( GDGT ) is helping to study paleo environmental factors , which control relative distribution of differently branched GDGT isomers . The study authors note , `` These branched membrane lipids are produced by an as yet unknown group of anaerobic soil bacteria . '' As of 2018 , there is a decade of research demonstrating that in mineral soils the degree of methylation of bacteria ( brGDGTs ) , helps to calculate mean annual air temperatures . This proxy method was used to study the climate of the early Palaeogene , at the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary , and researchers found that annual air temperatures , over land and at mid-latitude , averaged about 23 -- 29 ° C ( ± 4.7 ° C ) , which is 5 -- 10 ° C higher than most previous findings . Pseudoproxies ( edit ) The skill of algorithms used to combine proxy records into an overall hemispheric temperature reconstruction may be tested using a technique known as `` pseudoproxies '' . In this method , output from a climate model is sampled at locations corresponding to the known proxy network , and the temperature record produced is compared to the ( known ) overall temperature of the model . See also ( edit ) Paleothermometer Ice core Dendrochronology Historical climatology , the study of climate over human history ( as opposed to the Earth 's ) Palynology Speleothem Paleotempestology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bruckner , Monica . `` Paleoclimatology : How Can We Infer Past Climates ? '' Jump up ^ `` What Are `` Proxy '' Data ? National Centers for Environmental Information ( NCEI ) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) `` . www.ncdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Strom , Robert G. ( 2007 ) . Hot house : global climate change and the human condition . Copernicus Books . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 34179 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : 2.3. 2.1 Palaeoclimate proxy indicators . '' Archived 2009 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Borehole Temperatures Confirm Global Warming Pattern . '' ^ Jump up to : Strom , Robert . Hot House . p. 255 ^ Jump up to : `` Core Location Maps . '' Archived 2009 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vardiman , Larry , Ph. D. Ice Cores and the Age of the Earth . p. 9 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Paleoclimatology : the Oxygen Balance . '' Jump up ^ `` The GRIP Coring Effort . '' Jump up ^ Peter J. Franks , Dana L. Royer , David J. Beerling , Peter K. Van de Water , David J. Cantrill , Margaret M. Barbour and Joseph A. Berry ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` New constraints on atmospheric CO2 concentration for the Phanerozoic '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Letters. 31 ( 13 ) . Bibcode : 2014GeoRL ... 41.4685 F . doi : 10.1002 / 2014GL060457 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11676&page=80 ^ Jump up to : Pollack , H.N. ; Huang , S. ; Shen , P.Y. ( 2000 ) . `` Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 403 ( 6771 ) : 756 -- 758 . doi : 10.1038 / 35001556 . PMID 10693801 . ^ Jump up to : Environmental News Network staff . `` Borehole temperatures confirm global warming . '' Archived 2009 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ BOREHOLES IN GLACIAL ICE Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years ( 2006 ) , pp 81 , 82 Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate ( BASC ) , National Academy of Science , ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 10225 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Coral Layers Good Proxy for Atlantic Climate Cycles . '' Archived 2010 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bradley , R.S. and Jones , P.D. ( eds ) 1992 : Climate since AD 1500 . London : Routledge . Jump up ^ de Vernal , A. ; Eynaud , F. ; Henry , M. ; Hillaire - Marcel , C. ; Londeix , L. ; Mangin , S. ; Matthiessen , J. ; Marret , F. ; Radi , T. ; Rochon , A. ; Solignac , S. ; Turon , J. - L. ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` Reconstruction of sea - surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 24 ( 7 -- 9 ) : 897 -- 924 . Bibcode : 2005QSRv ... 24 ... 897D . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2004.06. 014 . Jump up ^ Radi , Taoufik ; de Vernal , Anne ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Dinocyst distribution in surface sediments from the northeastern Pacific margin ( 40 -- 60 ° N ) in relation to hydrographic conditions , productivity and upwelling '' . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 128 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 169 -- 193 . doi : 10.1016 / S0034 - 6667 ( 03 ) 00118 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pospelova , Vera ; de Vernal , Anne ; Pedersen , Thomas F. ( 1 July 2008 ) . `` Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the northeastern Pacific Ocean ( 43 -- 25 ° N ) in relation to sea - surface temperature , salinity , productivity and coastal upwelling '' . Marine Micropaleontology. 68 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 21 -- 48 . Bibcode : 2008MarMP ... 68 ... 21P . doi : 10.1016 / j. marmicro. 2008.01. 008 . Jump up ^ Pospelova , Vera ; Pedersen , Thomas F. ; de Vernal , Anne ( 1 June 2006 ) . `` Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of climatic and oceanographic changes during the past 40 kyr in the Santa Barbara Basin , southern California '' . Paleoceanography. 21 ( 2 ) : PA2010 . Bibcode : 2006PalOc ... 21.2010 P . doi : 10.1029 / 2005PA001251 . ISSN 1944 - 9186 . Jump up ^ Bringué , Manuel ; Pospelova , Vera ; Field , David B. ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` High resolution sedimentary record of dinoflagellate cysts reflects decadal variability and 20th century warming in the Santa Barbara Basin '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 105 : 86 -- 101 . Bibcode : 2014QSRv ... 105 ... 86B . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2014.09. 022 . Jump up ^ `` Varve . '' Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : 2.3. 2.1 Palaeoclimate proxy indicators '' Archived 2009 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bruckner , Monica . `` Paleoclimatology : How Can We Infer Past Climates ? '' . Montana State University . Jump up ^ Shemesh , A. ; Charles , C.D. ; Fairbanks , R.G. ( 1992 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Oxygen Isotopes in Biogenic Silica : Global Changes in Ocean Temperature and Isotopic Composition '' . Science . 256 ( 5062 ) : 1434 -- 1436 . Bibcode : 1992Sci ... 256.1434 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 256.5062. 1434 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17791613 . Jump up ^ http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11676&page=66 Jump up ^ Jouzel and Merlivat , 1984 ) Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation : Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation , Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres , Volume 89 , Issue D7 , Pages 11589 -- 11829 Jump up ^ Cuffey et al. , 1995 , Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin -- Holocene glacial transition , Science 270 : 455 -- 458 Jump up ^ `` The oceans were colder than we thought '' . Eurekalert . October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weijers et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta . doi : 10.1016 / j. gca. 2006.10. 003 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Naafs et al. ( 2018 ) . `` High temperatures in the terrestrial mid-latitudes during the early Palaeogene '' . Nature Geoscience . doi : 10.1038 / s41561 - 018 - 0199 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ University of Bristol ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` Ever - increasing CO2 levels could take us back to the tropical climate of Paleogene period '' . ScienceDaily . Jump up ^ Mann , M.E. ; Rutherford , S. ( 31 May 2002 ) , `` Climate reconstruction using ' Pseudoproxies ' '' , Geophysical Research Letters , 29 ( 10 ) : 139 -- 1 -- 139 -- 4 , Bibcode : 2002GeoRL ... 29.1501 M , doi : 10.1029 / 2001GL014554 Sources `` Borehole Temperatures Confirm Global Warming Pattern . '' UniSci. 27 Feb. 2001 . 7 Oct. 2009 . ( 1 ) Bruckner , Monica . `` Paleoclimatology : How Can We Infer Past Climates ? '' Microbial Life . 29 Sept. 2008 . 23 Nov. 2009 . ( 2 ) `` Climate Change 2001 : 2.3. 2.1 Palaeoclimate proxy indicators . '' IPCC. 2003 . Sept. 23 , 2009 . ( 3 ) `` Coral Layers Good Proxy for Atlantic Climate Cycles . '' Earth Observatory . Webmaster : Paul Przyborski. 7 Dec. 2002 . 2 Nov. 2009 . ( 4 ) `` Core Location Maps . '' National Ice Core Laboratory . 9 Apr. 2009 . 23 Nov. 2009 . ( 5 ) `` Dendrochronology . '' Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster Online . 2009 . 2 Oct. 2009 . ( 6 ) Environmental News Network staff . `` Borehole temperatures confirm global warming . '' CNN.com. 17 Feb. 2000 . 7 Oct. 2009 . ( 7 ) `` The GRIP Coring Effort . '' NCDC. 26 Sept. 2009 . ( 8 ) `` Growth ring . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . 23 Oct. 2009 . ( 9 ) Huang , Shaopeng , et al. `` Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures . '' Nature . 2009 . 6 Oct. 2009 . ( 10 ) `` Objectives - Kola Superdeep Borehole ( KSDB ) - IGCP 408 : ' Rocks and Minerals at Great Depths and on the Surface . ' '' International Continental Scientific Drilling Program . 18 July 2006 . 6 Oct. 2009 . ( 11 ) `` Paleoclimatology : the Oxygen Balance . '' Earth Observatory . Webmaster : Paul Przyborski. 24 Nov. 2009 . 24 Nov. 2009 . ( 12 ) Schweingruber , Fritz Hans . Tree Rings : Basics and Application of Dendrochronology . Dordrecht : 1988 . 2 , 47 - 8 , 54 , 256 - 7 . Strom , Robert . Hot House . New York : Praxis , 2007 . 255 . `` Varve . '' Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster Online . 2009 . 2 Nov. 2009 . ( 13 ) Wolff , E.W. ( 2000 ) History of the atmosphere from ice cores ; ERCA vol 4 pp 147 -- 177 External links ( edit ) Chemical climate proxies at Royal Society of Chemistry , January 23 , 2013 Quintana , Favia et al. , 2018 '' Multiproxy response to climate - and human - driven changes in a remote lake of southern Patagonia ( Laguna Las Vizcachas , Argentina ) during the last 1.6 kyr '' , Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana , Mexico , VOL. 70 NO . 1 P. 173 ‒ 186 ( 14 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proxy_(climate)&oldid=860935854 '' Categories : Paleoclimatology Climatology Paleoceanography Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Book of Daniel

Book of Daniel - wikipedia Book of Daniel Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Book of Daniel ( disambiguation ) . Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( hide ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Daniel is a biblical apocalypse , combining a prophecy of history with an eschatology ( the study of last things ) which is both cosmic in scope and political in its focus . In more mundane language , it is `` an account of the activities and visions of Daniel , a noble Jew exiled at Babylon , '' its message being that just as the God of Israel saved Daniel and his friends from their enemies , so he would save all of Israel in their present oppression . In the Hebrew Bible it is found in the Ketuvim ( writings ) , while in Christian Bibles it is grouped with the Major Prophets . The book divides into two parts , a set of six court tales in chapters 1 -- 6 followed by four apocalyptic visions in chapters 7 -- 12 . The deuterocanon contains three additional stories , the Song of the Three Holy Children , Susanna , and Bel and the Dragon . Though the book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel himself , modern scholarly consensus considers it pseudonymous , the stories of the first half legendary in origin , and the visions of the second the product of anonymous authors in the Maccabean period ( 2nd century BC ) . Its influence has resonated through later ages , from the Dead Sea Scrolls community and the authors of the gospels and Revelation , to various movements from the 2nd century to the Protestant Reformation and modern millennialist movements -- on which it continues to have a profound influence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Divisions 1.2 Chiastic structure in the Aramaic section 2 Content 2.1 Induction in Babylon ( chapter 1 ) 2.2 Nebuchadnezzar 's dream of four kingdoms ( chapter 2 ) 2.3 The fiery furnace ( chapter 3 ) 2.4 Nebuchadnezzar 's madness ( chapter 4 ) 2.5 Belshazzar 's feast ( chapter 5 ) 2.6 Daniel in the lions ' den ( chapter 6 ) 2.7 Vision of the beasts from the sea ( chapter 7 ) 2.8 Vision of the ram and goat ( chapter 8 ) 2.9 Vision of the Seventy Weeks ( chapter 9 ) 2.10 Vision of the kings of north and south ( chapters 10 -- 12 ) 2.11 Additions to Daniel ( Greek text tradition ) 3 Historical background 4 Composition 4.1 Development 4.2 Authorship 4.3 Dating 5 Manuscripts 6 Genre , meaning , symbolism and chronology 6.1 Genre 6.2 Meaning , symbolism and chronology 7 Influence 7.1 Religion 7.2 Western culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Nebuchadnezzar 's dream : the composite statue ( France , 15th century ) . Divisions ( edit ) The Book of Daniel is divided between the court tales of chapters 1 -- 6 and the apocalyptic visions of 7 -- 12 , and between the Hebrew of chapters 1 and 8 -- 12 and the Aramaic of chapters 2 -- 7 . The division is reinforced by the chiastic arrangement of the Aramaic chapters ( see below ) , and by a chronological progression in chapters 1 -- 6 from Babylonian to Median times , and from ( Babylonian to Persian ) in chapters 7 -- 12 . Various suggestions have been made by scholars to explain the fact that the genre division does not coincide with the other two , but it appears that the language division and concentric structure of chapters 2 - 6 are artificial literary devices designed to bind the two halves of the book together . The following outline is provided by Collins in his commentary on Daniel : PART I : Tales ( chapters 1 : 1 -- 6 : 29 ) 1 : Introduction ( 1 : 1 -- 21 -- set in the Babylonian era , written in Hebrew ) 2 : Nebuchadnezzar 's dream of four kingdoms ( 2 : 1 -- 49 -- Babylonian era ; Aramaic ) 3 : The fiery furnace ( 3 : 1 -- 30 -- Babylonian era ; Aramaic ) 4 : Nebuchadnezzar 's madness ( 3 : 31 -- 4 : 34 -- Babylonian era ; Aramaic ) 5 : Belshazzar 's feast ( 5 : 1 -- 6 : 1 -- Babylonian era ; Aramaic ) 6 : Daniel in the lions ' den ( 6 : 2 -- 29 -- Median era with mention of Persia ; Aramaic ) PART II : Visions ( chapters 7 : 1 -- 12 : 13 ) 7 : The beasts from the sea ( 7 : 1 -- 28 -- Babylonian era : Aramaic ) 8 : The ram and the he - goat ( 8 : 1 -- 27 -- Babylonian era ; Hebrew ) 9 : Interpretation of Jeremiah 's prophecy of the seventy weeks ( 9 : 1 -- 27 -- Median era ; Hebrew ) 10 : The angel 's revelation : kings of the north and south ( 10 : 1 -- 12 : 13 -- Persian era , mention of Greek era ; Hebrew ) Chiastic structure in the Aramaic section ( edit ) There is a clear chiasm ( a concentric literary structure in which the main point of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by parallel elements on either side in `` ABBA '' fashion ) in the chapter arrangement of the Aramaic section . The following is taken from Paul Redditt 's `` Introduction to the Prophets '' : A1 ( 2 : 4b - 49 ) -- A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth B1 ( 3 : 1 -- 30 ) -- Daniel 's three friends in the fiery furnace C1 ( 4 : 1 -- 37 ) -- Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar C2 ( 5 : 1 -- 31 ) -- Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar B2 ( 6 : 1 -- 28 ) -- Daniel in the lions ' den A2 ( 7 : 1 -- 28 ) -- A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth Content ( edit ) Chapters of the Book of Daniel Chapter 1 : Induction into Babylon Chapter 2 : Nebuchadnezzar 's Dream Chapter 3 : The Fiery Furnace Chapter 4 : Nebuchadnezzar 's Madness Chapter 5 : Belshazzar 's Feast Chapter 6 : Daniel in the Lions 's Den Chapter 7 : The Four Beasts Chapter 8 : The Ram , He - Goat and Horn Chapter 9 : The Seventy Weeks Chapters 10 - 12 : Daniel 's final vision Additions to Daniel Song of the Three Holy Children Susanna and the Elders Bel and the Dragon Induction in Babylon ( chapter 1 ) ( edit ) In the third year of King Jehoiakim , God allows Jerusalem to fall into the power of Nebuchadnezzar II , king of Babylon . Young Israelites of noble and royal family , `` without physical defect , and handsome , '' versed in wisdom and competent to serve in the palace of the king , are taken to Babylon to be taught the literature and language of that nation . Among them are Daniel and his three companions , who refuse to touch the royal food and wine . Their overseer fears for his life in case the health of his charges deteriorates , but Daniel suggests a trial and the four emerge healthier than their counterparts from ten days of nothing but vegetables and water . They are allowed to continue to refrain from eating the king 's food , and to Daniel God gives insight into visions and dreams . When their training is done Nebuchadnezzar finds them ' ten times better ' than all the wise men in his service and therefore keeps them at his court , where Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus . Nebuchadnezzar 's dream of four kingdoms ( chapter 2 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 2 In the second year of his reign Nebuchadnezzar has a dream . When he wakes up , he realizes that the dream has some important message , so he consults his wise men . Wary of their potential to fabricate an explanation the king refuses to tell the wise men what he saw in his dream . Rather , he demands that his wise men tell him what the content of the dream was , and then interpret it . When the wise men protest that this is beyond the power of any man , he sentences all , including Daniel and his friends , to death . Daniel receives an explanatory vision from God : Nebuchadnezzar had seen an enormous statue with a head of gold , breast and arms of silver , belly and thighs of bronze , legs of iron , and feet of mixed iron and clay , then saw the statue destroyed by a rock that turned into a mountain filling the whole earth . Daniel explains the dream to the king : the statue symbolized four successive kingdoms , starting with Nebuchadnezzar , all of which would be crushed by God 's kingdom , which would endure forever . Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges the supremacy of Daniel 's god , raises Daniel over all his wise men , and places Daniel and his companions over the province of Babylon . The fiery furnace ( chapter 3 ) ( edit ) Main article : Shadrach , Meshach , and Abednego Daniel 's companions Shadrach , Meshach , and Abednego refuse to bow to King Nebuchadnezzar 's golden statue and are thrown into a fiery furnace . Nebuchadnezzar is astonished to see a fourth figure in the furnace with the three , one `` with the appearance like a son of the gods . '' So the king called the three to come out of the fire , and blessed the God of Israel , and decreed that any who blasphemed against him should be torn limb from limb . Nebuchadnezzar 's madness ( chapter 4 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 4 Nebuchadnezzar by William Blake ( between c. 1795 and 1805 ) Nebuchadnezzar recounts a dream of a huge tree that is suddenly cut down at the command of a heavenly messenger . Daniel is summoned and interprets the dream . The tree is Nebuchadnezzar himself , who for seven years will lose his mind and live like a wild beast . All of this comes to pass until , at the end of the specified time , Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges that `` heaven rules '' and his kingdom and sanity are restored . Belshazzar 's feast ( chapter 5 ) ( edit ) Main article : Belshazzar 's feast See also : Fall of Babylon Belshazzar and his nobles blasphemously drink from sacred Jewish temple vessels , offering praise to inanimate gods , until a hand mysteriously appears and writes upon the wall . The horrified king summons Daniel , who upbraids him for his lack of humility before God and interprets the message : Belshazzar 's kingdom will be given to the Medes and Persians . Belshazzar rewards Daniel and raises him to be third in the kingdom , and that very night Belshazzar is slain and Darius the Mede takes the kingdom . Daniel in the lions ' den ( chapter 6 ) ( edit ) Daniel 's Answer to the King by Briton Rivière ( 1892 ) Main article : Daniel in the lions ' den Darius elevates Daniel to high office , exciting the jealousy of other officials . Knowing of Daniel 's devotion to his God , his enemies trick the king into issuing an edict forbidding worship of any other god or man for a 30 - day period . Daniel continues to pray three times a day to God towards Jerusalem ; he is accused and King Darius , forced by his own decree , throws Daniel into the lions ' den . But God shuts up the mouths of the lions , and the next morning Darius rejoices to find him unharmed . The king casts Daniel 's accusers into the lions ' pit together with their wives and children to be instantly devoured , while he himself acknowledges Daniel 's God as he whose kingdom shall never be destroyed . Vision of the beasts from the sea ( chapter 7 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 7 See also : Four kingdoms of Daniel In the first year of Belshazzar Daniel has a dream of four monstrous beasts arising from the sea . The fourth , a beast with ten horns , devours the whole earth , treading it down and crushing it , and a further small horn appears and uproots three of the earlier horns . The Ancient of Days judges and destroys the beast , and `` one like a son of man '' is given everlasting kingship over the entire world . A divine being explains that the four beasts represent four kings , but that `` the holy ones of the Most High '' would receive the everlasting kingdom . The fourth beast would be a fourth kingdom with ten kings , and another king who would pull down three kings and make war on the `` holy ones '' for `` a time , two times and a half , '' after which the heavenly judgement will be made against him and the `` holy ones '' will receive the everlasting kingdom . Vision of the ram and goat ( chapter 8 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 8 In the third year of Belshazzar Daniel has vision of a ram and goat . The ram has two mighty horns , one longer than the other , and it charges west , north and south , overpowering all other beasts . A goat with a single horn appears from the west and destroys the ram . The goat becomes very powerful until the horn breaks off and is replaced by four lesser horns . A small horn that grows very large , it stops the daily temple sacrifices and desecrates the sanctuary for two thousand three hundred `` evening and mornings '' ( which could be either 1150 or 2300 days ) until the temple is cleansed . The angel Gabriel informs him that the ram represents the Medes and Persians , the goat is Greece , and the `` little horn '' is a wicked king . Vision of the seventy weeks ( chapter 9 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prophecy of Seventy Weeks In the first year of Darius the Mede , Daniel meditates on the word of Jeremiah that the desolation of Jerusalem would last seventy years ; he confesses the sin of Israel and pleads for God to restore Israel and the `` desolated sanctuary '' of the Temple . The angel Gabriel explains that the seventy years stand for seventy `` weeks '' of years ( 490 years ) , during which the Temple will first be restored , then later defiled by a `` prince who is to come , '' `` until the decreed end is poured out . '' Vision of the kings of north and south ( chapters 10 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daniel 's final vision Daniel 10 : In the third year of Cyrus Daniel sees in his vision an angel ( called `` a man '' , but clearly a supernatural being ) who explains that he is in the midst of a war with the `` prince of Persia '' , assisted only by Michael , `` your prince . '' The `` prince of Greece '' will shortly come , but first he will reveal what will happen to Daniel 's people . Daniel 11 : A future king of Persia will make war on the king of Greece , a `` mighty king '' will arise and wield power until his empire is broken up and given to others , and finally the king of the south ( identified in verse 8 as Egypt ) will go to war with the `` king of the north . '' After many battles ( described in great detail ) a `` contemptible person '' will become king of the north ; this king will invade the south two times , the first time with success , but on his second he will be stopped by `` ships of Kittim . '' He will turn back to his own country , and on the way his soldiers will desecrate the Temple , abolish the daily sacrifice , and set up the abomination of desolation . He will defeat and subjugate Libya and Egypt , but `` reports from the east and north will alarm him , '' and he will meet his end `` between the sea and the holy mountain . '' Daniel 12 : At this time Michael will come . It will be a time of great distress , but all those whose names are written will be delivered . `` Multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake , some to everlasting life , others to shame and everlasting contempt ; those who are wise will shine like the brightness of the heavens , and those who lead many to righteousness , like the stars for ever and ever . '' In the final verses the remaining time to the end is revealed : `` a time , times and half a time '' ( three years and a half ) . Daniel fails to understand and asks again what will happen , and is told : `` From the time that the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination that causes desolation is set up , there will be 1,290 days . Blessed is the one who waits for and reaches the end of the 1,335 days . '' Additions to Daniel ( Greek text tradition ) ( edit ) Susanna and the Elders by Guido Reni ( 1820 - 1825 ) Main article : Additions to Daniel See also : Deuterocanonical books The Greek text of Daniel is considerably longer than the Hebrew , due to three additional stories : they were accepted by all branches of Christianity until the Protestant movement rejected them in the 16th century on the basis that they were absent from Hebrew Bibles , but remain in Catholic and Orthodox Bibles . The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children , placed after Daniel 3 : 23 ; The story of Susanna and the Elders , placed before chapter 1 in some Greek versions and after chapter 12 in others ; The story of Bel and the Dragon , placed at the end of the book . Historical Background ( edit ) Daniel refusing to eat at the King 's table , early 1900s Bible illustration The visions of chapters 7 -- 12 reflect the crisis which took place in Judea in 167 -- 164 BC when Antiochus IV Epiphanes , the Greek king of the Seleucid Empire , threatened to destroy traditional Jewish worship in Jerusalem . When Antiochus came to the throne the Jews were largely pro-Seleucid . The High Priestly family was split by rivalry , and one member , Jason , offered the king a large sum to be made High Priest . Jason also asked -- or more accurately , paid -- to be allowed to make Jerusalem a polis , or Greek city . This meant , among other things , that city government would be in the hands of the citizens , which meant in turn that citizenship would be a valuable commodity , to be purchased from Jason . None of this threatened the Jewish religion , and the reforms were widely welcomed , especially among the Jerusalem aristocracy and the leading priests . Three years later Jason was deposed when another priest , Menelaus , offered Antiochus an even larger sum for the post of High Priest . Antiochus invaded Egypt twice , in 169 BC with success , but on the second incursion , in late 168 , he was forced to withdraw by the Romans . Jason , hearing a rumour that Antiochus was dead , attacked Menelaus to take back the High Priesthood . Antiochus drove Jason out of Jerusalem , plundered the Temple , and introduced measures to pacify his Egyptian border by imposing complete Hellenisation : the Jewish Book of the Law was prohibited and on 15 December 167 an `` abomination of desolation '' , probably a Greek altar , was introduced into the Temple . With the Jewish religion now clearly under threat a resistance movement sprang up , led by the Maccabee brothers , and over the next three years it won sufficient victories over Antiochus to take back and purify the Temple . The crisis which the author of Daniel addresses is the defilement of the altar in Jerusalem in 167 BC ( first introduced in chapter 8 : 11 ) : the daily offering which used to take place twice a day , at morning and evening , stopped , and the phrase `` evenings and mornings '' recurs through the following chapters as a reminder of the missed sacrifices . But whereas the events leading up to the sacking of the Temple in 167 and the immediate aftermath are remarkably accurate ( chapter 11 : 21 -- 29 ) , the predicted war between the Syrians and the Egyptians ( 11 : 40 -- 43 ) never took place , and the prophecy that Antiochus would die in Palestine ( 11 : 44 -- 45 ) was inaccurate ( he died in Persia ) . The conclusion is that the account must have been completed near the end of the reign of Antiochus but before his death in December 164 , or at least before news of it reached Jerusalem . Composition ( edit ) Nebuchadnezzar 's dream : the cut down tree ( France , 15th century ) . Development ( edit ) It is generally accepted that Daniel originated as a collection of Aramaic court tales later expanded by the Hebrew revelations . The court tales may have originally circulated independently , but the edited collection was probably composed in the third or early second century BC . When the full collection was assembled , it is likely that the brief Aramaic introduction of chapter 1 was composed to provide historical context , introduce the characters of the tales , and explain how Daniel and his friends came to Babylon . In the third stage the visions of chapters 7 -- 12 were added and chapter 1 was translated into Hebrew . Authorship ( edit ) Daniel is one of a large number of Jewish apocalypses , all of them pseudonymous . Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer , chapters 1 -- 6 are in the voice of an anonymous narrator , except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar ; only the second half ( chapters 7 -- 12 ) is presented by Daniel himself , introduced by the anonymous narrator in chapters 7 and 10 . The real author / editor of Daniel was probably an educated Jew , knowledgeable in Greek learning , and of high standing in his own community . The book is a product of `` Wisdom '' circles , but the type of wisdom is mantic ( the discovery of heavenly secrets from earthly signs ) rather than the wisdom of learning -- the main source of wisdom in Daniel is God 's revelation . It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition . Ezekiel , who lived during the Babylonian exile , mentioned him in association with Noah and Job ( Ezekiel 14 : 14 ) as a figure of legendary wisdom ( 28 : 3 ) , and a hero named Daniel ( more accurately Dan'el , but the spelling is close enough for the two to be regarded as identical ) features in a late 2nd millennium myth from Ugarit . `` The legendary Daniel , known from long ago but still remembered as an exemplary character ... serves as the principal human `` hero '' in the biblical book that now bears his name `` ; Daniel is the wise and righteous intermediary who is able to interpret dreams and thus convey the will of God to humans , the recipient of visions from on high that are interpreted to him by heavenly intermediaries . Dating ( edit ) The prophecies of Daniel are accurate down to the career of Antiochus IV Epiphanes , king of Syria and oppressor of the Jews , but not in its prediction of his death : the author seems to know about Antiochus ' two campaigns in Egypt ( 169 and 167 BCE ) , the desecration of the Temple ( the `` abomination of desolation '' ) , and the fortification of the Akra ( a fortress built inside Jerusalem ) , but he seems to know nothing about the reconstruction of the Temple or about the actual circumstances of Antiochus ' death in late 164 . Chapters 10 -- 12 must therefore have been written between 167 and 164 BCE . There is no evidence of a significant time lapse between those chapters and chapters 8 and 9 , and chapter 7 may have been written just a few months earlier again . Further evidence of the book 's date is in the fact that Daniel is excluded from the Hebrew Bible 's canon of the prophets , which was closed around 200 BCE , and the Wisdom of Sirach , a work dating from around 180 BC , draws on almost every book of the Old Testament except Daniel , leading scholars to suppose that its author was unaware of it . Daniel is , however , quoted in a section of the Sibylline Oracles commonly dated to the middle of the 2nd century BC , and was popular at Qumran at much the same time , suggesting that it was known from the middle of that century . Manuscripts ( edit ) The Book of Daniel is preserved in the twelve - chapter Masoretic Text and in two longer Greek versions , the original Septuagint version , c. 100 BC , and the later Theodotion version from c. 2nd century AD . Both Greek texts contain three additions to Daniel : The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children ; the story of Susannah and the Elders ; and the story of Bel and the Dragon . Theodotion is much closer to the Masoretic Text and became so popular that it replaced the original Septuagint version in all but two manuscripts of the Septuagint itself . The Greek additions were apparently never part of the Hebrew text . A total of eight incomplete copies of the Book of Daniel have been found at Qumran , two in Cave 1 , five in Cave 4 , and one in Cave 6 . None is complete , but between them they preserve text from eleven of Daniel 's twelve chapters , and the twelfth is quoted in the Florilegium ( a compilation scroll ) 4Q174 , showing that the book at Qumran did not lack this conclusion . All eight manuscripts were copied between 125 BC ( 4QDan ) and about 50 AD ( 4QDan ) , showing that Daniel was being read at Qumran only forty years after its composition . All appear to preserve the 12 - chapter Masoretic version rather than the longer Greek text . None reveal any major disagreements against the Masoretic , and the four scrolls that preserve the relevant sections ( 1QDan , 4QDan , 4QDan , and 4QDan ) all follow the bilingual nature of Daniel where the book opens in Hebrew , switches to Aramaic at 2 : 4b , then reverts to Hebrew at 8 : 1 . Genre , meaning , symbolism and chronology ( edit ) Daniel in the lions ' den saved by Habakkuk ( France , 15th century ) . ( This section deals with modern scholarly reconstructions of the meaning of Daniel to its original authors and audience ) Genre ( edit ) The Book of Daniel is an apocalypse - a representative of a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient ; such works are characterized by visions , symbolism , an other - worldly mediator , an emphasis on cosmic events , angels and demons , and pseudonymity ( false authorship ) . The production of apocalypses occurred commonly from 300 BC to 100 AD , not only among Jews and Christians , but also among Greeks , Romans , Persians and Egyptians . Daniel , the book 's hero , is a representative apocalyptic seer , the recipient of the divine revelation : he has learned the wisdom of the Babylonian magicians and surpassed them , because his God is the true source of knowledge ; he is one of the maskilim ( משכלים ) , wise ones , who have the task of teaching righteousness and whose number may be considered to include the authors of the book itself . The Christians of the Book of Revelations may have styled themselves as among the maskilim prophesied in Daniel . The account is also an eschatology : the divine revelation concerns the end of the present age , a moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom . The Book of Daniel gives no real details of the end - time , but it seems that God 's kingdom will be on this earth , that it will be governed by justice and righteousness , and that the tables will be turned on the Seleucids and on those Jews who cooperated with them . Meaning , symbolism and chronology ( edit ) The message of the Book of Daniel is that , just as the God of Israel saved Daniel and his friends from their enemies , so he would save all Israel in their present oppression . The book is filled with monsters , angels , and numerology , drawn from a wide range of sources , both biblical and non-biblical , that would have had meaning in the context of 2nd century Jewish culture , and while Christian interpreters have always viewed these as predicting events in the New Testament -- `` the Son of God '' , `` the Son of Man '' , Christ and the Antichrist - the book 's intended audience is the Jews of the 2nd century BCE . The following explains a few of these predictions , as understood by modern biblical scholars . The four kingdoms and the little horn ( Daniel 2 and 7 ) : The concept of four successive world empires stems from Greek theories of mythological history ; most modern interpreters agree that the four represent Babylon , the Medes , Persia and the Greeks , ending with Hellenistic Seleucid Syria and with Hellenistic Ptolemaic Egypt . The symbolism of four metals in the statue in chapter 2 comes from Persian writings , while the four `` beasts from the sea '' in chapter 7 reflect Hosea 13 : 7 -- 8 , in which God threatens that he will be to Israel like a lion , a leopard , a bear or a wild beast . The consensus among scholars is that the four beasts of chapter 7 , like the metals of chapter 2 , symbolise Babylon , Media , Persia and the Seleucids , with Antiochus IV ( reigned 175 - 164 BC ) as the `` small horn '' that uproots three others ( Antiochus usurped the rights of several other claimants to become king of the Seleucid Empire ) . The Ancient of Days and the one like a son of man ( Daniel 7 ) : The portrayal of God in Daniel 7 : 13 resembles the portrayal of the Canaanite god El as an ancient divine king presiding over the divine court . The `` Ancient of Days '' gives dominion over the earth to `` one like a son of man '' , and then in Daniel 7 : 27 to `` the people of the holy ones of the Most High '' , whom scholars consider the son of man to represent . These people can be understood as the maskilim ( sages ) , or as the Jewish people broadly . The ram and he - goat ( Daniel 8 ) as conventional astrological symbols represent Persia and Syria , as the text explains . The `` mighty horn '' stands for Alexander the Great ( reigned 336 - 323 BC ) and the `` four lesser horns '' represent the four principal generals ( Diadochi ) who fought over the Greek empire following Alexander 's death . The `` little horn '' again represents Antiochus IV . The key to the symbols lies in the description of the little horn 's actions : he ends the continual burnt offering and overthrows the Sanctuary , a clear reference to Antiochus ' desecration of the Temple . The anointed ones and the seventy years ( Chapter 9 ) : Daniel reinterprets Jeremiah 's `` seventy years '' prophecy regarding the period Israel would spend in bondage to Babylon . From the point of view of the Maccabean era , Jeremiah 's promise was obviously not true -- the gentiles still oppressed the Jews , and the `` desolation of Jerusalem '' had not ended . Daniel therefore reinterprets the seventy years as seventy `` weeks '' of years , making up 490 years . The 70 weeks / 490 years are subdivided , with seven `` weeks '' from the `` going forth of the word to rebuild and restore Jerusalem '' to the coming of an `` anointed one '' , while the final `` week '' is marked by the violent death of another `` anointed one '' , probably the High Priest Onias III ( ousted to make way for Jason and murdered in 171 BC ) , and the profanation of the Temple . The point of this for Daniel is that the period of gentile power is predetermined , and is coming to an end . Kings of north and south : Chapters 10 to 12 concern the war between these kings , the events leading up to it , and its heavenly meaning . In chapter 10 the angel ( Gabriel ? ) explains that there is currently a war in heaven between Michael , the angelic protector of Israel , and the `` princes '' ( angels ) of Persia and Greece ; then , in chapter 11 , he outlines the human wars which accompany this -- the mythological concept sees standing behind every nation a god / angel who does battle on behalf of his people , so that earthly events reflect what happens in heaven . The wars of the Ptolemies ( `` kings of the south '' ) against the Seleucids ( `` kings of the north '' ) are reviewed down to the career of Antiochus the Great ( Antiochus III ( reigned 222 - 187 BC ) , father of Antiochus IV ) , but the main focus is Antiochus IV , to whom more than half the chapter is devoted . The accuracy of these predictions lends credibility to the real prophecy with which the passage ends , the death of Antiochus -- which , in the event , was not accurate . Predicting the end - time ( Daniel 8 : 14 and 12 : 7 -- 12 ) : Biblical eschatology does not generally give precise information as to when the end will come , and Daniel 's attempts to specify the number of days remaining is a rare exception . Daniel asks the angel how long the `` little horn '' will be triumphant , and the angel replies that the Temple will be reconsecrated after 2,300 `` evenings and mornings '' have passed ( Daniel 8 : 14 ) . The angel is counting the two daily sacrifices , so the period is 1,150 days from the desecration in December 167 . In chapter 12 the angel gives three more dates : the desolation will last `` for a time , times and half a time '' , or a year , two years , and a half a year ( Daniel 12 : 8 ) ; then that the `` desolation '' will last for 1,290 days ( 12 : 11 ) ; and finally , 1,335 days ( 12 : 12 ) . Verse 12 : 11 was presumably added after the lapse of the 1,150 days of chapter 8 , and 12 : 12 after the lapse of the number in 12 : 11 . Influence ( edit ) Engraving of Daniel 's vision of the four beasts in chapter 7 by Matthäus Merian , 1630 . Religion ( edit ) The concepts of immortality and resurrection , with rewards for the righteous and punishment for the wicked , have roots much deeper than Daniel , but the first clear statement is found in the final chapter of that book : `` Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake , some to everlasting life , and some to everlasting shame and contempt . '' Without this belief , Christianity , in which the resurrection of Jesus plays a central role , would have disappeared , like the movements following other charismatic Jewish figures of the 1st century . Daniel was quoted and referenced by both Jews and Christians the 1st century AD as predicting the imminent end - time . Moments of national and cultural crisis continually reawakened the apocalyptic spirit , through the Montanists of the 2nd / 3rd centuries , persecuted for their millennialism , to the more extreme elements of the 16th century Reformation such as the Zwickau prophets and the Münster Rebellion . During the English Civil War , the Fifth Monarchy Men took their name and political program from Daniel 7 , demanding that Oliver Cromwell allow them to form a `` government of saints '' in preparation for the coming of the Messiah ; when Cromwell refused , they identified him instead as the Beast usurping the rightful place of King Jesus . Daniel remains one of the most influential apocalypses in modern America , foretelling the history of Jesus and the Second Coming . The influence of Daniel has not been confined to Judaism and Christianity : In the Middle Ages Muslims created horoscopes whose authority was attributed to Daniel . More recently the Bahá'í movement , which originated in Persian Shi'ite Islam , justified its existence on the 1,260 - day prophecy of Daniel , holding that it foretold the coming of the Twelfth Imam and an age of peace and justice in the year 1844 , which is the year 1260 of the Muslim era . Western culture ( edit ) Daniel belongs not only to the religious tradition but also to the wider Western intellectual and artistic heritage . It was easily the most popular of the prophetic books for the Anglo - Saxons , who nevertheless treated it not as prophesy but as a historical book , `` a repository of dramatic stories about confrontations between God and a series of emperor - figures who represent the highest reach of man '' . In the early modern period the physicist Isaac Newton paid special attention to it , and Francis Bacon borrowed a motto from it for his work Novum Organum . Philosophers , such as Baruch Spinoza drew on it . In the 20th century its apocalyptic second half attracted the attention of Carl Jung . The book has also inspired musicians , from medieval liturgical drama to the 20th century compositions of Darius Milhaud . Artists including Michelangelo , Rembrandt and Eugène Delacroix have all drawn on its imagery . See also ( edit ) Biblical numerology Christian eschatology Daniel ( Old English poem ) Greek Apocalypse of Daniel Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jehoiakim : King of Judah 608 - 598 BC ; his third year would be either 606 or 605 , depending how years are counted . Jump up ^ Cyrus : Persian conqueror of Babylon , 539 BC . Jump up ^ Darius the Mede : No such person is known to history ( see Levine , 2010 , page 1245 , footnote 31 ) . `` Darius '' is in any case a Persian , not a Median , name . The Persian army which captured Babylon was under the command of a certain Gobryas ( or Gubaru ) , on behalf of Cyrus , the Persian king . The author of Daniel may have introduced the reference to a Mede in order to fulfill Isaiah and Jeremiah , who prophesied that the Medes would overthrow Babylon , confusing the events of 539 with those of 520 BC , when Darius I captured Babylon after an uprising . See Hammer , 1976 , pp. 65 - 66 . Jump up ^ First year of Belshazzar : Probably 553 BC , when Belshazzar was given royal power by his father , Nabonidus . See Levine , 2010 , p. 1248 , footnote 7.1 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Third year of Cyrus '' : 536 BC . The author has apparently counted back seventy years to the `` third year of Jehoiakim , '' 606 BC , to round out Daniel 's prophetic ministry . See Towner , page 149 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins1984 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Reid 2000 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Brettler 2005 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Bandstra 2008 , p. 445 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 2002 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 452 . ^ Jump up to : Towner 1984 , p. 2 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Provan 2003 , p. 665 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 1984 , p. 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2009 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 31 - 33 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 50 - 51 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1241 . Jump up ^ Hammer 1976 , p. 57 - 60 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1245 - 1247 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1248 - 1249 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1249 - 1251 . Jump up ^ Levine 2010 , p. 1251 - 1252 . Jump up ^ McDonald 2012 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Harrington 1999 , p. 109 - 110 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2010 , p. 6 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2010 , p. 13 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sacchi 2010 , p. 225 - 226 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Collins 1993 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Redditt 2008 , p. 176 - 177 . Jump up ^ Hammer 1976 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Wesselius 2002 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2002b , p. 229 - 230,243 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2008 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Collins 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Hammer 1976 , p. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Harrington 1999 , p. 119 - 120 . Jump up ^ Spencer 2002 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ VanderKam & Flint 2013 , p. 137 - 138 . Jump up ^ Crawford 2000 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Davies 2006 , p. 397 - 406 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2002a , pp. 60 -- 61 , 282 `` It is almost universally agreed among scholars that ' one like a son of man ' in Daniel 7 represents ' the people of the holy ones of the Most High ' , as Dan . 7 : 27 states . This may originally have been the community or group responsible for Daniel , the maskilim of other parts of the book ( see pp. 60 -- 61 above ) . In later interpretation , these people are taken to be the Jewish people . It has been argued that the figure is specifically the archangel Michael , so prominent elsewhere in the book , though Michael would still be functioning as a representative of the Jewish people ( Collins 1977 : 144 -- 46 ; opposed by Davies 1985 : 105 -- 6 ) . Thus , in Daniel itself the term ' son of man ' ( bar ' enaš ) simply means `` human being '' , as it commonly does in Hebrew and Aramaic ; however , in context the ' one like a son of man ' may be a heavenly figure . '' Jump up ^ Steven Thompson , `` Those Who Are Wise : The Maskilim in Daniel and the New Testament '' ; in Understand the Scriptures : Essays in Honor of William H. Shea , ed . David Merling ; Berrien Springs , Michigan : Sigfried H. Horn Archaeological Museum , Andrews University , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 9642060 - 2 - 1 ; p. 127 . Jump up ^ G.K. Beale , Use of Daniel in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature and in the Revelation of St. John ; Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America , 1984 ; ISBN 0 - 8191 - 4290 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2000 , p. 420 - 421 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2009 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 1 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Niskanen 2004 , p. 27 , 31 . Jump up ^ Towner 1984 , p. 34 - 36 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Matthews & Moyes 2012 , p. 260,269 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 108 - 109 . Jump up ^ Matthews & Moyer 2012 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 110 - 111 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2000 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Collins 1998 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Cohn 2002 , p. 86 - 87 . Jump up ^ Schwartz 1992 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2002 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Weber 2007 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Boyer 1992 , p. 24 , 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Doukhan 2000 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Godden 2013 , p. 231 . 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Lucas , Ernest C. ( 2005 ) . `` Daniel , Book of '' . In Vanhoozer , Kevin J. ; Bartholomew , Craig G. ; Treier , Daniel J. Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible . Baker Academic . ISBN 9780801026942 . Matthews , Victor H. ; Moyer , James C. ( 2012 ) . The Old Testament : Text and Context . Baker Books . ISBN 9780801048357 . McDonald , Lee Martin ( 2012 ) . Formation of the Bible : the Story of the Church 's Canon . Peabody , MA : Hendrickson Publishers . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856 - 838 - 7 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Miller , Steven R. ( 1994 ) . Daniel . B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 9780805401189 . Niskanen , Paul ( 2004 ) . The Human and the Divine in History : Herodotus and the Book of Daniel . Continuum . ISBN 9780567082138 . Provan , Iain ( 2003 ) . `` Daniel '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 . Redditt , Paul L. ( 2009 ) . Introduction to the Prophets . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802828965 . Reid , Stephen Breck ( 2000 ) . `` Daniel , Book of '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Rowland , Christopher ( 2007 ) . `` Apocalyptic Literature '' . In Hass , Andrew ; Jasper , David ; Jay , Elisabeth . The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199271979 . Ryken , , Leland ; Wilhoit , Jim ; Longman , Tremper ( 1998 ) . Dictionary of Biblical Imagery . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830867332 . Sacchi , Paolo ( 2004 ) . The History of the Second Temple Period . Continuum . ISBN 9780567044501 . Schwartz , Daniel R. ( 1992 ) . Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity . Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 9783161457982 . Seow , C.L. ( 2003 ) . Daniel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256753 . Schiffman , Lawrence H. ( 1991 ) . From Text to Tradition : A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism . KTAV Publishing House . ISBN 9780881253726 . Spencer , Richard A. ( 2002 ) . `` Additions to Daniel '' . In Mills , Watson E. ; Wilson , Richard F. The Deuterocanonicals / Apocrypha . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865545106 . Towner , W. Sibley ( 1984 ) . Daniel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237561 . VanderKam , James C. ( 2010 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls Today . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802864352 . VanderKam , James C. ; Flint , Peter ( 2013 ) . The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls : their significance for understanding the Bible , Judaism , Jesus , and Christianity . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780062243300 . Waters , Matt ( 2014 ) . Ancient Persia : A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire , 550 -- 330 BC . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107652729 . Weber , Timothy P. ( 2007 ) . `` Millennialism '' . In Walls , Jerry L. The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199742486 . Wesselius , Jan - Wim ( 2002 ) . `` The Writing of Daniel '' . In Collins , John J. ; Flint , Peter W. ; VanEpps , Cameron . The Book of Daniel : Composition and Reception . BRILL . ISBN 0391041282 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Daniel . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Daniel Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Daniel Jewish translations Daniel ( Judaica Press ) * translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org Christian translations Bible , King James Version ( `` Bible , King James Version '' . quod.lib.umich.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17. ) Book of Daniel Daniel at The Great Books * ( New Revised Standard Version ) The Book of Daniel * ( Full text from St-Takla.org , also available in Arabic ) Daniel : 2013 Critical Translation with Audio Drama at biblicalaudio Daniel an introduction Bible : Daniel public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles Jewish Encyclopedia : Daniel Daniel : Wise Man and Visionary , by Elias Bickerman Aramaic of Daniel , Patrick Henry College Book of Daniel Major prophets Preceded by Esther Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Ezra - Nehemiah Preceded by Ezekiel Christian Old Testament Succeeded by Hosea Book of Daniel Bible Daniel 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Additions to Daniel Places Babylon Susa People Abednego Belshazzar Cyrus Daniel Darius Gabriel Meshach Michael Nebuchadnezzar Shadrach Jehoiakim Terms Abomination of desolation Belshazzar 's feast Four kingdoms Lion 's den Prophecy of Seventy Weeks Territorial spirit Writing on the wall Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Ezekiel ( chapter 48 ) Book of Hosea ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book GND : 4011013 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Daniel&oldid=816226613 '' Categories : 2nd - century BC books Book of Daniel Ketuvim Apocalyptic literature Jewish eschatology Hidden categories : Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 02 : 06 . 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Amelia Heinle

Amelia Heinle - wikipedia Amelia Heinle This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Amelia Heinle Heinle in 2014 Amelia March Heinle ( 1973 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1973 ( age 45 ) Phoenix , Arizona , U.S. Other names Amelia Weatherly Occupation Actress Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Michael Weatherly ( m . 1995 ; div. 1997 ) Thad Luckinbill ( m . 2007 ; div. 2017 ) Children Amelia Heinle Luckinbill ( née Amelia March Heinle , formerly Weatherly ; born March 17 , 1973 ) is an American actress best known for her roles in American soap operas . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Amelia March Heinle was born in Phoenix , Arizona , and has four younger siblings . She grew up in Arizona and moved to New Jersey with her family when she was 15 years old . Career ( edit ) From 1993 to 1995 she played the role of Stephanie `` Steffi '' Brewster on the soap opera Loving . She also played the character for two months in that show 's short - lived spin off The City from November 1995 until January 1996 . In 1994 she was nominated for a Soap Opera Digest Award for `` Outstanding Female Newcomer '' . Through the 1990s she appeared in many made for TV movies , as well as a role in the 1999 Steven Soderbergh film , The Limey , as Peter Fonda 's girlfriend . She appeared in the music video for `` I Will Buy You a New Life '' by Everclear . In 2001 she returned to the world of daytime television , this time in the role of Mia Saunders on All My Children , the heretofore unknown half - sister of Liza Colby ( Marcy Walker ) . Although she started as a front - burner character , her romantic pairing with Jake Martin ( J. Eddie Peck ) did n't work out because of the actor 's exit from the show , and so Mia was limited to being a background character . In 2004 , Heinle opted not to renew her contract with All My Children and left the show . On March 21 , 2005 , Heinle joined the cast of the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless , as Victoria Newman , replacing the popular Heather Tom in the role . She won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2014 and again in 2015 for the role . In April 2009 Heinle appeared in season 4 , episode 20 , of Ghost Whisperer , entitled `` Stage Fright '' , with husband Thad Luckinbill and fellow daytime drama actress Lesli Kay . Personal Life ( edit ) In February 1995 , she married her Loving co-star and on - screen love interest , Michael Weatherly , who played the role of `` Cooper Alden '' . On January 10 , 1996 , Heinle gave birth to her first child , a son . She and Weatherly divorced in 1997 . In March 2007 she married her Young and the Restless co-star , Thad Luckinbill , notable for portraying her onscreen ex-husband , J.T. Hellstrom . The couple welcomed their first child together , a son , on November 2 , 2007 . They welcomed their second child , a daughter , on December 17 , 2009 . On March 1 , 2017 , Luckinbill filed for divorce from Heinle , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 At Sachem Farm Laurie 1999 Liar 's Poker Rebecca 1999 The Limey Adhara 2003 Another Night Woman Short Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 1995 Loving Stephanie Brewster TV series 1995 The City Stephanie Brewster TV series Quicksilver Highway Darlene TV film 1998 Black Cat Run Sara Jane Bronnel TV film 1999 Purgatory Rose / Betty McCullough TV film 1999 Jack & Jill Jacqueline ' Jack ' Barrett Unaired pilot , replaced by Amanda Peet 2000 Sally Hemings : An American Scandal Harriet Hemings TV film 2000 The Only Living Boy in New York Olivia TV film Earth vs. the Spider Stephanie Lewis TV film 2001 -- 2004 All My Children Mia Saunders TV series 2005 -- present The Young and the Restless Victoria Newman Regular role 2009 CSI : Miami Elizabeth Corbett `` Chip / Tuck '' 2009 Ghost Whisperer Prof. Brook Dennis `` Stage Fright '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of acting awards and nominations Year Award Title Result Ref . 2014 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won 2015 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest ( vol. 35 , no. 17 , pg. 65 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amelia Heinle 411 '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amelia Heinle Biography '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Joe ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards : ' Days ' and ' Restless ' in a tie - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ People.com ( November 13 , 2007 ) `` Amelia Heinle and Thad Luckinbill Welcome Thaddeus Rowe '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( December 23 , 2009 ) `` Thad Luckinbill and Amelia Heinle Welcome Daughter Georgia March '' . People.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About The Young and the Restless : Baby News '' . CBS . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Real - Life Y&R Couple Splits '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Winners '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . June 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Winners '' . Burbank : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . April 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Amelia Heinle on IMDb Amelia Heinle Interview Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Suzanne Rogers ( 1979 ) Francesca James ( 1980 ) Jane Elliot ( 1981 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1982 ) Louise Shaffer ( 1983 ) Judi Evans ( 1984 ) Beth Maitland ( 1985 ) Leann Hunley ( 1986 ) Kathleen Noone ( 1987 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 1988 ) Nancy Lee Grahn / Debbi Morgan ( 1989 ) Julia Barr ( 1990 ) Jess Walton ( 1991 ) Maeve Kinkead ( 1992 ) Ellen Parker ( 1993 ) Susan Haskell ( 1994 ) Rena Sofer ( 1995 ) Anna Holbrook ( 1996 ) Michelle Stafford ( 1997 ) Julia Barr ( 1998 ) Sharon Case ( 1999 ) Sarah Joy Brown ( 2000 ) Lesli Kay ( 2001 ) Crystal Chappell ( 2002 ) Vanessa Marcil ( 2003 ) Cady McClain ( 2004 ) Natalia Livingston ( 2005 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2006 ) Genie Francis ( 2007 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2008 ) Tamara Braun ( 2009 ) Julie Pinson ( 2010 ) Heather Tom ( 2011 ) Nancy Lee Grahn ( 2012 ) Julie Berman ( 2013 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2014 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2015 ) Jessica Collins ( 2016 ) Kate Mansi ( 2017 ) Camryn Grimes ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb140225120 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1440 9569 VIAF : 32196621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amelia_Heinle&oldid=855700819 '' Categories : American soap opera actresses American television actresses 1973 births Living people Actresses from Phoenix , Arizona People from Casa Grande , Arizona 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 06 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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College Football Playoff

College Football Playoff - wikipedia College Football Playoff Jump to : navigation , search College Football Playoff In operation 2014 -- present Preceded by BCS ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Bowl Alliance ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Bowl Coalition ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Number of playoff games 3 ( championship game , 2 semifinal games ) Championship trophy College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy Television partner ( s ) ESPN ( 2014 -- present ) Most playoff appearances Alabama ( 4 ) Most playoff wins Alabama ( 5 ) Most playoff championships Alabama ( 2 ) Conference with most appearances SEC ( 5 ) Conference with most game wins SEC ( 6 ) Conference with most championships SEC ( 2 ) Last championship game 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Current champion Alabama Executive director Bill Hancock Website collegefootballplayoff.com The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) is an annual postseason invitational tournament to award a mythical national championship to an NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) school . The inaugural tournament was held at the end of the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season . Four teams play in two semifinal games , and the winner of each semifinal advances to the College Football Playoff National Championship . The College Football Playoff is not an officially sanctioned championship event by the NCAA , the sport 's governing body . The NCAA has never recognized an `` official '' national championship for FBS football , instead merely recognizing the decisions made any of a number of independent major championship selectors . Consequently , Division I FBS football is the only NCAA sport in which a yearly national champion is not determined by an NCAA event , nor is an official NCAA national championship awarded . Nevertheless , the CFP 's inauguration in 2014 marked the first time a major championship selector was able to determine their champion by using a bracket competition . From 2014 until present , a 13 - member committee has been selecting and seeding the four teams to take part . This system differs from the use of polls or computer rankings that had previously been used to select the participants for the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) , the title system used in FBS from 1998 to 2013 . The new format is a Plus - One system , an idea which became popular as an alternative to the BCS after the 2003 and 2004 seasons ended in controversy . The two semifinal games rotate among six major bowl games , referred to as the New Year 's Six : the Rose Bowl , Sugar Bowl , Orange Bowl , Cotton Bowl , Fiesta Bowl , and Peach Bowl . In addition to the four teams selected for the playoff , the final CFP rankings are used to help determine the participants for the other four New Year 's Six bowls that are not hosting the semifinals that year . The New Year 's Six represent six of the ten oldest bowl games currently played at the FBS level . The semifinals are scheduled usually on Friday , Saturday , or Monday close to , or on , New Years Day , with some flexibility to ensure that bowl games traditionally held on New Year 's Day are not in conflict with the semi-final games . The CFP National Championship is then played on the first Monday that is six or more days after the semifinals . The venue of the championship game is selected based on bids submitted by cities , similar to the Super Bowl or NCAA Final Four . The winner of the game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy . Playoff officials commissioned a new trophy that was unconnected with the previous championship systems ( such as the AFCA `` crystal football '' trophy which had been regularly presented after the championship game since the 1990s ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection process 1.1 Selection committee 1.1. 1 Past members 1.2 Voting procedure 2 Impact on scheduling 3 Semifinals 4 Championship game 5 Appearances 5.1 College Football Playoff appearances by team 5.2 College Football Playoff appearances by conference 6 Broadcasting 6.1 Ratings 7 Revenue 8 Leadership 8.1 Board of Managers 8.2 Athletics Directors Advisory Group 9 Criticism 9.1 Team selection 9.2 Selection committee 9.3 Scheduling 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Selection process ( edit ) Selection committee ( edit ) The first College Football Playoff selection committee was announced on October 16 , 2013 . The group consists of 13 members who generally serve three - year terms , although some initial selections served terms both shorter and longer than three years `` to achieve a rotation '' of members . The current members of the selection committee are : Member Position Conference affiliation Recusals Term expires Hocutt , Kirby Kirby Hocutt ( chairman ) Texas Tech athletic director ; former Kansas State linebacker Big 12 Texas Tech February 2018 Howard , Christopher B. Christopher B. Howard Robert Morris University President ; former Air Force running back N / A None February 2020 Bower , Jeff Jeff Bower Former Southern Miss head coach N / A Southern Miss February 2019 Deromedi , Herb Herb Deromedi Former Central Michigan head coach N / A Central Michigan February 2019 Jernstedt , Tom Tom Jernstedt Former NCAA executive vice president ; former Oregon quarterback N / A None February 2018 Johnson , Bobby Bobby Johnson Former Vanderbilt head coach ; former Clemson player N / A None February 2018 Long , Jeff Jeff Long Former Arkansas athletic director SEC Arkansas , Missouri February 2018 Mullens , Rob Rob Mullens Oregon athletic director Pac - 12 Oregon February 2019 Radakovich , Dan Dan Radakovich Clemson athletic director , father of current Clemson player ACC Clemson February 2018 Beamer , Frank Frank Beamer Former Virginia Tech head coach N / A Georgia , Virginia Tech February 2020 Wieberg , Steve Steve Wieberg Former USA Today reporter N / A None February 2018 Willingham , Tyrone Tyrone Willingham Former Stanford , Notre Dame and Washington head coach N / A Duke , Stanford February 2018 Smith , Gene Gene Smith Ohio State athletic director Big Ten Ohio State February 2020 Jump up ^ Current or former , athletic department administration only . Jump up ^ Any programs for which members are required to recuse themselves from voting or discussions . Jump up ^ In addition to Arkansas , Long is recused from Missouri because his daughter attends the school and works in its athletic department . Jump up ^ In addition to Virginia Tech , Beamer is recused from Georgia because his son Shane is the Bulldogs ' tight ends coach and special teams coordinator . Jump up ^ Willingham is recused from Stanford because his son is currently on the Cardinal coaching staff , and from Duke because his daughter is employed at the school . The committee members include one current athletic director from each of the five `` major '' conferences -- ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , and SEC -- also known as the Power Five conferences . Other members are former coaches , players , athletic directors , and administrators , plus a retired member of the media . The goal was for the panel to consist proportionally of current `` Power Five '' athletic directors , former coaches , and a third group of other voters , excluding current conference commissioners , coaches , and media members . During the selection process , organizers said they wanted the committee to be geographically balanced . Conference commissioners submitted lists totaling more than 100 names from which to select the final committee members . Past members ( edit ) Member Position Conference affiliation Season ( s ) Replaced by Gould , Michael C. Michael C. Gould Former Air Force Academy superintendent N / A 2014 -- 15 Jeff Bower Osborne , Tom Tom Osborne Former Nebraska coach and athletic director Big Ten / Big 12 2014 -- 15 Lloyd Carr Tranghese , Mike Mike Tranghese Former Big East commissioner The American 2014 -- 15 Herb Deromedi Haden , Pat Pat Haden USC athletic director ; former USC quarterback Pac - 12 2014 Rob Mullens Luck , Oliver Oliver Luck Former West Virginia athletic director Big 12 2014 Kirby Hocutt Manning , Archie Archie Manning Former NFL and Ole Miss quarterback N / A - Bobby Johnson Carr , Lloyd Lloyd Carr Former Michigan coach Big Ten - Chris Howard Rice , Condoleezza Condoleezza Rice Former Secretary of state N / A 2014 -- 16 Frank Beamer Alvarez , Barry Barry Alvarez Former Wisconsin coach and athletic director Big Ten 2014 -- 16 Gene Smith The selection of Condoleezza Rice , a former U.S. Secretary of State and Stanford University provost , was met with some backlash within the sport and the media . Critics questioned her qualifications , citing gender and lack of football experience . Jump up ^ Current or former , athletic department administration only . Jump up ^ Stepped down October 30 , 2015 , citing health reasons and instability at USC . Did not participate in 2015 season committee . Jump up ^ Left the committee in 2015 , before his term expired , after resigning as West Virginia athletic director to work for the NCAA as executive vice president of regulatory affairs . Jump up ^ Took a leave of absence for health reasons in October 2014 and stepped down in March 2015 . Never participated in any committee voting . Jump up ^ Left the committee in 2016 before the season started for health reasons . Committee stayed at 12 members rather than replacing him . Voting Procedure ( edit ) The committee releases its top 25 rankings weekly on Tuesdays in the second half of the regular season . The top four teams are seeded in that order for the playoff . During the season , the committee meets and releases rankings six or seven times , depending on the length of the season ( the number of games is consistent , but the number of weeks those games are played over can vary from year to year ) . The group , which meets at the Gaylord Texan hotel in Grapevine , Texas , reportedly meets in person up to 10 total times a year . A team 's strength of schedule is one of the most pertinent considerations for the committee in making its selections . Other factors that the committee weighs are conference championships , team records , and head - to - head results , plus other points such as injuries and weather . Unlike the BCS system , the AP Poll , Coaches ' Poll , and the Harris Poll , computer rankings are not used to make the selections . Advanced statistics and metrics are expected to be submitted to the committee , though like other analytics , they have no formal role in the decision . Committee members are not required to attend games . Long said the panel considered less frequent rankings , but ultimately decided on a weekly release . `` That 's what the fans have become accustomed to , and we felt it would leave a void in college football without a ranking for several weeks , '' he said . Long also noted : `` Early on there was some talk that we would go into a room at the end of the season and come out with a top four , but that did n't last long . '' In analyzing this change in thinking , Stewart Mandel of Sports Illustrated commented : `` The whole point of the selection committee was to replace the simplistic horse - race nature of Top 25 polls -- where teams only move up if someone above them loses -- with a more deliberative evaluation method . Now the playoff folks are going to try to do both . '' Addressing the `` pecking order '' nature of traditional polls , George Schrodeder of USA Today wrote that `` if it actually works as intended , we could see volatile swings '' from week to week , with lower - ranked teams moving ahead of higher - ranked teams without either team losing ( a rarity in traditional polls ) . Both Long and Bill Hancock , the CFP executive director , say they expect that to happen . The committee 's voting method uses multiple ballots , similar to the NCAA basketball tournament selection process and the entire process is facilitated through custom software developed by Code Authority in Frisco , Texas . From a large initial pool of teams , the group takes numerous votes on successive tiers of teams , considering six at a time and coming to a consensus on how they should be ranked , then repeating the process with the next tier of teams . Discussion and debate happens at each voting step . All votes are by secret ballot , and committee members do not make their ballots public . Each week 's ranking process begins anew , with no weight given to the previous week 's selections . In this fashion , the committee selects the four teams to compete for the national championship . Committee members who are currently employed or financially compensated by a school , or have family members who have a current financial relationship ( which includes football players ) , are not allowed to vote for that school . During deliberations about a team 's selection , members with such a conflict of interest can not be present , but can answer factual questions about the institution . All committee members have past ties to certain NCAA institutions , but the committee decided to ignore those ties in the recusal requirements . `` We just boiled it down to where we felt this group was fit to its high integrity and would differentiate from those past relationships , '' Long said . Some football writers , like Dennis Dodd and Mark Schlabach , have said the recusal arrangement is n't transparent or objective , suggesting that members ' alma maters and former coaching jobs should be considered disqualifying conflicts of interest . Impact on scheduling ( edit ) `` Strength of schedule will become such an important factor ... that if you want to be under consideration , you need to have a more meaningful schedule than perhaps you 've had in previous years . '' -- Tom Jernstedt , selection committee member Due to the increased emphasis on strength of schedule , teams have considered playing more challenging opponents during the non-conference portion of their schedules . Some teams have traditionally played three or four `` weak '' non-conference opponents , but wins against such low - level competition are unlikely to impress the committee . For teams on the cusp of making the playoff four , `` I think one of the first things the committee will look at is strength of schedule , '' said selector Oliver Luck . Teams in the Big Ten , Big 12 and Pac - 12 play nine conference games on their twelve - game schedules and thus only have flexibility in choosing their opponents for the three non-league games . Some programs are opting to increase their schedule strength by scheduling high - profile matchups at neutral sites and on weeknights , garnering primetime TV exclusivity . In response to the new playoff system , the Southeastern Conference considered increasing its conference schedule from eight to nine games , with Alabama coach Nick Saban a vocal proponent . According to Jon Solomon of the Birmingham News , `` The prevailing opinion among SEC athletics directors : The SEC is difficult enough that there 's no need for a ninth game . '' Some in the conference , like Mississippi State athletic director Scott Stricklin , opined that a nine - game SEC schedule would result in more teams with two losses . Commissioner Michael Slive and Vanderbilt AD David Williams , among others , supported a stronger out - of - league schedule , which would likely impress the committee . In April 2014 , the league voted to mandate that all SEC teams must play a Power Five foe ( ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , or independent Notre Dame ) in its non-conference slate beginning in 2016 . Slive noted this rule `` gives us the added strength - of - schedule we were seeking '' . In 2014 , the first year of the College Football Playoff , one team played two opponents from the Power Five , nine of the 14 teams played one Power Five conference opponent and three lower - level opponents ( including one FCS school ) , and four teams did not face a Power Five foe . In the spring of 2015 , the SEC decided to count games played against Independents BYU and Army toward its Power Five requirement . The ACC , whose teams also play eight conference games ( plus Notre Dame at least once every three years ) , also considered moving to a nine - game conference schedule . However , the league opted to stay with the eight - plus - Notre Dame model , stipulating instead that teams would have to play one Power Five school in their non-league slates beginning in 2017 , which would include the Notre Dame game or other ACC schools , as will games against another FBS independent , BYU . Despite the push to increase schedule strength , some ACC coaches preferred the scheduling flexibility available with fewer permanent fixtures on a team 's slate . Opinion was split among league athletic directors on moving to a nine - game schedule prior to the vote . An SEC expansion to a nine - game schedule would limit the ACC 's opportunities to play Power Five non-conference opponents . Semifinals ( edit ) Main article : List of College Football Playoff games The College Football Playoff uses a four - team knockout bracket to determine the national champion . Six of the most historic bowl games -- the Rose Bowl , Sugar Bowl , Orange Bowl , Cotton Bowl , Fiesta Bowl , and Peach Bowl -- rotate as hosts for the semifinals . The rotation is set on a three - year cycle with the following pairings : Rose / Sugar , Orange / Cotton , and Fiesta / Peach . The two semifinal bowls and the other four top - tier bowls are marketed as the `` New Year 's Six '' . Three of these bowls played per day , typically on consecutive days that include New Year 's Day . The selection committee seeds and pairs the top four teams , and additionally assigns teams to the at - large bowls ( Cotton , Fiesta , and Peach ) in years when they do not host semifinals . The four - team format pits the No. 1 - ranked team against No. 4 and No. 2 vs. No. 3 . The selection committee seeds the two semifinal games , placing the top - seeded team at the closest site to prevent it from playing in a `` road '' environment . There are no limits on the number of teams per conference , a change from previous BCS rules . However , some non-semifinal bowl selections still maintain their conference tie - ins , similarly to the BCS 's automatic qualifier berths . A team from one of the `` Group of Five '' conferences is guaranteed a spot in one of the New Year 's Six bowls . Season Semifinal Winner Loser Score Venue 2014 -- 15 Rose Bowl 2 Oregon 3 Florida State 59 -- 20 Rose Bowl Stadium , Pasadena , California Sugar Bowl 4 Ohio State 1 Alabama 42 -- 35 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana 2015 -- 16 Orange Bowl 1 Clemson 4 Oklahoma 37 -- 17 Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Cotton Bowl 2 Alabama 3 Michigan State 38 -- 0 AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas 2016 -- 17 Fiesta Bowl 2 Clemson 3 Ohio State 31 -- 0 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Peach Bowl 1 Alabama 4 Washington 24 -- 7 Georgia Dome , Atlanta , Georgia 2017 -- 18 Rose Bowl 3 Georgia 2 Oklahoma 54 -- 48 Rose Bowl Stadium , Pasadena , California Sugar Bowl 4 Alabama 1 Clemson 24 -- 6 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana 2018 -- 19 Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Cotton Bowl AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas 2019 -- 20 Fiesta Bowl University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Peach Bowl Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia Championship game ( edit ) Main article : College Football Playoff National Championship Cities around the country bid to host each year 's championship game . The playoff group 's leaders make a selection from those proposals , in a similar fashion to other large sporting events , such as the Super Bowl or NCAA Final Four . Officials say the championship game will be held in a different city each year , and that bids must propose host stadiums with a capacity of at least 65,000 spectators . Under the system , cities can not host both a semifinal game and the title game in the same year . Season Champion Runner - up Score Venue 2014 -- 15 4 Ohio State 2 Oregon 42 -- 20 AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas 2015 -- 16 2 Alabama 1 Clemson 45 -- 40 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona 2016 -- 17 2 Clemson 1 Alabama 35 -- 31 Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida 2017 -- 18 4 Alabama 3 Georgia 26 - 23 Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia 2018 -- 19 Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California 2019 -- 20 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana 2020 -- 21 Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida 2021 -- 22 Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis , Indiana 2022 -- 23 Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , Inglewood , California 2023 -- 24 NRG Stadium , Houston , Texas Appearances ( edit ) For the list of College Football Playoff New Year 's Six Bowl Appearances , see College Football Playoff New Year 's Six . For the list of College Football Playoff National Champions , see College Football Playoff National Championship . College Football Playoff appearances by team ( edit ) Alabama Clemson Georgia Florida State Michigan State Ohio State Oklahoma Oregon Washington Teams that have appeared in the College Football Playoff -- 4 appearances , -- 3 appearances , -- 2 appearances , -- 1 appearance Alabama Clemson Ohio State Teams that have won the College Football Playoff -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship Appearances Team Pct Games Alabama 5 . 714 Lost 2015 Sugar Bowl Won 2015 Cotton Bowl ( Dec. 2015 ) Won 2016 CFP National Championship Won 2016 Peach Bowl Lost 2017 CFP National Championship Won 2018 Sugar Bowl Won 2018 CFP National Championship Clemson . 600 Won 2015 Orange Bowl Lost 2016 CFP National Championship Won 2016 Fiesta Bowl ( Dec. 2016 ) Won 2017 CFP National Championship Lost 2018 Sugar Bowl Ohio State . 667 Won 2015 Sugar Bowl Won 2015 CFP National Championship Lost 2016 Fiesta Bowl ( Dec. 2016 ) Oklahoma 0 . 000 Lost 2015 Orange Bowl Lost 2018 Rose Bowl Georgia . 500 Won 2018 Rose Bowl Lost 2018 CFP National Championship Oregon . 500 Won 2015 Rose Bowl Lost 2015 CFP National Championship Florida State 0 . 000 Lost 2015 Rose Bowl Michigan State 0 . 000 Lost 2015 Cotton Bowl ( Dec. 2015 ) Washington 0 . 000 Lost 2016 Peach Bowl College Football Playoff appearances by conference ( edit ) Conference Appearances Pct Championships # of teams Teams ( s ) SEC 5 6 . 667 Alabama ( 4 ) Georgia ( 1 ) ACC . 500 Clemson ( 3 ) Florida State ( 1 ) Big Ten . 500 Ohio State ( 2 ) Michigan State ( 1 ) Pac - 12 . 333 0 Oregon ( 1 ) Washington ( 1 ) Big 12 0 . 000 0 Oklahoma ( 2 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) The television broadcast rights to all six CFP bowls and the National Championship are owned by ESPN through at least the 2025 season . ESPN then reached 12 - year agreements to retain rights to the Rose Bowl , Orange Bowl , and Sugar Bowl following the dissolution of the Bowl Championship Series . In November , ESPN reached a 12 - year deal to broadcast the remaining three bowls , the championship game , as well as shoulder programming such as ranking shows ; as a whole , the contract is valued at around $470 million per year , or nearly $5.7 billion for the life of the contract . Ratings ( edit ) The inaugural College Football Playoff games in January 2015 generated larger ratings than previous BCS games . The 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship had an 18.9 Nielsen rating and was watched by approximately 33.4 million people , the largest broadcast audience of all time on American cable television ( non-broadcast ) , according to AdWeek . That was a 31 percent audience increase over the previous year 's championship game and a 22 percent increase over the BCS title game 's best rating on cable ( a 16.1 rating in 2011 ) . The semifinal games , the 2015 Rose Bowl and 2015 Sugar Bowl , saw 28.16 million and 28.27 million viewers , respectively . According to ESPN , these games also set ( and briefly held ) all - time records for cable TV viewership . In 2015 , the ratings for the two semifinal games were down from the prior season 's equivalents , with the Orange Bowl reaching a 9.7 rating ( in comparison to 15.5 for the 2015 Rose Bowl ) and the Cotton Bowl reaching a 9.9 rating ( in comparison to a 15.3 rating for the 2015 Sugar Bowl ) . On the online WatchESPN streaming service , excluding 2014 FIFA World Cup games , the Cotton Bowl and the Orange Bowl drew the second and third - largest streaming audiences in the service 's history , behind the 2015 national championship . The ratings drops were attributed to the New Year 's Eve time slot , as fewer people were at home to watch the game . The decline in ratings was a factor in changes for the scheduling of future CFP semi-final games . Revenue ( edit ) In 2012 , ESPN reportedly paid about $7.3 billion over 12 years for broadcasting rights to all seven games , an average of about $608 million per year . That includes $215 million per year which was already committed to the Rose , Sugar and Orange bowls , plus $470 -- 475 million annually for the rest of the package . By comparison , the most recent contract with the BCS and the Rose Bowl had paid approximately $155 million per year for five games . The average revenue to the new system over 12 years is to be about $500 million per year . After $125 -- 150 million in expenses , the Power Five conferences split about 71.5 percent of the remaining money , for an approximate average payout of $250 million a year ( $50 million per league ) over the life of the contract . The `` Group of Five '' conferences split 27 percent , about $90 million a year ( $18 million per league ) . Notre Dame receives around one percent , about $3.5 - 4 million , and other FBS independents get about 0.5 percent of the deal . Extra revenue goes to conferences in contracts with the Rose , Sugar , and Orange bowls , which split revenue 50 / 50 between their participating leagues . In non-semifinal years , the Rose Bowl 's TV revenue would be divided between the Big Ten and Pac - 12 conferences ; likewise , the Sugar Bowl and Orange Bowl revenue to its participant conferences . When those bowls are semifinal games , the money is distributed by the playoff system to all FBS conferences . ESPN has paid about $80 million a year each for the Rose and Sugar bowls over 12 years . The Orange Bowl deal is worth $55 million per year . For example , in a non-semifinal year , the Big Ten could receive about $90 million ( half of its $80 million Rose Bowl deal plus about $50 million from the playoff system ) . Conferences receive an additional $6 million each year for each team it places in the semifinals and $4 million for a team in one of the three at - large bowls ; Notre Dame receives the same amount in either scenario . No additional money is awarded for reaching the championship game . The Power Five conferences and the `` Group of Five '' have not decided on their respective revenue - sharing formulas , though the SEC initially receives more revenue than the other four Power Five conferences due to its BCS success . Reports say the money is to be divided based on several criteria such as `` on - field success , teams ' expenses , marketplace factors and academic performance of student - athletes . '' The playoff system awards academic performance bonuses of $300,000 per school for meeting the NCAA 's Academic Progress Rate standard of 930 . In a hypothetical 14 - team conference , $4.2 million ( $300,000 x 14 ) would be allocated to that league , and if only 12 of the 14 members meet the APR standard , then each of the 12 schools would receive $350,000 ( $4.2 million / 12 ) , penalizing schools that fall below the threshold . Leadership ( edit ) BCS Properties , LLC holds all properties related to the College Football Playoff . Previous BCS commissioner Bill Hancock is the executive director of the playoff organization , with former ACC Senior Associate Commissioner Michael Kelly as COO . Like the BCS , the playoff system 's management committee consists of the conference commissioners from the 10 FBS conferences and Notre Dame 's athletic director . The playoff system 's headquarters is in Irving , Texas . Board of Managers ( edit ) According to the CFP website , the system 's operations are controlled by the Board of Managers , which consists of presidents and chancellors of the playoff group 's member universities . The eleven members have sole authority to develop , review and approve annual budgets , policies and operating guidelines . The group also selects the company 's officers . Rodney Bennett -- President , Southern Mississippi ( C - USA ) Anthony Frank -- President , Colorado State ( Mountain West ) Burns Hargis -- President , Oklahoma State ( Big 12 ) Jack Hawkins -- Chancellor , Troy ( Sun Belt ) Rev. John I. Jenkins -- President , Notre Dame ( Independent ) Mark Keenum -- President , Mississippi State ( SEC ) Roderick McDavis -- President , Ohio ( MAC ) Max Nikias -- President , USC ( Pac - 12 ) Harvey Perlman ( chair ) -- Chancellor , Nebraska ( Big Ten ) Donna Shalala -- President , Miami ( Fla . ) ( ACC ) Steadman Upham -- President , Tulsa ( The American ) Athletics directors advisory group ( edit ) According to the CFP website , the Athletics Directors Advisory Group is appointed by the management committee to `` offer counsel '' on the operations of the system . As an advisory board , it has no authority in the management of the CFP . Gary Barta , Iowa ( Big Ten ) Tom Bowen , Memphis ( The American ) Tom Burman , Wyoming ( Mountain West ) Joe Castiglione , Oklahoma ( Big 12 ) Jeremy Foley , Florida ( SEC ) Dan Guerrero , UCLA ( Pac - 12 ) Chris Massaro , Middle Tennessee State ( C - USA ) Terry Mohajir , Arkansas State ( Sun Belt ) Mike O'Brien , Toledo ( MAC ) Stan Wilcox , Florida State ( ACC ) Criticism ( edit ) Although being generally well received , the College Football Playoff has been criticized much like its predecessor , the Bowl Championship Series , which had several controversies . Team selection ( edit ) Chief among the criticisms was the subjective element of the selection process such as basing rankings on metrics such as strength of schedule and conference as opposed to solely basing rankings on a team 's win - loss record . One particular similarity between the old BCS and the current Playoff system is both have been alleged to be biased toward schools , programs and conferences with large financial endowments ( being the perceived favoritism with the SEC the most outstanding argument ) , hurting the chances of smaller schools with fewer athletic resources . Undefeated teams from less wealthy conferences can be passed over for teams with losses from richer conferences . Because the tournament has four teams , at least one Power Five champion misses the playoffs every season . However , not all teams selected have been conference winners . In the 2016 -- 17 season , one of the teams selected was Ohio State , who did not qualify to the Big Ten Championship Game . As a result , both the Big Ten and Big 12 champions were not selected for the playoffs . In the 2017 -- 18 season , two of the four selected teams were from the SEC : conference champions Georgia , winners of the SEC Championship Game , and Alabama , who lost to SEC Championship Game finalist Auburn . Analysts have discussed whether the committee should selected conference champions only . Another critique centered around a perceived bias against smaller conferences such as the Big 12 which used to not stage a conference championship game , but was reintroduced for the 2017 season . The American addressed this issue by adding Navy to its ranks for 2015 , bringing its membership to 12 teams , which allowed it to stage a conference championship game under then - current NCAA rules . Starting with the 2016 season , FBS conferences will be allowed to stage football championship games even if they do not have 12 members . There are opinions labeling the CFP system `` just as '' or `` even more polarizing '' than the BCS or the old wire - service poll system . Selection committee ( edit ) The qualifications of selection committee members has also been scrutinized . As an outsider to the sports world , Condoleezza Rice was the focus of some criticism . Former Clemson head coach Tommy Bowden opined that the committee 's members should be `` people who played the game and preferably coached the game '' . Former Auburn head coach Pat Dye said that `` All she knows about football is what somebody told her ... or what she read in a book , or what she saw on television . To understand football , you 've got to play with your hand in the dirt '' . Former Big East commissioner Mike Tranghese also gained membership on the selection committee despite having never played football in college . Former sportswriter Steve Weiberg and retired U.S. Air Force General Michael Gould are other committee members without significant football playing , coaching or administrative experience . Scheduling ( edit ) The semifinal games for the 2015 season were scheduled for December 31 ; they were expected to have lower television viewership because the date is not a federal holiday , and because the second game faced heavy competition for television viewers in primetime from New Year 's Eve specials ( such as New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , which is aired by ESPN 's sister broadcast network ABC ) . Under television contracts with ESPN that predate the College Football Playoff , both the Rose and Sugar Bowl games are guaranteed exclusive TV time slots on January 1 ( or January 2 if New Year 's Day falls on a Sunday ) , regardless of whether they are hosting a semifinal game . In an interview with CBS Sports , CFP commissioner Bill Hancock suggested this scheduling issue would `` change the paradigm of what New Year 's Eve is all about , '' opining that `` if you 're hosting a New Year 's Eve party , you better have a bunch of televisions around . '' Although ESPN proposed moving the Thursday , December 31 , 2015 semifinal games to Saturday , January 2 , 2016 , the idea was rejected . The semifinal games ' ratings were ultimately down significantly from those of the previous season . In an effort to reduce the impact of their New Year 's Eve scheduling , the 2016 semifinal games , which fell on a Saturday , had earlier kickoff times , at 3 : 00 p.m. and 7 : 00 p.m. ET respectively . The 2016 Orange Bowl was played in primetime on December 30 , 2016 , rather than in an early afternoon window on New Year 's Eve . Hancock considered the earlier start times to be a compromise to reduce the games ' intrusion into New Year 's Eve festivities , but reiterated that there were no plans to move the semi-final games from New Year 's Eve outside of years where they are hosted by the Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl . On July 28 , 2016 , however , Hancock reversed this stance and announced revisions to the scheduling for future College Football Playoff semi-final games . The games were rescheduled so that they will not necessarily be played on New Year 's Eve yearly : outside of years when they are hosted by the Rose and Sugar Bowls ( where they retain their traditional New Year 's Day scheduling ) , they will now be scheduled primarily on the last Saturday or federally observed holiday of the year . In some years , this date will land on New Year 's Eve . In 2021 , the games will be played on Friday , December 31 , because the day will be observed as a holiday . See also ( edit ) College football portal College Football Playoff New Year 's Six College football playoff debate College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS List of college bowl games Mythical National Championship Plus - One system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Football playoff has name and site '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wolken , Dan ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Questions and answers for the College Football Playoff '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ C.N. ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` The business of college football : Undisputed champs in a disputed sport '' . The Economist . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Dennis ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Fringe benefit of College Football Playoff ? No more mythical titles '' . CBS Sports . 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Jump up ^ `` Joel Klatt : The College Football Playoff Committee is a joke - THE HERD - FOX Sports '' . Jump up ^ Kevin Trahan ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Tommy Bowden does not think Condoleezza Rice should be on the College Football Playoff committee '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Cork Gaines ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` People Do n't Want Condoleezza Rice On College Football 's Playoff Selection Committee - Business Insider '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Playoff drops ball with 2015 New Year 's Eve semis '' . SI.com . January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony Barnhart ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Before BCS ends , the whens , wheres , whys of College Football Playoff '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Deitsch ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` A daunting task : Can the CFP , ESPN change old New Year 's Eve habits ? '' . SI.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Bowl game is shifted to prime time on Dec. 30 '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 College Football Playoff will still be on New Year 's Eve , but it 'll start earlier '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Playoff semis will only be on Saturdays or holidays '' . SI.com . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . 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The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham , NC , due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . Sugar Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Tulane Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Superdome College Football Playoff Broadcasters Southeastern Conference Big 12 Conference Games 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1972 1973 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Notes The 2006 game took place in Atlanta , Georgia due to Hurricane Katrina . The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , or Bowl Championship Series in 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , and 2004 . There was a Sugar Bowl in January and December in 1972 and 1995 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . Orange Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Miami Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Atlantic Coast Conference Big Ten Conference Southeastern Conference Notre Dame Games 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014 2015 2016 2017 Notes The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , or Bowl Championship Series in 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 2001 , and 2005 . There was an Orange Bowl in January and December in 1996 and 2014 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 edition . Cotton Bowl Classic History & conference tie - ins History Cotton Bowl AT&T Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Playoff At - Large Group of Five Games 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1966 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 2017 2017 Notes There was a Cotton Bowl Classic in January and December in 1966 , 2015 and 2017 There was no Cotton Bowl Classic in 1967 or 2016 The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its December 2015 edition Peach Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters College Football Playoff At - Large Group of Five Games 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1993 1995 1995 1998 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Fiesta Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Sun Devil Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters College Football Playoff At - Large Group of Five Bid Games 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014 2016 2016 2017 Notes The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , or Bowl Championship Series in 1996 , 1999 , and 2003 . There was a Fiesta Bowl in January and December in 1997 , 2014 , and 2016 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its December 2016 edition . New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl `` Silvesterpunsch `` 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_Football_Playoff&oldid=825579744 '' Categories : College Football Playoff 2014 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 日本 語 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 05 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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The Last Song (film)

The Last Song ( film ) - wikipedia The Last Song ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Last Song Theatrical release poster Directed by Julie Anne Robinson Produced by Adam Shankman Jennifer Gibgot Screenplay by Nicholas Sparks Jeff Van Wie Based on The Last Song by Nicholas Sparks Starring Miley Cyrus Liam Hemsworth Bobby Coleman Kelly Preston Greg Kinnear Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography John Lindley Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Touchstone Pictures Offspring Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date March 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $89 million The Last Song is a 2010 American coming of age teen romantic drama film developed alongside Nicholas Sparks ' 2009 novel of the same name . The film was directed by Julie Anne Robinson in her feature film directorial debut and co-written by Sparks and Jeff Van Wie . The Last Song stars Miley Cyrus , Liam Hemsworth , and Greg Kinnear and follows a troubled teenager as she reconnects with her estranged father and falls in love during a summer in a quiet Southern United States beach town . Sparks was approached to write both the film 's screenplay and the novel . Sparks completed the screenplay in January 2009 , prior to the completion of the novel , making The Last Song his first script to be optioned for film . The setting , originally in North Carolina like the novel , relocated to Georgia after the states had campaigned for months to host production . Upon beginning production in Tybee Island , Georgia and nearby Savannah , The Last Song became the first movie to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island . Filming lasted from June 15 to August 18 , 2009 with much of it occurring on the island 's beach and pier . The Last Song was released by Touchstone Pictures on March 31 , 2010 . Upon release , the film received a negative response from critics , particularly towards its screenplay and casting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing and title 3.3 Casting 3.4 Post-production 4 Filming 4.1 Move to Georgia 4.2 Sets 4.3 Shooting schedule 4.4 Loggerhead sea turtles 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Charts 5.3 Singles 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) At seventeen , Veronica `` Ronnie '' Miller ( Miley Cyrus ) remains as rebellious as she was the day her parents divorced and her father moved to North Carolina three years prior . Once a classical piano child prodigy under the tutelage of her father , Steve Miller ( Greg Kinnear ) , Ronnie now ignores the instrument and has not spoken with her father since he left . While Juilliard School has been interested in her since she was young , Ronnie refuses to attend . Steve now has the chance to reconnect with his estranged daughter when her mother , Kim Miller ( Kelly Preston ) sends the rebellious teen and her younger brother , Jonah ( Bobby Coleman ) , to spend the summer with him . Steve , a former Juilliard School professor and concert pianist , lives a quiet life in Wrightsville Beach , the small beach town in North Carolina where he grew up , working on a stained glass window for the local church to replace the one the church lost in a fire . According to the locals , it was Steve who had ( accidentally ) set fire to the church one night . After arrival , Ronnie becomes miserable , defiant , and defensive toward all those around her , including handsome , popular Will Blakelee ( Liam Hemsworth ) whose introduction involved crashing into her during a volleyball match , and accidentally spilling Ronnie 's strawberry shake on her . She shrugs him off and meets Blaze , an outcast who lives with her boyfriend Marcus . While at a beach campfire , Marcus hits on Ronnie and Blaze mistakes this for Ronnie flirting with him . Angered by this , Blaze later frames Ronnie for shoplifting , causing her arrest . Later on , Ronnie discovers a Loggerhead Sea Turtle nest at the beach by her house and while protecting it , she meets Will again on his volunteer work for the aquarium . After a night of staying up to defend the turtle eggs from predators with Will , she discovers he is deeper than she expected , and begins to develop feelings for him . The next day , Will takes Ronnie to where he works to show her the aquarium . After they leave to the beach , Ashley shows up and tells Ronnie about Will 's past relationships and how taking them to see the aquarium was routine of his , making Ronnie doubtful of her feelings toward him . Will finds her at the turtle 's nest and they have an argument about his past relationships . When Ronnie suggests she does not want to be another girl on the list and that they should end their relationship for good , Will embraces her and they kiss passionately , proving his feelings for her as akin to his quoting she 's `` not like the other girls . '' Marcus breaks up with Blaze because he wants Ronnie , which leads him and Will to fight at Megan 's wedding party . Ronnie soon hears the rumor that her father burned down the church from some locals . Distraught , she goes to Will and laments about the situation . Will , knowing that it was actually his friend Scott who while playing around set fire to the church , is overcome by guilt and goes to Steve to apologize . When Ronnie comes in hearing this , she walks out and Will follows where they have an argument and break up . Will leaves . Fall arrives and Jonah returns to New York for the school year . Ronnie stays behind to take care of their father , who revealed to Ronnie & Jonah during the summer that he is terminally ill . Leading a slow life , she tries to make up for the time with her father that she 's lost . She continues work on a composition he had been writing ( titled `` For Ronnie '' ) , after losing the steadiness of his hands due to his illness . He dies just as she finishes it . At his funeral she stands to make a speech but declares that no words could ever be able to show how wonderful her father really was . Instead , she decides to share with them the song she helped finish . Before she sits down to play , sunlight shines through the stained glass window . Ronnie smiles and says `` Hi , Daddy , '' remembering what she overheard her father tell Jonah earlier in the movie ; that whenever light shines through the window , it 's him . Blaze and other townsfolk offer Ronnie sympathy and kind words after the funeral outside . Later on , while talking to the attendants , she runs into Will . He says that he liked the song she played and that he knows her dad did too and Ronnie thanks him for coming . Having decided to attend Juilliard , Ronnie is packing up to return to New York when she sees Will standing outside . She goes outside to see him and Will apologizes to her for everything that had happened and Ronnie forgives him . Will surprises Ronnie by revealing that he will be transferring to Columbia in order to be with her and they passionately kiss . The end credits show Ronnie driving away in her car and smiling to herself . Cast ( edit ) From left to right , cast members Adam Barnett , Nick Lashaway , and Carly Chaikin make their way to the filming of the bonfire scene under the Tybee Island pavilion on July 30 , 2009 . Miley Cyrus as Veronica `` Ronnie '' L. Miller , an angry , rebellious 17 - year - old forced to spend a summer with her estranged father . She later falls in love with Will . Liam Hemsworth as Will Blakelee , a popular and skilled beach volleyball player , Will aspires to attend a top university and volunteers at the Georgia Aquarium . He is Ronnie 's love interest . Greg Kinnear as Steve Miller , Ronnie and Jonah 's father and former Juilliard School professor and concert pianist who moved to Georgia after his divorce . During the summer , Steve reconnects with Ronnie through their mutual love of music . With Jonah 's help , Steve also works to reconstruct the centerpiece of the local church , a stained glass window , after the original was destroyed in a fire . He later dies of cancer . Kelly Preston as Kim Miller , Ronnie and Jonah 's mother who raised her children in New York City after her divorce . Bobby Coleman as Jonah Miller , Ronnie 's younger brother sent along with his elder sister to Tybee Island . Nick Lashaway as Marcus , Blaze 's abusive boyfriend and the leader of a gang of thugs who hustle money from beach carnival crowds through spectacular fire juggling performances . Carly Chaikin as Blaze , a rebel who befriends Ronnie when she is sent to Georgia . Blaze betrays Ronnie when she frames Ronnie for shoplifting a watch , but they eventually became friends again . Adam Barnett as Teddy , a young thug adept at hacky sack and juggling , skills he uses as part of Marcus ' crew to hustle money . Nick Searcy as Tom Blakelee , Will 's father . Melissa Ordway as Ashley , Will 's snobby ex-girlfriend . Carrie Malabre as Cassie , Ashley 's best friend who aids Ashley in antagonizing Ronnie . Rhoda Griffis as a Doctor Lance E. Nichols as Pastor Charlie Harris , the kind , devout Pastor of the local church . He was Steve 's first piano teacher , parental figure , and best friend while Steve was growing up . Hallock Beals as Scott , Will 's best friend who ends up creating trouble between Will and Ronnie . Stephanie Leigh Schlund as Megan Blakelee , Will 's elder sister who is engaged to be married . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Actress Miley Cyrus sits in make - up on set . The Last Song began when Disney executive Jason Reed met with Miley Cyrus to discuss her future career plans . At the time , Cyrus had been known mainly for starring as a pop star on Disney Channel 's Hannah Montana , a children 's television series that had expanded into a globally successful media franchise . As the series neared its end , Disney hoped to create a star vehicle to help Cyrus break out of the pop persona she had developed through the franchise and to introduce Cyrus to older audiences . During her meeting with Reed , Cyrus expressed a desire to film a movie similar to A Walk to Remember , a 2002 film based on a novel by Nicholas Sparks . A Walk to Remember helped Mandy Moore , then a teen pop star much like Cyrus , launch an acting career . Disney called Adam Shankman , director of A Walk to Remember , who signed on to produce the potential Cyrus film along with his sister and Offspring Entertainment production company partner , Jennifer Gibgot . Tish Cyrus , Cyrus ' mother and co-manager , became the film 's executive producer . Cyrus ' acting representation , United Talent Agency , then contacted Sparks , also a UTA client , to ask if he had plans for a novel appropriate for a film adaptation starring Cyrus . At the time , Sparks had been wrapping up The Lucky One and beginning to ponder an original plot for his next book . The author told himself he could `` either go younger than 20 or older than 50 '' , having recently written about every age in between . Wary of venturing above 50 again after his best - seller The Notebook , Sparks had already been leaning toward writing a teenage story when he received a phone call from Gibgot on behalf of the film in August 2008 . Sparks recalled , `` Jennifer asked if I had anything laying around ? I said no , but funny you should say that ... '' Sparks returned with a premise by the end of July 2008 . Once the proposal had been agreed upon by Cyrus , her family , and Offspring Entertainment , Sparks , with the aid of co-screenplay writer Jeff Van Wie , completed the screenplay before starting the book . Sparks explained that such an arrangement was necessary in order to accommodate filming in summer 2009 , as Disney had scheduled , but that `` this is similar to the way it 's gone with movies based on my novels ; it 's just out of order . '' Sparks and Van Wie completed the first draft of the screenplay in December 2008 , the first rewrite later that month , and the second and final rewrite in January 2009 . Both rewrites took approximately one or two days , and Sparks found them relatively simple . The finished screenplay was approximately 100 pages long . While The Last Song is not the first screenplay Sparks has written , it is his first to be optioned for film . The novel was completed in June 2009 , the same time shooting for the film began , and was published on September 8 , 2009 by Grand Central Publishing . The plot of the film and novel remained secret throughout development . Director Julie Anne Robinson talks to stunt coordinator Cal Johnson while Liam Hemsworth is coached on beach volleyball . Julie Anne Robinson signed on to direct the film in May 2009 , attracted by the emotion present in the story . The Last Song is Robinson 's first feature film , although she is a veteran of television and theater . Robinson previously helmed episodes of American series such as Weeds and Grey 's Anatomy and earned a Golden Globe nomination and a BAFTA award for her work on the BBC series Viva Blackpool . In a June 2009 blog entry , Cyrus said she had `` always been a fan of Nicholas Sparks '' and that she had been waiting to do a production separate from the Hannah Montana franchise `` for a long time '' , but had not found the time to do so due to her TV show , music , tours , and Hannah Montana : The Movie . In order to film The Last Song , Cyrus ' contract for season four of Hannah Montana included an extra long hiatus . Writing and title ( edit ) Recognizing the popularity of A Walk to Remember as both a novel and film , Sparks `` put all ( his ) thoughts into that , trying to make the story as different from A Walk to Remember as ( he could ) , but try to capture the same feelings . '' Sparks ' experiences as a father and as a high school track and field coach also helped shape the plot , and characters Jonah Miller and Will Blakelee are respectively based on Sparks ' sons Landon and Miles . Sparks felt Ronnie was the hardest character to write for because he had `` never been a 17 - year - old , angry teenage girl '' . Ronnie became a composite character inspired by several young women Sparks has known , such as his nieces . Cyrus herself influenced Ronnie fairly little , although her singing career did inspire the musical elements of the story . Ronnie plays only the piano and Cyrus only sings a small amount in the film , though she does contribute to its soundtrack . Disney did not give Sparks limitations on the topics featured in The Last Song , which include underage drinking , infidelity , and terminal illness but Sparks says that Disney desired to work with him in part because `` they 've read my novels . My teenagers ... do n't do bad things . I just do n't write that . I do n't write about adultery , I do n't write profanity ... I 'll certainly have love scenes in my novels , but they 're always between consenting adults . '' Still , Sparks acknowledges that elements of the screenplay may have been toned down by the director or the studio after he finished . As dictated by the Writers Guild of America , Sparks receives full credit for his work although the amount of his original screenplay retained in the film is uncertain . For example , Sparks says the character of Marcus , leader of the gang of thugs , was likely altered for the film . The project remained nameless for several months after Sparks ' initial meeting with Disney in July 2008 . Sparks wrote in a September 2008 online chat that `` I have the idea completed , but no title . That 's common for me though . Titles come last . '' The film was referred to by the working title `` Untitled Miley Cyrus Project '' In March 2009 , Variety magazine called `` The Last Song '' a `` tentative '' title . Casting ( edit ) Cyrus chose the name `` Ronnie '' for her character in honor of her grandfather , Ron Cyrus , who died in 2006 . Unknown to many the character had first been named `` Kirby '' by Sparks and later changed to `` Hilary '' . New interviews with Sparks reveal he imagined Cyrus in the role `` only a little '' during the writing process . The completion of the screenplay , concerned Sparks that Cyrus would not be able to successfully execute the role : `` The first thing I thought when I finished the screenplay was , wow , I hope she can do this , this is a tough role because I 'm bringing you through a whole gamut of emotion and you 're just a 16 - year - old girl who 's done the Disney Channel . Are you able to do this as an actress ? '' , After visiting the set and watching Cyrus film , Sparks ' worries abated . To play the New York teen , Cyrus worked with a dialect coach to lose her Southern accent and learned to play classical piano . After she completed filming , Cyrus said that in a case of life imitating art , she had matured and `` changed a lot '' over the course of her summer in Georgia , similar to the way Ronnie does in the film . `` Showing this movie , I feel like I 'm really showing a part of my growth as a person as well . So I 'm really excited for people to see it . '' In April 2009 , Disney officials chose Rafi Gavron for the part of Will Blakelee , but switched to Australian actor Liam Hemsworth by May . On May 18 , 2009 , the decision to cast Greg Kinnear as Steve Miller was made final . Kelly Preston 's part as Kim is the first role she has accepted since the death of her son , Jett Travolta . After being introduced to Cal Johnson , the film 's stunt coordinator , Adam Barnett landed the role of Teddy in May 2009 due to his pre-developed talent in juggling and hackey sack . Post-production ( edit ) The Last Song entered post-production following the end of filming on August 18 , 2009 . Automated dialogue replacement took place in mid-September ; Beals and Chaikin stated they had gone in to record on September 11 and September 18 respectively . Chaikin said she had worked for five and a half hours . The director 's cut was presented to the studio on October 1 , 2009 . The Motion Picture Association of America reviewed the film and issued it a PG rating for `` thematic material , some violence , sensuality and mild language '' three weeks later . Filming ( edit ) Move to Georgia ( edit ) Nobody knows what 's going to happen ( ... ) Georgia wants them badly , and we want them badly , and by Monday , there 'll be four or five other states that want them badly . -- Bev Perdue , Governor of North Carolina The Last Song had originally been set in Wrightsville Beach and Wilmington in North Carolina . Though they wished to shoot on location , filmmakers also examined three other states and identified Georgia as the next best filming site . Georgia 's housing prices were higher , but the state 's filming incentive package refunded 30 % of production costs such as gasoline , pencils , and salaries . North Carolina 's package refunded 15 % and excluded salaries of over $1 million . Still , Disney remained interested in North Carolina and offered to film there if the state would reduce the amount the company would save in Georgia , approximately $1 million , in half . North Carolina officials searched for ways to accomplish this , including applying unsuccessfully for state and Golden LEAF Foundation grants . They also introduced legislation to improve the state 's refund to 25 % , which eventually passed on August 27 , 2009 . Disney decided to work within existing incentive laws and agreed to film in North Carolina as long as the film rights they had bought from Sparks counted as a production cost , thereby saving the company an additional $125,000 to $225,000 . Then - North Carolina Governor Bev Perdue set up a press conference on April 1 , 2009 to announce N.C. 's victory . North Carolina tax collectors refused to consider the film rights , forcing Perdue to cancel the conference at the last second . `` I was hopeful to say that it was coming and now I do n't know that I 'll get to say that , '' Perdue said . `` Nobody knows what 's going to happen ( ... ) I do n't know what figures they got from Georgia , but Georgia wants them badly , and we want them badly , and by Monday ( April 6 , 2009 ) , there 'll be four or five other states that want them badly . '' Johnny Griffin , director of the Wilmington Regional Film Commission , explains : `` Disney makes feature films . They also make television series ; they make individual movies for the Disney Channel . By losing this one project , in essence , we 've lost all of those opportunities . '' He also notes the loss of jobs and tourism filming would have created . On April 9 , 2009 , after three months of deliberation , the decision to relocate to Georgia was made final . To determine the specific town , location scouts scoured the state for an aged , isolated , oceanfront property to use as the Miller family 's home in the film . After another three months and the discovery of the `` Adams Cottage '' on the southern tip of Tybee Island , Tybee and neighboring locations became the sites of filming in late March , with the intention of masquerading the area as Wilmington and Wrightsville Beach , North Carolina. , The locale proved too unique to disguise . `` We had a hard time trying to hide the fact that this was Tybee and Savannah was Savannah , '' said Bass Hampton , the film 's location director . Filmmakers convinced the screenwriters to change the setting of the film and to Tybee Island , thus allowing them to incorporate landmarks such as the Tybee Island Light Station and the Savannah Historic District . The setting of Sparks ' novel remained in North Carolina . Though other movies have been filmed in Tybee Island , The Last Song is the first to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island . With the city 's name plastered on everything from police cars to businesses , Georgia officials predict a lasting effect on the economy . In addition , The Last Song is estimated to have brought up to 500 summer jobs to Georgia , $8 million to local businesses , and $17.5 million to state businesses . Sets ( edit ) The Last Song crew members install propane pipes and gas lines to create a controlled burn for the bonfire scene . Nelson Coates is the production designer for The Last Song , responsible for all visual aspects of the movie . Coates , who was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the Stephen King television miniseries The Stand , arrived 11 weeks prior to the start of filming to do prep work . While most of the filming took place on the natural Tybee Island beach or on pre-constructed private property , Coates oversaw the re-painting of the pier and the construction of the carnival and church . Location scouts had searched the entirety of Georgia for an aged , isolated oceanfront property to use as a home for the Millers for nearly three months before scout Andy Young came across the `` Adams Cottage '' on the southern end of Tybee Island . `` It was getting down to zero hour , '' said Young . `` Often , it 's about the house . It can be a character itself in the movie . '' The house 's owner , Sam Adams , welcomed filming as `` an opportunity to sort of immortalize the house , '' in case it is destroyed by storms . The two - story , six bedroom house was built by Adams ' great - grandfather in 1918 and was made entirely out of hard pine wood with very few painted surfaces . According to Savannah Morning News reporter Lesley Conn , it `` was built in classic rambling beach style ( ... designed ) to allow ocean breezes to sweep through wide , wraparound porches into cool , heart - pine rooms . '' The church set was built over a six - week period in a vacant lot on the corner of 13th Street and Sixth Avenue , near residential homes . The one - room , 2,000 - square - foot ( 190 m ) building seats approximately 80 people and is estimated to be worth $250,000 to $350,000 . Special - effects coordinator Will Purcell subdued concerns about the church burning scene by stating that the building would not actually be set on fire . The intended menacing effect is `` all camera angles . It is a safe environment for actors to do their work . '' Several techniques were used to simulate the fire , including the use of propane pipes to shoot flames through the church windows . At the end of filming , Cyrus hoped to fly the church set back to her family 's estate in Tennessee . Disney agreed to donate the building to the island after Tybee officials lobbied to keep it , with the condition that its connection to The Last Song not be advertised . The set will be moved to a new location and brought up to code for use as a non-denominational chapel for island weddings ; renovations are expected to cost approximately $600,000 . Shooting schedule ( edit ) Remnants of the carnival set , such as these flags and light strings , were re-established to create the illusion that the beach scenes filmed in late July had taken place during the festival filmed in June . Cyrus ' busy schedule necessitated that filming take place over the summer . Sparks noted , `` She 's got a fall music tour and then she 's back filming Hannah Montana in the spring again . So the only time she had free in her schedule was over the summer . '' Principal photography began on June 15 , 2009 and finished on August 18 , 2009 . Filming did not take place during weekends . On the first day of production , Cyrus and Hemsworth filmed a kiss in the ocean . Other scenes which took place in June included the carnival and volleyball tournament , both of which were filmed on the beach near the Tybee Island pier . Filming at the pier wrapped up on June 23 , 2009 after shooting the scene in which Kim drops off Ronnie and Jonah to live with Steve . Scenes of the church fire were shot on July 10 , 2009 . Filming at the Georgia Tech Savannah campus began on July 16 . Kinnear finished taping on July 17 , 2009 . Wedding scenes and a key driving scene were filmed at the Wormsloe Historic Site between July 20 and July 23 for twelve hours each day . Driving scenes in Isle of Hope , Georgia continued to the 28 . By July 30 , the movie had returned to Tybee Island for more beach scenes . Chaikin 's character framed Cyrus ' for stealing a watch on August 6 . On August 10 , Hemsworth performed an oil change and Cyrus browsed an upscale boutique in downtown Savannah for the movie . The funeral was filmed from August 11 , 2009 to August 13 , 2009 at the church set in Tybee Island . On August 15 , further church burning scenes took place . The wrap party was held on the 16 , and the cast and crew arrived in Atlanta , Georgia the following day to spend the last days of filming at the Georgia Aquarium . After analyzing the area on the 17th , the movie began shooting in public areas at dawn on the 18th to avoid crowds . Once the aquarium opened to the public at 10 : 00 , filming shifted to behind - the - scenes areas . Loggerhead sea turtles ( edit ) The loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings featured in the film were stragglers collected from nests on Tybee and Sapelo Island . Due to the conflicting personalities of his protagonist couple , Sparks faced difficulty in finding a vehicle that would draw Will and Ronnie to spend time together . `` It had to be during the summer , she ( Ronnie ) had to be new in town , and whatever happened had to start in June and end in August . Because you always want a conclusion , '' said Sparks of his requirements . He mentioned summer camp or a summer job as typical vehicles used in books , but dismissed them as unoriginal and boring . `` So it 's got to be original , it 's got to be interesting , and at the same time it 's got to be universal , that you feel like it could happen to anybody . '' Sparks eventually chose to have Will and Ronnie bond over a loggerhead sea turtle nest , knowing that Loggerhead eggs often hatch in August . The scene of the hatching nest took place during the first week of August and involved 26 live loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings . Sea turtle hatchlings have an innate sense to head toward the ocean water as soon as they are born , so scenes of the nest hatching had to be taken swiftly . Said Mike Dodd of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources , the biologist who supervised the scene , the hatchlings `` did all they know how to do : They crawled down to the water and swam off . '' Sparks told an interviewer he suspected filmmakers would digitally add more turtles to the scene . At the time of filming , the loggerhead sea turtle was listed as a threatened species . The environmentally friendly theme was an added bonus to Tybee Island , which was then promoting ecotourism . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Last Song : Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 23 , 2010 Recorded 2009 Genre Pop Length 59 : 25 Label Hollywood Records Producer Various Artists Singles from The Last Song : Original Soundtrack `` When I Look at You '' Released : March 26 , 2010 `` I Hope You Find It '' Released : March 23 , 2010 `` When I Look at You '' , song by Miley Cyrus , was originally from her EP The Time of Our Lives released August 31 , 2009 , but was included on the soundtrack because it fit the movie well . The song is used in the background of the film 's trailer . At the launch of his album Cradlesong on June 30 , 2009 , Rob Thomas told the New York Daily News , `` My buddy Adam Shankman , who just directed Miley 's movie , called me on the phone the other day and was like , ' You have to write a song for this movie . ' ... I would definitely write a song for her ( Cyrus ) . '' In the end , however , Thomas was unable to contribute music to The Last Song , citing `` scheduling problems '' as the reason . The soundtrack features a track by Casey McPherson , frontman of the band Alpha Rev which signed with Disney 's Hollywood Records in August 2008 . Variety magazine 's Anthony D'Alessandro notes that the use of soundtracks as `` launch pads '' for new Disney artists is a common practice . `` A Different Side of Me '' by Allstar Weekend was also included on the soundtrack . They are a group newly signed to Hollywood Records after winning the N.B.T. Competition through the Disney Channel . The soundtrack was released in the U.S. on March 23 , 2010 . Though not featured on soundtrack , Snow Patrol 's 2006 single `` Shut Your Eyes '' and Feist 's `` I Feel It All '' also appear in the film . The soundtrack had a major increase in sales in the week of the DVD release . The soundtrack peaked at # 104 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . Track listing ( edit ) Standard Edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Recording Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tyrant '' Andrew Brown , Zachary Filkins , Ryan Tedder OneRepublic 5 : 04 2 . `` Bring on the Comets '' Mark Guidry , Mark Palgy , Craig Pfunder VHS Or Beta 4 : 02 3 . `` Setting Sun '' Finlay Beaton , Stuart Macleod , Joel Quartermain Eskimo Joe 3 : 49 4 . `` When I Look at You '' John Shanks , Hillary Lindsey Miley Cyrus 4 : 09 5 . `` Brooklyn Blurs '' Alex Wong , Devon Copley The Paper Raincoat 4 : 15 6 . `` Can You Tell '' Milo Bonacci , Alexandra Lawn , Wesley Miles , John Pike , Mathieu Santos , Rebecca Zeller Ra Ra Riot 2 : 41 7 . `` Down the Line '' José González José González 3 : 10 8 . `` Each Coming Night '' Sam Beam Iron & Wine 3 : 25 9 . `` I Hope You Find It '' Jeffrey Steele , Steven Robson Miley Cyrus 3 : 55 10 . `` She Will Be Loved '' Adam Levine , James Valentine Maroon 5 4 : 16 11 . `` New Morning '' Casey McPherson Alpha Rev 3 : 44 12 . `` Broke Down Hearted Wonderland '' Edwin McCain , Maia Sharp , Pete Riley , Kevin Kinney Edwin McCain 3 : 02 13 . `` A Different Side of Me '' Nathan Darmody , Zachary Porter , Thomas Norris Allstar Weekend 3 : 08 14 . `` No Matter What '' Sydnee Duran , Dave Bassett Valora 3 : 22 15 . `` Heart of Stone '' Sune Rose Wagner The Raveonettes 3 : 55 16 . `` Steve 's Theme '' Aaron Zigman Aaron Zigman 3 : 18 17 . `` I Feel it All '' Feist Feist 3 : 42 Total length : 59 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2010 ) Peak position Billboard 200 80 Singles ( edit ) `` When I Look at You '' was released as a single on February 16 , 2010 . It has peaked at # 16 on the US Hot 100 and # 24 on the Canadian Hot 100 . `` I Hope You Find It '' is a track from the album . It received a large amount of digital downloads after the album was made available for online purchase . It debuted at # 8 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in the week ending April 10 , 2010 and peaked at # 5 a week later before it dropped out in the week ending April 24 , 2010 . In September 2013 , the song received media attention for being covered by Cher for her 26th studio album Closer to the Truth . Release ( edit ) Cyrus sings `` When I Look at You '' during her Wonder World Tour while facing a screen playing a film clip of Will and Ronnie . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures originally scheduled The Last Song for wide release on January 8 , 2010 , but was delayed from January 8 , 2010 to March 31 , 2010 . Marketing ( edit ) Upon the release of the novel on September 8 , Sparks began a book tour reaching around 13 cities and gave several interviews . During these events , he discussed writing both the novel and the screenplay . Cyrus and Walt Disney Studios Chairman Dick Cook discussed the film on September 11 , 2009 at the first D23 Expo . The first clips from the film appeared online on September 11 , 2009 , interspersed within one version of the `` When I Look at You '' music video . The film 's first trailer was integrated into Cyrus ' Wonder World Tour and premiered during the tour 's opening night on September 14 , 2009 in Portland , Oregon . Midway through each concert , the trailer was shown on large video screens surrounding the stage . After it finished , Cyrus played a white piano and sang `` When I Look at You '' while film clips continued to play on the screens behind her . On November 16 , 2009 , the first three film stills were released via the film 's Facebook page . The following day , the film 's trailer premiered online . The film 's premiere was held in Los Angeles on March 25 , 2010 . Cyrus was originally planned to go to the UK premiere of the film , but due to the April 14 , 2010 eruption of the volcano Eyjafjallajökull that blanketed Europe in volcanic ash and grounded all flights to and from the continent , she was unable to attend . Home Media ( edit ) The Last Song was released on DVD and Blu - ray on August 17 , 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Last Song performed well for when it was released for the first time , garnering $5,125,103 on approximately 3,300 screens at 2,673 theaters for an average of $1,917 per theater . It has grossed $62,950,384 in North America and $26,091,272 in other territories for a worldwide total of $89,041,656 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $16,007,426 , finishing fourth at the box office behind Clash of the Titans ( $61,235,105 ) , Why Did I Get Married Too ? ( $29,289,537 ) and How to Train Your Dragon ( $29,010,044 ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Last Song was panned by critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , gives the film an average of 4 / 10 and a rating of 20 % based on 116 reviews . The critical consensus is summarized : `` As shamelessly manipulative as any Nicholas Sparks production , The Last Song is done no favors by its miscast and over matched star , Miley Cyrus . '' Metacritic , which assigns normalized ratings to films , The Last Song holds a `` generally unfavorable '' score of 33 % based on 27 reviews . Reviewers were critical of Sparks ' and Van Wie 's screenplay and formulaic storyline . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle says the screenplay 's faults include several `` scenes that make no emotional sense '' and claims , `` The plot construction is weak . Incidents do n't flow one into the next . '' When reviewing Cyrus 's performance , critics acknowledged her stage presence , but were frequently critical of her acting abilities . Jay Stone of The Ottawa Citizen says Cyrus 's portrayal of angry Ronnie `` consist ( s ) of pouting and sneering ( ... ) Cyrus does n't have a lot of range , but she does have presence . '' Rob Nelson of Variety writes , `` Cyrus , alas , has n't yet learned not to act ( ... ) But she does show off her considerable chops as a pianist and remains reasonably likable throughout . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times believes that although `` her Hannah Montana persona has a certain aggressive charm '' , in The Last Song she `` play - act ( s ) rather than exploring the motives and feelings of her character . '' Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed 2.5 / 4 . He praised the acting and directing , but derided the plot and Sparks 's writing . Kinnear 's performance has been widely praised . A.O. Scott writes , `` it 's nice to see Mr. Kinnear play an entirely sympathetic character for a change ( but ) his slyness and subtlety seem wasted in a project that has no interest in either . '' Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune writes , `` Reliably honest and affecting , ( Kinnear ) fights off the waves of corn in much the same way that Tibetan monk defied the tsunami in 2012 . '' Glen Whipp of the Associated Press writes , `` Kinnear lends the movie a dignity it does n't deserve '' . Stone advises , `` I 'd watch out for Liam Hemsworth '' . Stephen Witty of The Star - Ledger commends `` newcomer Carly Chaikin ( who ) plays the `` bad girl '' ( ... ) with an exciting mixture of wildness and vulnerability . Halfway in , I began wishing desperately that Chaikin was playing the lead . '' Reception for Coleman was mixed ; Jeff Vice of `` Deseret News '' calls him a `` hammy irritant '' while Jon Bream of the Star Tribune writes , `` The most memorable acting is by Coleman , 12 ( ... who ) gets a lot of great lines and delivers them with aplomb '' . Despite the negative reviews from critics , the movie was well received from fans and audiences with a 66 % fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes and with an average of a 7 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama The Last Song cast and crew Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Drama Miley Cyrus Nominated Choice Movie Breakout Star : Male Liam Hemsworth Won Choice Movie : Liplock Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Dance Scene Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Miley Cyrus Won Choice Music : Love Song When I Look At You Won Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Favorite Movie Actress Miley Cyrus Won Golden Raspberry Award Worst Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Favorite Movie Actress Miley Cyrus Won Cutest Couple Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Favorite Kiss Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song ( 2010 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Song Nicholas Sparks '' . 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( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Last Song ' sparked Nicholas Sparks novel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . e5 Global Media . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cyrus , Miley ( June 13 , 2009 ) . `` A New Start '' . MileyWorld . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Snead , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus signs on for another season of ' Hannah Montana ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicholas Sparks interview '' . Sun Journal . August 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steelman , Ben ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Author Nicholas Sparks sets film in his ideal Wrightsville Beach '' . The Star - News . New York Times Company . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thompsen , Melinda M. ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Review : Miley Cyrus Rocks the Rose Garden as She Kicks off Tour in Portland '' . The Oregonian . Advance Publications . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Nicholas ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Nicholas Sparks , Author of `` Nights in Rodanthe '' and `` The Notebook '' `` . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Miley Cyrus Project '' . Blockbuster Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Disney Proteges Moving On '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus works on her accent for ' The Last Song ' '' . Sawf News . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 films : Iron Man , Shrek , Toy Story , Harry Potter , Twilight gang return '' . The Canadian Press . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . 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ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Depp unveils ' Pirates 4 ' details at D23 '' . Variety . Associated Press . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( September 19 , 2009 ) . `` Concert Review : Miley Cyrus Leaves Hannah Montana Behind at Oakland Show '' . Oakland Tribune . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katie ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` First Images Of Miley Cyrus And Liam Hemsworth In The Last Song '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Big Time Rush . `` '' The Last Song '' Sweepstakes `` . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karina Mitchell ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Last Song '' Hits High Note at the Box Office `` . CBS News . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5og1IlDvJ?url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lastsong.htm Jump up ^ `` ' Last Song ' Opens Solidly on Wednesday '' . Box Office Mojo. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Song '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Movie review : One - note actress in ' Last Song ' '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : The Last Song '' . Montrealgazette.com . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rob Nelson ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Last Song '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : A.O. Scott ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Last Song -- Summer Love , a Sea of Trouble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100330/REVIEWS/100339997/1023 Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Last Song ' : Same old Sparks romance , this time starring Miley '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Last Song ' plays the same old tune '' . Boston / AP . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Touchstone Pictures . `` ' The Last Song ' review : It 's Young Love Inc. , and hard to buy -- Movies with Stephen Whitty '' . NJ.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie review : Nicholas Sparks ' ' The Last Song ' is out of tune '' . Deseret News . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Bream . `` ' Last Song ' puts a pouty face on Smiley Miley '' . StarTribune.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song '' . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 -- via IMDb . 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1982 Milwaukee Brewers season

1982 Milwaukee Brewers season - wikipedia 1982 Milwaukee Brewers season Jump to : navigation , search 1982 Milwaukee Brewers Major League affiliations American League ( since 1969 ) East Division ( since 1972 ) Location Milwaukee County Stadium ( since 1970 ) Milwaukee , Wisconsin ( since 1970 ) Other information Owner ( s ) Bud Selig General manager ( s ) Harry Dalton Manager ( s ) Buck Rodgers and Harvey Kuenn Local television WVTV ( Mike Hegan , Steve Shannon ) Local radio WISN ( AM ) ( Bob Uecker , Dwayne Mosely ) < Previous season Next season > The 1982 Milwaukee Brewers season resulted in the team winning its first and only American League Championship . As a team , the Brewers led Major League Baseball in a number of offensive categories , including at bats ( 5733 ) , runs scored ( 891 ) , home runs ( 216 ) , runs batted in ( 843 ) , slugging percentage (. 455 ) , on - base plus slugging (. 789 ) , total bases ( 2606 ) and extra-base hits ( 534 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 2 Regular season 2.1 Season standings 2.2 Record vs. opponents 2.3 Notable transactions 2.4 Roster 3 Player stats 3.1 Batting 3.1. 1 Starters by position 3.1. 2 Other batters 3.2 Pitching 3.2. 1 Starting pitchers 3.2. 2 Other pitchers 3.2. 3 Relief pitchers 4 Postseason 4.1 ALCS 4.1. 1 Game 1 , October 5 4.1. 2 Game 2 , October 6 4.1. 3 Game 3 , October 8 4.1. 4 Game 4 , October 9 4.1. 5 Game 5 , October 10 4.2 1982 World Series 4.2. 1 Game 1 4.2. 2 Game 2 4.2. 3 Game 3 4.2. 4 Game 4 4.2. 5 Game 5 4.2. 6 Game 6 4.2. 7 Game 7 4.2. 8 Composite box 5 Awards and honors 5.1 League leaders 5.2 All - Stars 6 Farm system 7 Notes 8 References Offseason ( edit ) October 23 , 1981 : Rickey Keeton was traded by the Brewers to the Houston Astros for Pete Ladd . January 12 , 1982 : Tom Pagnozzi was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 24th round of the 1982 amateur draft , but did not sign . February 26 , 1982 : John Flinn was released by the Brewers . Regular season ( edit ) August 27 , 1982 : Against the Brewers , Rickey Henderson broke Lou Brock 's record for most stolen bases in one season . Doc Medich was on the mound when Henderson broke the record . September 24 , 1982 : Robin Yount had 6 RBIs in a game against the Baltimore Orioles . Paul Molitor 's 136 runs not only led the American League , but they were the most scored in the league since 1949 . Robin Yount became the first shortstop in American League history to lead the league in slugging percentage . He would go on to lead the league in hits , doubles , and total bases as he was voted the American League Most Valuable Player . Season standings ( edit ) AL East Pct . GB Home Road Milwaukee Brewers 95 67 0.586 -- 48 -- 34 47 -- 33 Baltimore Orioles 94 68 0.580 53 -- 28 41 -- 40 Boston Red Sox 89 73 0.549 6 49 -- 32 40 -- 41 Detroit Tigers 83 79 0.512 12 47 -- 34 36 -- 45 New York Yankees 79 83 0.488 16 42 -- 39 37 -- 44 Cleveland Indians 78 84 0.481 17 41 -- 40 37 -- 44 Toronto Blue Jays 78 84 0.481 17 44 -- 37 34 -- 47 Record vs. opponents ( edit ) 1982 American League Records Sources : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ( 13 ) ( 14 ) Team BAL BOS CAL CWS CLE DET KC MIL MIN NYY OAK SEA TEX TOR Baltimore -- 4 -- 9 7 -- 5 5 -- 7 6 -- 7 7 -- 6 4 -- 8 9 -- 4 -- 1 8 -- 4 11 -- 2 7 -- 5 7 -- 5 9 -- 3 10 -- 3 Boston 9 -- 4 -- 7 -- 5 4 -- 8 6 -- 7 8 -- 5 6 -- 6 4 -- 9 6 -- 6 7 -- 6 8 -- 4 7 -- 5 10 -- 2 7 -- 6 California 5 -- 7 5 -- 7 -- 8 -- 5 8 -- 4 5 -- 7 7 -- 6 6 -- 6 7 -- 6 7 -- 5 9 -- 4 10 -- 3 8 -- 5 8 -- 4 Chicago 7 -- 5 8 -- 4 5 -- 8 -- 6 -- 6 9 -- 3 3 -- 10 3 -- 9 7 -- 6 8 -- 4 9 -- 4 6 -- 7 8 -- 5 8 -- 4 Cleveland 7 -- 6 7 -- 6 4 -- 8 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 7 2 -- 10 7 -- 6 8 -- 4 4 -- 9 4 -- 8 9 -- 3 7 -- 5 7 -- 6 Detroit 6 -- 7 5 -- 8 7 -- 5 3 -- 9 7 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 3 -- 10 9 -- 3 8 -- 5 9 -- 3 6 -- 6 8 -- 4 6 -- 7 Kansas City 8 -- 4 6 -- 6 6 -- 7 10 -- 3 10 -- 2 6 -- 6 -- 7 -- 5 7 -- 6 5 -- 7 7 -- 6 7 -- 6 7 -- 6 4 -- 8 Milwaukee 4 -- 9 -- 1 9 -- 4 6 -- 6 9 -- 3 6 -- 7 10 -- 3 5 -- 7 -- 7 -- 5 8 -- 5 7 -- 5 8 -- 4 7 -- 5 9 -- 4 Minnesota 4 -- 8 6 -- 6 6 -- 7 6 -- 7 4 -- 8 3 -- 9 6 -- 7 5 -- 7 -- 2 -- 10 3 -- 10 5 -- 8 5 -- 8 5 -- 7 New York 2 -- 11 6 -- 7 5 -- 7 4 -- 8 9 -- 4 5 -- 8 7 -- 5 5 -- 8 10 -- 2 -- 7 -- 5 6 -- 6 7 -- 5 6 -- 7 Oakland 5 -- 7 4 -- 8 4 -- 9 4 -- 9 8 -- 4 3 -- 9 6 -- 7 5 -- 7 10 -- 3 5 -- 7 -- 6 -- 7 5 -- 8 3 -- 9 Seattle 5 -- 7 5 -- 7 3 -- 10 7 -- 6 3 -- 9 6 -- 6 6 -- 7 4 -- 8 8 -- 5 6 -- 6 7 -- 6 -- 9 -- 4 7 -- 5 Texas 3 -- 9 2 -- 10 5 -- 8 5 -- 8 5 -- 7 4 -- 8 6 -- 7 5 -- 7 8 -- 5 5 -- 7 8 -- 5 4 -- 9 -- 4 -- 8 Toronto 3 -- 10 6 -- 7 4 -- 8 4 -- 8 6 -- 7 7 -- 6 8 -- 4 4 -- 9 7 -- 5 7 -- 6 9 -- 3 5 -- 7 8 -- 4 -- Notable transactions ( edit ) May 14 , 1982 : Rob Picciolo was traded by the Oakland Athletics to the Milwaukee Brewers for Mike Warren and John Evans ( minors ) . June 7 , 1982 : Dale Sveum was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 1st round ( 25th pick ) of the 1982 amateur draft . Player signed June 14 , 1982 . August 30 , 1982 : The Brewers traded players to be named later and cash to the Houston Astros for Don Sutton . The Brewers completed the trade by sending Kevin Bass , Frank DiPino , and Mike Madden to the Astros on September 3 . Roster ( edit ) 1982 Milwaukee Brewers Roster Pitchers 46 Jerry Augustine 47 Dwight Bernard 48 Mike Caldwell 28 Jamie Easterly 34 Rollie Fingers 30 Moose Haas 45 , 54 Doug Jones 27 Pete Ladd 35 Randy Lerch 10 Bob McClure 33 Doc Medich 43 Chuck Porter 41 Jim Slaton 21 Don Sutton 50 Pete Vuckovich Catchers 23 Ted Simmons 5 Ned Yost Infielders 15 Cecil Cooper 17 Jim Gantner 4 Paul Molitor 8 Rob Picciolo 11 Ed Romero 19 Robin Yount Outfielders 26 Kevin Bass 29 Mark Brouhard 16 Marshall Edwards 22 Charlie Moore 24 Ben Oglivie 26 Bob Skube 20 Gorman Thomas Other batters 9 Larry Hisle 13 Roy Howell 7 Don Money Manager 32 Harvey Kuenn ( 6 / 2 -- ) 37 Buck Rodgers ( 4 / 9 -- 6 / 1 ) Coaches -- Pat Dobson ( Pitching ) 12 Larry Haney ( Bullpen ) 18 Ron Hansen ( First Base ) 32 Harvey Kuenn ( Hitting 4 / 9 -- 6 / 2 ) 38 Cal McLish ( Pitching ) 36 Harry Warner ( Third Base ) Player stats ( edit ) Batting ( edit ) Starters by position ( edit ) Note : Pos = Position ; G = Games played ; AB = At bats ; H = Hits ; Avg . = Batting average ; HR = Home runs ; RBI = Runs batted in Pos Player AB Avg . HR RBI Simmons , Ted Ted Simmons 137 539 145 . 269 23 97 1B Cooper , Cecil Cecil Cooper 155 654 205 . 313 32 121 2B Gantner , Jim Jim Gantner 132 447 132 . 295 43 3B Molitor , Paul Paul Molitor 160 666 201 . 302 19 71 SS Yount , Robin Robin Yount 156 635 210 . 331 29 114 LF Oglivie , Ben Ben Oglivie 159 602 147 . 244 34 102 CF Thomas , Gorman Gorman Thomas 158 567 139 . 245 39 112 RF Moore , Charlie Charlie Moore 133 456 116 . 254 6 45 Other batters ( edit ) Note : G = Games played ; AB = At bats ; H = Hits ; Avg . = Batting average ; HR = Home runs ; RBI = Runs batted in Player AB Avg . HR RBI Howell , Roy Roy Howell 98 300 78 . 260 38 Money , Don Don Money 96 275 78 . 284 16 55 Edwards , Marshall Marshall Edwards 69 178 44 . 247 14 Romero , Ed Ed Romero 52 144 36 . 250 7 Brouhard , Mark Mark Brouhard 40 108 29 . 269 10 Yost , Ned Ned Yost 40 98 27 . 276 8 Picciolo , Rob Rob Picciolo 22 21 6 . 286 0 Bass , Kevin Kevin Bass 18 9 0 . 000 0 0 Hisle , Larry Larry Hisle 9 31 . 129 5 Skube , Bob Bob Skube . 667 0 0 Pitching ( edit ) Starting pitchers ( edit ) Note : G = Games pitched ; IP = Innings pitched ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; ERA = Earned run average ; SO = Strikeouts Player IP ERA SO Caldwell , Mike Mike Caldwell 35 258 17 13 3.91 75 Vuckovich , Pete Pete Vuckovich 30 223 2 / 3 18 6 3.34 105 Haas , Moose Moose Haas 32 193 1 / 3 11 8 4.47 104 McClure , Bob Bob McClure 34 172 2 / 3 12 7 4.22 99 Lerch , Randy Randy Lerch 21 108 2 / 3 8 7 4.97 33 Sutton , Don Don Sutton 7 54 2 / 3 3.29 36 Other pitchers ( edit ) Note : G = Games pitched ; IP = Innings pitched ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; ERA = Earned run average ; SO = Strikeouts Player IP ERA SO Slaton , Jim Jim Slaton 39 117 2 / 3 10 6 3.29 59 Augustine , Jerry Jerry Augustine 20 62 5.08 22 Medich , Doc Doc Medich 10 63 5 5.00 36 Relief pitchers ( edit ) Note : G = Games pitched ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; SV = Saves ; ERA = Earned run average ; SO = Strikeouts Player SV ERA SO Fingers , Rollie Rollie Fingers 50 5 6 29 2.60 71 Bernard , Dwight Dwight Bernard 47 6 3.76 45 Easterly , Jamie Jamie Easterly 28 0 4.70 16 Ladd , Pete Pete Ladd 16 4.00 12 Jones , Doug Doug Jones 0 0 0 10.13 Porter , Chuck Chuck Porter 0 0 0 4.91 Postseason ( edit ) Alcs ( edit ) Main article : 1982 American League Championship Series Game 1 , October 5 ( edit ) Anaheim Stadium , Anaheim , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 Milwaukee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 California 0 0 0 0 X 8 10 0 W : Tommy John ( 1 - 0 ) L : Mike Caldwell ( 0 - 1 ) S : None HR : MIL -- Gorman Thomas ( 1 ) CAL -- Fred Lynn ( 1 ) Pitchers : MIL -- Caldwell , Slaton ( 4 ) , Ladd ( 7 ) , Bernard ( 8 ) CAL -- John Attendance : 64,406 Game 2 , October 6 ( edit ) Anaheim Stadium , Anaheim , California Team 5 6 7 8 9 Milwaukee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 California 0 0 0 0 0 x 6 0 W : Bruce Kison ( 1 - 0 ) L : Pete Vuckovich ( 0 - 1 ) S : None HR : MIL -- Paul Molitor ( 1 ) CAL -- Reggie Jackson ( 1 ) Pitchers : MIL -- Vuckovich CAL -- Kison Attendance : 64,179 Game 3 , October 8 ( edit ) Milwaukee County Stadium , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Team 5 6 7 8 9 California 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Milwaukee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 W : Don Sutton ( 1 - 0 ) L : Geoff Zahn ( 0 - 1 ) S : Pete Ladd ( 1 ) HR : CAL -- Bob Boone ( 1 ) MIL -- Paul Molitor ( 2 ) Pitchers : CAL -- Zahn , Witt ( 4 ) , Hassler ( 7 ) MIL -- Sutton , Ladd ( 8 ) Attendance : 50,135 Game 4 , October 9 ( edit ) Milwaukee County Stadium , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Team 5 6 7 8 9 California 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 Milwaukee 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 W : Moose Haas ( 1 - 0 ) L : Tommy John ( 0 - 1 ) S : Jim Slaton ( 1 ) HR : CAL -- Don Baylor ( 1 ) MIL -- Mark Brouhard ( 1 ) Pitchers : CAL -- John , Goltz ( 4 ) , Sanchez ( 8 ) MIL -- Haas , Slaton ( 8 ) Attendance : 51,003 Game 5 , october 10 ( edit ) Milwaukee County Stadium , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Team 5 6 7 8 9 California 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Milwaukee 0 0 0 0 0 x 6 W : Bob McClure ( 1 - 0 ) L : Luis Sánchez ( 0 - 1 ) S : Pete Ladd ( 1 ) HR : CAL -- None MIL -- Ben Oglivie ( 1 ) Pitchers : CAL -- Kison , Sanchez ( 6 ) , Hassler ( 7 ) MIL -- Vuckovich , McClure ( 7 ) , Ladd ( 9 ) Attendance : 54,968 Game 5 proved to be the most dramatic of the series . The Angels got a quick 1 - 0 lead in the first on a double by Brian Downing and a single by Fred Lynn . But Milwaukee tied the game in the bottom of the inning when Paul Molitor doubled and eventually came home on a sacrifice fly by Ted Simmons . The Angels made it 2 - 1 in the third on an RBI single from Fred Lynn , and stretched the lead to 3 - 1 in the fourth on a run - scoring single from Bob Boone . Milwaukee cut the lead to 3 - 2 in the bottom of the fourth on Ben Oglivie 's homer . The score remained unchanged until the bottom of the seventh , when disaster struck the Angels . Milwaukee loaded the bases on two singles and a walk . Cecil Cooper then cracked the series - winning hit , a two - run single that put the Brewers ahead 4 - 3 . The Milwaukee bullpen kept the Angels off the board in the final two innings , and the Brewers took home the franchise 's first American League pennant . 1982 World Series ( edit ) Main article : 1982 World Series Though the teams had never met , the cities had an existing commercial rivalry in the beer market , as St. Louis is the home of Anheuser Busch while Milwaukee is the home of Miller Brewing . This led to the Series being nicknamed the `` Suds Series '' . Paul Molitor set a World Series record with his fifth hit in the 9th inning of Game 1 . Robin Yount would set another record in the 7th inning of Game 5 by becoming the first player in Series history to have two four - hit games in one Series . Cardinals catcher Darrell Porter was given the Series MVP award . Brewers pitcher Mike Caldwell , who won two games , would have been a strong candidate , as well as Molitor . Paul Molitor would eventually win the Series MVP Award 11 years later as a member of the Toronto Blue Jays . As it was , the winning team won the MVP . The only player on the losing team to win the MVP was Bobby Richardson of the 1960 New York Yankees . Both participants are currently in the NL Central , due to the transfer of the Brewers from the American League to the National League in 1998 . This raises the possibility of the Brewers eventually playing a World Series in two different leagues . Game 1 ( edit ) October 12 , 1982 , at Busch Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri Team 5 6 7 8 9 Milwaukee Brewers 0 0 0 0 10 17 0 St. Louis Cardinals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W : Mike Caldwell ( 1 - 0 ) L : Bob Forsch ( 0 - 1 ) HR : MIL Ted Simmons ( 1 ) Game 2 ( edit ) October 13 , 1982 , at Busch Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri Team 5 6 7 8 9 Milwaukee Brewers 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 St. Louis Cardinals 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 8 0 W : Bruce Sutter ( 1 - 0 ) L : Bob McClure ( 0 - 1 ) HR : MIL Ted Simmons ( 2 ) Game 3 ( edit ) October 15 , 1982 , at Milwaukee County Stadium in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Team 5 6 7 8 9 St. Louis Cardinals 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 Milwaukee Brewers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 W : Joaquín Andújar ( 1 - 0 ) S : Bruce Sutter ( 1 ) L : Pete Vuckovich ( 0 - 1 ) HR : STL Willie McGee 2 , ( 2 ) MIL Cecil Cooper ( 1 ) The Brewers bats were initially stymied by Cardinals starter Joaquín Andújar , while rookie Willie McGee shocked everyone with two home runs off Brewers ace Pete Vuckovich , helping give the Cardinals a 5 - 0 lead . In a scary moment , Andújar was knocked out of the game when Cecil Cooper hit a line drive that hit Andújar in the leg , though the injury turned out to not be very serious . With bullpen ace Bruce Sutter pitching in relief , the Brewers attempted a comeback in the 8th inning . With two out , Cecil Cooper hit a 2 - run homer to put Milwaukee on the board . The Brewers then got two base - runners , with Gorman Thomas representing the tying run . Thomas hit a deep fly ball to right - center field , but McGee , becoming the star of the game , made a leaping grab to rob Thomas of a potential game - tying home run . The Cardinals scored an insurance run in the 9th , and Sutter closed out the Brewers for the 6 - 2 Cardinals win and giving St. Louis a 2 - 1 Series lead . Game 4 ( edit ) October 16 , 1982 , at Milwaukee County Stadium in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Team 5 6 7 8 9 St. Louis Cardinals 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 Milwaukee Brewers 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 X 7 10 W : Jim Slaton ( 1 - 0 ) S : Bob McClure ( 1 ) L : Doug Bair ( 0 - 1 ) The Cardinals pounced early on Brewers starter Moose Haas , scoring 3 runs in the second and had a 5 - 1 lead going into the seventh inning . From there , the Brewers bats suddenly came alive . Jim Gantner started the scoring with an RBI double . After a Paul Moliter walk , Robin Yount followed with a bases - loaded 2 - run single to put the Brewers within 1 run . Cecil Cooper then scored Moliter with an infield hit to tie the game . 3 batters later , with two outs , Gorman Thomas hit a 2 - run double to give the Brewers the lead . Bob McClure then finished the Cardinals off for the save , giving the Brewers a crucial Game 4 win , tying the Series 2 - 2 . Game 5 ( edit ) October 17 , 1982 , at Milwaukee County Stadium in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Team 5 6 7 8 9 St. Louis Cardinals 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Milwaukee Brewers 0 0 0 X 6 11 W : Mike Caldwell ( 2 - 0 ) S : Bob McClure ( 2 ) L : Bob Forsch ( 0 - 2 ) HR : MIL Robin Yount ( 1 ) Game 6 ( edit ) October 19 , 1982 , at Busch Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri Team 5 6 7 8 9 Milwaukee Brewers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 St. Louis Cardinals 0 0 6 0 0 X 13 12 W : John Stuper ( 1 - 0 ) L : Don Sutton ( 0 - 1 ) HR : STL Darrell Porter ( 1 ) Keith Hernandez ( 1 ) Game 7 ( edit ) October 20 , 1982 , at Busch Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri Team 5 6 7 8 9 Milwaukee Brewers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 St. Louis Cardinals 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 15 W : Joaquín Andújar ( 2 - 0 ) S : Bruce Sutter ( 2 ) L : Bob McClure ( 0 - 2 ) HR : MIL Ben Oglivie ( 1 ) Joaquín Andújar and Pete Vuckovich opposed each other once again . The game was scoreless until the bottom of the fourth when the Cardinals scored first on a Lonnie Smith RBI single . Ben Oglivie tied it for the Brew Crew in the fifth with a solo homer , and they took a 3 - 1 lead in the sixth when Jim Gantner scored on an error and Cecil Cooper hit a sacrifice fly . But , in the bottom of the sixth , Vuckovich began to run into trouble . With one out , Ozzie Smith singled and Lonnie Smith doubled him to third . Brewers manager Harvey Kuenn then pulled Vuckovich in favor of Bob McClure , who intentionally walked pinch - hitter Gene Tenace to load the bases . Keith Hernandez then tied the game with a two - run single . George Hendrick then gave the Cardinals the lead with an RBI single . The Cardinals punctuated the scoring with two runs in the eighth on RBI singles by Series MVP Darrell Porter and Steve Braun . Andújar pitched seven strong innings and Bruce Sutter pitched the eighth and ninth for his second save . Composite box ( edit ) 1982 World Series ( 4 - 3 ) : St. Louis Cardinals ( N.L. ) over Milwaukee Brewers ( A.L. ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 St. Louis Cardinals 5 5 12 39 67 7 Milwaukee Brewers 5 7 5 33 64 11 Total Attendance : 384,570 Average Attendance : 54,939 Winning Player 's Share : -- $43,280 , Losing Player 's Share -- $31,935 * Includes Playoffs and World Series Awards and honors ( edit ) Robin Yount , American League Most Valuable Player Cecil Cooper , Silver Slugger Award Pete Vuckovich , American League Cy Young Award Harvey Kuenn , Associated Press AL Manager of the Year League leaders ( edit ) Paul Molitor -- American League leader , At bats ( 666 ) Paul Molitor -- American League leader . Runs ( 136 ) Robin Yount -- American League leader , Hits ( 210 ) Robin Yount -- American League leader , Doubles ( 46 ) Robin Yount -- American League leader , Slugging Percentage (. 578 ) Robin Yount -- American League leader , Total Bases ( 367 ) Gorman Thomas -- American League leader , Home Runs ( 39 ) * * = Tied with Reggie Jackson All - Stars ( edit ) All - Star Game Starters Robin Yount , SS Cecil Cooper , 1B Reserves Ben Oglivie , OF Rollie Fingers , P Farm system ( edit ) See also : Minor League Baseball Level Team League Manager AAA Vancouver Canadians Pacific Coast League Dick Phillips AA El Paso Diablos Texas League Tony Muser Stockton Ports California League Duane Espy Beloit Brewers Midwest League Terry Bevington Rookie Pikeville Brewers Appalachian League Tim Nordbrook Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sortable Player Stats '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pete Ladd at Baseball Reference Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/p/pagnoto01.shtml Jump up ^ John Flinn at Baseball Reference Jump up ^ Baseball 's Top 100 : The Game 's Greatest Records , p. 52 , Kerry Banks , 2010 , Greystone Books , Vancouver , BC , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 507 - 7 Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/p/picciro01.shtml Jump up ^ Dale Sveum at Baseball Reference Jump up ^ Don Sutton at Baseball Reference References ( edit ) 1982 Milwaukee Brewers at Baseball Reference 1982 Milwaukee Brewers at Baseball Almanac American League champions 1901 : Chicago White Stockings 1902 : Philadelphia Athletics 1903 : Boston Americans 1904 : Boston Americans 1905 : Philadelphia Athletics 1906 : Chicago White Sox 1907 : Detroit Tigers 1908 : Detroit Tigers 1909 : Detroit Tigers 1910 : Philadelphia Athletics 1911 : Philadelphia Athletics 1912 : Boston Red Sox 1913 : Philaelphia Athletics 1914 : Philadelphia Athletics 1915 : Boston Red Sox 1916 : Boston Red Sox 1917 : Chicago White Sox 1918 : Boston Red Sox 1919 : Chicago White Sox 1920 : Cleveland Indians 1921 : New York Yankees 1922 : New York Yankees 1923 : New York Yankees 1924 : Washington Senators 1925 : Washington Senators 1926 : New York Yankees 1927 : New York Yankees 1928 : New York Yankees 1929 : Philadelphia Athletics 1930 : Philadelphia Athletics 1931 : Philadelphia Athletics 1932 : New York Yankees 1933 : Washington Senators 1934 : Detroit Tigers 1935 : Detroit Tigers 1936 : New York Yankees 1937 : New York Yankees 1938 : New York Yankees 1939 : New York Yankees 1940 : Detroit Tigers 1941 : New York Yankees 1942 : New York Yankees 1943 : New York Yankees 1944 : St. Louis Browns 1945 : Detroit Tigers 1946 : Boston Red Sox 1947 : New York Yankees 1948 : Cleveland Indians 1949 : New York Yankees 1950 : New York Yankees 1951 : New York Yankees 1952 : New York Yankees 1953 : New York Yankees 1954 : Cleveland Indians 1955 : New York Yankees 1956 : New York Yankees 1957 : New York Yankees 1958 : New York Yankees 1959 : Chicago White Sox 1960 : New York Yankees 1961 : New York Yankees 1962 : New York Yankees 1963 : New York Yankees 1964 : New York Yankees 1965 : Minnesota Twins 1966 : Baltimore Orioles 1967 : Boston Red Sox 1968 : Detroit Tigers 1969 : Baltimore Orioles 1970 : Baltimore Orioles 1971 : Baltimore Orioles 1972 : Oakland Athletics 1973 : Oakland Athletics 1974 : Oakland Athletics 1975 : Boston Red Sox 1976 : New York Yankees 1977 : New York Yankees 1978 : New York Yankees 1979 : Baltimore Orioles 1980 : Kansas City Royals 1981 : New York Yankees 1982 : Milwaukee Brewers 1983 : Baltimore Orioles 1984 : Detroit Tigers 1985 : Kansas City Royals 1986 : Boston Red Sox 1987 : Minnesota Twins 1988 : Oakland Athletics 1989 : Oakland Athletics 1990 : Oakland Athletics 1991 : Minnesota Twins 1992 : Toronto Blue Jays 1993 : Toronto Blue Jays 1994 : No champion 1995 : Cleveland Indians 1996 : New York Yankees 1997 : Cleveland Indians 1998 : New York Yankees 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : New York Yankees 2001 : New York Yankees 2002 : Anaheim Angels 2003 : New York Yankees 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Chicago White Sox 2006 : Detroit Tigers 2007 : Boston Red Sox 2008 : Tampa Bay Rays 2009 : New York Yankees 2010 : Texas Rangers 2011 : Texas Rangers 2012 : Detroit Tigers 2013 : Boston Red Sox 2014 : Kansas City Royals 2015 : Kansas City Royals 2016 : Cleveland Indians 2017 : Houston Astros American League East champions 1969 : Baltimore Orioles 1970 : Baltimore Orioles 1971 : Baltimore Orioles 1972 : Detroit Tigers 1973 : Baltimore Orioles 1974 : Baltimore Orioles 1975 : Boston Red Sox 1976 : New York Yankees 1977 : New York Yankees 1978 : New York Yankees 1979 : Baltimore Orioles 1980 : New York Yankees 1981 : New York Yankees 1982 : Milwaukee Brewers 1983 : Baltimore Orioles 1984 : Detroit Tigers 1985 : Toronto Blue Jays 1986 : Boston Red Sox 1987 : Detroit Tigers 1988 : Boston Red Sox 1989 : Toronto Blue Jays 1990 : Boston Red Sox 1991 : Toronto Blue Jays 1992 : Toronto Blue Jays 1993 : Toronto Blue Jays 1994 : No champion 1995 : Boston Red Sox 1996 : New York Yankees 1997 : Baltimore Orioles 1998 : New York Yankees 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : New York Yankees 2001 : New York Yankees 2002 : New York Yankees 2003 : New York Yankees 2004 : New York Yankees 2005 : New York Yankees 2006 : New York Yankees 2007 : Boston Red Sox 2008 : Tampa Bay Rays 2009 : New York Yankees 2010 : Tampa Bay Rays 2011 : New York Yankees 2012 : New York Yankees 2013 : Boston Red Sox 2014 : Baltimore Orioles 2015 : Toronto Blue Jays 2016 : Boston Red Sox 2017 : Boston Red Sox 1982 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee New York Toronto AL West California Chicago Kansas City Minnesota Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Chicago Montréal New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Atlanta Cincinnati Houston Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 1982 MLB draft 1982 All - Star Game 1982 World Series Milwaukee Brewers Formerly the Seattle Pilots Based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Franchise History ( Seattle Milwaukee ) Expansion and draft Seasons Records No - hitters Hall of Fame Walk of Fame Awards and All - Stars Players Management Opening Day starting pitchers First - round picks Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Sick 's Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Miller Park Spring training : Tempe Diablo Stadium Sun City Stadium Compadre Stadium Maryvale Baseball Park Culture and lore Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) Bernie Brewer Sausage Race Beer Barrel Man Secret Stadium Sauce Fight Song Roll Out The Barrel Mr. 3000 Hank T. Dog Bob Uecker Key personnel Owner : Mark Attanasio General Manager : David Stearns Manager : Craig Counsell Minor league affiliates Player overview AAA : Colorado Springs Sky Sox AA : Biloxi Shuckers A Adv. : Carolina Mudcats A : Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Rookie Adv. : Helena Brewers Rookie : AZL Brewers DSL Brewers Rivalries Chicago Cubs League pennants American League : 1982 National League : none Division titles AL East : 1981 ( second half ) 1982 NL Central : 2011 Wild Card berths National League : 2008 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_Milwaukee_Brewers_season&oldid=797427234 '' Categories : Milwaukee Brewers seasons 1982 Major League Baseball season American League East champion seasons American League champion seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 00 : 22 . 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who led the brewers in home runs in 1982

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RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)

RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season 3 Broadcast from January 25 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) -- March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Carson Kressley Ross Mathews Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster VH1 Competitors 10 Winner Trixie Mattel Origin Los Angeles , California Runner - up Kennedy Davenport Chronology ◀ Season 3 The third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars began airing on January 25 , 2018 . The season was announced in August 2017 , and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled `` Exclusive Queen Ruveal , '' which aired on October 20 , 2017 . This season featured ten All Star contestants , selected from the show 's first season through to its ninth season , who competed to be inducted into the `` Drag Race Hall of Fame '' . As in the previous season , the top two queens in the challenge compete in a `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy , '' with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which of the bottom queens gets eliminated . A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode . The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists , from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated . The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The winner of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel , with Kennedy Davenport being the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip syncs 4 Guest judges 4.1 Special guests 5 Episodes 6 Leak 7 Ratings 8 Reception 9 References 10 External Links Contestants ( edit ) The drag queens that competed are : ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest . ) Contestant Real name Age Hometown Original season Original placement Outcome Trixie Mattel Brian Firkus 28 Los Angeles , California Season 7 06 ! 6th Place Winner Kennedy Davenport Reuben Asberry Jr . 35 Dallas , Texas Season 7 04 ! 4th Place Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 36 Minneapolis , Minnesota Season 1 01 ! Winner 3rd / 4th Place Shangela D.J. Pierce 35 Los Angeles , California Season 2 12 ! 12th Place Season 3 05 ! 6th Place Morgan McMichaels Thomas White 36 Los Angeles , California Season 2 08 ! 8th Place 5th Place BenDeLaCreme Benjamin Putnam 35 Seattle , Washington Season 6 05 ! 5th Place 6th Place Aja Jay Rivera 23 Brooklyn , New York Season 9 09 ! 9th Place 7th Place Chi Chi DeVayne Zavion Davenport 32 Shreveport , Louisiana Season 8 04 ! 4th Place 8th Place Milk Dan Donigan 29 New York , New York Season 6 09 ! 9th Place 9th Place Thorgy Thor Shane Galligan 33 Brooklyn , New York Season 8 06 ! 6th Place 10th Place Jump up ^ Morgan McMichaels originally placed 10th before being chosen to return to the competition . Jump up ^ This contestant was voted Miss Congeniality during her original season . Jump up ^ This contestant eliminated herself . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 7 8 Trixie Mattel SAFE SAFE HIGH BTM3 WIN BTM3 WIN Winner Kennedy Davenport SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM3 SAFE BTM3 BTM3 Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN WIN BTM3 Eliminated Shangela HIGH WIN SAFE WIN BTM2 BTM3 WIN Eliminated Morgan McMichaels ELIM IN ELIM Guest BenDeLaCreme WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE ELIM Guest Aja WIN SAFE BTM3 SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Chi Chi DeVayne BTM2 LOW BTM3 ELIM OUT Guest Milk SAFE SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Thorgy Thor SAFE ELIM OUT Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant was eliminated by jury vote without lip - syncing entirely . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant won the challenge but lost the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition and was chosen to return . The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition but was not chosen to return . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy '' but chose to eliminate herself . The contestant was in the bottom and eligible for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a juror for the final episode to vote for the Top 2 Lip syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants ( Pick for Elimination ) Song Winner Up for Elimination Eliminated Aja ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . BenDeLaCreme ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Anaconda '' ( Nicki Minaj ) BenDeLaCreme Chi Chi DeVayne Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels BenDeLaCreme ( Thorgy Thor ) vs . Shangela ( Thorgy Thor ) `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' ( The Pointer Sisters ) Shangela Kennedy Davenport Thorgy Thor Thorgy Thor BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Kennedy Davenport ( Milk ) `` Green Light '' ( Lorde ) Kennedy Davenport Aja Chi Chi DeVayne Milk Milk BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Shangela ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) `` I Kissed a Girl '' ( Katy Perry ) BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Chi Chi DeVayne Kennedy Davenport Trixie Mattel Chi Chi DeVayne 5 BeBe Zahara Benet ( Aja ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Aja ) `` The Boss '' ( Diana Ross ) BeBe Zahara Benet Aja Shangela Aja 6 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . BenDeLaCreme ( BenDeLaCreme ) ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' ( Deborah Cox ) BenDeLaCreme Kennedy Davenport Shangela Trixie Mattel BenDeLaCreme 7 Shangela ( Morgan McMichaels ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Freaky Money '' ( RuPaul ft . Big Freedia ) Shangela BeBe Zahara Benet Kennedy Davenport Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels 8 Kennedy Davenport vs . Trixie Mattel `` Wrecking Ball '' ( Miley Cyrus ) Trixie Mattel None Kennedy Davenport The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom . The contestant self - eliminated without being in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 7 , BeBe Zahara Benet chose not to show who she selected to return to the competition and who she selected to eliminate if she had won the lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 6 , the contestants in the lip sync were asked to choose an eliminated contestant to return to the competition in addition to picking someone to eliminate . Guest judges ( edit ) Guest judges for this season include ( in order of appearance ) : Vanessa Hudgens , actress and singer Todrick Hall , actor and singer Vanessa Williams , actress and singer Constance Zimmer , actress Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman , actor and model Nicole Byer , comedian and actress Kristin Chenoweth , actress and singer Tituss Burgess , actor and singer Shay Mitchell , actress and model Adam Lambert , singer and actor Emma Bunton , singer and actress Chris Colfer , actor and singer Garcelle Beauvais , actress and model Special guests ( edit ) Guests who appeared in episodes but did not judge on the main stage ( in order of appearance ) : Chad Michaels , runner - up from season four and winner of season one of All Stars Alaska , runner - up from season five and winner of season two of All Stars Marc Jacobs , fashion designer Nancy Pelosi , House Democratic leader and representative for California 's 12th congressional district Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 16 `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Nine formerly eliminated queens from past seasons of RuPaul 's Drag Race enter the workroom to win a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame , and also to win a cash prize of $100,000 . Upon entering the room , RuPaul introduces the final 10th queen , season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet , stating that he wants to showcase the contestant to a new generation of fans . For the episode 's maxi - challenge , each queen is to prepare a live talent presentation for the second All Star Variety Show . Upon judgement , BeBe Zahara Benet , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , Aja and BenDeLaCreme are selected as the top two all stars of the week . Contestants Shangela and Thorgy Thor receive positive reviews from the judges . Chi Chi DeVayne and Morgan McMichaels are placed in the bottom for their performances . Aja and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Nicki Minaj 's `` Anaconda '' ; BenDeLaCreme wins the lip sync and eliminates Morgan McMichaels . Guest Judge : Vanessa Hudgens Mini-challenge : Reading is Fundamental Mini-challenge Winner : BenDeLaCreme Mini-challenge Prize : $3,000 shopping spree to L.A. Eyeworks Main Challenge : Perform a talent in front of the judges , a live audience , and other competitors . Challenge Winners : Aja & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : Five - night stay at the Grand Resort Hotel and Spa in Fort Lauderdale , air fare included Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Anaconda '' by Nicki Minaj Bottom Two : Chi Chi DeVayne & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` I love you girls ! Keep rocking and stay FABULOUS ! '' 17 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) In episode two , the nine remaining queens are assigned female musicians to embody in the Divas Lip Sync Live battle , a tribute act in the form of a live medley of RuPaul songs . Aja performs as Amy Winehouse , BeBe Zahara Benet as Diana Ross , BenDeLaCreme as Julie Andrews , Chi Chi DeVayne as Patti LaBelle , Kennedy Davenport as Janet Jackson , Milk as Celine Dion , Shangela as Mariah Carey , Trixie Mattel as Dolly Parton , and Thorgy Thor as Stevie Nicks . The runway theme on the main stage is `` RuDemption , '' a theme for which each contestant recreates a look from their original season . Upon judgement , Aja , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , BeBe Zahara Benet , BenDaLeCreme , and Shangela receive positive feedback on their performances and runway looks , with the latter two winning the challenge . Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport and Thorgy Thor are all criticized for their performances , while their runway looks receive praise . DeVayne is declared safe from the bottom two . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to The Pointer Sisters ' `` Jump ( For My Love ) . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and eliminates Thorgy Thor . Guest Judges : Todrick Hall & Vanessa Williams Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Perform in a lip - syncing dance number inspired by VH1 Divas . Runway Theme : RuDemption Runway Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : $1000 gift card from Sparkles Rhinestones and a $1000 gift card from Fierce Queen Heels Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' by The Pointer Sisters Bottom Two : Kennedy Davenport & Thorgy Thor Eliminated : Thorgy Thor Farewell Message : `` Wooo ! Drag is fun . Suck it ShangeLLA ! '' ( Drawing of an ejaculating penis ) 18 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) The eight remaining queens are each assigned a personality by RuPaul for The Bitchelor , a satire based on the show The Bachelor . Aja plays the Needy Girl , BeBe Zahara Benet the Shy Virgin , BenDeLaCreme the Cougar , Chi Chi DeVayne and Shangela a polyamorous couple , Kennedy Davenport the Party Girl , Milk the Stalker , and Trixie Mattel the Fake Bitch . Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman participates as the main love interest of the show . The main - stage runway theme is `` Wigs on Wigs on Wigs '' . Upon judgement , Benet and Shangela are both deemed safe . BenDeLaCreme , Davenport and Mattel are praised for their performances and looks , with the former two contestants winning the challenge . Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , and Milk are placed in the bottom three . Davenport and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Lorde 's `` Green Light . '' Davenport wins the lip sync and eliminates Milk . Guest Judges : Constance Zimmer & Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Improvise in an unscripted dating show inspired by The Bachelor . Runway Theme : Wigs on Wigs on Wigs Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Kennedy Davenport Main Challenge Prize : A jewelry pack from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $1000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Kennedy Davenport Lip Sync Song : `` Green Light '' by Lorde Bottom Three : Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , & Milk Eliminated : Milk Farewell Message : `` Love u girls but ya 'll know this is bogus ! Stay amazing ❤ Milk '' 19 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) The seven remaining queens prepare for the Snatch Game , where each contestant picks a celebrity to impersonate . Aja appears as Crystal LaBeija , BeBe Zahara Benet as Grace Jones , BenDeLaCreme as Paul Lynde , Chi Chi DeVayne as Maya Angelou , Kennedy Davenport as Phaedra Parks , Shangela as Jenifer Lewis and Trixie Mattel as RuPaul . Guest judge Kristin Chenoweth partakes in the challenge , playing herself . The runway theme on the main stage is `` Flower Power . '' Upon judgement , BenDeLaCreme and Shangela are deemed the winners of the challenge . Aja and Benet receive positive remarks for their runway looks , though reviews are divided on Benet 's Snatch Game performance . Both are ultimately declared safe . DeVayne , Davenport and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Katy Perry 's `` I Kissed a Girl . '' The lip sync is declared a tie , and both contestants eliminate DeVayne . Guest Judges : Kristin Chenoweth & Nicole Byer Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Impersonate celebrities in the Snatch Game . Runway Theme : Flower Power Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : A wig wardrobe courtesy of Rockstar Wigs and a $1000 gift card from Coolhaus Ice Cream Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` I Kissed a Girl '' by Katy Perry Bottom Three : Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport , & Trixie Mattel Eliminated : Chi Chi DeVayne Farewell Message : `` LOVE All of you gals , Remember to Keep it fair . Chi Chi 💋 '' 20 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) The six remaining queens participate in a mini-challenge where they dress up in `` Quick Drag '' and model in an Andy Warhol - inspired photoshoot . Aja wins the challenge , receiving a year 's supply of burgers from Hamburger Mary 's and a cash tip of $2,000 . For the main challenge , each contestant is asked to prepare two runway looks for the Pop Art Ball : one inspired by Warhol 's Campbell 's Soup Cans and a second inspired by Studio 54 . Additionally , each contestant has to record a voice - over narrative to be played during her runway presentation . During the judges ' critiques , Aja and Shangela are criticized for both of their runway looks , and they fall into the bottom two . BeBe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel are both commended for their runway looks , winning the challenge . BenDeLaCreme and Kennedy Davenport attract mixed commentary but are ultimately declared safe . Benet and Mattel lip - sync against each other to Diana Ross 's `` The Boss '' . Benet wins the lip sync and eliminates Aja . At the end of the episode , RuPaul brings previous winners Chad Michaels and Alaska back onto the main stage , and they reveal three queens in cloaks that will be returning for the next episode . Guest Judges : Tituss Burgess & Shay Mitchell Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-challenge : Pose for a pop art - style portrait Mini-challenge Winner : Aja Mini-challenge Prize : A year 's supply of hamburgers from Hamburger Mary 's and $2,000 Main Challenge : Design wearable soup cans inspired by Andy Warhol as well as a Studio 54 disco look . Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : Two - night escape for 2 at the W Hotel in Fort Lauderdale Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Lip Sync Song : The Boss by Diana Ross Bottom Two : Aja & Shangela Eliminated : Aja Farewell Message : `` I love u bitches ❤ Honestly , thank you from the bottom of my heart ! Y'all inspire me ! - Aja '' 21 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) RuPaul reintroduces all the eliminated queens to the competition . Everyone is tasked with writing and performing original lyrics to audition for RuPaul 's new all - star supergroup , The Kitty Girls . The queens are split equally into two teams : the eliminated queens on one team , and the remaining queens on the other . Each member creates a character to perform : Benet appears as Jungle Kitty , BenDeLaCreme as Goth Kitty , Davenport as Diva Kitty , Shangela as Sparkle Kitty , and Mattel as IQ Kitty . On the opposite team , Aja appears as Lil ' Banjee , DeVayne as Cajun Kitty , Milk as Milky Kitty , McMichaels as Bimbo Kitty , and Thor as Cardio Kitty . During the judges ' critiques , Benet and BenDeLaCreme are praised for their performances , and they are deemed the top two contestants . Davenport , Shangela and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Benet and BenDeLaCreme are instructed to eliminate one of the bottom queens and to select an eliminated contestant to return to the competition . Benet and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Deborah Cox 's `` Nobody 's Supposed To Be Here , '' and the latter wins . BenDeLaCreme chooses McMichaels to return to the competition and subsequently eliminates herself , making her the second queen to leave the competition voluntarily . Upon the episode 's premiere , critics deemed her move one of the most controversial and `` unthinkable '' moments on the show . Guest Judges : Adam Lambert & Emma Bunton Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Audition for RuPaul 's new all star super group called `` The Kitty Girls . '' Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo and a $1,000 gift card to MuLondon Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' by Deborah Cox Bottom Three : Kennedy Davenport , Shangela , & Trixie Mattel Returned : Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : BenDeLaCreme Farewell Message : `` Dear new top 5 , thank you so much for this incredible journey . Stay fierce . You all deserve a crown . Your friendship and respect is the best win I can imagine . XO BDLC '' 22 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) The five remaining queens are asked to act in a trailer for a movie titled My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip , comedically portraying Academy Award - winning female characters . Morgan McMichaels is tasked with handing out roles to each contestant : Bebe Zahara Benet plays The Queen ( The Queen ) , Kennedy Davenport plays La La ( La La Land ) , McMichaels plays Beige Swan ( Black Swan ) , Shangela plays Actavia ( The Help / Hidden Figures ) , and Trixie Mattel plays Sharon Frokovich ( Erin Brockovich ) . The runway theme for the episode is `` Red for Filth . '' During critiques , Shangela 's and Mattel 's performances and looks are praised , and they are chosen as the top two contestants . Although Benet , Davenport and McMichaels receive compliments for their runway looks , all three are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and Mattel lip - sync against each other to RuPaul 's `` Freaky Money . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and chooses to eliminate McMichaels . Guest Judges : Chris Colfer & Garcelle Beauvais Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Star in a raunchy girl comedy blockbuster . Runway Theme : `` Red for Filth '' Challenge Winners : Shangela & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to Elea 's Closet and a luggage set from Radden Luggage Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Freaky Money '' by RuPaul ft . Big Freedia Bottom Three : BeBe Zahara Benet , Kennedy Davenport & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` Let no one dim your light . I love you all totally ! SISTERS FOREVER ! 💋 '' 23 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) The final four queens were asked to write , sing and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Choreographer Todrick Hall accompanied the girls choreography , but also revealed that the entire music video would be shot in one - take throughout the backstage of RuPaul 's Drag Race , including the runway The music video opens with Kennedy Davenport , and follows with Shangela , Bebe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel ; the judges , and eliminated contestants , all appeared as cameo to the video . During the critiques , all four queens were given positive comments about their performances and runway looks . RuPaul reveals that each eliminated queen gets to vote two contestants to enter the top two spots , whereas each remaining contestant got the chance to plead why they deserved to be in the top positions . Subsequently , the four remaining queens were asked to change costumes for the lip - sync to Miley Cyrus 's `` Wrecking Ball '' . After deliberation , eliminated contestant Morgan McMichaels announces Davenport and Mattel as the top two All - Stars , effectively eliminating both Benet and Shangela . After the lip - sync , RuPaul announces Mattel as the season three winner , and earns a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame . Main Challenge : Write , sing , and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Eliminated : BeBe Zahara Benet & Shangela Final Two : Kennedy Davenport & Trixie Mattel Lip Sync Song : `` Wrecking Ball '' by Miley Cyrus Runner - up : Kennedy Davenport Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season Three : Trixie Mattel Leak ( edit ) On February 15 , 2018 , the series production company World of Wonder filed a lawsuit against an anonymous leaker using the alias RealityTVLeaks . According to the lawsuit , RealityTVLeaks posted several visuals from the season on various social media websites such as Reddit , Twitter , and Instagram before each episode 's airing -- including runway themes , challenges , episode titles , and eliminated queens . Additionally , a producer from the show stated that the leaker removed `` information identifying ( World of Wonder ) as the copyright owner and author '' before adding `` misleading copyright management information falsely identifying ( the defendants ) as the copyright owners and authors . '' World of Wonder launched the suit because of the defendant 's `` unlawful theft and public dissemination of episodes of the popular and critically - acclaimed reality television show , '' and the production company confirmed it is seeking damages of $300,000 , including $150,000 for each infringed episode and $25,000 per violation of `` actual damages '' and defendants ' profits . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 0.46 0.895 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 0.40 0.777 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 0.39 0.738 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 0.34 0.713 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 0.38 0.732 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 0.49 0.883 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 0.31 0.658 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 0.27 0.589 Reception ( edit ) Although a ratings success , the season was not critically well received , following the high bar set by All Stars 2 . Vulture , in writing a summation review , described the season as `` truly one of the roughest seasons of the show ever . After a stellar , jaw - unhingingly good All Stars 2 , this season felt more like an embarrassing cousin you brought to gay happy hour who wears double polos '' . The A.V. Club similarly described the season as disappointing ; in their final review of the season , they wrote , `` I should be celebrating the crowning of a new queen in the Drag Race hall of fame , but Drag Race All Stars season three has left me feeling totally underwhelmed and wondering , What 's the point ? '' Vulture did however make the point that although the season did not live up to expectations , `` even at its worst , it 's still one of one the best , if not the best goddamn reality competition show on television '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RuPaul to Reveal ' All Stars ' Season 3 Cast on Upcoming VH1 Special : ' Prepare to Be Gagged ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 cast to be revealed during TV special '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Matt ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` TV News Roundup : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' to Launch Season 3 with Hour Special '' . Variety . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 queens announced : See an exclusive cast photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan . `` Shangela , Latrice Royale , Kasha Davis Raise The Roof To Save Kennedy Davenport 's Home '' . LOGO News . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patricio , Edana ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 9 episode 1 : Lady Gaga , the Queens and spoilers '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 8 Cast '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Milk Out Of Drag -- And Out Of His Clothes '' . Logo . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Stars : The Changing Face of Drag official website '' . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegedus , Eric ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul still reigns supreme as ' Drag Race ' hits 100 episodes '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Star Variety Show '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 1 . January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Divas Lip - Sync Live '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 2 . February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The B * itchelor '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 3 . February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 4 . February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 5 . February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Handmaid to Kitty Girls '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 6 . March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 7 . March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Jury of their Queers '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 8 . March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' Reveals Guest Judges , Releases New Sneak Peek '' . IntoMore . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Schedule for RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars '' . www.vh1.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Futon Clinic '' . The Futon Critic . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything changes for Drag Race All Stars with a shocking elimination '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munzenrieder , Kyle ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Night Bendelacreme Became a Goddess '' . W Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulkerin , Tim ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` undamental Reading : On ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' episode 6 , the girls got their revenge '' . Mic.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ru Paul Copyright '' . www.scribd.com . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Season 3 Episode Guide '' . www.tvguide.com . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race producers are suing an anonymous leaker for $300,000 '' . Gay Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.25. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html Jump up ^ https://www.avclub.com/a-mediocre-season-of-rupaul-s-drag-race-all-stars-ends-1823821936 Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Other contestants Nina Flowers Ongina Tammie Brown Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Raven Jujubee Pandora Boxx Jessica Wild Sahara Davenport Morgan McMichaels Shangela Manila Luzon Alexis Mateo Yara Sofia Carmen Carrera Delta Work Mimi Imfurst Venus D - Lite Phi Phi O'Hara Latrice Royale Willam Jiggly Caliente Roxxxy Andrews Detox Coco Montrese Alyssa Edwards Ivy Winters Honey Mahogany Monica Beverly Hillz Adore Delano Courtney Act BenDeLaCreme Laganja Estranja Milk Kelly Mantle Pearl Kennedy Davenport Katya Miss Fame Jasmine Masters Kim Chi Chi Chi DeVayne Thorgy Thor Cynthia Lee Fontaine Peppermint Shea Couleé Farrah Moan Aja Charlie Hides Asia O'Hara Vanessa Vanjie Mateo Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U episodes Drag Race Thailand Natalia Pliacam The Switch Drag Race Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_3)&oldid=837983113 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 06 : 06 . 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who won season 3 rupaul's drag race all stars

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Horsehead Nebula

Horsehead Nebula - wikipedia Horsehead Nebula Horsehead Nebula Dark nebula diffuse The entire neighborhood of the nebula . The reflection nebula NGC 2023 is in the bottom left corner and the nebula itself near the center , in the shape of the head of a horse . Observation data : J2000. 0 epoch Right ascension 05 40 59.0 Declination − 02 ° 27 ′ 30.0 '' Distance 1,500 ly Apparent dimensions ( V ) 8 × 6 arcmins Constellation Orion Physical characteristics Radius 3.5 ly Notable features Resembles a horse 's head Designations Barnard 33 , LDN 1630 , See also : Lists of nebulae The Horsehead Nebula ( also known as Barnard 33 ) is a dark nebula in the constellation Orion . The nebula is located just to the south of the star Alnitak , which is farthest east on Orion 's Belt , and is part of the much larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex . The nebula was first recorded in 1888 by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming on photographic plate B2312 taken at the Harvard College Observatory . The Horsehead Nebula is approximately 1500 light years from Earth . It is one of the most identifiable nebulae because of the shape of its swirling cloud of dark dust and gases , which bears some resemblance to a horse 's head when viewed from Earth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) The dark cloud of dust and gas is a region in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex where star formation is taking place . It is located in the constellation of Orion , which is prominent in the winter evening sky in the Northern Hemisphere and the summer evening sky in the Southern Hemisphere . This stellar nursery , as it is known , can contain over 100 known kinds of organic and inorganic gases as well as dust ; some of the latter is made up of large and complex organic molecules . The red or pinkish glow originates from hydrogen gas predominantly behind the nebula , ionized by the nearby bright star Sigma Orionis . Magnetic fields channel the gases leaving the nebula into streams , shown as streaks in the background glow . A glowing strip of hydrogen gas marks the edge of the massive cloud , and the densities of nearby stars are noticeably different on either side . The heavy concentrations of dust in the Horsehead Nebula region and neighbouring Orion Nebula are localized , resulting in alternating sections of nearly complete opacity and transparency . The darkness of the Horsehead is caused mostly by thick dust blocking the light of stars behind it . The lower part of the Horsehead 's neck casts a shadow to the left . The visible dark nebula emerging from the gaseous complex is an active site of the formation of `` low - mass '' stars . Bright spots in the Horsehead Nebula 's base are young stars just in the process of forming . It has a magnitude of . 11 . Gallery ( edit ) Horsehead Nebula and Alnitak ( WH Pickering ; 1888 ) . Horsehead Nebula captured with a H - alpha filter . View with a regular telescope and camera . View from the HST ( infrared ) . View from the ESO ( 2002 ) . Horse Head and Flame Nebula Hydrogen alpha 384mm scope Click Here for Animated map -- Orion 's Horsehead Nebula -- yellow and white areas have the most intense radiation from carbon atoms ( March 2016 ) . See also ( edit ) Horsehead Nebula in fiction List of Hubble anniversary images References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arnett , Bill ( 2000 ) . `` Horsehead Nebula '' . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cannon , Annie J. ( June 1911 ) . `` WILLIAMINA PATON FLEMING '' . Science ( published June 30 , 1911 ) . 33 ( 861 ) : 987 -- 988 . Bibcode : 1911Sci ... 33 ... 987C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 33.861. 987 . PMID 17799863 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Nigel ( 2014 ) . `` The Horsehead Nebula '' . National Optical Astronomy Observatory . Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Horsehead Nebula / IC434 '' . National Optical Astronomy Observatory . NOAO . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , W.W. ; Lodén , Kerstin ( 1966 ) . `` Some Characteristics of the Orion Association '' . Vistas in Astronomy . 8 : 83 -- 88 . Bibcode : 1966VA ... 8 ... 83M . doi : 10.1016 / 0083 - 6656 ( 66 ) 90023 - 7 . ISSN 0083 - 6656 . Jump up ^ Mayo Greenberg , J ( 2002 ) . `` Cosmic dust and our origins '' . Surface Science . 500 ( 1 - 3 ) : 793 -- 822 . Bibcode : 2002SurSc. 500 ... 793M . doi : 10.1016 / S0039 - 6028 ( 01 ) 01555 - 2 . ISSN 0039 - 6028 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 21 July 2009 ) . `` The Horsehead Nebula '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horsehead Nebula . SOFIA / upGREAT ( C II ) Velocity Resolved Map of the Horsehead Nebula The Horsehead Nebula @ The Electronic Sky Hubble Observes the Horsehead Nebula The discovery of early photographs of the Horsehead nebula , by Waldee and Hazen The Horsehead Nebula in the 19th Century , by Waldee Detection of new nebulae by photography , by Pickering Horsehead Nebula at ESA / Hubble The Horsehead Nebula at the Astro - Photography site of Mr. T. Yoshida . The Horsehead - Nebula and neighboring structures in a classical view The Horsehead Nebula on interactive astro - photography survey at Wikisky.org The Horsehead Nebula at Constellation Guide LCCN : sh2001010279 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horsehead_Nebula&oldid=835249546 '' Categories : Dark nebulae Horsehead Nebula Orion Molecular Cloud Complex Star formation Barnard objects Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 14 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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how far is the horsehead nebula from earth

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I'll Be Missing You

I 'll Be Missing You - wikipedia I 'll Be Missing You Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'll Be Missing You '' Single by Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 from the album No Way Out B - side `` We 'll Always Love Big Poppa '' `` Cry On '' Released May 27 , 1997 Format CD cassette 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 1997 Genre Hip hop R&B gospel Length 5 : 43 ( lp version ) 5 : 01 ( lp edit ) 4 : 08 ( radio edit ) Label Bad Boy Arista Songwriter ( s ) Faith Evans Todd Gaither Sting Albert E. Brumley ( not credited on album ) Producer ( s ) Puff Daddy Stevie J Puff Daddy singles chronology `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' ( 1997 ) `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( 1997 ) `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' ( 1997 ) `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' ( 1997 ) `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( 1997 ) `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' ( 1997 ) Faith Evans singles chronology `` You Could Be My Boo '' ( 1996 ) You Could Be My Boo 1996 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( 1997 ) I 'll Be Missing You1997 `` How 's It Goin ' Down '' ( 1998 ) How 's It Goin ' Down 1998 112 singles chronology `` Cupid '' ( 1997 ) Cupid 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( 1997 ) I 'll Be Missing You1997 `` All Cried Out '' ( 1997 ) All Cried Out 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' is a song recorded by American rapper Puff Daddy and American singer Faith Evans , featuring R&B group 112 , in memory of fellow Bad Boy Records artist Christopher `` The Notorious B.I.G. '' Wallace , who was murdered on March 9 , 1997 . Released as the second single from Puff Daddy and the Family 's No Way Out album , `` I 'll Be Missing You '' samples The Police 's 1983 hit song `` Every Breath You Take '' , with an interpolated chorus sung by Evans . The track also features a spoken intro over a choral version of Samuel Barber 's `` Adagio for Strings '' . In 1998 , the song won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group . The single spent 11 weeks on top of the Billboard Hot 100 during the summer of 1997 . With worldwide sales likely over 8 million , including shipments of 3 million copies in the United States and over 1 million in both Germany and the United Kingdom , the song has become one of the best - selling singles of all time . As of February 2016 , it is rated the 99th biggest song of all time in the US , according to Billboard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 Formats and track listings 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Decade - end charts 6.4 All - time chart 6.5 Certifications 6.6 Chart successions 7 See also 8 References Background ( edit ) The song , a rap ballad , had already been completed before permission was granted to use the sample from The Police 's `` Every Breath You Take '' . Sting ( vocalist from The Police ) ultimately participated in a performance of `` I 'll Be Missing You '' at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards . Sting owns 100 % of the publishing royalties . As well as using the melody and arrangement of `` Every Breath You Take '' , the single also borrows the melody from the well - known American spiritual `` I 'll Fly Away '' . There are several different versions of this song , one being an extended version ( choir at the beginning ) , another without the choir and an instrumental version . In the extended version of the song the choir is heard singing in the beginning of `` Adagio for Strings '' by Samuel Barber. . Reception ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly gave the song a grade of D , and described it as a `` maudlin ' tribute ' to the Notorious B.I.G. , ( in which ) the late rapper 's former mentor ( Puff Daddy ) and wife ( Faith Evans ) team up to say their farewells to the big man on a song that ' samples ' the Police 's ' Every Breath You Take . ' With lyrics like `` Know you 're in heaven , smiling down / Watching us while we pray for you , ' ' I 'll Be Missing You ' gives the lie to those who claim hip - hoppers are above self - serving sentimentality . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was shot in Chicago and was directed by Hype Williams . Numerous scenes of Puff Daddy , Faith Evans and 112 were filmed in the artistically illuminated passenger walkway tunnel between O'Hare International Airport Terminal 1 Concourses B and C . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I 'll Be Missing You '' topped many charts across the world . It reached number one in the United States , the United Kingdom , Australia , Ireland , Germany , Italy , Netherlands , New Zealand , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Austria , Belgium , Norway , Denmark and Poland . The song is one of the few to debut at No. 1 in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 , and the only rap song by a male to do so until Eminem 's `` Not Afraid '' debuted at the top spot 13 years later in 2010 then in 2017 with DJ Khaled 's `` I 'm The One '' . The song spent a record - breaking 11 weeks at No. 1 on the Hot 100 , making it the longest running No. 1 hip - hop song in history until Eminem 's `` Lose Yourself '' spent 12 weeks at No. 1 in 2002 . The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at # 32 on July 8 , 2007 , ten years after it had its full physical release and 10 years after it was No. 1 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Single Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' Maxi - single Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' The Lox -- `` We 'll Always Love Big Poppa '' 112 -- `` Cry On '' Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Instrumental ) The Lox -- `` We 'll Always Love Big Poppa '' ( Instrumental ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austrian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Canadian Singles Chart Danish Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Eurochart Hot 100 Finnish Singles Chart France ( SNEP ) German Singles Chart Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italian Singles Chart New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 11 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK R&B Chart 22 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 13 Canadian Singles Chart 36 Dutch Top 40 French Singles Chart 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 All - time chart ( edit ) Chart Position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 94 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 492,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 2 × Platinum 150,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) hide Order of precedence Preceded by `` G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T. '' by Changing Faces Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one single June 11 , 1997 -- August 2 , 1997 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Never Make a Promise '' by Dru Hill Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson Billboard Hot 100 number - one single June 14 , 1997 -- August 23 , 1997 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' by The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson UK number - one single ( first run ) June 28 , 1997 -- July 19 , 1997 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' by Oasis Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson German number - one single June 27 , 1997 -- September 5 , 1997 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Men in Black '' by Will Smith and Coko of SWV Preceded by `` Hero '' by Toen ik je zag Dutch number - one single July 5 , 1997 -- August 30 , 1997 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Leven na de dood '' by Freek de Jonge and Stips Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson Irish IRMA number - one single ( first run ) July 5 , 1997 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' by Oasis Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson `` Men in Black '' by Will Smith Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single July 19 , 1997 -- September 13 , 1997 ( 9 weeks ) September 27 , 1997 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Men in Black '' by Will Smith `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John Preceded by `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' by Oasis UK number - one single ( second run ) July 26 , 1997 -- August 9 , 1997 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Men in Black '' by Will Smith Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson Swiss number - one single July 20 , 1997 -- September 7 , 1997 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Men in Black '' by Will Smith Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson Austrian number - one single July 20 , 1997 -- September 21 , 1997 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John Preceded by `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' by Oasis Irish IRMA number - one single ( second run ) July 26 , 1997 -- August 16 , 1997 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Men in Black '' by Will Smith Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson New Zealand ( RIANZ ) number - one single July 6 , 1997 -- August 3 , 1997 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Men in Black '' by Will Smith Preceded by `` Bailando '' by Paradisio Swedish number - one single July 11 , 1997 -- August 29 , 1997 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Barbie Girl '' by Aqua Preceded by `` Bailando '' by Paradisio Norwegian VG - lista number - one single 29 / 1997 -- 38 / 1997 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson Australian ( ARIA ) number - one single August 3 , 1997 -- August 31 , 1997 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Barbie Girl '' by Aqua Preceded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson `` Alane '' by Wes Belgian ( Flanders ) number - one single August 9 , 1997 -- August 30 , 1997 ( 4 weeks ) September 13 , 1997 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Alane '' by Wes `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1997 ( U.S. ) List of European number - one hits of 1997 List of number - one R&B singles of 1997 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 1997 ( Austria ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Belgium - Flanders ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Netherlands ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Norway ) List of number - one singles ( Sweden ) List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 1997 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 25 , 2006 ) . `` Is Diddy 's ' Vote or Die ' Dead or Just Sleeping ? '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` '' I 'll Be Missing You `` '' . May 30 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Puff Daddy & Faith Evans -- I 'll Be Missing You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World : Denmark ( IFPI / Nielsen Marketing Research ) 08 / 14 / 97 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 109 ( 35 ) : 59 . August 30 , 1997 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single top 100 over 1997 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 03.07. 1997 - 09.07. 1997 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Irish Singles Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived June 3 , 2009 , at WebCite ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hit parade Italia ( Retrieved May 30 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 1997 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . officialcharts.com . ^ Jump up to : Billboard AllMusic ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1997 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1997 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1997 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1997 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1997 Year - End Canadian Singles Chart RPM Canada Jump up ^ 1997 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived October 17 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1997 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1997 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived September 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved April 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1997 '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Singles '' . Charts. org. sw . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fred Bronson . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Puff Daddy -- I 'll Be Missing You '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Enter Puff Daddy in the field Interpret . Enter I 'll Be Missing You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Puff Daddy -- I 'll Be Missing You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Puff Daddy -- I 'll Be Missing You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or : '' . Infodisc.fr ( in French ) . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Puff Daddy ; ' Tribute To The Notorious B.I.G. ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Puff Daddy -- I 'll Be Missing You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Puff Daddy -- I 'll Be Missing You '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Puff Daddy ; ' I 'll Be Missing You ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Puff Daddy -- I 'll Be Missing You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Enter I 'll Be Missing You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Puff Daddy -- I_ll Be Missing You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Don ( January 31 , 1998 ) . Best - selling Records of 1997 . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Faith Evans songs Faith `` You Used to Love Me '' `` Soon as I Get Home '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` Kissing You '' `` Come Over '' Keep the Faith `` Love Like This '' `` All Night Long '' `` Never Gonna Let You Go '' `` Lately I '' Faithfully `` Ca n't Believe '' `` You Gets No Love '' `` I Love You '' `` Burnin ' Up '' `` Alone in This World '' The First Lady `` Again '' `` Mesmerized '' `` Tru Love '' Something About Faith `` Gone Already '' R&B Divas `` Tears of Joy '' `` Dumb '' Incomparable `` I Deserve It '' `` Make Love '' Collaborations `` One More Chance '' `` Stressed Out '' `` You Could Be My Boo '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` How 's It Goin ' Down '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` Georgy Porgy '' `` Love Is Blind '' `` Ma , I Do n't Love Her '' `` Relax Your Mind '' `` I Miss You '' `` Hope '' `` Got 2 Be Down '' `` Letter to B.I.G. '' `` Lay With You '' Other songs `` What 's Going On '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' 112 Quinnes Parker ( Q ) Michael Keith ( Mike ) Marvin Scandrick ( Slim ) Daron Jones Albums 112 Room 112 Part III Hot & Wet Pleasure & Pain Singles `` Only You '' `` Come See Me '' `` Cupid '' `` Love Me '' `` Anywhere '' `` Love You Like I Did '' `` Your Letter '' `` It 's Over Now '' `` Peaches & Cream '' `` Dance with Me '' `` Na Na Na Na '' `` Hot & Wet '' `` Right Here for U '' `` U Already Know '' `` What If '' Featured singles `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` All Cried Out '' `` Sky 's the Limit '' `` Right Here Waiting '' See also Discography Bad Boy Records The Lox Jadakiss Sheek Louch Styles P Studio albums Money , Power & Respect ( 1998 ) We Are the Streets ( 2000 ) Filthy America ... It 's Beautiful ( 2016 ) Compilations No Security ( 2009 ) EPs The Trinity ( 2013 ) The Trinity 2nd Sermon ( 2014 ) Singles `` If You Think I 'm Jiggy '' `` Money , Power & Respect '' `` We 'll Always Love Big Poppa '' `` Ryde or Die , Bitch '' Featured singles `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' Other songs `` 24 Hrs. to Live '' See also Discography Ruff Ryders Entertainment Bad Boy Records Wu Block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Be_Missing_You&oldid=843387670 '' Categories : Sean Combs songs Faith Evans songs 112 ( band ) songs 1997 singles Bad Boy Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Hype Williams Songs written by Sting ( musician ) Songs in memory of deceased persons Contemporary R&B ballads 1990s ballads 1997 songs Songs written by Faith Evans Gospel songs Songs about death Songs inspired by deaths Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 errors : dates CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from October 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 20 : 37 . 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Lela Rochon

Lela Rochon - wikipedia Lela Rochon Jump to : navigation , search Lela Rochon Rochon with husband Antoine Fuqua at the 2007 Shooter Film Premiere . Lela Rochon Staples ( 1964 - 04 - 17 ) April 17 , 1964 ( age 53 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education Cerritos High School California State University , Dominguez Hills Occupation Actress Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Adolfo Quiñones ( m . 1982 -- 87 ) Antoine Fuqua ( m . 1999 ) Children Lela Rochon ( born Lela Rochon Staples ; April 17 , 1964 ) is an American actress , best known for her breakthrough role as Robin Stokes in the 1995 romantic drama film Waiting to Exhale . She later had starring roles in films The Chamber ( 1996 ) , Gang Related ( 1997 ) , Knock Off ( 1998 ) , and Why Do Fools Fall in Love ( 1998 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early works 2.2 Breakthrough 2.3 2000s - present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Rochon was born in Los Angeles , California , the daughter of Zelma , a nurse practitioner , and Samuel Staples , a business owner and graphic artist , who are both of Haitian descent . She graduated Cerritos High School in Cerritos , California . She attended California State University , Dominguez Hills where she earned a BA in Broadcast Journalism , with minors in Sociology and Theatre . Career ( edit ) Early works ( edit ) From 1986 to 1988 , while attending college , Rochon was one of the `` Spudettes '' featured in over 30 national spots for the Spuds Mckenzie Budweiser / Bud Light TV commercials . She also appeared in the 1985 made - for - television film A Bunny 's Tale starring Kirstie Alley and Delta Burke , based on Gloria Steinem 's experiences as a Playboy Bunny . She appeared as the love interest of Gerald Levert in the video for `` My Forever Love '' by Levert , and in Luther Vandross 's `` It 's Over Now '' video . She also appeared in the music video for Lionel Richie 's single `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' , in Al B. Sure 's video for the song `` Natalie ''. , and in Tupac Shakur 's video `` I Get Around as one of the female dancers . She had many guest starring roles in a number of sitcoms , include The Cosby Show , Amen , 227 , The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , and Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper . Rochon made her film debut in 1985 , when she starred opposite Fred Williamson in Fox Trap . In 1987 , she played the role of Debby in the film The Wild Pair , starring Beau Bridges and Bubba Smith . In 1989 , Rochon acted opposite Eddie Murphy in 1989 's Harlem Nights , as the memorable `` Sunshine '' character . She again worked with Murphy in the successful 1992 romantic comedy , Boomerang . In 1995 , she was regular cast member during the first season of The WB sitcom , The Wayans Bros . Breakthrough ( edit ) Rochon ' biggest break came in 1995 , when she landed one of the lead roles opposite Whitney Houston , Angela Bassett and Loretta Devine in the adaptation of the Terry McMillan novel and highly successful drama film Waiting to Exhale . She played the character Robin Stokes , for which she was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture . Rochon was chosen by People magazine as one of the `` 50 most beautiful people in the world '' in 1996 . In 1996 , Rochon starred opposite Timothy Hutton in the Showtime cable network film Mr. and Mrs. Loving , receiving a Cable Ace Award nomination for Best Actress . Later that year , she played the female lead in the crime thriller film The Chamber . The following year , she starred alongside Jim Belushi and Tupac Shakur in the crime thriller Gang Related . In 1998 , Rochon had the leading role alongside Halle Berry and Vivica A. Fox in the romantic drama Why Do Fools Fall in Love , and well starred in Knock Off with Jean - Claude Van Damme , and The Big Hit , as love interest to Mark Wahlberg 's leading character . In 1999 , she appeared in Any Given Sunday directed by Oliver Stone . In 2001 , Rochon made her return to television with one of leading roles alongside Bonnie Bedelia , Nancy McKeon , Tracey Needham , and Lisa Vidal in the Lifetime crime drama series , The Division . She left the series after single season . 2000s - present ( edit ) In 2004 , Rochon co-starred opposite Katie Holmes in the romantic comedy film First Daughter . In 2009 , she had cameo in crime drama Brooklyn 's Finest directed by her husband , Antoine Fuqua . In 2013 , she played one of leading roles in Regina King 's directorial debut Let The Church Say Amen , the film adaptation of ReShonda Tate Billingsley 's 2005 novel for BET . She later had roles in films Supremacy ( 2014 ) with Danny Glover and Derek Luke , and Reversion ( 2015 ) , playing Aja Naomi King 's character 's mother . Personal life ( edit ) Rochon was married to actor Shabba - Doo from 1982 to 1987 . In 1999 , she married film director Antoine Fuqua . Together , they have two children , Asia and Brando . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Breakin ' Extra Uncredited 1984 Breakin ' 2 : Electric Boogaloo Dancer 1985 A Bunny 's Tale Charlotte Television film 1986 Foxtrap Lindy 1986 Stewardess School School Instructor The Wild Pair Debby Into the Homeland Exquisite Woman Harlem Nights Sunshine 1991 Extralarge : Black and White Wendy 1992 Boomerang Christie 1993 The Meteor Man Vanessa 1995 Waiting to Exhale Robin Stokes Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated -- NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Mr. and Mrs. Loving Mildred Loving Television film Nominated -- CableACE Award for Outstanding Actress in a Movie or Miniseries The Chamber Nora Stark 1997 Gang Related Cynthia Webb 1997 Legal Deceit Sydney Banks 1998 Ruby Bridges Lucielle ' Lucy ' Bridges Television film 1998 The Big Hit Chantel 1998 Knock Off Karen Lee 1998 Why Do Fools Fall in Love Emira Eagle 1999 Any Given Sunday Vanessa Struthers 1999 The Charlotte Austin Story Charlotte Austin Also executive producer 2000 Labor Pains Lulu Brown First Daughter Liz Pappas 2006 Running Out of Time in Hollywood 2009 Balancing the Books Sharlene Also executive producer 2009 Brooklyn 's Finest Investigator Cameo Blood Done Sign My Name Roseanna Allen 2013 Let the Church Say Amen Loretta Jackson Television film 2014 Supremacy Odessa 2015 Reversion Maya Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Facts of Life Diana Episode : `` The Greek Connection '' The Cosby Show Veronica Episode : `` The Shower '' Amen Young Bride Episode : `` Wedding Bell Blues '' 1990 21 Jump Street Denise Price Episode : `` Change of Heart '' 1990 227 Leslie Episode : `` Gone Fishing '' 1990 1st & Ten Joy Brock Episode : `` Do n't Powerburst My Bubble '' 1991 Generations Brandy Alexander Recurring role 1991 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Cindy Episode : `` Will Gets a Job '' 1992 Homefront Mary Louise Episode : `` At Your Age '' 1992 Roc Carol Episode : `` Roc Throws Joey Out '' 1992 Tales from the Crypt Mercedes Episode : `` Werewolf Concerto '' 1993 Out All Night Victoria Episode : `` Mall in the Family '' 1993 The Sinbad Show Denise Episode : `` Pilot '' Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper Denise Episode : `` The Courtship of Mark Cooper '' 1995 The Wayans Bros . Lisa Series regular , 13 episodes 1997 The Outer Limits Beth Carter Episode : `` The Awakening '' The Division Inspector Angela Reide Series regular , 22 episodes 2011 Reed Between the Lines Sherri Episode : `` Let 's Talk About Affairs '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett Reaches a Stellar Groove at Last '' . The Los Angeles Times . 1996 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Model , Movies , and Most Beautiful '' . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lela Rochon Biography ( 1964 ? - ) . Filmreference.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 1998 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Levert . `` My Forever Love '' . music video . mtv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sure ! , Al B. `` Natalie '' . music video . mtv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Tony Scott . `` The Wayans Bros . '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lela Rochon '' . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lela Rochon '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Tambay A. Obenson ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Steve Harris , Naturi Naughton , Lela Rochon Headline Regin - Shadow and Act '' . Shadow and Act . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Tambay A. Obenson ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Deon Taylor 's Racially - Charged Thriller ' Supremacy ' Picke - Shadow and Act '' . Shadow and Act . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Danny Glover Supremacy U.S. Distribution - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Tambay A. Obenson ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE Trailer & Poster : Aja Naomi King Headlines Sci - - Shadow and Act '' . Shadow and Act . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lela Rochon on IMDb VIAF : 74050940 LCCN : no97049488 ISNI : 0000 0000 7841 022X SUDOC : 079010725 BNF : cb140269242 ( data ) IATH : w6z61jmn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lela_Rochon&oldid=790464151 '' Categories : 1964 births American film actresses Actresses of Haitian descent American television actresses Living people People from Cerritos , California Actresses from Los Angeles 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 22 : 37 . 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Camelback Ranch

Camelback Ranch - wikipedia Camelback Ranch Camelback Ranch - Glendale View from Right Field , Camelback Ranch , Phoenix , Az . Location 10712 W. Camelback Road Phoenix , AZ 85037 33 ° 30 ′ 51 '' N 112 ° 17 ′ 45 '' W  /  33.51417 ° N 112.29583 ° W  / 33.51417 ; - 112.29583 Capacity 13,000 : 10,000 seats , 3,000 berm ( grass ) seats . Record attendance 13,583 March 27 , 2010 Seattle Mariners vs . Los Angeles Dodgers Field size Left Field -- 345 feet ( 105 m ) Left - Center -- 380 feet ( 116 m ) Center Field -- 410 feet ( 125 m ) Right - Center -- 380 feet ( 116 m ) Right Field -- 345 feet ( 105 m ) Surface grass Construction Built 2008 -- 2009 Opened March 1 , 2009 Construction cost US $ 121 million Architect HKS Tenants Los Angeles Dodgers ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 2009 -- present ) Chicago White Sox ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 2009 -- present ) Arizona League Dodgers ( Arizona League ) ( 2009 -- present ) Glendale Desert Dogs ( 2013 -- present ) Press boxes and suites at Camelback Ranch . This is a fish stocked lake that separates the White Sox and Dodgers training fields at Camelback Ranch , Phoenix , Arizona Camelback Ranch -- Glendale is a stadium in Phoenix , Arizona owned by the city of Glendale , Arizona and operated by Camelback Spring Training LLC . It is the spring training home of the Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago White Sox . The stadium holds 13,000 people . Camelback Ranch replaces Holman Stadium in Vero Beach , Florida as the Dodgers ' spring training home , and Tucson Electric Park in Tucson , Arizona as the White Sox spring training home . The park is also home to the Arizona League Dodgers , who moved to Camelback Ranch with the Major League team in 2009 . The Arizona League White Sox play there as of 2014 , after the White Sox rejoined the Arizona rookie circuit . The stadium name is derived from the longstanding name of the property it is built on . Roger Bossard , White Sox head groundskeeper , designed and put in all of the fields for the Dodgers and the White Sox . During the park 's first year , Dodgers fans noted and expressed their dismay at the absence of the Dodger Dog at the ballpark concession stands . The following season , Dodger Dogs began to be sold at the ballpark . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ranch novelties 3 Notes 4 External links History ( edit ) Camelback Ranch opened on March 1 , 2009 for the spring training home opener between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Chicago White Sox . The Dodgers took a 2 -- 0 lead into the top ninth until the White Sox came back to defeat them 3 -- 2 . ( Attendance : 11,280 ) In 2015 , the Dodgers drew 147,066 fans to their 15 spring training games at Camelback Ranch ( an average of just over 9,804 per game ) , setting a new franchise spring training record . Prior to the 2018 Spring Training season , two separate roof panels were installed on the 1st base side to cover fans from the sun . Ranch novelties ( edit ) 10,000 - plus seats , 3,000 bermed grass seating . There are 8 full suites , 4 mini-suites , a press box , a suite - level party deck , and a series of outfield terraces that create party areas . A fish - stocked lake that separates the Dodgers and White Sox training facilities and offers aesthetic beauty and irrigation to complex landscaping and playing fields . Over 5,000 plants and trees . Stadium playing field sunken 12 feet below grade to improve sightlines . A mixture of architectural touches -- natural stone veneers , tri-color faux staining , rusty metal panels , Gabion ( rock ) retaining walls , earth - tone ( caramel ) stadium seat color , and other appointments -- that blend with the natural desert colors of Arizona . Additionally , construction utilizes sweeps and angles instead of a big - box look . Main entrance ( Pavilion ) in center field . Asymmetrical team support buildings . Orange grove . Replica home fields ( Dodger Stadium , Guaranteed Rate Field ) 12 practice diamonds and three practice infields Access tunnels for players to enter the stadium from their clubhouses . Bandstand for pre-game entertainment Walk of Fame along the water feature . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.azcentral.com/community/glendale/articles/2009/12/11/20091211gl-ballpark1211-ON.html Jump up ^ `` Glendale 's ballpark gets a name : Camelback Ranch '' . Arizona Republic . 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bill Plaschke ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Dodgers ' new spring home in Phoenix is a site to behold '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Dodgers set spring training franchise attendance record '' . truebluela.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Camelback Ranch Ballpark Official Site Los Angeles Dodgers : Camelback Ranch Preceded by Tucson Electric Park Home of the Chicago White Sox Spring Training 2009 -- present Succeeded by Current Preceded by Holman Stadium Home of the Los Angeles Dodgers Spring Training 2009 -- present Succeeded by Current Chicago White Sox Established in 1888 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Owners and executives Managers Players Opening Day starting pitchers first - round draft picks Broadcasters Team records Award winners No - hitters Ballparks South Side Park Comiskey Park Guaranteed Rate Field Spring training : * Recreation Park Palm Springs Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium Tucson Electric Park Camelback Ranch Culture Andy the Clown Armour Square / Bridgeport Black Sox Scandal Curse of the Black Sox Eight Men Out Field of Dreams Shoeless Joe ( novel ) Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Gene Honda `` Let 's Go , Go - Go White Sox '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' Nancy Faust Nicknames Only The Lonely Ribbie and Roobarb The Sodfather Southpaw Sox -- 35th The Stratton Story `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Turn Back the Clock White Flag Trade Lore 1994 bat burglary 2008 Blackout Game 2015 crowdless game Disco Demolition Night The Hitless Wonders Perfect games Charlie Robertson Mark Buehrle Philip Humber South Side Hitmen Winning Ugly Rivalries Chicago Cubs Key personnel Chairman : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice Chairman : Eddie Einhorn Executive Vice President : Ken Williams General Manager : Rick Hahn Special Assistant to the GM : Jim Thome Manager : Rick Renteria World Series championships ( 3 ) 1906 1917 2005 American League championships ( 6 ) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Division championships ( 5 ) West : 1983 1993 Central : 2000 2005 2008 Minor league affiliates Charlotte Knights ( AAA ) Birmingham Barons ( AA ) Winston - Salem Dash ( A Adv . ) Kannapolis Intimidators ( A ) Great Falls Voyagers ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL White Sox ( Rookie ) DSL White Sox ( Rookie ) Media NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN9 / CW50 ) WGN Radio White Sox Radio Network ESPN Deportes 1220 AM Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Los Angeles Dodgers Established in 1884 Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise History in Brooklyn History in Los Angeles Seasons Award winners Records No - hitters Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Coaches Broadcasters Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network SportsNet LA Hall of Famers Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Washington Park Eastern Park Ridgewood Park Washington Park Ebbets Field Roosevelt Stadium Proposed domed stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Dodger Stadium Spring training : Whittington Park Majestic Park Barrs Field Tinker Field Clearwater Athletic Field City Island Ball Park Gran Stadium de La Habana Holman Stadium Camelback Ranch Culture Dodger Dog The First Rick Monday saves the American flag Chavez Ravine Dodger blue `` I Love L.A. '' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Sandy Koufax 's perfect game `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' NL tie - breaker games / series 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers Guerrero DSL Dodgers Robinson Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Current stadiums of the Cactus League Camelback Ranch Goodyear Ballpark Hohokam Stadium Maryvale Baseball Park Peoria Sports Complex Salt River Fields at Talking Stick Scottsdale Stadium Sloan Park Surprise Stadium Tempe Diablo Stadium Current ballparks in the Arizona League Camelback Ranch Fitch Park Maryvale Baseball Park Peoria Sports Complex Scottsdale Stadium Sloan Park Surprise Stadium Tempe Diablo Stadium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camelback_Ranch&oldid=840405734 '' Categories : Minor league baseball venues Cactus League venues Spring training ballparks Los Angeles Dodgers spring training venues Chicago White Sox spring training venues Sports in Glendale , Arizona Baseball venues in Arizona 2009 establishments in Arizona Sports venues completed in 2009 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 17 : 40 . 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Haugen

Haugen - wikipedia Haugen Jump to : navigation , search Haugen is a Norwegian surname and place name frequently used for farm homesteads . Haugen derives from the old Norse word haugr meaning tiny hill , small grassy knoll , or mound . Derivatives also include the Norwegian surnames Haugan and Hauge . Haugen can refer to : People ( edit ) Haugen ( surname ) Places ( edit ) United States Haugen Township , Aitkin County , Minnesota Haugen , Wisconsin Other ( edit ) Båthaugen - Site of the Tune ship in Rolvsøy in Tune , Østfold , Norway Borrehaugene - Norwegian national park in Horten , Vestfold , Norway Flagghaugen - Avaldsnes burial site on Karmøy in Rogaland , Norway Gamlehaugen - Mansion in Bergen , Norway and residence of the Norwegian Royal Family in the city Gokstadhaugen - Burial mound in Sandefjord , Vestfold , Norway Haraldshaugen - Norwegian national monument in Haugesund , Norway Karnilshaugen - Site of Karnils burial mound in Gloppen , Sogn og Fjordane , Norway Maihaugen - Large open - air museum located in Lillehammer , Norway Oseberghaugen - Viking era grave site located in Tønsberg , Norway St. Hanshaugen Park - Public park in Oslo , Norway Tinghaugen - Site of an early Norwegian court in Frosta , Nord - Trøndelag , Norway Troldhaugen - Residence of Edvard Grieg in Bergen , Norway Trollhaugen - a ski resort in Dresser , Wis . Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Haugen . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haugen&oldid=837178572 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 06 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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List of North Korean missile tests

List of North Korean missile tests - wikipedia List of North Korean missile tests Jump to : navigation , search North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Events Missile tests 1993 2006 2009 2013 2014 2017 Nuclear tests 2006 ( reactions ) 2009 ( reactions ) 2013 ( reactions ) January 2016 ( reactions ) September 2016 ( reactions ) 2017 See also 2017 North Korea crisis Korean People 's Army Korean People 's Army Strategic Force Punggye - ri Nuclear Test Site Ryanggang explosion Songun Yongbyon North Korean missiles launched over Japan There have been a number of North Korean missile tests . North Korea has also fired a number of short - range missiles into the Sea of Japan ( East Sea of Korea ) , in what have been interpreted as political gestures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline 2 Events related to Missile Tests 2.1 2016 2.2 2017 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Timeline ( edit ) Year Information 1976 - 81 North Korea commences its missile development program using Scud - B from the Soviet Union and a launchpad from Egypt . 1984 First Scud - B missile test firing . Operational deployment of Scud - B and Scud - C missiles . First Rodong missile test . 1993 1993 North Korean missile test - ( May 29 / 30 , 1993 ) - Nodong 1998 North Korea fires off its first ballistic missile , the Unha - 1 rocket , also known as the Taepodong - 1 missile , from the launch site of Musudan - ri in North Hamgyong Province . 1999 North Korea agrees to a moratorium on long - range missile tests . 2002 North Korea pledges to extend moratorium on missile tests beyond 2003 . North Korea reaffirms moratorium . 2005 North Korea fires short - range missile into Sea of Japan . 2006 2006 North Korean missile test - ( July 5 , 2006 ) - Taepodong - 2 failed 2009 Failed orbit of the Kwangmyongsong - 2 satellite aboard an Unha - 2 carrier rocket ( April 5 , 2009 ) 2009 2009 North Korean missile test ( July 4 , 2009 ) 2012 Failed launch of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 satellite aboard an Unha - 3 carrier rocket ( April 13 , 2012 ) 2012 Successful launch of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 Unit 2 satellite aboard a three stage rocket ( December 12 , 2012 ) 2013 2013 North Korean missile tests ( May 18 -- 20 , 2013 - part of 2013 Korean crisis ) 2014 2014 North Korean missile tests ( March 2014 ) including Nodong , success 2015 North Korea claims to launch a missile from a submarine ( May 2015 ) 2016 Successful launch of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 4 satellite ( February 7 , 2016 ) 2016 Test of engine designed for an intercontinental ballistic missile ( April 2016 ) 2016 North Korea claims to launch a Pukkuksong - 1 missile capable of striking the United States ( August 2016 ) . The missile is a Submarine - launched ballistic missile . 2016 Failed North Korean ballistic missile launch ( October 15 , 2016 ) - 2016 Failed launch of an intermediate - range missile ( October 19 , 2016 ) 2017 North Korea test - fired a Pukguksong - 2 missile over the Sea of Japan . This was the first launch of the new medium - range ballistic missile ( February 11 , 2017 ) . 2017 North Korea launches four ballistic missiles from the Tongchang - ri launch site in the northwest . Some flew 620 mi ( 1,000 km ) before falling into the Sea of Japan . ( March 6 , 2017 ) 2017 North Korea test - fired a medium - range ballistic missile from its eastern port of Sinpo into the Sea of Japan ( April 4 , 2017 ) 2017 North Korea test - fired an unidentified land - based missile from the naval base in Sinpo but it exploded almost immediately after the takeoff ( April 15 , 2017 ) . 2017 North Korea test - fired an unidentified missile from Pukchang airfield ( April 28 , 2017 ) . Missile , believed to be a medium - range KN - 17 ballistic missile , falters and breaks apart minutes after liftoff . 2017 North Korea test - fired a Hwasong - 12 missile from a test site in the area of Kusong ( May 13 , 2017 ) . The missile , later revealed to be an intermediate range ballistic missile , traveled 30 minutes , reached an altitude of more than 2,111.5 km , and flew a horizontal distance of 789 km ( 489 miles ) , before falling into the Sea of Japan . Such a missile would have a range of at least 4,000 , reaching Guam , to 6,000 km . 2017 North Korea test - fired another Pukguksong - 2 medium - range ballistic missile from Pukchang airfield ( May 21 , 2017 ) , which traveled approximately 300 miles before falling into the Sea of Japan . The missile landed about 217 miles from North Korea 's east coast . 2017 North Korea fired a Short Range Ballistic Missile into the Sea of Japan ( May 29 , 2017 ) . It traveled 450 km . 2017 North Korea fired several missiles into the Sea of Japan ( June 8 , 2017 ) . They are believed to be anti-ship missiles . The South Korean military said the launches show the reclusive regime 's `` precise targeting capability . '' 2017 North Korea tested a new rocket engine that could possibly be fitted to an intercontinental ballistic missile ( June 23 , 2017 ) . 2017 North Korea tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) named Hwasong - 14 on July 4 . It launched from the Panghyon Aircraft Factory 8 km southeast of Panghyon Airport . It was aimed straight up at a lofted trajectory and reached more than 2,500 km into space . It landed 37 minutes later , more than 930 km from its launch site , into Japan 's exclusive economic zone . Aiming long , the missile would have traveled 7,000 - 8,000 km or more , reaching Alaska , Hawaii , and maybe Seattle . Its operational range would be farther , bringing a 500 kg payload to targets in most of the contiguous United States 9,700 km away . 2017 The 14th missile test carried out by North Korea in 2017 was another ICBM launched at 23 : 41 North Korea time ( 15 : 41 GMT ) from Chagang Province in the north of the country on July 28 , 2017 . Los Angeles , Denver , Chicago , Boston , and New York appear to be within range . The missile 's reentry vehicle ( RV ) was seen by people in Japan as it entered the atmosphere and landed near the northernmost Japanese island , Hokkaido . Analysis later revealed that the RV broke up on re-entry ; further testing would be required . The CIA made an assessment expecting adequate performance of the RV under the different stresses of a shallower trajectory towards the continental US . 2017 North Korea test fires three short range ballistic missiles from the Kangwon province on August 26 . Two travel approximately 250 kilometers in a northeastern direction and one explodes immediately after launch . 2017 On August 29 , 2017 , at 6 AM local time , North Korea launched a ballistic missile over Northern Japan . The missile 's short and low trajectory and its breakup into three pieces is consistent with the failure of a heavy post-boost vehicle . 2017 North Korea launched a ballistic missile on September 15 from Sunan airfield . It reached a height of 770 km and flew a distance of 3,700 km for 17 minutes over Hokkaido before landing in the Pacific . North Korean rockets flown over the Japanese archipelago No . Date Model Area flown over Advance notice North Korean claim Satellite name August 31 , 1998 Taepodong - 1 Akita No Satellite launch Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 1 April 5 , 2009 Unha - 2 Akita , Iwate Yes Satellite launch Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 2 December 12 , 2012 Unha - 3 Okinawa Yes Satellite launch Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 February 7 , 2016 Kwangmyŏngsŏng ( Unha - 3 ) Okinawa Yes Satellite launch Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 4 5 August 29 , 2017 Hwasong - 12 Hokkaido No Missile launch N / A 6 September 15 , 2017 Hwasong - 12 Hokkaido No Missile launch N / A Events related to missile tests ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) On February 7 , 2016 , roughly a month after an alleged hydrogen bomb test , North Korea claimed to have put a satellite into low Earth orbit . Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe had warned the North to not launch the rocket , and if it did and the rocket violated Japanese territory , it would be shot down . Nevertheless , North Korea launched the rocket anyway , claiming the satellite was purely intended for peaceful , scientific purposes . Several nations , including the United States , Japan , and South Korea , have criticized the launch , and despite North Korean claims that the rocket was for peaceful purposes , it has been heavily criticized as an attempt to perform an ICBM test under the guise of a peaceful satellite launch . China also criticized the launch , however urged `` the relevant parties '' to `` refrain from taking actions that may further escalate tensions on the Korean peninsula '' . While some North Korean pronouncements have been treated with skepticism and ridicule , analysts treated the unusual pace of North Korean rocket and nuclear testing in early 2016 quite seriously . Admiral Bill Gortney , head of the North American Aerospace Defense Command , told Congress in March 2016 , `` It 's the prudent decision on my part to assume that ( Kim Jong Un ) has the capability to miniaturize a nuclear weapon and put it on an ICBM , '' suggesting a major shift from a few years earlier . North Korea appeared to launch a missile test from a submarine on April 23 , 2016 ; while the missile only traveled 30 km , one U.S. analyst noted that `` North Korea 's sub launch capability has gone from a joke to something very serious '' . North Korea conducted multiple missile tests in 2016 . 2017 ( edit ) On August 29 , 2017 United Nations Secretary - General António Guterres has condemned the latest North Korea Ballistic Missile Launch and termed it as violation of relevant UN Security Council resolutions , as According to press reports , early Tuesday morning , the North Korea Ballistic Missile travelled some 2,700 kilometers , flying over Japan before crashing into the Pacific Ocean . On September 3 , 2017 , North Korea claimed to have successfully tested a thermonuclear bomb , also known as a hydrogen bomb . Corresponding seismic activity similar to an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 was reported by the USGS making the blast around 10 times more powerful than previous detonations by the country . Later the bomb yield was estimated to be 250 kilotons , based on further study of the seismic data . The test was reported to be `` a perfect success '' . See also ( edit ) North Korea portal Weapons of mass destruction portal North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Korean War Korean People 's Army Foreign relations of North Korea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` North Korea launches short - range missiles '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` S. Korea Says North Launches Short - Range Missiles '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea fires projectile into waters off eastern coast '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea fires sixth missile in three days '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Timeline of North Korea 's Missile Launches and Nuclear Detonations '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . 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Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Ju - min ; Kim , Jack ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` N. Korea test - fires missile into sea ahead of Trump - Xi summit '' . Reuters India . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea 's attempted missile launch explodes on liftoff , U.S. officials say '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tokyo , Tom Phillips Justin McCurry in ; agencies ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea launches missile but test ends in failure '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hancocks , Paula ; Starr , Barbara ; Almasy , Steve ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` North Korean missile test fails , US and South Korea say '' . CNN . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ; Sanger , David E. ; Broad , William J. ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` North Korean Missile Launch Fails , and a Show of Strength Fizzles '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea Test - Fires Another Missile , Heightening Tensions With U.S. '' . April 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.wtol.com/story/35273991/seoul-n-korea-fails-in-missile-test-fire-near-its-capital ^ Jump up to : Wright , David . `` North Korea 's Missile in New Test Would Have 4,500 km Range '' . All Things Nuclear . Union of Concerned Scientists . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ju - min Park ; Idrees Ali ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea fires missile that lands in sea near Russia '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pyongyang 's short - range ballistic missile flies 450 km , lands in Sea of Japan -- S. Korean military '' . RT International . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea Fires More Missiles as Seoul Puts Off U.S. Defense System '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea tests new missile engine , US officials say '' . BBC News . June 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stella Kim ; Alastair Jamieson ; Courtney Kube ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea Tested Intercontinental Ballistic Missile , U.S. Officials Believe '' . NBC News . Comcast . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea hails ' successful ICBM ' test of Hwasong - 14 '' . BBC News . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea 's Hwasong - 14 Missile Launch Site Identified : The Panghyon Aircraft Factory '' . 38 North . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . 39.872126 N 125.269258 E Jump up ^ Kubo , Nobuhiro ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea missile ' greatly exceeded ' altitude of 2,500 km : Japan Defense Ministry '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , David . `` North Korea Appears to Launch Missile with 6,700 km Range '' . All Things Nuclear . Union of Concerned Scientists . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee Chi - dong ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` ( 3rd LD ) N. Korea fires ballistic missile into East Sea '' . Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Christine ; Kim , Jack ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea says first intercontinental ballistic missile test successful '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , John . `` North Korea Finally Tests an ICBM '' . 38 North . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brunnstrom , David ; Kim , Christine ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea says tests first ICBM ; experts say Alaska within range '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N. Korea likely to have operational ICBM capable of striking U.S. West Coast next year or two : U.S. expert '' . Yonhap New Agency . July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 4th LD ) Seoul confirms N. Korean ICBM test , sees ' high ' possibility of nuke test '' . Yonhap News Agency . July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , John . `` What is True and Not True About North Korea 's Hwasong - 14 ICBM : A Technical Evaluation '' . 38 North . Johns Hopkins . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jeffrey . `` Forget Alaska . North Korea Might Soon Be Able to Nuke New York . '' . Daily Beast . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/25/asia/north-korea-fires-projectile/index.html Jump up ^ Reuters ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea fires missile over Japan '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elleman , Michael ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea 's Hwasong - 12 Launch : A Disturbing Development '' . 38 North . The US - Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea ' fires missile from Pyongyang ' '' . BBC . 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea fires long - range rocket despite warnings '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Analysts Are n't Laughing At These Silly North Korean Photos '' . NPR . March 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . 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External links ( edit ) Chronology of U.S. - North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy , by the Arms Control Association Missiles of North Korea Short - range KN - 2 OTR - 21 Tochka Persian Gulf ( missile ) Fateh - 110 Luna - M Luna Hwasong - 5 Hwasong - 6 Medium - range Rodong - 1 Hwasong - 10 Pukguksong - 2 Intermediate - range Hwasong - 10 Hwasong - 12 KN - 08 Taepodong - 1 ICBM KN - 08 Hwasong - 14 Taepodong - 2 SLBM Pukkuksong - 1 Cruise missiles KN - 19 Kumsong - 3 \ 4 KN - 09 ( Local variant of Kh - 35 ) C - 602 C - 802 P - 35 P - 15 KN - 1 Silkworm KN - 1 Anti-ship missiles KN - 19 Kumsong - 3 \ 4 KN - 09 ( Local variant of Kh - 35 ) C - 602 C - 802 Kh - 28 P - 35 P - 15 KN - 1 Silkworm KN - 1 Surface - to - air missiles KN - 06 S - 200 S - 25 Berkut S - 75 Dvina S - 125 Neva / Pechora Buk Kub Krug Air to air missiles R / K - 13 R - 23 / 24 R - 60 R - 73 / 74 R - 27 R - 4 R - 40 R / K - 8 K - 9 R - 38 Anti-tank guided missiles AT - 1 AT - 2 AT - 3 Susong - Po AT - 4 Bulsae - 2 AT - 5 Bulsae - 3 AT - 6 AT - 7 Air to ground missiles Kh - 23 AS - 8 Kh - 28 Kh - 25 Kh - 29 KN - 09 ( Local variant of Kh - 35 ) Anti-ship ballistic missiles Persian Gulf ( missile ) Fateh - 110 Artillery rockets and MRLs KN - 09 M - 1991 M1985 BM - 24 BMD - 20 BM - 11 M - 1985 Type 63 Missile tests 1993 2006 2009 2013 2014 2017 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Main topics Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program Nuclear power in North Korea Agreed Framework Six - party talks Japan -- North Korea Pyongyang Declaration Sanctions against North Korea 2017 North Korea crisis Missile tests 1993 2006 2009 2013 2014 2017 Nuclear tests 2006 reactions 2009 reactions 2013 reactions January 2016 reactions September 2016 reactions 2017 Facilities Punggye - ri Nuclear Test Site Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization UN resolutions 825 1695 1718 1874 1928 1985 2087 2094 2270 2321 2371 2375 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_North_Korean_missile_tests&oldid=802193871 '' Categories : Military history of North Korea Nuclear program of North Korea 2010s in North Korea North Korea - related lists North Korea -- South Korea relations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Português 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 16 : 04 . 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Ken Marino

Ken Marino - wikipedia Ken Marino Jump to : navigation , search Ken Marino Marino in 2014 Kenneth Joseph Marino ( 1968 - 12 - 19 ) December 19 , 1968 ( age 48 ) West Islip , New York , United States Occupation Actor , comedian , writer , director Years active 1992 -- present Spouse ( s ) Erica Oyama Children Kenneth Joseph `` Ken '' Marino ( born December 19 , 1968 ) is an American actor , comedian , director , and screenwriter . He was a cast member on MTV 's The State and has starred in shows such as Party Down , Marry Me , Burning Love , Brooklyn Nine - Nine and Childrens Hospital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Other projects 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Marino was born in West Islip , New York , to an Italian - American family . He studied at the Lee Strasberg Institute and Tisch School of the Arts at New York University in New York City . Career ( edit ) Marino had early success on television as a member of a comedy troupe on the MTV sketch comedy series ' The State in 1993 , of which he was also a founding member . Marino co-starred with Rob Schneider in the second season of Men Behaving Badly . He starred in the short lived series First Years in 2001 . He had a recurring role as Prof. Wilder on the TV series Dawson 's Creek ( 2001 -- 2002 ) and in You Wrote It , You Watch It ( 1992 ) . He made multiple appearances on Charmed and Rock Me Baby , and appeared in three seasons of Veronica Mars as private detective Vinnie Van Lowe . He was cast to star in a re-make of the TV series The Courtship of Eddie 's Father , but the pilot was not picked up . Instead , he was cast in the Starz original series Party Down . He also starred as a homosexual demon on the TV series Reaper . He played Dr. Glenn Richie in the satirical television series Childrens Hospital . Marino also played Captain ' CJ ' Stentley on the show Brooklyn Nine - Nine . Marino also made guest appearances in Will & Grace ( in the season 3 episode , `` Three 's a Crowd , Six Is a Freakshow '' ) , Angel ( season 1 ) , Reno 911 ! ( Season 1 , Episode 2 and Season 3 , Episode 3 ) , Stella ( season 1 ) , Grey 's Anatomy ( season 2 ) , Monk ( in season 3 's `` Mr. Monk Takes His Medicine '' ) , Private Practice ( season 3 ) , and Happy Endings ( season 2 , episode 10 , `` The Shrink , the Dare , Her Date and Her Brother '' ) . Marino starred in 2004 's Love for Rent . He can also be seen in a non speaking role as the music producer / board operator in the pre-ride film that accompanies Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . He has appeared in Wet Hot American Summer , The Ten and Role Models , and had a cameo in the end of The Baxter . He also starred in the Hallmark Channel movie Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door in 2006 . In 2009 , he had a cameo in an episode of Californication . Marino wrote the screenplay for Diggers ( 2007 ) , a coming - of - age film set in mid-1970s Long Island , as well as co-writing / producing The Ten and Role Models with David Wain . Marino and Wain wrote the screenplay for the comedy film Wanderlust , which starred Paul Rudd and Jennifer Aniston , and was released in 2012 . Marino starred as Mark Orlando in the Yahoo ! web series Burning Love , a spoof of the TV series The Bachelor and The Bachelorette . The series was created by his wife Erica Oyama , while Marino also directed all three seasons . Afterwards , Marino starred opposite Casey Wilson on the NBC sitcom Marry Me , which ran for one season from 2014 to 2015 . Marino has also directed several episodes of the sitcoms The Goldbergs , Super Fun Night , and Trophy Wife . Personal life ( edit ) Marino is married to screenwriter Erica Oyama . They have a son , Riley Ken'ichi Marino and a daughter , Ruby . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1997 Gattaca Sequencing Technician 1999 Love Happens Mike Parker Carlo 's Wake Antonio Torello 2000 101 Ways ( The Things a Girl Will Do to Keep Her Volvo ) Officer Russotelli 2001 Wet Hot American Summer Victor Pulak Tortilla Soup Jeff Joe Somebody Rick Raglow 2005 The Baxter Jack Mechanic Hoodwinked ! Raccoon Jerry ( voice ) Love for Rent Dr. Neil Gardner 2006 Duncan Removed Ben Short film Diggers Lozo Also producer and writer 2007 The Ten Dr. Glenn Richie Also producer and writer Reno 911 ! : Miami Deaf Tattoo Artist 2008 Role Models Jim Stansel Also writer 2009 The Antagonist Party Host Short film Jeffie Was Here Roger 2012 Wanderlust Rick Gergenblatt Also producer and writer Struck by Lightning Dr. Wealer For a Good Time , Call ... Harold 2013 In a World ... Gustav Bad Milo ! Duncan We 're the Millers Todd 2014 They Came Together Tommy Veronica Mars Vinnie Van Lowe 2015 Goosebumps Coach Carr 2016 Masterminds Doug The Late Bloomer Dr. Hanson 2017 How to Be a Latin Lover Director 2017 The Babysitter Cole 's Dad Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes You Wrote It , You Watch It Various Series regular ( also writer ) 1993 -- 1995 The State Various Series regular ; 27 episodes ( also co-creator & writer ) Boston Common Bob Cabot Episode : `` Gobble , Gobble , Aggch ! '' ( 2x09 ) The Single Guy Big Tipper Episode : `` The Deepest Cut '' 1997 Spin City Dan Episode : `` Bye Bye Love '' ( 1x13 ) Men Behaving Badly Steve Cochrane Series regular ( season 2 ) ; 12 episodes 1998 Holding the Baby Mike Episode : `` Viva Las Gordy '' Conrad Bloom Ben Episode : `` The Ultimatum '' 1999 The Practice Kevin Michaels Episode : `` End Games '' ( 3x16 ) Nash Bridges Todd West Episode : `` Truth & Consequences '' 2000 Angel Wilson Christopher Episode : `` Expecting '' ( 1x12 ) Veronica 's Closet Wayne Episode : `` Veronica Sets Josh Up '' ( 3x18 ) Will & Grace Mark Episode : `` Three 's a Crowd , Six Is a Freak Show '' ( 3x10 ) 2001 First Years Miles Lawton Series regular ; 9 episodes ( 6 unaired ) 2001 -- 2002 Dawson 's Creek Professor David Wilder Recurring guest star ( season 5 ) ; 10 episodes 2002 Leap of Faith Andy 6 episodes Haunted Bob Pratt Episode : `` Fidelity '' Do Over Reuben Episode : `` The Anniversary '' Charmed Miles Recurring guest star ( season 5 ) ; 2 episodes 2003 Las Vegas Anton McCarren Episode : `` Jokers and Fools '' 2003 -- 2004 Rock Me Baby Kelly 3 episodes 2003 -- 2008 Reno 911 ! Various 3 episodes What I Like About You Dr. Brad Turner Recurring guest star ( season 2 ) ; 3 episodes Monk Lester Highsmith Episode : `` Mr. Monk Takes His Medicine '' NYPD Blue Det . Gerard Donnelly Episode : `` The 3 - H Club '' 2005 Inconceivable Peter Episode : `` Sex , Lies and Sonograms '' Stella Mr. Fabrizio Episode : `` Paper Route '' ( 1x05 ) 2005 -- 2007 Veronica Mars Vinnie Van Lowe Recurring ; 10 episodes 2006 Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door Mark Lucas TV movie Grey 's Anatomy Brad Ackles Episode : `` 17 Seconds '' ( 2x25 ) 2007 The Sarah Silverman Program Patient # 1 Episode : `` Joan of Arf '' 2008 CSI : Miami Alan Farris Episode : `` You May Now Kill the Bride '' 2008 -- 2009 Reaper Tony Series regular ; 9 episodes 2008 -- 2016 Childrens Hospital Dr. Glenn Richie / Just Falcon / Ron Donald / Glenn Series regular ; 69 episodes ( also writer ) 2009 United States of Tara Mike Connor Episode : `` Possibility '' Greek Camp Leader Episode : `` Take Me Home , Cyprus Rhodes '' In the Motherhood Shep 3 episodes Private Practice Mr. Larson Episode : `` The Way We Were '' ( 3x02 ) Californication Professor David Wilder Episode : `` So Here 's the Thing ... '' ( 3x07 ) 2009 -- 2010 Party Down Ronald Wayne `` Ron '' Donald Series regular ; 20 episodes 2011 -- 2013 Whitney Brian 2 episodes 2012 Happy Endings Richard `` Rick '' Rickman Episode : `` The Shrink , The Dare , Her Date and Her Brother '' ( 2x10 ) The Exes Brad ( Holly 's ex-fiance ) Episode : `` The Ex Always Rings Twice '' ( 1x10 ) Key and Peele Dreadlocked Guy Episode : `` Flicker '' The League Donny ' The Seed ' Sedowsky Episode : `` The Tailgate '' ( 4x06 ) 2013 Toy Story of Terror ! Pocketeer ( voice ) TV short Eastbound & Down Guy Young Recurring ( season 4 ) ; 8 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Drunk History Harry Houdini / Captain James Cook Episodes : `` Detroit '' ( 1x06 ) and `` Hawaii '' ( 2x07 ) 2013 -- 2015 Axe Cop Flute Cop / Fife Cop ( voice ) Series regular ; 16 episodes 2014 Trophy Wife Coach Dawson Episode : `` There 's No Guy in Team '' ( 1x20 ) ( also director ) Bad Teacher Mike Episode : `` Daddy Issues '' ( 1x02 ) Uncle Grandpa Christopher Columbus ( voice ) Episode : `` 1992 Called '' ( 1x27 ) Play It Again , Dick Himself Recurring ; 3 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Marry Me Jake Schuffman Series regular ; 18 episodes 2015 Togetherness Craig Weets Episode : `` Family Day '' ( 1x01 ) Golan the Insatiable Keith Knudsen Sr. ( voice ) Recurring role ; 2 episodes Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp Victor Pulak Main cast ; 5 episodes Maron Himself Episode : `` Spiral '' Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Himself Episode : `` Ken Marino Wears a Slim Gray Suit and Salmon Tie '' ( 4x27 ) 2015 -- 2017 Life in Pieces Will Episodes : `` Babe Secret Phone Germs '' ( 1x05 ) and `` # TBT : Y2K Sophia Honeymoon Critter '' ( 2x09 ) Fresh Off the Boat Gus 4 episodes 2016 Wander Over Yonder Phil ( voice ) Episode : `` The Family Reunion / The Rival '' Agent Carter Joseph Manfredi 5 episodes Vinyl Jackie Jervis 3 episodes House of Lies Mark Fielder Episodes : `` Creative Destruction Phenomenon '' ( 5x01 ) and `` Game Theory '' '' ( 5x02 ) Family Guy Quahog Mall Announcer ( voice ) Episode : `` The New Adventures of Old Tom '' ( 14x18 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine C.J. Recurring role ; 3 episodes 2016 -- 2017 iZombie Brant Stone 2 episodes Bob 's Burgers Agent Flanley / Jack Conway ( voice ) 2 episodes 2017 Speechless Ethan Episode : `` V-a-l - Valentine 's D-a - Day '' ( 1x14 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later Victor Pulak 7 episodes Other projects ( edit ) Year Project Role Notes 1999 Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Music Producer Short film 2007 -- 2012 Wainy Days Director , writer , actor Web series 2012 Krogzilla Regurgitor / Delivery Guy Web series 2012 -- 2013 Burning Love Mark Orlando Web series ; 29 episodes ( also director and executive producer ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ken Marino Biography ( 1968 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . December 19 , 1968 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Marino Interview at '' . Thecinemasource.com . January 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Marino Biography '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ken Marino on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Ken Marino Picture page '' . Superiorpics.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Ken Marino on IMDb Ken Marino Interview @ Heavy In The Streets Childrens ' Hospital streaming episodes on theWB Burning Love Streamy Awards Winners for Best Actor Performance 2009 : Neil Patrick Harris ( comedy ) / Alessandro Juliani ( drama ) 2010 : Zach Galifianakis ( comedy ) / Mark Gantt ( drama ) 2013 : Ken Marino ( comedy ) / Xander Berkeley ( drama ) 2014 : David Milchard ( comedy ) / Joey Graceffa ( drama ) 2015 : James Van Der Beek 2016 : Chris Kendall VIAF : 31666977 LCCN : no2002068328 ISNI : 0000 0001 1615 3763 GND : 141560118 BNF : cb16636665b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Marino&oldid=805935832 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male comedians American comedians American male film actors American male television actors American male screenwriters American television directors American television producers American television writers American people of Italian descent Male actors from New York ( state ) People from West Islip , New York Tisch School of the Arts alumni Male television writers Male actors of Italian descent Streamy Award winners Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 15 : 58 . 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Can't Get Enough of Your Love, Babe

Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe - wikipedia Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe Jump to : navigation , search `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' Single by Barry White from the album Ca n't Get Enough B - side `` Just Not Enough '' Released July 25 , 1974 Format 7 inch vinyl Recorded Genre Disco , soul Length 3 : 28 ( Single version ) 4 : 31 ( Album version ) Label Philips , 20th Century Fox Songwriter ( s ) Barry White Producer ( s ) Barry White Barry White singles chronology `` Honey Please , Ca n't Ya See '' ( 1974 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( 1974 ) `` You 're the First , the Last , My Everything '' ( 1974 ) `` Honey Please , Ca n't Ya See '' ( 1974 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( 1974 ) `` You 're the First , the Last , My Everything '' ( 1974 ) Audio sample file help `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' is a song written , recorded , and produced by Barry White . Released as the first single from his album Ca n't Get Enough in 1974 , the song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 and R&B charts and has since become one of his signature tunes . It was his second US chart - topper , after `` Love 's Theme '' . It became a gold record . White performed this song live on The Midnight Special in 1974 , and on Soul Train on May 24 , 1975 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Taylor Dayne version 2.1 Track listing 2.2 Charts 2.2. 1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 23 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 57 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 26 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Taylor Dayne version ( edit ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' CD Single Cover Single by Taylor Dayne from the album Soul Dancing B - side `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' Released June 10 , 1993 ( 1 ) Format Cassette single CD single 12 '' vinyl Recorded Genre Pop Length 4 : 25 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Barry White Producer ( s ) David Cole , Robert Clivillés Taylor Dayne singles chronology `` Heart of Stone '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Send Me a Lover '' ( 1993 ) `` Heart of Stone '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Send Me a Lover '' ( 1993 ) In 1993 the song was covered -- as `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' -- by Taylor Dayne . When Dayne submitted her planned third album to Arista Records , label president Clive Davis strongly suggested that she remake the Barry White classic to serve as the album 's lead single ( replacing Dayne 's choice , the self - penned `` I 'll Wait '' which was the planned title cut ; the album 's title was amended to Soul Dancing ) . Produced by David Cole and Robert Clivillés of C + C Music Factory , Dayne 's `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' became a smash dance club hit peaking at # 2 . However , the track evinced a sharp drop in Dayne 's profile on the Billboard Hot 100 with a # 20 peak ; Dayne 's first seven singles had all reached the Top Ten but her eighth single `` Heart of Stone '' peaked at # 12 . `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' was her final Top 40 hit with the follow - up single , `` Send Me a Lover '' , being her last Hot 100 entry . The track had more impact for Dayne internationally ; in Australia , it spent three weeks at # 2 in August 1993 . Track listing ( edit ) `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( Album version ) -- 4 : 25 `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( C + C extended club mix I ) -- 6 : 05 `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( C + C extended club mix II ) -- 6 : 46 `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( C + C special edition mix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' -- 5 : 35 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 14 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play UK Singles Chart 14 Australian Singles Chart Japanese Orican Singles Chart 6 Swiss Singles Chart 17 Austrian Singles Chart 29 Dutch Singles Chart 9 Swedish Singles Chart 34 German Singles Chart 56 Mainstream Top 40 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 67 US Billboard Hot 100 99 In popular culture ( edit ) The Barry White recording was featured in the films Cookie ( 1989 ) , Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! ( 2004 ) , Robots ( 2005 ) , and 16 Blocks ( 2006 ) , where the song appeared on the soundtrack and , in the film , was heard during the closing credits . The song appears in several episodes of the Fox TV series The Simpsons , most notably , during scenes in `` Whacking Day '' and `` The Last Temptation of Homer '' . Barry White was a big fan of The Simpsons . He recorded a version specially for the episode `` Whacking Day '' , in which he also appeared as a guest star . The song also appeared in the 1994 clip show episode in one of the clips at the end . The song also appears on the original motion picture soundtrack for the movie Beautiful Girls ( 1996 ) , performed by the band Afghan Whigs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 620 . Jump up ^ The Best of Soul Train Live ( booklet ) . Time Life . 2011 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Barry White -- Ca n't Get Enough Of Your Love , Babe '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Barry White -- Ca n't Get Enough Of Your Love , Babe '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Barry White -- Ca n't Get Enough Of Your Love , Babe '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barry White : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barry White Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barry White Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barry White Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 -- 2003 . Record Research . p. 71 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Dayne - Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' . DutchCharts . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1993 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I Shot the Sheriff '' by Eric Clapton Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Barry White version ) September 21 , 1974 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Rock Me Gently '' by Andy Kim Preceded by `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' by Roberta Flack Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single ( Barry White version ) September 7 , 1974 - September 21 1974 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' by Stevie Wonder Barry White Studio albums I 've Got So Much to Give ( 1973 ) Stone Gon ' ( 1973 ) Ca n't Get Enough ( 1974 ) Just Another Way to Say I Love You ( 1975 ) Let the Music Play ( 1976 ) Is This Whatcha Wont ? ( 1976 ) Barry White Sings for Someone You Love ( 1977 ) The Man ( 1978 ) I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing ( 1979 ) The Message Is Love ( 1979 ) Sheet Music ( 1980 ) Barry & Glodean ( with Glodean White ) ( 1981 ) Beware ! ( 1981 ) Change ( 1982 ) Dedicated ( 1983 ) The Right Night & Barry White ( 1987 ) The Man Is Back ! ( 1989 ) Put Me in Your Mix ( 1991 ) The Icon Is Love ( 1994 ) Staying Power ( 1999 ) Compilations Barry White 's Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) Barry White 's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( 1977 ) Heart and Soul ( 1985 ) The Collection ( 1988 ) Just for You ( 1992 ) All - Time Greatest Hits ( 1994 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2000 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) The Millennium Collection : The Best of Barry White ( 2003 ) White Gold : The Very Best of Barry White ( 2005 ) Gold ( 2006 ) Number Ones ( 2009 ) Unlimited ( 2009 ) Icon ( 2010 ) Icon 2 ( 2010 ) Singles `` Man Ai n't Nothin '' `` All in the Run of a Day '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` I 'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby '' `` I 've Got So Much to Give '' `` Never , Never Gonna Give Ya Up '' `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' `` You 're the First , the Last , My Everything '' `` What Am I Gonna Do with You '' `` I 'll Do for You Anything You Want Me To '' `` Let the Music Play '' `` You See the Trouble with Me '' `` Baby , We Better Try to Get It Together '' `` Do n't Make Me Wait Too Long '' `` I 'm Qualified to Satisfy You '' `` It 's Ecstasy When You Lay Down Next to Me '' `` Playing Your Game , Baby '' `` Oh , What a Night for Dancing '' `` Your Sweetness Is My Weakness '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Sha La La Means I Love You '' `` It 's Only Love Doing Its Thing '' `` Any Fool Can See ( You Were Meant for Me ) '' `` It Ai n't Love , Babe ( Until You Give It ) '' `` I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing '' `` How Did You Know It Was Me ? '' `` Love Ai n't Easy '' `` Sheet Music '' `` Love Makin ' Music '' `` I Believe in Love '' `` Did n't We Make It Happen , Baby '' ( with Glodean White ) `` I Want You '' ( with Glodean White ) `` You 're the Only One for Me '' ( with Glodean White ) `` Louie Louie '' `` Beware '' `` Change '' `` Passion '' `` America '' `` Do n't Let Them Blow Your Mind '' `` Sho ' You Right '' `` For Your Love ( I 'll Do Most Anything ) '' `` Never , Never Gonna Give You Up '' ( Paul Hardcastle Remix ) `` Super Lover '' `` Follow That and See ( Where It Leads Y'All ) '' `` I Wanna Do It Good to Ya '' `` When Will I See You Again '' `` Put Me in Your Mix '' `` Dark and Lovely ( You Over There ) '' ( with Isaac Hayes ) `` Practice What You Preach '' `` Love Is the Icon '' `` Come On '' `` I Only Want to Be with You '' `` There It Is '' `` Staying Power '' `` The Longer We Make Love '' ( with Lisa Stansfield & Chaka Khan ) `` Let the Music Play '' ( Funkstar Deluxe Remixes ) Featured singles `` The Secret Garden ( Sweet Seduction Suite ) '' ( with Quincy Jones , Al B. Sure ! , James Ingram , & El DeBarge ) `` All of Me '' ( with Big Daddy Kane ) `` Slow Jams '' ( with Quincy Jones , Babyface , Tamia , & Portrait ) `` In Your Wildest Dreams '' ( with Tina Turner ) Related articles Discography Love Unlimited The Love Unlimited Orchestra Taylor Dayne Studio albums Tell It to My Heart ( 1988 ) Ca n't Fight Fate ( 1989 ) Soul Dancing ( 1993 ) Naked Without You ( 1998 ) Satisfied ( 2008 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) Singles `` Tell It to My Heart '' `` Prove Your Love '' `` I 'll Always Love You '' `` Do n't Rush Me '' `` With Every Beat of My Heart '' `` Love Will Lead You Back '' `` I 'll Be Your Shelter '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Original Sin '' `` Say a Prayer '' `` Whatever You Want '' `` Naked Without You '' `` Planet Love '' `` How Many '' `` Beautiful '' `` Facing a Miracle '' Related articles Arista Records Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Get_Enough_of_Your_Love,_Babe&oldid=813051791 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1993 singles Barry White songs Taylor Dayne songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Robert Clivillés Songs written by Barry White 20th Century Fox Records singles Arista Records singles Philips Records singles 1974 songs Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 13 : 14 . 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who sang can't get enough of your love baby

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Bajirao Mastani

Bajirao Mastani - Wikipedia Bajirao Mastani Bajirao Mastani Theatrical release poster Directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Kishore Lulla Screenplay by Prakash R. Kapadia Based on Raau by Nagnath S. Inamdar Starring Ranveer Singh Deepika Padukone Priyanka Chopra Narrated by Irrfan Khan Music by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Background Score : Sanchit Balhara Cinematography Sudeep Chatterjee Edited by Rajesh G. Pandey Production company Bhansali Productions Eros International Distributed by Eros International Release date 18 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) Running time 158 minutes Country India Language Hindi Marathi Budget ₹ 145 crores Box office est. ₹ 356 crores Bajirao Mastani is a 2015 Indian epic historical romance film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali , who also composed its soundtrack . The film was jointly produced by Bhansali and Eros International 's Kishore Lulla ; it stars Ranveer Singh , Deepika Padukone and Priyanka Chopra . The supporting cast includes Tanvi Azmi , Vaibhav Tatwawaadi and Milind Soman . Based on the Marathi novel Raau by Nagnath S. Inamdar , Bajirao Mastani narrates the story of the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao I ( 1700 -- 1740 AD ) and his second wife Mastani . Conceived as early as the 1990s , Bhansali announced the film in 2003 but production was delayed several times due to its changing cast . Bajirao Mastani , a passion project for Bhansali , spent the next eleven years in development hell before being revived in 2014 . Extensive research was done before moving into pre-production , which required the creation of twenty - two highly detailed sets , and numerous costumes and props to strengthen its opulence and high production value . Principal photography took place on sets constructed in Film City , with some portions being filmed on location . Visual effects and CGI were used in post-production to enhance a number of scenes . The film was released on 18 December 2015 to positive reviews , with praise directed towards Bhansali 's direction , various technical achievements and the performances of the cast . Bajirao Mastani has also been noted for its scale , grandeur and attention to detail . With a budget of ₹ 145 crores , including marketing and advertisements , it is one of the most expensive Hindi films . It has grossed over ₹ 356 crores at the box office , becoming a major commercial success and one of the highest - grossing Indian films of all time . Recipient of several accolades , Bajirao Mastani won seven National Film Awards , including Best Direction and Best Supporting Actress for Azmi . The film received a leading fourteen nominations at the 61st Filmfare Awards and won nine awards , including Best Film , Best Director for Bhansali , Best Actor for Singh , and Best Supporting Actress for Chopra . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Pre-production 3.4 Costumes 3.5 Principal photography 3.6 Post-production 4 Soundtrack 5 Marketing and release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Historical inaccuracies 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the early 18th century , the court of Maratha king Chhatrapati Shahu needs a new Peshwa , the equivalent of a modern - day prime minister . In spite of Shripad Rao 's self - nomination as the Peshwa , Ambaji Pant nominates a young Bajirao . To test his spiritual wisdom and knowledge of weaponry , Shripad challenges Bajirao to split a peacock feather with an arrow . Bajirao succeeds and is given the title of Peshwa . Ten years later , his wife Kashibai is visited by her widowed friend Bhanu , whose husband was accused of spying and was ordered to be executed by Bajirao . She predicts that just as she longs for her husband , Kashibai will yearn for Bajirao . While travelling to Sironja , an emissary from Bundelkhand enters Bajirao 's tent and requests his help to fight invaders . She reveals herself to be Mastani , the daughter of the Hindu Rajput king Chhatrasal and his Persian Muslim consort Ruhani Bai . Impressed by her skills as a warrior , Bajirao assists her with his army and defeats the invaders . Chhatrasal is overjoyed and insists Bajirao spend Holi with them in Bundelkhand . Mastani and Bajirao fall in love with each other and he gives her his dagger , unaware it is a symbol of marriage among the Bundelkhand Rajputs . Bajirao departs for Pune , where Kashibai greets him with a tour of their newly - built Shaniwar Wada and shows him the Aaina Mahal ( hall of mirrors ) , which allows her to see him from her room . A painting of Baji Rao I ( left ) and Mastani ( right ) Determined to pursue her love , Mastani arrives in Pune but is treated harshly by Bajirao 's mother Radhabai and accommodated in the palace for courtesans . Mastani tolerates this insult and appears to dance before Bajirao . Radhabai scornfully offers her the occupation of a royal dancer but refuses to accept her as a daughter - in - law . Mastani travels to the Chhatrapati Shahu and expresses her desire to be with Bajirao , then leaves to wait for him at a ruin across a river . During a storm , Bajirao crosses the river and chides Mastani 's persistence , reminding her he is already married and that his court will never respect her if she is in a relationship with him . She agrees , despite his warning , and he declares Mastani his second wife . The Marathas prepare to attack Delhi , the capital of the Mughal Empire , but must first ensure the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Muslim ruler of Hyderabad State , will not attack them during their assault . Bajirao leaves to confront the Nizam , Qamar ud - Din Khan , and returns successful . In the Aaina Mahal , Kashibai , who is pregnant , sees Bajirao embracing Mastani , who is also expecting , and leaves for her mother 's home . She returns to joyous celebrations months later with her newborn son , who is named Raghunath . Mastani also gives birth to a son , whom Mastani and Bajirao name Krishna Rao . After the head Brahmin priest Krishna Bhatt refuses to conduct the naamkaran ( the Hindu naming ceremony ) on the grounds that Krishna Rao is illegitimate , Bajirao renames his son Shamsher Bahadur . A few years later , Kashibai and Bajirao 's eldest son Balaji Baji Rao , also known as Nana Saheb , returns from Satara and expresses his hatred of Mastani for disrupting his mother 's marriage . Shiva Bhatt , a Brahmin priest , informs Kashibai of a plan to murder Mastani and her son during a festival . Kashibai relays this news to Bajirao , who rescues both of them . Krishna Bhatt kills Shiva Bhatt , enraging Bajirao . To keep Mastani 's safe and to grant her a royal home , Bajirao builds the Mastani Mahal for her . Bajirao , however , is heartbroken due to the betrayal of his mother Radhabai and his brother Chimaji Appa . Meanwhile , Pant tells Bajirao he must defeat Nasir Jung , the vengeful son of the Nizam . Bajirao says that although he loves Mastani , his life and allegiance is always to his cause and he leaves for the battlefield . Before leaving , he meets Kashibai in deference to a tradition that the wife sent her husband off into battle . Kashibai tells Bajirao he has broken her heart and compares their love with that of Krishna and Rukmini . Kashibai orders him never to enter her chamber again , and Bajirao accepts and leaves . After Bajirao leaves for battle , Radhabai and Nana Saheb imprison Mastani and Shamsher Bahadur . After Bajirao receives the news , he single - handedly defeats Nasir Jung 's army in his rage but collapses from his injuries . At his deathbed , Kashibai sends a letter pleading with Radhabai to release Mastani so Bajirao can recover , but Nana Saheb burns the letter and refuses to release Mastani . Bajirao , delirious due to his sickness , dies from the trauma of his hallucinations ; at the same time Mastani dies in captivity . The ill - fated lovers are shown to be united in death . Cast ( edit ) The cast is listed below : Ranveer Singh as Bajirao I Deepika Padukone as Mastani Priyanka Chopra as Kashibai Tanvi Azmi as Radhabai Milind Soman as Ambaji Pant Vaibhav Tatwawaadi as Chimaji Appa Ayush Tandon as Nana Saheb Rudra Soni as Young Nana Saheb Mahesh Manjrekar as Chhatrapati Shahu Aditya Pancholi as Shripad Rao Raza Murad as Qamar ud - Din Khan Sukhada Khandkekar as Anubai Benjamin Gilani as King Chhatrasal Anuja Sathe as Bhiubai Yatin Karyekar as Krishna Bhatt Ganesh Yadav as Malhar Rao Snehlata Girish Vasaikar as Bhanu Mousumi Saha as Bhavana Rao Irrfan Khan as the narrator ( voice - over ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Sanjay Leela Bhansali ( pictured in 2011 ) had been longing to make the film for over a decade . Sanjay Leela Bhansali had conceived the historical romance about Maratha Peshwa Bajirao and his second wife Mastani even before he had directed his first feature Khamoshi : The Musical in 1996 . Several other directors such as Muzaffar Ali , Manmohan Desai and Kamal Amrohi had tried to make a film about the two historical figures but they were never made . Bhansali had intended to make Bajirao Mastani after the release of Devdas ( 2002 ) and had officially announced it in 2003 , with filming scheduled to begin in May 2004 . The film , however , was shelved indefinitely . Reports about a possible revival had made headlines ever since ; Bhansali had planned to revive it every other year but the project never came to fruition . In an interview with The Telegraph , Bhansali spoke about his intention to make Bajirao Mastani after finishing every film he made in - between , saying `` I kept trying to revive it over and over again , but if there is one thing that filmmaking has taught me , it 's that every film has its own destiny . And I strongly believe that the souls of ... Bajirao , Mastani and Kashibai wanted us to make this film only now . '' In the process , the film became a passion project for him . After spending eleven years in development hell , Bhansali revived the project in 2014 ; the film was reported to be an adaptation of the Marathi - language novel Raau ( 1976 ) by Nagnath S. Inamdar . After the project was shelved , Bhansali said he struggled to put the film together and that he considered the project impossible to made . Nevertheless , he clung to his ambition to make the film someday , saying , `` there is magic to it '' . Some film industry professionals believed it would never be made , calling it `` jinxed '' . Bhansali always believed in the project , assuring himself the script was so powerful he had to make it one day . He told The Telegraph , `` Honestly , I want very few things in life ... so I know that I am resilient enough to get them all ! Deep down , I kept asking for the universe to let me make this film . When you dream very genuinely , then I believe you also get the power to fulfill it . In pursuing Bajirao Mastani , I have been resilient and very focused . I have sacrificed a lot of things '' . Primarily known for making romantic dramas , Bhansali was intrigued about the romance between `` two people who defied everything , just to be in love with each other '' , and was excited to tell a 200 - year - old story . He wanted to show the relationship between Bajirao and Mastani because it was rarely depicted in history books , and little was known about it . He had long admired the Maratha backdrop and the different religions of the protagonists -- Bajirao was Hindu and Mastani was Muslim -- which further drove his interest towards knowing more and telling the story . He saw it as a chance to comment on religion and love , saying , `` In those times , people were offended by the same things that offend them today . Through this film , I want to show that love is the greatest religion . '' Prakash R. Kapadia wrote the screenplay . The makers acquired the rights of the novel and worked with historian Ninad Bedekar . Kapadia said writing the screenplay was a difficult task and a huge responsibility considering the historical context . Kapadia and Bhansali had consistently worked on the script since its conception , refining several aspects of the film . Considering the script was written twelve years before , several changes were made to it , such as the decreasing the length and increasing the pace to suit the modern audiences . Although adapted from the novel , the romance between the film 's protagonists has not been well documented in history books or archives and several versions of the story exist . Many cinematic liberties were taken to build drama and highlight incidents . Casting ( edit ) Bhansali originally wanted to repeat his Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) pairing of Salman Khan with Aishwarya Rai for the eponymous roles , but could not cast them together after their highly publicised break - up . Khan then tried to suggest his then - girlfriend Katrina Kaif for the role of Mastani but things did not materialise . When the film was finally announced in 2003 , Bhansali had cast Khan and Kareena Kapoor in the titular roles , with Rani Mukerji playing Baji Rao 's first wife Kashibai . However , the idea was scrapped when Khan and Kapoor signed other films together . Bhansali wanted to be the first director to showcase their pairing . Hence , the film was shelved and Bhansali went on to direct other films . Ranveer Singh ( left ) and Deepika Padukone ( right ) were cast to play the titular roles . Over the following ten years , media speculation about the production and casting of Bajirao Mastani continued . After the film was revived in 2014 , reports of Ajay Devgn and Deepika Padukone being approached for the film made headlines in February . Devgn dropped out of the film , however , due to differences with Bhansali about several terms of his contract , such as dates and remuneration . The next month , it was reported that Ranveer Singh was in talks to play Bajirao . The same month , reports suggested Priyanka Chopra was cast to play Kashibai , Bajirao 's first wife . In July 2014 , it was officially confirmed that Singh , Padukone and Chopra were finalised to play the principal roles . Chopra was the first actor to be cast in the film ; Bhansali wanted Kashibai to be cast first , only after which he could decide who to cast for the title roles . Bhansali , who produced Chopra - starrer Mary Kom ( 2014 ) , went on to that film 's set in Manali to narrate it with the writer Prakash Kapadia ; Bhansali was adamant in his choice of Chopra , who recalled , `` The rest of the film had n't been cast yet . My picture would be there and the pictures for Bajirao and Mastani would keep changing . '' Milind Soman joined the cast in the late August 2014 . In late September 2014 , it was confirmed that Tanvi Azmi was cast for the role of Bajirao 's mother Radhabai ; Shabana Azmi , Dimple Kapadia , and Supriya Pathak had also been considered for the role . The following month , Aditya Pancholi joined the cast as an antagonist . In November 2014 , the casting of Bajirao 's sisters were finalised ; Sukhada Khandkekar was ast as Anubai and Anuja Gokhale as Bhiubai . The following month , Mahesh Manjrekar was cast to play Maratha Emperor Chhattrapati Shahu . It was announced in January 2015 that Vaibhav Tatwawaadi was chosen to play Bajirao 's younger brother Chimaji Appa . Irrfan Khan was cast as the film 's narrator . All of the actors had to undergo training before filming began ; Singh and Padukone learned sword - fighting , horse - riding and the ancient Indian martial art Kalaripayattu . Singh was also required to learn Marathi and shave his head for the part , whereas Padukone had to take Kathak dance lessons . In preparation for her role of Kashibai , Chopra had 15 days of language training in the Peshwai Marathi dialect spoken during the time of the ascension of the Peshwas to perfect the accent . Azmi shaved her head completely for her role . Singh has described his character as a `` true Maratha '' , saying , `` The deeper I get into it the more I realise what a great man he was . It is a great honour to be selected to play this character . '' He has said he always wanted to transform himself into a character and playing Bajirao gave him that scope , which he said was `` draining and tiring in every way '' . For portraying Bajirao , Singh 's preparations required him to isolate himself from his own being and living like Bajirao . He instructed the crew members to address him as Bajirao , which helped him to remain in his character . Singh would not respond to people who used his real name . He said , `` It takes a lot of work and effort to be different from whom I am , and two hours to get ready , complete with makeup and the heavy costumes . After all this , if someone just tells me , Ranveer , your shot is ready ! all that goes to waste . '' Padukone found her character to be very relatable , saying , `` She was so brave , strong , determined and yet fragile and vulnerable '' . She was also inspired by her character and found playing the role challenging ; it was physically demanding and required a lot of dancing . Padukone said the character had different layers ; `` One minute she goes on the battlefield , the next minute she 's romancing him '' . Chopra was drawn towards the film because of her character which she thought was `` very heart - breaking '' . She said playing Kashibai was `` emotionally difficult '' and a complete contrast to the strong women she has portrayed in most of her films . She described her character as someone who is `` heartbroken , a silent sufferer , dignified , resilient , ca n't take charge of her life , goes with whatever life throws her way . Just grace under fire . '' Pre-production ( edit ) Considering its scale , the film required detailed and extravagant pre-production work , which required extensive research and planning . Saloni Dhatrak , Sriram Iyengar and Sujeet Sawant worked as production designers on the film . Iyengar and Sawant had heard about the film while working on another film , when it was first announced . Having never met Bhansali , they started researching on their own by visiting Pune and Satara and learnt about Maratha architecture . When the film was shelved , they continued to research and formed a portfolio , hoping to approach other filmmakers for work . Several years later , when they heard about the revival , they met Bhansali , who was impresses by their research and presentation . Bhansali wanted more research on Mughals ; he engaged Dhatrak , who joined Iyengar and Sawant . Bhansali then shared the script with the art directors and described his vision and the scale of the production . Pre-production work started as early as February 2014 , continued as the shoot progressed and lasted until the filming was complete in October 2015 ; it lasted nineteen months . Before pre-production work started , the art directors discussed with Bhansali about how much of the film would be filmed on set and outdoor locations , giving them an idea to how many sets they needed to create . Once the number of sets and location shots was decided , the production moved forward . The set for Shaniwar Wada was the biggest set created for the film . Along with the art directors , nineteen art assistant directors , including architects , designers , sketch artists and props artists , were involved . Twenty - two sets were created in Film City following a flow chart that included around 960 sketches and countless layouts . The two biggest sets were the exact replicas of Shaniwar Wada and the Aaina Mahal , both of which were `` high on grandeur and intricacy '' . The Shaniwar Wada set was the biggest set they had constructed ; it took 45,000 planks and 600 workers a day to erect . It was constructed on Sunil Maidan , one of the biggest open spaces in Film City and took forty - five days to build . Kashibai 's room was the first set to be constructed , which was approved after navigating through twenty - five designs . The art directors did architectural research from Pune , Nasik and Satara , studying fortifications , baston walls and city gates to understand the interior and exterior designs of the ancient period and incorporated those ideas into building Kashibai 's villa . Lotus motifs on mud - clad walls and handmade textures were used to give the set a realistic appearance . Aina Mahal took 4,500 planks , with a hundred workers per day . The set was given a lotus - like design , with walls , ceiling and floor made out of handmade mud embedded with sparkling mirror designs . The replica of Aina Mahal was constructed in forty days , with more than 30,000 square feet of mirrors . More than 700 design stencils were used to decorate the hall . Although the mirror hall was a Mughal concept , the art directors designed it to look like Maratha architecture . Mastani Mahal was built as an amalgamation of Rajput and Maratha architecture . The exterior of Mastani Mahal was built as a part of Shaniwar Wada , whereas the interiors of were built on separate sets consisting of a courtyard and bedroom . Mastani 's room in Bundelkhand was crafted using a mix of Persian , Mughal and Rajput motifs and architecture . All of the sets were furnished with opulent objects and props to give the interiors a feel of the ancient Maratha empire . Only earthen diyas and torches were used to light the sets . Silken saris were used , with bedsheets and hand - painted walls with 18th century motifs added . Craftsmen were hired to recreate 18th - century textures , fabrics , weaponry , jewellery and furniture . Almost 30,000 oil lamps were made for the film and 500 suits of armour were designed for the war scenes . There were also headgear and boots worn in that period . The armour and headgear weighed between ten - twenty kilos and two kilos , respectively . The team also designed props including different types of tents , lighting props , and elephant and horse decors for the war sequences . The props were made in Mumbai and had to be taken to Rajasthan , the outdoor location . Costumes ( edit ) The paintings of Raja Ravi Varma was used as an inspiration for creating Kashibai 's look The film 's costumes were designed by Anju Modi and Maxima Basu . Modi designed clothes for the three lead characters and Basu designed for the supporting cast . The costumes for extras and war extras were done by Ajay and Chandrakant , respectively . Bhansali had detailed script - reading sessions with the designers to help them understand the characters , their emotions and personalities , which would mirror the costumes and the grandeur of the 18th century . Basu started her research by visiting several ancient monuments such as the Chowmahalla Palace , Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya , Salar Jung Museum and Ajanta - Ellora caves , which gave her some perspective of ancient Maharastrian culture . She also travelled to cities such as Indore , Chanderi , Paithan and Maheshwar to gather more knowledge about the history of clothing and textiles . About 300 costumes were designed for the three leads alone . Real zari and goldwires were used to weave the costumes . Since no pictures of Kashibai existed , the paintings of Raja Ravi Varma were used as a reference for designing her looks and costumes . Modi had designed eighty nauvari or nine - yard saris with bright colours such as yellows , hot pink , emerald green and purple , inspired from the Raja Ravi Varma paintings , for Chopra . The custom - made nine - yard saris were weaved by craftsmen from Maheshwar , Chander and Varanasi ; they were made a little lighter than usual to avoid making Chopra Priyanka look large on screen . For making the saris , fabrics such as Mul - Mul , silk , muslin , khadi and chanderis worn in that period were designed . For one song sequence featuring Chopra , Modi had created six sets of the same sari . Peshwas used to wear Dhotis , Jamas and Angarkhas with a large flare in that period , so it was eminent for Bajirao 's character . A wide palette of solid colours , such as white and cream , were used for the sombre and emotional scenes whereas red , orange , blue and deep purple were used for the celebratory scenes . For designing the Bajirao 's armour , chain mail , khaki and steel grey were employed . A dandpatta sword was also made for him . For Mastani , Modi used a mix of Persian and Muslim clothing of muslin , khadi and thin Chanderi fabrics , with mukaish and zardosi hand embroidery to depict her half - Muslim heritage . Padukone was predominantly given shararas and its derivatives such trailing shararas , shararas with less flare and crinkled shararas made of chiffon . She was given a lehenga for just one scene . She was also given Odhnis , dupattas , veils , floor - skimming anarkalis and angrakhas paired with Farshi pajamas . Softer colours with Persian influences such as shades of powder blue , mint green , pale yellow , aqua blue , powder pink and other typical porcelain colours were used for her clothes . A turban embellished with jewellery such as uncut diamonds and pearls was designed . For one of the Mastani costumes , Modu designed a five - layered outfit consisting of an angrakha jacket , a woven leheria dupatta , sharara and inner kurti . Expensive and real jewellery was used in the film . The designers created the jewellery for each character . Modi said they did not want to compromise , so the best materials such as real Basra pearls , antique stones and uncut diamonds were used to give the royal look needed for the characters . Traditional Marathi - style jewellery was used to style Kashibai , while for Mastani Nizami and polki Jewellery was used . Several Indian jewellery designers , including PN Gadgil from Pune and Shri Hari Jewellers from Delhi , were hired . The costume and production designers also researched in museums , art galleries , history books , paintings , palaces , temples and forts to study the textiles , colour palettes and artwork of the ancient Maratha Empire . Principal photography ( edit ) Cinematographer Sudeep Chatterjee shot the film using Arri Alexa XT lenses . Chatterjee had done extensive research before starting the film . Principal photography began on 9 October 2014 with Chopra on the set in Film City , Mumbai . Later that month , Singh joined the shoot . Most of the film was shot on the highly detailed sets . In late November , Chopra fainted on the set due to exhaustion while filming a scene that needed to be filmed ten times continuously . A doctor was called and filming stopped for some time but she later resumed the shoot . Padukone joined the cast for two days during in late December 2014 and resumed shooting in April 2015 after completing work for her other projects . Outdoor location filming began in February 2015 at Amer Fort in Jaipur . Crowd scenes were also filmed there . Singh fell off a horse while filming an action sequence and was rushed to hospital ; he was not seriously injured . In May 2015 , however , he injured his shoulder and needed surgery ; he resumed shooting after break of two months . Some of the outdoor scenes were filmed at the Amer Fort Chopra resumed filming in the first week of April 2015 for a month . While working on Bajirao Mastani , Chopra was simultaneously filming the American television series Quantico in Montreal , requiring much back - and forth travel . She would act for Bajirao Mastani at weekends and return to Montreal on weekdays for her series , returning to India in the second week of October to complete the final schedule . Before starting the film , the team discussed which parts of it had to be filmed and which parts needed to be made using visual effects . They decided that only sequences that were considered difficult or impossible to film would be created using visual effects in post production . In one sequence , it was impossible to control the movements of the 300 -- 400 horses standing at one position in a battle scene ; this sequence was filmed with a small number of horses and was later enhanced in post production . Sham Kaushal co-ordinated the action sequences for the war scenes . Three war sequences were filmed in Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra . Chatterjee found the war sequences challenging and faced many difficulties while filming in the deserts of Rajasthan . Wanting to break with norms , Bhansali wanted a night - time war sequence ; lighting a large , open field became very difficult and visibility issues were inevitable . Bhansali wanted very clear images . Instead , they decided to shoot these scenes in the morning , aiming for a twilight look . The main war scene featuring 800 extras , 500 horses and twenty - five elephants was filmed over twenty days near Jaipur . The extras would begin costuming , which included beards for the Mughals , moustaches for the Marathas , armours , helmets and uniforms , at 04 : 00 for the start of filming at 08 : 00 . After finishing the shoot , the costumes would be washed in readiness for 04 : 00 the following day . Kaushal has said extensive research was done before filming the war sequences , and a rough graph was designed nine months before the filming . However , the entire sequence could not be filmed in one take on location and was completed later in a studio in Film City , and was enhanced in post production . Ganesh Acharya , Remo D'Souza , Pony Verma , Shampa Gopikrishna and Pandit Birju Maharaj were the choreographers for the film 's song sequences . Bhansali chose D'Souza , who had only choreographed modern dance numbers at that time , to choreograph the song `` Pinga '' , which took weeks to complete . Chopra and Padukone had to rehearse for several days before shooting . The filming was challenging for Chopra and Padukone ; they had to shoot for the dance sequences multiple times whenever the diyas and torches used to light up the background would snuff . The song was shot at night on an open - air set decorated with diyas and torches , many of which would snuff out while filming the song . When it was suggested snuffed diyas should be corrected in post production , Bhansali outright refused . More than twelve people would run around the set with candles and oil to relight them . The sound recording was done on location . Sound designer Nihar Ranjan Samal said they had to be careful that sounds of vehicles and honking did not make their way into the recording . A number of scenes needed re-recording because of some disturbance . Bajirao Mastani was shot in 217 days between October 2014 and October 2015 . Post-production ( edit ) The film contains 1,400 visual effects shots . The company that worked on the effects was NY VFXWAALA ; this was the biggest projects they had undertaken . Prasad Sutar was the visual effects supervisor ; the effects took eight months and a team of sixty artists to create . Although the film was shot on highly detailed sets , visual effects and CGI was incorporated in post-production to enhance the imagery for the scenes that were impossible to shoot in live action . The effects included the creation of interior architecture , backgrounds , set extensions and war weapons ; changes to lighting and time of day , weather effects and the multiplication of army soldiers . The opening night - time war scene , which had 300 visual effects shots , was filmed in bright daylight then converted into night . Arrows flying over the battlefield were created using CGI whereas the army , soldiers and horses were multiplied . The war close - up shots were filmed in a studio but were later mixed with the war scenes to form a detailed scene . In some shots , the sky was digitally replaced and CGI forts were added in others . Similarly , the climax sequence , which was shot live in water , was enhanced using CGI horses , arrows and fireballs . The climax scene took around twenty days to complete with fine details . Bhansali wanted a grand opening title design , which the team decided to create using animation . They crafted hand - drawn storyboards and drew a narration of Bajirao and his kingdom , and designed it digitally using animation within a limited timeline . A sequence in which Singh crosses the sea in a boat at night was created using visual effects . Splashing waves , falling rain falling ( except for the water falling on Singh and the night sky were created in post production . The scenes that were shot on set and featured outside views , such as views from windows , were completed in post production . For dark , emotional scenes , a low - key background was created , whereas bright , colourful backgrounds were created with effects for light scenes . The film was edited by Rajesh G. Pandey . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Bajirao Mastani ( soundtrack ) The original score of the film was composed by Sanchit Balhara and the soundtrack album was composed by Bhansali . The lyrics are written by Siddharth -- Garima , A.M. Turaz and Prashant Ingole . The album consists of ten original songs with vocals by Shreya Ghoshal , Arijit Singh , Vishal Dadlani , Shashi Suman , Kunal Pandit , Prithvi Gandharva , Kanika Joshi , Rashi Raagga , Geetikka Manjrekar , Payal Dev , Shreyas Puranik , Vaishali Mhade , Javed Bashir , Ganesh Chandanshive and Sukhwinder Singh . The soundtrack was released by Eros Music on 24 November 2015 . The soundtrack album was well received by music critics , who praised the soulful compositions and called them `` melodious and fresh '' . R.M. Vijayakar of India - West gave the album 4.5 out of 5 , calling it `` unforgettable '' and complimented the use of musical instruments and orchestration , noting portions of the score as the most significant standout . Firstpost gave a highly positive review , praising the `` elegantly arranged and opulently orchestrated '' songs and writing , `` exhilarating soundtrack ... recreates an era gone - by through sounds that are authentic ... yet operatic , steeped in the classical ethos , yet contemporary '' . Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5 , calling it `` high on classical base '' and saying half of the compositions were situational and narrative - based that can `` be expected to make a good impression on screen '' . The Indian Express also gave it a 3.5 out of 5 , noting its distinct sound and its `` balance between restraint and exuberance '' and wrote , `` Bajirao Mastani sounds fresh , like carefully restored music from Bajirao 's times '' . Marketing and release ( edit ) Bajirao Mastani was one of the most anticipated releases of 2015 . Special care was taken to avoid leaks during production ; everything was done in secrecy . On 15 July 2015 , a day before the teaser release , producers Eros International shared the first images of the three characters and a teaser poster of the film . The three - minute teaser trailer , with only one line of dialogue , was released on 16 July 2015 . The teaser garnered high praise from all quarters and was deemed `` grand '' and `` epic '' . CNN - News18 called the teaser `` regal , grand and breathtaking '' , and wrote that it had all the signature Bhansali elements such as `` the big sets , larger than life characters , lots of colours and a tragic love story in the midst of all this grandeur '' . India Today wrote , `` With its royal canvas , Bajirao Mastani teaser is a burst of colours and action reminiscent of the 18th century '' . In early November 2015 , characters posters of the three characters were also unveiled . The trailer was released on 20 November 2015 and was also well received . As a part of the promotions , a multi-episode graphic web series -- India 's first -- titled Blazing Bajirao was released digitally in November 2015 . Featuring the animated avatars of Bajirao , Kashibai and Mastani , the graphic series narrates the tales of Bajirao 's heroism and his relationship with his two wives . This was followed by a video game titled Blazing Bajirao -- The Game the next month . Released on the App Store and Google Play , the interactive game requires its players to fight enemies as Peshwa Bajirao . A multi-city press tour , which saw Singh and Padukone visiting several cities , was designed to promote the film . Chopra , who could not be in India for the promotions as she was filming for Quantico , promoted the film in the United States at a press conference in New York City . Even before its release and without watching the film , the descendants of Bajirao , Mastani and Kashiabi expressed their disapproval of `` Malhari '' and `` Pinga '' dance sequences , the midriff - baring saris worn by Kashibai and Mastani in the song `` Pinga '' , a dialogue deeming it `` vulgar '' and a `` private moment '' shown in the trailer , claiming excessive creative liberty was taken by the director . Though not against the release of the film , the descendants publicly asked the makers to remove those two songs and screen the film for them so they could review and suggest Bhansali remove other `` objectionable content '' from the film . Bhansali did not respond . Additionally , a petition was filed by an activist in Bombay High Court seeking stay on the film for the two aforementioned songs , accusing it of `` distorting history '' ; the High Court rejected the petition and refused to interfere with the film 's release . One of the most expensive Hindi films ever made , Bajirao Mastani cost ₹ 1.25 billion to make and an additional ₹ 200 million for marketing and advertisements ; its total budget was ₹ 1.45 billion . Even before its release , the film recovered almost all of its production costs -- ₹ 1.20 billion -- from sales of its satellite rights , music rights and overseas rights being sold for ₹ 500 million and ₹ 700 million , respectively . The film was released on 18 December 2015 on 2,700 screens worldwide . Although the makers had booked the date a year in advance , the makers of Dilwale decided to release their film on the same date , causing a highly publicised clash between the two films . Bajirao Mastani had to share the 5,000 domestic screens with Dilwale in a 40 : 60 ratio . Distributed by Eros Home Video , the film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 18 March 2016 . The DVD version was released in all regions as a two - disc pack in NTSC widescreen format ; bonus content included documentaries about the making of the film , its sets , costumes , music , movie images and deleted scenes . A VCD version was released at the same time . The film was also released digitally on platforms such as iTunes . It is also available on the company 's streaming service Eros Now . Bajirao Mastani had its world television premiere on 23 April 2016 on Colors . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Bajirao Mastani received positive critical feedback . Writing for Firstpost , Subhash K. Jha gave it five stars out of five , calling it a `` masterpiece '' , and comparing it favourably with Mughal - e-Azam . Anupama Chopra from Hindustan Times gave four stars out of five , terming it `` soaring , searing and visually sumptuous '' , and writing , `` Bajirao Mastani plays out a like an operatic , swooning , feverish love poem '' . She praised Singh for `` combin ( ing ) towering strength with aching vulnerability and helplessness '' , Chopra for having the `` maximum impact '' despite fewer scenes , and called Padukone `` riveting '' . The Times of India also gave four stars out of five , pointing out its `` outstanding '' cinematography and writing , `` Every visual resembles a grand painting -- courts with shadows and chandeliers , courtiers with tilaks and teers , chambers gleaming with mirrors , skies blushing with passion '' . Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave four stars out of five , describing it as `` a cinematic gem '' , and wrote that `` fascinating characters and inspirational sub-plots ( in the film ) advances into a stunning culmination '' . Zee News also gave four stars out of five and said , `` An outright outshining piece of art made unblemished , sprinkled with sincerity and discipline of acting -- this love folklore will restore the drama lovers , back in their ' expectation ' block '' . Shubha Shetty - Saha of Mid Day gave three and a half stars out of five , and wrote , `` Sanjay Leela Bhansali in his characteristic style narrates his version of the story in a Mughal - e-azamesque scale of grandiosity , replete with breathtakingly beautiful sets , elaborate and well thought of costumes and accessories and dreamy cinematography '' , which transports the viewers to an `` unique and stunningly beautiful world '' . Ananya Bhattacharya of India Today also rated the film three and a half stars out of five , calling it `` an experience '' , and Bhansali `` a master love - storyteller '' . She praised the performance , saying , `` Ranveer , Deepika , Priyanka shine ... while Tanvi Azmi plays the intimidating matriarch with elan '' ; thought she thought the editing `` could have been much crisper '' . Writing for NDTV , Saibal Chatterjee gave the film three and a half stars out of five , and said , `` There is n't a dull moment in this colourful and dramatic film that embraces excess with unabashed abandon '' . Giving a rating of three stars out of five , Rajeev Masand described the film as `` artistic but exhausting '' and was critical of the film 's length . He praised the cinematography , production design and performances ; he credited Chopra for bringing `` grace to the character , and practically steal ( ing ) the film '' , Padukone for bringing `` heft '' to her fight scenes , and Singh for finding his character 's hidden vulnerabilities . Namrata Joshi of The Hindu called the film a `` historical leap '' , and wrote , `` Sanjay Leela Bhansali returns with another visual spectacle that wilfully takes liberties with the past that it depicts . But it does manage to engage even as it exhausts . '' Conversely , Raja Sen of Rediff.com was unimpressed with the film for favouring visual splendour over storyline , rating it two stars out of five . He praised Singh and Chopra , but disliked Padukone 's performance . Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express was also disappointed with the film , writing , `` Bajirao Mastani had the potential to be a terrific historical . You want to be transported . What it ends up being is a costume drama : too many costumes , too much revved - up , empty drama , and too little plot . '' Box Office ( edit ) Bajirao Mastani was a major commercial success , grossing over ₹ 2.55 billion in India and over ₹ 1.02 billion in the overseas market for a worldwide box office gross of over ₹ 3.56 billion . The overseas collections comprised earnings from five major markets ; United States and Canada , United Kingdom , Middle - east , Australia and the rest of the world ; with earnings of ₹ 440 million , ₹ 138 million , ₹ 202 million , ₹ 57 million and ₹ 185 million , respectively . As of September 2017 , it is the fourth - highest - grossing Bollywood film of 2015 , the third - highest - grossing Bollywood film in overseas markets in 2015 , the ninth - highest - grossing Bollywood film and one of the highest - grossing Indian films of all time . The film collected ₹ 128 million nett on its opening day , which was the tenth - highest of the year . On its second day the film saw growth in its collection as it collected ₹ 155.2 million nett . The film showed further growth on its third day as it collected ₹ 184.5 million nett to take its first weekend total to ₹ 467.7 million nett . In its opening weekend , the film debuted at number 10 at the U.S. box office and at number 7 at the UK box office . The film 's worldwide opening weekend earning was over ₹ 915 million . The film remained very strong on its first Monday , dropping by only 15 % and earning ₹ 102.5 million nett . The film maintained its strong box office run on weekdays . Bajirao Mastani earned ₹ 843.6 million nett in the first week at the domestic box office , while the first - week worldwide collections were over ₹ 1.6 billion . Its first week domestic collection was the fourth - highest of the year . Revenues grew nearly 20 % on its second Friday , earning ₹ 125 million nett . The film earned over ₹ 311 billion in its second weekend and collected a further ₹ 52.5 million on the second Monday for an eleven - day domestic total of ₹ 1.41 billion nett . In the second week , the film earned approximately ₹ 552 million . The film registered the fourth - highest third - week collections of all time , earning a ₹ 270 million . After its fourth week collection of ₹ 70 million , the film 's domestic earnings stood at ₹ 1.75 billion nett . In its fifth weekend , the film continued to perform well in India , with the best fifth - weekend collections of all the 2015 releases . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Bajirao Mastani Bajirao Mastani received five nominations at the 10th Asian Film Awards , including Best Film , and won the award for Best Special Effects . At the 63rd National Film Awards , Bajirao Mastani received seven awards , including Best Director for Bhansali , Best Supporting Actress for Azmi , Best Cinematography for Chatterjee , and Best Art Direction . It received fourteen nominations at the 61st Filmfare Awards ; the most awards for any film that year . Bajirao Mastani went on to win nine awards , more than any other film at the ceremony , including Best Film , Best Director for Bhansali , Best Actor for Singh , and Best Supporting Actress for Chopra . Bajirao Mastani received thirteen nominations at the 22nd Screen Awards , including Best Film , and Best Director for Bhansali , and won seven including Best Actor for Singh , and Best Supporting Actress for Chopra . It also won a leading thirteen awards ( from seventeen nominations ) at the 17th IIFA Awards including Best Director for Bhansali , Best Actor for Singh , and Best Supporting Actress for Chopra . Historical inaccuracies ( edit ) The film was adapted from the novel Raau , whose accuracy has long been questioned . Bhansali consulted historian Ninad Bedekar , who is regarded as an authority on the Peshwas . According to an article published by Quartz , the `` love story '' of Bajirao and Mastani is `` almost entirely fictional '' , writing that even the most reliable sources do not give details about the nature of their relationship . There has been controversy over Mastani 's true lineage ; two accounts of Mastani exist -- one which says she was a courtesan and Bajirao 's mistress or concubine , and another that is depicted in the film . According to historian Saili Palande - Datar , very little is known about the women of that era due to the orthodoxy ; women were not given many privileges and rights , and most of the sources from that period are accounts of political battles , revenues and socio - economic records . Palande - Datar also said there is no evidence of the way Bajirao and Mastani 's political marriage became part of folklore and was later transformed into a symbolic representation of great romance . Historian Prachi Deshpande notes in her book Creative Pasts : Historical Memory and Identity in Western India , 1700 -- 1960 , that the public fascination started after their romanticisation began in the 1890s , more than 150 years after they had died , after Marathi playwrights began writing a series of nationalistic plays based on the historical figures . The first such play that portrayed them as a star crossed couple was Bajirao - Mastani ( 1892 ) by NB Kanitkar . Quartz also said the play portrayed them as star crossed lovers and others playwrights followed Kantikar , making it as familiar to Marathi audiences as that of other epic romances . By the 1930s , a number of historical novels that also added to the `` myth - making '' were written , fascinating another generation . The film gives a more of a personal account of Bajirao 's life , which is hard to prove since it has not been covered much by the historians . Bhansali has said it was his interpretation of how Bajirao was in his home and in personal life , and there was no way to know that . Because of this lack of information , Bhansali took liberties with historical facts and exaggerated a few things for cinematic effects . A disclaimer on the film 's credits stated it does not claim to be historically accurate . The dance sequences have been widely seen as `` fictional '' and `` out of place '' in historical context . Bajirao 's dance sequence in `` Malhari '' has been criticised , saying a chief minister such as Bajirao would never dance in public . Similarly , the `` Pinga '' dance sequence between Kashibai and Mastani has been deemed `` inappropriate '' for women of that era . Some historians have said that apart from the inappropriateness of a woman of Kashiabi 's stature dancing in public , she suffered from a type of arthritis and that dancing was not physically possible for her . While some historians have claimed both women met socially only once ; others have said they never met at all . Mastani was put under house arrest by Balaji while Bajirao was on military campaign , as opposed to film 's depiction of Mastani 's imprisonment . The film shows Bajirao and Mastani dying at the same time in different places , which did not happen in reality . Bajirao died a few days earlier than Mastani ; however the cause of her death is not known . Some have claimed she died from shock ; other accounts say she committed suicide . The film portrays Mastani being chained at the time of her death but she was never chained and she and Kashibai were both present at Bajirao 's last rites . After the death of Mastani , Kashibai raised Mastani 's son as her own , which is not shown in the film . Other inaccuracies include Mastani playing a mandolin , an instrument that originated in Europe during the 19th century . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bajirao Mastani '' . 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Archived from the original on 4 May 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards '' . Filmfare. 11 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards '' . Filmfare. 15 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Filmfare Awards '' . Filmfare Awards . 7 February 2016 . Sony Entertainment Television . Jump up ^ `` 22nd Annual Star Screen Awards '' . Screen Awards . 31 January 2016 . STAR Plus . Jump up ^ `` Nominations 2016 -- IIFA '' . International Indian Film Academy Awards . Archived from the original on 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IIFA Awards 2016 : The Complete List of Winners '' . CNN - News18. 26 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Check out which movie won big at IIFA 2016 Technical awards '' . Daily News and Analysis . 25 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jore , Dharmendra ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Priyanka Chopra : How do we know Bajirao did n't dance ? '' . Mid Day . Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rattanpal , Divyani ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` Do You Know Bajirao 's Mastani Well ? We Did Some Digging For You '' . The Quint . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Manimugdha S. ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` Bajirao Mastani a hit - job on the great Maratha '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 11 Things You Need To Know About The Real Kashibai '' . The Times of India . 5 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hamine , Prashant ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Rare manuscripts of Peshwa history lie wrapped in government apathy '' . The Afternoon Despatch & Courier . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Bollywood portal 2010s portal Bajirao Mastani on IMDb Bajirao Mastani at Bollywood Hungama Bajirao Mastani at Rotten Tomatoes Bajirao Mastani at Box Office Mojo Films by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Director Khamoshi : The Musical ( 1996 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Black ( 2005 ) Saawariya ( 2007 ) Guzaarish ( 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2015 ) Padmaavat ( 2018 ) Producer My Friend Pinto ( 2011 ) Rowdy Rathore ( 2012 ) Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi ( 2012 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Gabbar Is Back ( 2015 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2015 ) Padmaavat ( 2018 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Hindi Medium ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bajirao_Mastani&oldid=854516096 '' Categories : 2015 films 2010s Hindi - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films 2010s historical films Films about royalty Films based on Indian novels Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award - winning performance Films set in the 18th century Films shot in Rajasthan Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award Hindi - language films dubbed in Tamil Hindi - language films dubbed in Telugu Historical epic films Historical romance films History of India on film Indian biographical films Indian drama films Indian epic films Indian films Indian historical films Interfaith romance films Romantic epic films Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award Films featuring a Best Choreography National Film Award - winning choreography Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use Indian English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Good articles All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский සිංහල کوردی Suomi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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Help:Link color

Help : link color - Wikipedia Help : link color Jump to : navigation , search This help page is a how - to guide . It details processes or procedures of some aspect or aspects of Wikipedia 's norms and practices . It is not one of Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines , as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community . Links should clearly be identifiable as links to readers . Refrain from implementing colored links that may impede user ability to distinguish links from regular text , or color links for purely aesthetic reasons . See the guides to editing articles for accessibility at contrast and navbox colors . Linking and page manipulation Linking and diffs ( hide ) URLs Links Orphans Interlanguage links Interwikimedia links Shortcuts External links External link icons Link color Colon trick Pipe trick Self links What links here Linksearch Manual of Style on linking Navigation templates Hatnotes Template messages for links Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Categorization ( show ) Category Categorization guideline Classification Container category FAQ for categorization FAQ for categories Categories , lists , and navigation templates Categorization of people By year By ethnicity , gender , religion and sexuality Redirect categories User categories Overcategorization User categories Template messages for categories Moving and redirecting ( show ) How to move a page for beginners Redirects Moving a page Requested moves How to fix cut - and - paste moves Moving files to the Commons Userfication Template messages for moving Template messages for redirects Merging ( show ) Merging Proposed mergers Requests for history merge Merge and delete ? Merge what ? Delete or merge ? Template messages for merging WikiProject Merge Splitting ( show ) Splitting Template messages for splitting Importing and copying ( show ) How to import articles Requests for page importation Import Export Copying within Wikipedia Protecting ( show ) Protection Protection policy High - risk templates Requests for page protection Rough guide to semi-protection Additional ( show ) How to create a page Article creation Editing Deletion process In Wikipedia , the color of a link shows the status of the corresponding target page . The default colors ( in the Vector skin ) have the following meanings : Link style Type Color Color blue link link to a page that currently exists # 0645AD = rgb ( 6 , 69,173 ) dark blue link link to a page that you have already visited # 0B0080 = rgb ( 11 , 0,128 ) red link link to a page that does not currently exist within Wikipedia # CC2200 = rgb ( 204 , 34 , 0 ) light brown link link to a page that does not exist , but you have visited # A55858 = rgb ( 165 , 88 , 88 ) brown link link to a very short article within Wikipedia , but only if the user has set a preference option to format `` stub '' links in this way # 772233 = rgb ( 119 , 34 , 51 ) light blue link link to a page at another wiki , usually another Wikimedia project Note that the light blue color is used whether or not the page actually exists at the target wiki . For example , there is an article about George Washington Carver here on the English Wikipedia , while there is no article of the same name on the Japanese Wikipedia ; but they do have an article about the same man under a different title . The same color is used for external links , as well . # 3366BB = rgb ( 51,102,187 ) purple link link to a page at another site that has been visited # 663366 = rgb ( 102 , 51,102 ) Note that the colors in the boxes may appear darker than text of the same color ; also , larger or bold text will tend to look darker . Furthermore , the actual color seen by a user will vary slightly according to their operating system , desktop settings , and browser , as well as their monitor and ( for low - end LCDs ) viewing angle . Logged - in users can also change the colors they see by selecting a different skin or using custom CSS . Contents ( hide ) 1 Custom link colors 1.1 Styling Individual links on a page 1.1. 1 Internal links 1.1. 2 External links 1.2 Styling all links just for you 1.3 Other changes 2 Scripts Custom link colors Styling individual links on a page You can set the color of an individual link or set of links on page ( rather than a global change to the style of all links ) as follows . Setting styles in this way will apply to everybody , not just you . Internal links You can turn links a different color like so : Markup * ( ( example < span style = `` color : green ; '' > This page exists. < / span > ) ) * ( ( exampl < span style = `` color : green ; '' > This page does not exist. < / span > ) ) Renders as This page exists . This page does not exist . Or , if you desire existence checking you can try : Markup * ( ( example ( ( # ifexist : example < span style = `` color : green ; '' > This page exists. < / span > This page does not exist . ) ) ) ) * ( ( exampl ( ( # ifexist : exampl < span style = `` color : green ; '' > This page exists. < / span > This page does not exist . ) ) ) ) Renders as This page exists . This page exists . External links A similar styled span can be added within an external link : Markup * ( http://example.com < span style = `` color : green ; '' > Example external link < / span > ) Renders as Example external link Styling all links just for you You can also customize link colors by editing the CSS at your skin subpage . This is a change which will apply to all links throughout the site , but will only be visible to you The standard link selectors are : a : link -- defines the style for normal unvisited links a : visited -- defines the style for visited links a : active -- defines the style for active links ; links become active once you click on them a : hover -- defines the style for hovered links ; links hover when the mouse moves over it Colors are defined by hexadecimal characters : see web colors . / * standard link colors * / . mw - body - content a : link ( color : # 0000FF ; ) / * normal unvisited links * / . mw - body - content a : link : visited ( color : # 0B0080 ; ) / * visited links * / . mw - body - content a : link : active ( color : # FF0000 ; ) / * active links * / . mw - body - content a : link. new ( color : # FF0000 ; ) / * new links * / . mw - body - content a : link. interwiki ( color : # 3366BB ; ) / * interwiki links * / . mw - body - content a : link. external ( color : # 3366BB ; ) / * external links * / . mw - body - content a : link. stub ( color : # 772233 ; ) / * hovered links * / . mw - body - content a : link ( color : # FF0000 ) . mw - body - content a : visited ( color : # 00FF00 ) . mw - body - content a : hover ( color : # FF00FF ) . mw - body - content a : active ( color : # 0000FF ) Notes : a : hover must come after a : link and a : visited a : active must come after a : hover you need to have ``. mw - body - content '' in front of the standard link definition , because otherwise the default definition on this website will still take precedence over what you have defined . Redirect links Show redirects as green links : . mw - body - content a. mw - redirect ( color : # 308050 ) . mw - body - content a. mw - redirect : visited ( color : # 3070A0 ) External links . mw - body - content a. external ( color : # 008000 ) . mw - body - content a. external : visited ( color : # 008000 ) Other changes You can also format the text in other ways . Text - decoration This allows formatting such as underlines . For example : . mw - body - content a : link ( color : # 000000 ; text - decoration : underline ; ) Possible values are : none underline overline line - through font - family This will change the link font : . mw - body - content a : link ( font - family : monospace ) Scripts User : Anomie / linkclassifier is a popular script that customizes colors to indicate links such as pages to be deleted , nonfree - media , redirects , protected pages and more . 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Control unit

Control unit - wikipedia Control unit This article is about the component of a computer 's CPU . For other uses , see Control unit ( disambiguation ) . The control unit ( CU ) is a component of a computer 's central processing unit ( CPU ) that directs the operation of the processor . It tells the computer 's memory , arithmetic / logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor . It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and control signals . Most computer resources are managed by the CU . It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices . John von Neumann included the control unit as part of the von Neumann architecture . In modern computer designs , the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since its introduction . Contents 1 Functions of the control unit 2 Hardwired control unit 3 Microprogram control unit 4 See also 5 References Functions of the control unit ( edit ) The Control Unit ( CU ) is digital circuitry contained within the processor that coordinates the sequence of data movements into , out of , and between a processor 's many sub-units . The result of these routed data movements through various digital circuits ( sub-units ) within the processor produces the manipulated data expected by a software instruction ( loaded earlier , likely from memory ) . It controls ( conducts ) data flow inside the processor and additionally provides several external control signals to the rest of the computer to further direct data and instructions to / from processor external destinations ( i.e. memory ) . Examples of devices that require a CU are CPUs and graphics processing units ( GPUs ) . The CU receives external instructions or commands which it converts into a sequence of control signals that the CU applies to the data path to implement a sequence of register - transfer level operations . More precisely , the Control Unit ( CU ) is generally a sizable collection of complex digital circuitry interconnecting and directing the many execution units ( i.e. ALU , data buffers , registers ) contained within a CPU . The CU is normally the first CPU unit to accept from an externally stored computer program , a single instruction ( based on the CPU 's instruction set ) . The CU then decodes this individual instruction into several sequential steps ( fetching addresses / data from registers / memory , managing execution ( i.e. data sent to the ALU or I / O ) , and storing the resulting data back into registers / memory ) that controls and coordinates the CPU 's inner works to properly manipulate the data . The design of these sequential steps are based on the needs of each instruction and can range in number of steps , the order of execution , and which units are enabled . Thus by only using a program of set instructions in memory , the CU will configure all the CPU 's data flows as needed to manipulate the data correctly between instructions . This results in a computer that could run a complete program and require no human intervention to make hardware changes between instructions ( as had to be done when using only punch cards for computations before stored programmed computers with CUs were invented ) . These detailed steps from the CU dictate which of the CPU 's interconnecting hardware control signals to enable / disable or which CPU units are selected / de-selected and the unit 's proper order of execution as required by the instruction 's operation to produce the desired manipulated data . Additionally , the CU 's orderly hardware coordination properly sequences these control signals then configures the many hardware units comprising the CPU , directing how data should also be moved , changed , and stored outside the CPU ( i.e. memory ) according to the instruction 's objective . Depending on the type of instruction entering the CU , the order and number of sequential steps produced by the CU could vary the selection and configuration of which parts of the CPU 's hardware are utilized to achieve the instruction 's objective ( mainly moving , storing , and modifying data within the CPU ) . This one feature , that efficiently uses just software instructions to control / select / configure a computer 's CPU hardware ( via the CU ) and eventually manipulates a program 's data , is a significant reason most modern computers are flexible and universal when running various programs . As compared to some 1930s or 1940s computers without a proper CU , they often required rewiring their hardware when changing programs . This CU instruction decode process is then repeated when the Program Counter is incremented to the next stored program address and the new instruction enters the CU from that address , and so on till the programs end . Other more advanced forms of Control Units manage the translation of instructions ( but not the data containing portion ) into several micro-instructions and the CU manages the scheduling of the micro-instructions between the selected execution units to which the data is then channeled and changed according to the execution unit 's function ( i.e. , ALU contains several functions ) . On some processors , the Control Unit may be further broken down into additional units , such as an instruction unit or scheduling unit to handle scheduling , or a retirement unit to deal with results coming from the instruction pipeline . Again , the Control Unit orchestrates the main functions of the CPU : carrying out stored instructions in the software program then directing the flow of data throughout the computer based upon these instructions ( roughly likened to how traffic lights will systematically control the flow of cars ( containing data ) to different locations within the traffic grid ( CPU ) until it parks at the desired parking spot ( memory address / register ) . The car occupants ( data ) then go into the building ( execution unit ) and comes back changed in some way then get back into the car and returns to another location via the controlled traffic grid ) . Hardwired control unit ( edit ) Hardwired control units are implemented through use of combinational logic units , featuring a finite number of gates that can generate specific results based on the instructions that were used to invoke those responses . Hardwired control units are generally faster than microprogrammed designs . Their design uses a fixed architecture -- it requires changes in the wiring if the instruction set is modified or changed . This architecture is preferred in reduced instruction set computers ( RISC ) as they use a simpler instruction set . A controller that uses this approach can operate at high speed ; however , it has little flexibility , and the complexity of the instruction set it can implement is limited . The hardwired approach has become less popular as computers have evolved . Previously , control units for CPUs used ad - hoc logic , and they were difficult to design . ( 1 ) Microprogram control unit ( edit ) Main article : Microcode The idea of microprogramming was introduced by Maurice Wilkes in 1951 as an intermediate level to execute computer program instructions . Microprograms were organized as a sequence of microinstructions and stored in special control memory . The algorithm for the microprogram control unit , unlike the hardwired control unit , is usually specified by flowchart description . The main advantage of the microprogram control unit is the simplicity of its structure . Outputs of the controller are organized in microinstructions and they can be easily replaced . See also ( edit ) CPU design Computer architecture Richards controller Controller ( computing ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patterson , David ; Hennessy , John ( 2011 ) . Computer Organization and Design : The Hardware / Software Interface , 4th ed. , revised . Morgan Kaufmann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374750 - 1 . Jump up ^ von Neumann , John ( 1945 ) , First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC ( PDF ) , Moore School of Electrical Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Englander , Irv ( 2009 ) . The Architecture of Computer Hardware , Systems Software , & Networking , 4th Ed . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . Jump up ^ `` MICRO-PROGRAMMED VERSUS HARDWIRED CONTROL UNITS ; '' . www.cs.binghamton.edu . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Williams , R.D. ; Klenke , R.H. ; Aylor , J.H. ( May 2003 ) . `` Teaching computer design using virtual prototyping '' . IEEE Transactions on Education . 46 ( 2 ) : 296 -- 301 . doi : 10.1109 / te. 2002.808278 . ISSN 0018 - 9359 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barkalov , Alexander ( 2009 ) . Logic synthesis for FSM based control units / Alexander Barkalov and Larysa Titarenko . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 04308 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wiśniewski , Remigiusz ( 2009 ) . Synthesis of compositional microprogram control units for programmable devices . Zielona Góra : University of Zielona Góra . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 83 - 7481 - 293 - 1 . Processor technologies Models Turing machine Universal Post -- Turing Quantum Belt machine Stack machine Finite - state machine with datapath Hierarchical Queue automaton Register machines Counter Pointer Random - access Random - access stored program Architecture Von Neumann Harvard modified Dataflow Transport - triggered Cellular Endianness Memory access NUMA HUMA Load / store Register / memory Cache hierarchy Memory hierarchy Virtual memory Secondary storage Heterogeneous Fabric Multiprocessing Cognitive Neuromorphic Instruction set architectures Types CISC RISC Application - specific EDGE TRIPS VLIW EPIC MISC OISC NISC ZISC comparison addressing modes x86 ARM MIPS Power PowerPC SPARC Itanium Unicore MicroBlaze RISC - V others Execution Instruction pipelining Pipeline stall Operand forwarding Classic RISC pipeline Hazards Data dependency Structural Control False sharing Out - of - order Tomasulo algorithm Reservation station Re-order buffer Register renaming Speculative Branch prediction Memory dependence prediction Parallelism Level Bit Bit - serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Distributed Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous Hyperthreading Speculative Preemptive Cooperative Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD SWAR SIMT MISD MIMD SPMD Processor Performance Transistor count Instructions per cycle ( IPC ) Cycles per instruction ( CPI ) Instructions per second ( IPS ) Floating - point operations per second ( FLOPS ) Transactions per second ( TPS ) Synaptic updates per second ( SUPS ) Performance per watt ( PPW ) Cache performance metrics Computer performance by orders of magnitude Types Central processing unit ( CPU ) Graphics processing unit ( GPU ) GPGPU Vector Barrel Stream Coprocessor ASIC FPGA CPLD Multi-chip module ( MCM ) System in package ( SiP ) By application Microprocessor Microcontroller Mobile Notebook Ultra-low - voltage ASIP Systems on Chip System - on - Chip ( SoC ) Multiprocessor ( MPSoC ) Programmable ( PSoC ) Network - on - Chip ( NoC ) Hardware accelerators AI accelerator Vision processing unit ( VPU ) Physics processing unit ( PPU ) Digital signal processor ( DSP ) Tensor processing unit ( TPU ) Secure cryptoprocessor Network processor Baseband processor Word size 1 - bit 2 - bit 4 - bit 8 - bit 16 - bit 32 - bit 48 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit 256 - bit 512 - bit others variable Core count Single - core Multi-core Manycore Heterogeneous architecture Components Core Cache CPU cache replacement policies coherence Bus Clock rate FIFO Functional units Arithmetic logic unt ( ALU ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Floating - point unit ( FPU ) Memory management unit Load -- store unit Translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) Logic Combinational Sequential Glue Logic Gate Quantum Array Registers Processor register Register file Memory buffer Program counter Stack Control unit Instruction unit Data buffer Write buffer Microcode ROM Counter Datapath Multiplexer Demultiplexer Adder Multiplier CPU Binary decoder Address decoder Sum addressed decoder Barrel shifter Circuitry Integrated circuit 3D Mixed signal Power management Boolean Digital Analog Quantum Switch Power management PMU APM ACPI Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Performance per watt ( PPW ) Related History of general - purpose CPUs Microprocessor chronology Processor design Digital electronics Hardware security module Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_unit&oldid=865970367 '' Categories : Central processing unit Digital electronics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Українська اردو 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 11 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

what is the control unit function in the cpu

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Aditya Puri

Aditya Puri - Wikipedia Aditya Puri Aditya Puri is the Managing Director of HDFC Bank , India 's largest private sector bank . He assumed this position in September 1994 , making him the longest - serving head of any private bank in the country . India Today magazine ranked him # 24th in India 's 50 Most Powerful People of 2017 list . Contents 1 Biography 2 Career 3 Awards and honours 3.1 2016 3.2 2015 3.3 2013 4 Personal life 5 References Biography ( edit ) Aditya Puri was born in Gurdaspur District ( Punjab ) and studied at Punjab University , Chandigarh , gaining a bachelor 's degree in Commerce . He qualified as a Chartered Accountant with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India . Career ( edit ) He has worked in the banking sector for 40 years , in India and other countries , and became CEO of Citibank , Malaysia in 1992 . In September 1994 he returned to India as Managing Director of HDFC Bank . He presided over HDFC 's acquisitions of Times Bank Limited in 2000 and of Centurion Bank of Punjab in 2008 . Awards and honours ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) He was the only Indian to feature in Fortune 's Businessperson of the Year list . Best CEO : Institutional Investor All - Asia Executive Team ranking 2016 Outstanding Business Leader of the year - CNBC - TV18 India Business Leader Awards ( IBLA ) 2015 - 16 FE Lifetime Achievement Award from Financial Express Barron 's World 's Top 30 CEOs 2015 ( edit ) Best CEO Award - Business Today Business Leader of the Year - AIMA Managing India Awards 2015 World 's 30 Best CEOs - Barron 's Best CEO - Finance Asia poll on Asia 's Best Companies 2015 2013 ( edit ) Best Executive in India - Asiamoney Banker of the Year 2013 - Business Standard Best CEO - Institutional Investor Top Achiever - Sunday Standard Best Banker Awards Best Executive in India - Asia Money 2013Best Banker - FE Personal life ( edit ) He is the father of actress Amrita Puri . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Profiles of Directors '' . HDFC Bank . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HDFC Bank on the Forbes Asia 's Fab 50 Companies List '' . Forbes . 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Raghunathan , Anu ( 22 July 2015 ) . `` HDFC Bank 's Aditya Puri Has Created India 's Most Valuable Bank '' . Forbes . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India 's 50 powerful people '' . India Today . April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shukla , Saloni . `` Succession plan for HDFC Bank in place , says Aditya Puri '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBoP and Times Bank Amalgamation '' . HDFC Bank . Archived from the original on 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://m.hindustantimes.com/business-news/hdfc-bank-s-aditya-puri-only-indian-on-fortune-s-top-bizmen-list/story-V8pzePys9JpQP290rK4IZP.html Jump up ^ `` Ajita Rajendra and HDFC Bank MD Aditya Puri make it to Fortune list '' . Retrieved 30 Nov 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards - HDFC Bank official website '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aditya Puri conferred ' Lifetime Achievement Award ' by The Financial Express '' ( PDF ) . HDFCBank.com . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HDFC Bank MD Aditya Puri once asked a young manager ' bata laddoo kidhar hai ' -- Anand Mahindra 's interesting anecdote at FE Best Banks Awards '' . The Financial Express . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Priya ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` I survived because I am headstrong like my father : Amrita Puri '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditya_Puri&oldid=853733398 '' Categories : Indian bankers Living people Businesspeople from Chandigarh Panjab University , Chandigarh alumni Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 17 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who is the managing director of hdfc bank

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United States presidential eligibility legislation

United States presidential eligibility legislation - wikipedia United States presidential eligibility legislation Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism Article Two , Section 1 of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as President of the United States : No person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . The Twenty - second Amendment to the United States Constitution also sets constraints on who may be elected to the Presidency : No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice , and no person who has held the office of President , or acted as President , for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once . The controversy arising from conspiracy theories over Barack Obama 's citizenship and eligibility for the presidency prompted a number of Republican state and federal legislators to propose legislation aimed at requiring future presidential candidates to release copies of their birth certificates . The Hawaii State legislature went in the opposite direction , to limit the lengths that proponents can go in pursuit of this issue , as the pursuits have drained resources from the state . Contents 1 Federal initiatives 1.1 Electoral College 1.2 Birth certificate 1.3 Hawaii statehood 2 State initiatives 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Arizona 2.3 Colorado 2.4 Connecticut 2.5 Georgia 2.6 Hawaii 2.7 Indiana 2.8 Iowa 2.9 Kansas 2.10 Louisiana 2.11 Maine 2.12 Michigan 2.13 Missouri 2.13. 1 Constitutional amendment 2.13. 2 Legislation 2.13. 3 Other 2.14 Montana 2.15 Nebraska 2.16 New Hampshire 2.17 Oklahoma 2.18 Pennsylvania 2.19 Tennessee 2.20 Texas 3 See also 4 References Federal initiatives ( edit ) Electoral College ( edit ) Activists lobbied members of Congress to reject the Electoral College vote and block Obama 's election as president in its sitting on January 8 , 2009 , to certify and tally the results of the election . Two Republican members of the House of Representatives , John Linder and Ron Paul , were heavily lobbied by activists who believed that the two lawmakers would be more willing than other members of Congress to raise objections to Obama 's confirmation . The lobbying was unsuccessful and Congress unanimously declared Obama to be the winner of the election . Birth certificate ( edit ) `` H.R. 1503 '' redirects here . For the star , see Beta Caeli . Wikisource has original text related to this article : H.R. 1503 ( 2009 ) In March 2009 , Representative Bill Posey , a newly elected Republican from Florida 's 15th congressional district , introduced a bill , H.R. 1503 , in the U.S. House of Representatives . Had this bill been enacted into law , it would have amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to require candidates for the Presidency `` to include with the ( campaign ) committee 's statement of organization a copy of the candidate 's birth certificate '' plus supporting documentation . The bill did not initially have any co-sponsors and was introduced without the Republican leadership being informed . Florida Today , the newspaper serving his constituency , commented that the bill `` stems from fringe opponents of President Barack Obama who , during the 2008 election campaign , questioned whether Obama was born in Hawaii , '' but added that Posey 's office `` does not question Obama 's citizenship . '' Posey explained his motivation as being to `` prevent something like this ( controversy ) from happening in the future '' by requiring `` the birth certificate up front and take ( the issue ) off the table '' . His initiative was strongly criticized by Florida Democrats , who accused Posey of trying to `` fan the rumors on the extreme fringe of the Republican Party '' and `` pandering to the right wing '' . Satirist Stephen Colbert also mocked Posey for not addressing rumors that he was `` part alligator '' ; Posey responded by commenting that there was `` no reason to say that I 'm the illegitimate grandson of an alligator '' . He also stated that there was now `` no reason to question '' that Obama is a U.S. citizen . Posey 's bill gained the support of twelve Republican co-sponsors - Representatives John R. Carter , Kenny Marchant , Louie Gohmert , John Culberson , Randy Neugebauer , Mike Conaway and Ted Poe ( all from Texas ) , Rep. John Campbell ( California ) , Rep. Bob Goodlatte ( Virginia ) , Rep. Dan Burton ( Indiana ) , Rep. Marsha Blackburn ( Tennessee ) , and Rep. Trent Franks ( Arizona ) . Republican Senator Tom Coburn ( Oklahoma ) also stated that he would `` likely support it '' if the bill reached the Senate , saying that Obama `` meets the constitutional requirement to be president , '' and that `` It is each state 's responsibility to determine the eligibility of those running for federal office . '' H.R. 1503 was never voted upon by either house of Congress and died when the 111th Congress adjourned at the end of 2010 . Hawaii statehood ( edit ) On July 27 , 2009 , the House of Representatives passed a resolution commemorating the 50th anniversary of Hawaii 's statehood . The resolution , containing language recognizing Hawaii as President Obama 's birth state , passed by a vote of 378 to 0 . Some of the cosponsors of the Posey bill , namely Campbell , Carter and Marchant , did not cast a vote . The House has 435 members when all seats are filled . State initiatives ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Senator Slade Blackwell would require any candidate running for an office with an age requirement to present their birth certificate . Arizona ( edit ) On April 19 , 2010 , the Arizona House of Representatives voted in favor of a rider to require presidential candidates `` to submit documents proving they meet the constitutional requirements to be president '' . If enacted , the law would give the Arizona Secretary of State the power to omit a candidate 's name on the state ballot if there is `` reasonable cause '' to believe that the documents are not adequate proof of the requirements for office . The rider passed the Arizona House of Representatives on a 31 -- 29 vote , with only Republicans voting in favor and some Republicans joining with Democrats to oppose . The bill then went to the Arizona State Senate , which declined to vote on the bill before the April 2010 end of legislative session , the deadline for the bill 's passage . In reaction to the proposed legislation , The Arizona Republic referred to it as a `` nutty birther bill '' that would make Arizona seem to be a place where `` any crackpot whim can be enshrined in law '' . Arizona Republican State Representative Cecil Ash , who supported the bill , appeared on CNN 's Anderson Cooper 360 ° to discuss the bill . Ash stated that he believed President Obama was an American citizen , but there has been `` a lot of controversy over the issue '' . Cooper then likened the people who believe there is a birth certificate controversy to people who believe the moon is made of cheese and asked Ash if he knew the moon was not made of cheese without investigation . Ash responded in the affirmative . In January 2011 , similar legislation again was introduced in the Arizona House of Representatives . On April 14 , 2011 the Arizona legislature passed a bill requiring presidential and vice presidential candidates to show the Arizona secretary of state proof that they are natural - born citizens . Such proof could be either a long - form birth certificate or at least two other forms of accepted proof , such as an early baptismal certificate , circumcision certificate or hospital birth record . On April 18 , Governor Jan Brewer vetoed the bill . A state legislator introduced a similar bill in 2012 . In March 2012 , a senate committee voted favorably on a bill that would require candidates for the presidency and vice presidency to submit an affidavit attesting to their eligibility to serve . Colorado ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by 11 Republican state legislators would require any elected official to provide proof of citizenship before being sworn in . The bill was not voted out of committee . Connecticut ( edit ) In January 2011 , Connecticut state Sen. Michael McLachlan introduced legislation that would mandate presidential and vice presidential candidates to provide their birth certificates for their names to be placed on the ballot . The bill did not make it out of committee . Georgia ( edit ) In April 2010 , Georgia state representative Mark Hatfield introduced legislation that would require presidential and vice presidential candidates to submit an affidavit `` stating the candidate 's citizenship and age and shall append to the affidavit documents that prove the candidate is a natural born citizen , prove the candidate 's age , and prove that the candidate meets the residency requirements for President of the United States . '' In February 2011 , Hatfield again introduced similar legislation , but it was not voted out of committee . Hawaii ( edit ) In May 2010 , Hawaii enacted a law allowing the state to ignore requests for information if deemed `` duplicative or substantially similar '' to a prior query . In January 2011 , Hawaii state representative Rida Cabanilla introduced legislation allowing the Hawaii Department of Health to provide upon request a copy of the birth certificate of a `` Person of civic prominence '' ( that is , a candidate or officeholder for which United States citizenship is required ) , and to charge the requesting party a surcharge of $100 . Indiana ( edit ) In January 2011 , Indiana state senator Mike Delph introduced legislation requiring presidential candidates to file a certified copy of a birth certificate along with additional documentation to be on the Indiana ballot . The legislation was not voted out of committee . Iowa ( edit ) In March 2011 , Iowa state Senator Kent Sorenson introduced legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to submit certified copies of their birth certificates , which would be available for public inspection . Kansas ( edit ) In February 2012 , a committee in the Kansas House of Representatives approved a bill that would require candidates for state and federal offices to provide proof of citizenship . Louisiana ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Senator A.G. Crowe and state Representative Alan Seabaugh would require candidates for federal office to file a birth certificate . The legislation was not voted out of committee . Maine ( edit ) State representative Richard Cebra introduced legislation requiring candidates to submit a birth certificate and government - issued identification . Michigan ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Mike Callton would require presidential candidates to submit their birth certificates . Missouri ( edit ) Constitutional amendment ( edit ) Fifteen Republican members of the Missouri House of Representatives sponsored an amendment to the Missouri Constitution in March 2009 that would require `` candidates who are required by the Constitution of the United States to be natural born citizens '' to provide a birth certificate to the Missouri Secretary of State to confirm their eligibility . A certificate of live birth would not be accepted . Failure to comply would result in the candidate being deemed ineligible to stand . The only political offices to be affected would be the President and Vice President , which are the only two positions for which there is a specific constitutional citizenship requirement . The proposed amendment is part of a `` voter 's bill of rights '' , which would serve `` as a defense against corruption , fraud , and tyranny '' . Political commentators interpreted the proposal as being `` aimed at advancing the claims of the fringe movement that doubts President Barack Obama 's eligibility to serve as president '' . The proposed amendment , House Joint Resolution No. 34 , was subsequently withdrawn . Legislation ( edit ) In January 2011 , Republican State Representative Lyle Rowland introduced legislation that would require `` proof of identity and proof of United States citizenship '' for all presidential and vice-presidential candidates . '' In May 2011 , the requirement that presidential candidates present proof of natural born citizenship was added but later trimmed from an omnibus election law reform bill . Rowland introduced similar legislation in 2012 . On March 29 , 2012 , the House of Representatives passed legislation that would require presidential or vice presidential candidates to prove their U.S. citizenship before appearing on the ballot . The bill then passed a Missouri senate committee . Other ( edit ) A number of Missouri Republican politicians have continued to support claims and litigation on the citizenship issue . State Representatives Cynthia L. Davis , Timothy W. Jones and Casey Guernsey have committed to participating as plaintiffs in a lawsuit filed in Missouri challenging Obama 's citizenship . State Representative Edgar G.H. Emery told reporters in July 2009 that he `` questions Obama 's citizenship and ... believes his alleged lack of a legitimate birth certificate ignores the Constitution . '' Montana ( edit ) In January 2011 , Montana state representative Bob Wagner introduced legislation requiring all candidates for federal office file affidavits with the Montana secretary of state verifying that they are qualified ; presidential candidates would be required to provide the state with a valid copy of their birth certificates . Nebraska ( edit ) Proposed legislation introduced in January 2011 would have required a presidential or vice presidential candidate to provide proof of birth that includes the names of the candidate 's parents , and proof that the parents were United States citizens at the time of the candidate 's birth ; the candidate would also have to swear of affirm , `` I was born a citizen of the United States of America and was subject exclusively to the jurisdiction of the United States of America , owing allegiance to no other country at the time of my birth . On the day I was born , both my birth mother and birth father were citizens of the United States of America . '' The proposed legislation failed to be voted out of committee . New Hampshire ( edit ) Legislation introduced in March 2011 would have required presidential candidates to present their birth certificates when filing their nomination papers ; the proposed enactment date was changed to 2013 and thus would not have affected the 2012 presidential elections . The proposed legislation was not voted out of committee . Similar legislation proposed in 2012 also was not voted out of committee . Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma Republican state Representative Mike Ritze proposed a bill in December 2008 , requiring any candidate for public office in Oklahoma to show proof of citizenship . Ritze declared that he `` does not believe Obama submitted an authentic copy of his birth certificate '' . He also unsuccessfully approached Oklahoma Republican Senators Tom Coburn and James Inhofe to persuade them to mount a challenge to Obama 's confirmation by Congress . The bill , House Bill 1329 , was criticized by The Norman Transcript newspaper as `` an outright attempt to embarrass President Barack Obama whose own citizenship was questioned , mostly by those pajama guerrillas trolling on the Internet '' . The bill gained a 23 -- 20 vote in favor , but failed to meet the 25 - vote threshold required to pass . In February 2011 , similar legislation was reintroduced in the Oklahoma state senate . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Legislation introduced in April 2011 by state Representative Daryl Metcalfe would require candidates for president and vice president to provide proof of citizenship to qualify for a spot on the state ballot . Tennessee ( edit ) In Tennessee , four Republican state Representatives -- Stacey Campfield , Glen Casada , Frank S. Niceley and Eric H. Swafford -- announced in February 2009 that they would be joining a legal action to force Obama to release his birth certificate and prove his citizenship . Casada , the Tennessee House Republican caucus chairman , said that he believes Obama has further proof of eligibility , and would like him to make it available : `` Yes , people may say , you 're just chasing some conspiracy theory ... ( but ) it 's a simple act on his part to just do , and we 're done -- move on . '' The alternative newspaper Nashville Scene described Swafford as joining a `` wacky legal action '' and quoted Tennessee house Democrat Larry Miller as saying : `` What is the mentality of these kind of people who continuously make these kind of goofy statements ? It 's embarrassing . '' Attorney Orly Taitz of California said she planned to file the suit , representing the Defend Our Freedoms Foundation . Legislation proposed in January 2011 would require anyone running for elected office to furnish a birth certificate before being declared an eligible candidate . '' It failed to be voted out of a subcommittee . In January 2016 , two Democratic legislators proposed barring the Secretary of State from placing on the ballot any presidential or vice-presidential candidate who was not a natural - born citizen . Texas ( edit ) On November 16 , 2010 , Texas state representative Leo Berman introduced legislation requiring any candidate for president or vice president running in Texas to submit to the Texas Secretary of State an `` original birth certificate indicating that the person is a natural - born United States citizen . '' In introducing the bill , Berman said that the `` bill is necessary because we have a president whom the American people do n't know whether he was born in Kenya or some other place . '' If signed into law , the bill would take effect September 1 , 2011 , about 6 months ahead of the Texas presidential primaries for the 2012 presidential election . By inserting the word `` original '' into the bill , Berman addressed concerns by conspiracy theorists that other bills that do not contain that word are `` flawed '' . His bill would therefore specifically disallow the use of the reproduced certificate that Obama has used since June 2008 as evidence . The legality of such a bill is unknown , as reproduced certificates are generally accepted by government agencies as proof of birth . See also ( edit ) Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence , US Government Printing Office Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Hawaii 's ' birther bill ' '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : Weigel , David ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` GOP Senators Give Hope to Anti-Obama Activists '' . Washington Independent . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jim ( 2009 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Congress Declares Obama the Next President '' . Seattle , Washington : Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . In centuries - old tradition , Congress confirms Obama as the next president Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Birther bill hits Congress '' . Politico.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Preston , Mark ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Republican wants WH candidates to prove citizenship '' . Political Ticker blog . CNN . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Eun Kyung ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Posey to president hopefuls : Prove it '' . Florida Today . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Mark ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Posey : Future presidential candidates should show their birth certificates ; wo n't say whether he believes Obama is a US citizen '' . Orlando Sentinel . Florida . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Colbert , Stephen ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` Bill Posey Alligator Rumors '' . The Colbert Report . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Mark K. ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` New Rep. Bill Posey gains his footing after rough start '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status : 111th Congress ( 2009 - 2010 ) : H.R. 1503 : Cosponsors Jump up ^ thomas.loc.govthomas.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Coburn backing Birther bill '' . Politico.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status : 111th Congress ( 2009 - 2010 ) : H.R. 1503 Jump up ^ Stein , Sam ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` Resolution Proclaiming Hawaii Obama 's Birthplace Passes House Unanimously '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 647 '' . Clerk of the House of Representatives . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beyerle , Dana ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` DANA BEYERLE : Have senators offered ' birther ' bill ? '' . Gadsden Times . Jump up ^ `` Ariz House : Check Obama 's Citizenship '' . April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona birthers : No clue , but plenty of company '' . The Washington Post . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona ' birther bill ' wo n't get Senate vote '' . The Arizona Republic . Phoenix , Arizona . Associated Press . April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Arizona State Legislature '' . Phoenix , Arizona : Arizona Legislature . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . The 49th Legislature , 2nd Regular Session Adjourned Sine Die on Thursday , April 29 , 2010 at 11 : 07 p.m. Jump up ^ `` Bill Status Overview -- SB1024 '' . Phoenix , Arizona : Arizona Legislature . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lawmakers , bury the ' birther bill ' '' . Editorial . Arizona Republic . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birthers Reemerge ; Will Ash Cloud Threat Continue ? '' . Anderson Cooper . CNN . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anderson Cooper Confronts Birther Legislator '' . Jason Linkins . Huffington Post . April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther Bill ' back in Arizona ; Rep. Judy Burges pitches birth certificate legislation again '' . Michael Sheridan . Daily News . January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Condon , Stephanie ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` '' Birther '' bill passes in Arizona legislature `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Brewer Vetoes Birther Bill , Guns on Campus '' . myfoxphoenix.com . Phoenix : KSAZ - TV . April 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Political Insider : For Arpaio , all publicity is good '' . Arizona Republic . December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ashley ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Arizona Senate panel joins Sheriff Arpaio on ' birther ' bandwagon '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` GOP introduces ' birther ' resolution at state legislature '' . KDVR. April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Birther '' bill killed in committee `` . The Colorado Independent . May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Stacy ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` McLachlan sponsors birth certificate bill in Hartford '' . The News - Times . Danbury , Connecticut : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perrefort , Dirk ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Danbury lawmaker 's ' birther ' bill dead '' . The News - Times . Danbury , Connecticut : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Jim ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` A measure to force Obama to address citizenship in 2012 '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunt , April ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` 94 Georgia lawmakers back ' birther ' bill '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunt , April ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Birther bill sponsor tries , fails to get vote '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii considering law to ignore ' birthers ' '' . msnbc.com . Associated Press . March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Hawaii Mulls Law to Ignore Obama ' Birthers ' '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Michael ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Aloha ' Birthers ' : Hawaii law lets state ignore repeated demands for Obama 's birth certificate '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Legislature 2010 Regular Session SB2937 SD1 HD1 CD1 '' . Jump up ^ `` New Hawaii law shuns Obama birth document requests '' . KHON - TV . Associated Press . May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Hawaii lawmakers want release of Obama birth info '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Social issues return to agenda '' . Niki Kelly . Journal Gazette . January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther ' bill fails , will be studied again '' . Ty Jepson . The Exponent . March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jason ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Birther ' legislation introduced by Sorenson '' . Iowa Independent . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Tim ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` House panel passes bill derided as ' birther ' inspired '' . Topeka Capital - Journal . Jump up ^ Moller , Jan ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. Jindal will sign ' birther ' bill if it reaches his desk '' . Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ Moller , Jan ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Author of presidential birth - certificate bill gives up without a hearing '' . Times - Picayune . Jump up ^ Mistler , Steve ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Secretary of state backs bill requiring proof of citizenship to run for state office '' . Sun Journal . Jump up ^ McMillin , Zane ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Pres . hopefuls could face certificate requirements '' . State News . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Missouri Republicans push birth certificate questions to oppose ' tyranny ' '' . Politico.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution No. 34 , 95th General Assembly '' . Missouri House of Representatives . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution No. 34 '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Republicans Still Concerned With Obama 's Citizenship '' . Fired Up ! Missouri . January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birther ' provision removed from election bill '' . Missouri News Horizon . May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , John ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Missouri Lawmaker Says Show Me Your Papers '' . KMOX . Jump up ^ Crisp , Elizabeth ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Missouri House approves `` birther '' bill `` . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Karr , Cole ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` '' Born in the USA '' Bill Takes Another Step Forward `` . KMOX . Jump up ^ Noble , Jason ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Orly Taitz questions Obama 's citizenship in Jeff City ; receives support from 5 state lawmakers '' . Prime Buzz blog . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Messenger , Tony ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Missouri Republicans continue to question Obama citizenship '' . Political Fix blog . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Lawmaker Introduces ' Birther ' Bill '' . Kellyn Brown . Flathead Beacon . January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` The Trouble with Birther Bills '' . Slate . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schulte , Grant ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Neb. legislative committee kills bill requiring birth certificates for presidential hopefuls '' . The Republic . Associated Press . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` N.H. birther bill defanged '' . Politico . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire narrowly rejects seeking birth records from candidates '' . Daily Caller . Associated Press . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spolar , Matthew ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Committee votes down birther bill '' . Concord Monitor . Jump up ^ McNutt , Michael ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Law sought to prove candidate citizenship in Oklahoma '' . The Oklahoman . Oklahoma City . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma 's department of frivolous '' . The Norman Transcript . Norman , Oklahoma . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill to require citizenship proof fails '' . The Edmond Sun . Associated Press . April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bar , Andy ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Birther debate alive across U.S. '' Politico . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Latimer , John ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Local reps support birth certificate bill '' . Lebanon Daily News . Jump up ^ Emery , Theo ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Four Tennessee legislators want Obama to prove citizenship '' . The Tennessean . Nashville . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woods , Jeff ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Democrats Ridicule Lawmaker for Demanding Obama 's Birth Certificate '' . Nashville Scene . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Daly , Kyle ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Birther bills flood state houses across USA , somehow avoiding Colorado '' . The Colorado Independent . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Two misguided bills crash in Nashville '' . Knoxville News Sentinel. April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tennessee Dems want eligibility check on presidential ballot '' . WRCB . Jump up ^ Enrique Rangel ; Terry Greenberg ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` State representatives file birth certificate bill filed for presidential candidates '' . Lubbock Avalanche Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Republican Files Birther Bill '' . Slate . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation&oldid=861011184 '' Categories : United States constitutional law Article Two of the United States Constitution United States nationality law Presidency of the United States Barack Obama presidential campaign , 2008 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 September 2018 , at 15 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Star of David

Star of David - wikipedia Star of David Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the use of the hexagram as a Jewish symbol . For the Star of David in Islam , see Seal of Solomon . For use in Christianity and other Abrahamic religions , see Star of David in the Abrahamic religions . For other uses , see Hexagram . `` Jewish Star '' redirects here . For the newspaper , see The Jewish Star . `` Magen David '' redirects here . For the halakhic commentator , see David HaLevi Segal . Star of David The Star of David ( ✡ ) , known in Hebrew as the Shield of David or Magen David ( Hebrew מָגֵן דָּוִד ; Biblical Hebrew Māḡēn Dāwīḏ ( maːˈɣeːn daːˈwiːð ) , Tiberian ( mɔˈɣen dɔˈvið ) , Modern Hebrew ( maˈɡen daˈvid ) , Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish Mogein Dovid ( ˈmɔɡeɪn ˈdɔvid ) or Mogen Dovid ) , is a generally recognized symbol of modern Jewish identity and Judaism . Its shape is that of a hexagram , the compound of two equilateral triangles . Unlike the menorah , the Lion of Judah , the shofar and the lulav , the Star of David was never a uniquely Jewish symbol , although it had been used in that way as a printer 's colophon since the sixteenth century . During the 19th century the symbol began to proliferate among the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe , ultimately being used among the Jewish communities in the Pale of Settlement . A significant motivating factor , according to scholar Gershom Sholem , was the desire to represent Jewish religion and / or identity in the same manner the Christian cross identified that religion 's believers . The earliest Jewish usage of the symbol was inherited from medieval Arabic literature by Kabbalists for use in talismanic protective amulets ( segulot ) where it was known as a Seal of Solomon . The symbol was also used in Christian churches as a decorative motif many centuries before its first known use in a Jewish synagogue . Before the 19th century , official use in Jewish communities was generally known only in the region of today 's Czech Republic , Austria and possibly parts of Southern Germany , having begun in medieval Prague . The symbol became representative of the worldwide Zionist community , and later the broader Jewish community , after it was chosen as the central symbol on a flag at the First Zionist Congress in 1897 . The identification of the term `` Star of David '' or `` Shield of David '' with the hexagram shape dates to the 17th century . The term `` Shield of David '' is also used in the Siddur ( Jewish prayer book ) as a title of the God of Israel . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Jewish usage 1.1 Early use as an ornament 1.2 Kabbalistic use 1.3 Official usage in Central European communities 1.4 As a symbol of Judaism and the Jewish community 1.5 The Holocaust 2 Contemporary use 2.1 Use in sports 3 Origin of the name 4 Miscellaneous 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History of Jewish usage Early use as an ornament The Star of David in the oldest surviving complete copy of the Masoretic text , the Leningrad Codex , dated 1008 . The hexagram does appear occasionally in Jewish contexts since antiquity , apparently as a decorative motif . For example , in Israel , there is a stone bearing a hexagram from the arch of a 3rd -- 4th century synagogue in the Galilee . Originally , the hexagram may have been employed as an architectural ornament on synagogues , as it is , for example , on the cathedrals of Brandenburg and Stendal , and on the Marktkirche at Hanover . A pentagram in this form is found on the ancient synagogue at Tell Hum . In the synagogues , perhaps , it was associated with the mezuzah . The use of the hexagram in a Jewish context as a possibly meaningful symbol may occur as early as the 11th century , in the decoration of the carpet page of the famous Tanakh manuscript , the Leningrad Codex dated 1008 . Similarly , the symbol illuminates a medieval Tanakh manuscript dated 1307 belonging to Rabbi Yosef bar Yehuda ben Marvas from Toledo , Spain . A Siddur dated 1512 from Prague displays a large hexagram on the cover with the phrase , `` He will merit to bestow a bountiful gift on anyone who grasps the Shield of David . '' Kabbalistic use Page of segulot in a mediaeval Kabbalistic grimoire ( Sefer Raziel HaMalakh , 13th century ) A hexagram has been noted on a Jewish tombstone in Taranto , Apulia in Southern Italy , which may date as early as the third century CE . The Jews of Apulia were noted for their scholarship in Kabbalah , which has been connected to the use of the Star of David . Medieval Kabbalistic grimoires show hexagrams among the tables of segulot , but without identifying them as `` Shield of David '' . In the Renaissance Period , in the 16th - century Land of Israel , the book Ets Khayim conveys the Kabbalah of Ha - Ari ( Rabbi Isaac Luria ) who arranges the traditional items on the seder plate for Passover into two triangles , where they explicitly correspond to Jewish mystical concepts . The six sfirot of the masculine Zer Anpin correspond to the six items on the seder plate , while the seventh sfira being the feminine Malkhut corresponds to the plate itself . However , these seder - plate triangles are parallel , one above the other , and do not actually form a hexagram . According to G.S. Oegema ( 1996 ) Isaac Luria provided the hexagram with a further mystical meaning . In his book Etz Chayim he teaches that the elements of the plate for the Seder evening have to be placed in the order of the hexagram : above the three sefirot `` Crown '' , `` Wisdom '' , and `` Insight '' , below the other seven . Similarly , M. Costa wrote that M. Gudemann and other researchers in the 1920s claimed that Isaac Luria was influential in turning the Star of David into a national Jewish emblem by teaching that the elements of the plate for the Seder evening have to be placed in the order of the hexagram . Gershom Scholem ( 1990 ) disagrees with this view , arguing that Isaac Luria talked about parallel triangles one beneath the other and not about the hexagram . The Star of David at least since the 20th century remains associated with the number seven and thus with the Menorah , and popular accounts associate it with the six directions of space plus the center ( under the influence of the description of space found in the Sefer Yetsira : Up , Down , East , West , South , North , and Center ) , or the Six Sefirot of the Male ( Zeir Anpin ) united with the Seventh Sefirot of the Female ( Nukva ) . Some say that one triangle represents the ruling tribe of Judah and the other the former ruling tribe of Benjamin . It is also seen as a dalet and yud , the two letters assigned to Judah . There are 12 Vav , or `` men , '' representing the 12 tribes or patriarchs of Israel . Official usage in central european communities Historical flag of the Jewish Community in Prague In 1354 , King of Bohemia Charles IV prescribed for the Jews of Prague a red flag with both David 's shield and Solomon 's seal , while the red flag with which the Jews met King Matthias of Hungary in the 15th century showed two pentagrams with two golden stars . In 1460 , the Jews of Ofen ( Budapest , Hungary ) received King Matthias Corvinus with a red flag on which were two Shields of David and two stars . In the first Hebrew prayer book , printed in Prague in 1512 , a large hexagram appears on the cover . In the colophon is written : `` Each man beneath his flag according to the house of their fathers ... and he will merit to bestow a bountiful gift on anyone who grasps the Shield of David . '' In 1592 , Mordechai Maizel was allowed to affix `` a flag of King David , similar to that located on the Main Synagogue '' on his synagogue in Prague . Following the Battle of Prague ( 1648 ) , the Jews of Prague were again granted a flag , in recognition in their contribution to the city 's defense . That flag showed a yellow hexagram on a red background , with a star placed in the center of the hexagram . As a symbol of Judaism and the Jewish community Herzl 's proposed flag , as sketched in his diaries . Although he drew a Star of David , he did not describe it as such Max Bodenheimer 's ( top left ) and Herzl 's ( top right ) 1897 drafts of the Zionist flag , compared to the final version used at the 1897 First Zionist Congress ( bottom ) Béla Guttmann , footballer for Hakoah Vienna The symbol became representative of the worldwide Zionist community , and later the broader Jewish community , after it was chosen to represent the First Zionist Congress in 1897 . A year before the congress , Herzl had written in his 1896 Der Judenstaat : We have no flag , and we need one . If we desire to lead many men , we must raise a symbol above their heads . I would suggest a white flag , with seven golden stars . The white field symbolizes our pure new life ; the stars are the seven golden hours of our working - day . For we shall march into the Promised Land carrying the badge of honor . David Wolffsohn ( 1856 -- 1914 ) , a businessman prominent in the early Zionist movement , was aware that the nascent Zionist movement had no official flag , and that the design proposed by Theodor Herzl was gaining no significant support , wrote : At the behest of our leader Herzl , I came to Basle to make preparations for the Zionist Congress . Among many other problems that occupied me then was one that contained something of the essence of the Jewish problem . What flag would we hang in the Congress Hall ? Then an idea struck me . We have a flag -- and it is blue and white . The talith ( prayer shawl ) with which we wrap ourselves when we pray : that is our symbol . Let us take this Talith from its bag and unroll it before the eyes of Israel and the eyes of all nations . So I ordered a blue and white flag with the Shield of David painted upon it . That is how the national flag , that flew over Congress Hall , came into being . In the early 20th century , the symbol began to be used to express Jewish affiliations in sports . Hakoah Vienna was a Jewish sports club founded in Vienna , Austria , in 1909 whose teams competed with the Star of David on the chest of their uniforms , and won the 1925 Austrian League soccer championship . Similarly , The Philadelphia Sphas basketball team in Philadelphia ( whose name was an acronym of its founding South Philadelphia Hebrew Association ) wore a large Star of David on their jerseys to proudly proclaim their Jewish identity , as they competed in the first half of the 20th century . In boxing , Benny `` the Ghetto Wizard '' Leonard ( who said he felt as though he was fighting for all Jews ) fought with a Star of David embroidered on his trunks in the 1910s . World heavyweight boxing champion Max Baer fought with a Star of David on his trunks as well , notably , for the first time as he knocked out Nazi Germany hero Max Schmeling in 1933 ; Hitler never permitted Schmeling to fight a Jew again . The Holocaust Main article : Yellow badge The yellow badge A Star of David , often yellow , was used by the Nazis during the Holocaust to identify Jews . After the German invasion of Poland in 1939 , there initially were different local decrees forcing Jews to wear distinct signs ( e.g. in the General Government , a white armband with a blue Star of David ; in the Warthegau , a yellow badge , in the form of a Star of David , on the left breast and on the back ) . If a Jew was found in public without the star , he could be severely punished . The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word Jude ( German for Jew ) was then extended to all Jews over the age of six in the Reich and in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ( by a decree issued on September 1 , 1941 and signed by Reinhard Heydrich ) and was gradually introduced in other Nazi - occupied areas . Others , however , wore the Star of David as a symbol of defiance against Nazi antisemitism , as in the case of United States Army private Hal Baumgarten , who wore a Star of David emblazoned on his back during the 1944 invasion of Normandy . Contemporary use The flag of Israel The flag of Israel , depicting a blue Star of David on a white background , between two horizontal blue stripes was adopted on October 28 , 1948 , five months after the country 's establishment . The origins of the flag 's design date from the First Zionist Congress in 1897 ; the flag has subsequently been known as the `` flag of Zion '' . Many Modern Orthodox synagogues , and many synagogues of other Jewish movements , have the Israeli flag with the Star of David prominently displayed at the front of the synagogues near the Ark containing the Torah scrolls . Magen David Adom ( MDA ) ( `` Red Star of David '' or , translated literally , `` Red Shield of David '' ) is Israel 's only official emergency medical , disaster , ambulance service . It has been an official member of the International Committee of the Red Cross since June 2006 . According to the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Magen David Adom was boycotted by the International Committee of the Red Cross , which refused to grant the organization membership because `` it was ( ... ) argued that having an emblem used by only one country was contrary to the principles of universality . '' Other commentators said the ICRC did not recognize the medical and humanitarian use of this Jewish symbol , a Red Shield , alongside the Christian cross and the Muslim crescent . Use in sports Since 1948 , the Star of David has carried the dual significance of representing both the state of Israel , and Jewish identity in general . In the United States especially , it continues to be used in the latter sense by a number of athletes . In baseball , Jewish major leaguer Gabe Kapler had a Star of David tattooed on his left calf in 2000 , with the words `` strong - willed '' and `` strong - minded '' , major leaguer Mike `` SuperJew '' Epstein drew a Star of David on his baseball glove , and major leaguer Ron Blomberg had a Star of David emblazoned in the knob of his bat which is on display at the Baseball Hall of Fame . NBA basketball star Amar'e Stoudemire , who says he is spiritually and culturally Jewish , had a Star of David tattoo put on his left hand in 2010 . NFL football defensive end Igor Olshansky has Star of David tattoos on each side of his neck , near his shoulders . Israeli golfer Laetitia Beck displays a blue - and - white magen david symbol on her golf apparel . In boxing , Jewish light heavyweight world champion Mike `` The Jewish Bomber '' Rossman fought with a Star of David embroidered on his boxing trunks , and also has a blue Star of David tattoo on the outside of his right calf . Other boxers fought with Stars of David embroidered on their trunks include world lightweight champion , world light heavyweight boxing champion Battling Levinsky , Barney Ross ( world champion as a lightweight , as a junior welterweight , and as a welterweight ) , world flyweight boxing champion Victor `` Young '' Peres , world bantamweight champion Alphonse Halimi , and more recently World Boxing Association super welterweight champion Yuri Foreman , light welterweight champion Cletus Seldin , and light middleweight Boyd Melson . Welterweight Zachary `` Kid Yamaka '' Wohlman has a tattoo of a Star of David across his stomach , and welterweight Dmitriy Salita even boxes under the nickname `` Star of David '' . Maccabi clubs still use the Star of David in their emblems . Origin of the name The Jewish Encyclopedia cites a 12th - century Karaite document as the earliest Jewish literary source to mention a symbol called `` Magen Dawid '' ( without specifying its shape ) . The name ' Shield of David ' was used by at least the 11th century as a title of the God of Israel , independent of the use of the symbol . The phrase occurs independently as a Divine title in the Siddur , the traditional Jewish prayer book , where it poetically refers to the Divine protection of ancient King David and the anticipated restoration of his dynastic house , perhaps based on Psalm 18 , which is attributed to David , and in which God is compared to a shield ( v. 31 and v. 36 ) . The term occurs at the end of the `` Samkhaynu / Gladden us '' blessing , which is recited after the reading of the Haftara portion on Saturday and holidays . The earliest known text related to Judaism which mentions a sign called the `` Shield of David '' is Eshkol Ha - Kofer by the Karaite Judah Hadassi , in the mid-12th century CE : Seven names of angels precede the mezuzah : Michael , Gabriel , etc . ... Tetragrammaton protect you ! And likewise the sign , called the `` Shield of David '' , is placed beside the name of each angel . This book is of Karaite , and not of Rabbinic Jewish origin , and it does not describe the shape of the sign in any way . Miscellaneous In Unicode , the `` Star of David '' symbol is U + 2721 ( ✡ ︎ ) . The world 's largest Star of David ( 2,400 metres ( 7,900 ft ) diameter ) is at Harold Holt Naval Communications Station , Exmouth , Australia at 21 ° 48 ′ 57 '' S 114 ° 09 ′ 57 '' E  /  21.815927 ° S 114.165888 ° E  / - 21.815927 ; 114.165888 . ( Google Earth view ) At London Heathrow Airport in the early 1950s were built six runways in ✡ ︎ layout , each a bit over a mile long . Some criminal gangs , including the Gangster Disciples and those affiliated with the Folk Nation , use the Star of David as their symbol . In the case of the Gangster Disciples this is a reference to the group 's founder , David Barksdale , also known as `` King David '' . The insignia of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service has included a hexagram since the end of the 19th century . Gallery Star in the Schneider Synagogue , Istanbul Star in the Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue , Safed The Magen David Adom emblem A synagogue in Karlsruhe , Germany , with the outline of a Star of David A recruitment poster published in American Jewish magazines during WWI . Daughter of Zion ( representing the Jewish people ) : Your Old New Land must have you ! Join the Jewish regiment . Roundel displayed on Israeli Air Force aircraft , 1948 - today Stained glass Star of David USVA headstone emblem 3 USVA headstone emblem 44 Morocco fly mask embroidery See also Judaism portal Anahata Chai symbol G2 ( mathematics ) Merkaba Shatkona , an identical Hindu symbol Kagome crest , an identical Japanese symbol Star of Bethlehem Star of David theorem Star of Lakshmi Stars of David : Prominent Jews Talk About Being Jewish , 2005 book Unicursal hexagram Zoigl , a make of German beer which uses ✡ as its symbol Seal of Solomon References Jump up ^ Yacov Newman , Gavriel Sivan , Judaism A-Z Jump up ^ `` The Flag and the Emblem '' , Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs , `` Unlike the menora ( candelabrum ) , the Lion of Judah , the shofar ( ram 's horn ) and the lulav ( palm frond ) , the Star of David was never a uniquely Jewish symbol . '' Jump up ^ `` The Flag and the Emblem '' , Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs , `` According to Sholem , the motive for the widespread use of the Star of David was a wish to imitate Christianity . During the Emancipation , Jews needed a symbol of Judaism parallel to the cross , the universal symbol of Christianity . '' Jump up ^ Leonora Leet , `` The Hexagram and Hebraic Sacred Science '' in : The Secret Doctrine of the Kabbalah , 1999 , pp. 212 - 217 . Jump up ^ Scholem 1949 , p. 246 : `` In the beginning these designs had no special names or terms , and it is only in the Middle Ages that definite names began to be given to some of those most widely used . There is very little doubt that terms like these first became popular among the Arabs , who showed a tremendous interest in all the occult sciences , arranging and ordering them systematically long before the Practical Cabalists thought of doing so . It is not to be wondered at , therefore , that for a long time both the five - pointed and the six - pointed stars were called by one name , the `` Seal of Solomon , '' and that no distinction was made between them . This name is obviously related to the Jewish legend of Solomon 's dominion over the spirits , and of his ring with the Ineffable Name engraved on it . These legends expanded and proliferated in a marked fashion during the Middle Ages , among Jews and Arabs alike , but the name , `` Seal of Solomon , '' apparently originated with the Arabs . This term they did not apply to any one design exclusively ; they applied it to an entire series of seven seals to which they attributed extreme potency in putting to flight the forces of the Demon . '' Jump up ^ Scholem 1949 , p. 244 : `` It is not to be found at all in medieval synagogues or on medieval ceremonial objects , although it has been found in quite a number of medieval Christian churches again , not as a Christian symbol but only as a decorative motif . The appearance of the symbol in Christian churches long before its appearance in our synagogues should warn the overzealous interpreters . '' Jump up ^ Scholem 1949 , p. 250 : `` From Prague this official use of the symbol spread out . In 1655 it is found on the seal of the Viennese community , and in 1690 on the seal of the community of Kremsier , in Moravia . On the wall of the old synagogue of the community of Budweis ( Southern Bohemia ) , which was abandoned by the Jews in 1641 , there are representations of Shields of David alternating with roses ; apparently this is the oldest synagogue outside of Prague on which this symbol is to be found . In his youth , R. Jonathan Eybeschuetz might have been able to see it on the seal of the community of EybeSchuetz . A number of communities in Moravia used as a seal the Shield of David alone , with the addition of the name of the community . Others had on their seals a lion holding the Shield of David , like the community of Weiskirchen at the beginning of the 18th century . In very isolated instances the figure of the Shield of David was used in southern Germany also , doubtless under the influence of the Prague community . In other countries , we do not generally find the Shield of David in use before the beginning of the 19th century , either on community seals , or on the curtains of the Ark , or on Torah mantles . '' Jump up ^ `` The Flag and the Emblem '' , Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs , quote `` The Star of David became the emblem of Zionist Jews everywhere . Non-Jews regarded it as representing not only the Zionist current in Judaism , but Jewry as a whole . '' ^ Jump up to : Scholem 1949 , p. 251 : `` Then the Zionists came , seeking to restore the ancient glories -- or more correctly , to change the face of their people . When they chose it as a symbol for Zionism at the Basle Congress of 1897 , the Shield of David was possessed of two virtues that met the requirements of men in quest of a symbol : on the one hand , its wide diffusion during the previous century -- its appearance on every new synagogue , on the stationery of many charitable organizations , etc. -- had made it known to everybody ; and on the other , it was not explicitly identified with a religious association in the consciousness of their contemporaries . This lack became its virtue . The symbol did not arouse memories of the past : it could be filled with hope for the future . '' Jump up ^ `` King Solomon - s Seal '' Archived October 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jump up ^ Ulmann . Jump up ^ Herbert M. Adler , JQR , vol. 14 : 111 . Cited in `` Magen David '' , Jewish Encyclopedia , retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ www.markfoster.net Archived July 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rabbi Blumenkrantz , `` The Seder '' , The Laws of Pesach : A Digest 2010 : Chap. 9 . See also , ( 1 ) , retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yirmiyahu Ullman ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` '' Magen David `` '' . Ohr Samayach . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon Jacobson , op - ed , `` Tzav - Passover : The Seder Plate '' , A Meaningful Life , retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gershom Scholem shows conclusively they do not form a hexagram . See , Hatakh ha - Zahav , Hotam Shelomoh u-Magen - David ( Poalim , Hebrew ) 1990 : 156 . Jump up ^ G.S. Oegema , Realms of Judaism . The history of the Shield of David , the birth of a symbol ( Peter Lang , Germany , 1996 ) ISBN 3 - 631 - 30192 - 8 Jump up ^ Hatakh ha - Zahav , Hotam Shelomoh u-Magen - David ( Poalim , 1990 , Hebrew ) p. 156 Jump up ^ Rabbi Naftali Silberberg , `` What is the Mystical Significance of the Star of David ? '' Jump up ^ Schwandtner , Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum , ii. 148 . Facsimile in M. Friedmann , Seder Eliyahu Rabbah ve - Seder Eliyahu Ztṭa , Vienna , 1901 Jump up ^ Reuven Kashani , `` The National Flag '' The Israel Review of Arts and Letters , 1998 / 107 -- 8 , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 1999 ) . `` In 1648 , the Jews of Prague were again allowed a flag , in acknowledgment of their part in defending the city against the Swedes . On a red background was a yellow Shield of David , in the centre of which was a Swedish star . '' Jump up ^ `` The Flag and the Emblem '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Jewish State , by Theodor Herzl '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Michael ; Reuveni , Gideon ( 2006 ) . Emancipation through muscles : Jews and sports in Europe . ISBN 0803205422 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of American Jewish history . ABC - CLIO. 2007 . ISBN 9781851096381 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Outside the box : a memoir . Rodale. 2006 . ISBN 9781594862571 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Jewish life , 1940 -- 2000 . Temple University Press . 2006 . ISBN 9781566399999 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , George B ; Harris , Othello ; Nolte , Claire Elaine ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ethnicity and sports in the United States . ISBN 9780313299117 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Polizeiverordnung über die Kennzeichnung der Juden ( Police Regulation on the identification of Jews ) '' . Verfassungen.de ( in German ) . September 1 , 1941 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Der Judenstern besteht aus einem handtellergroßen , schwarz ausgezogenen Sechs‌stern aus gelbem Stoff mit der schwarzen Aufschrift `` Jude '' . Er ( sic ) ist sichtbar auf der linken Brustseite des Kleidungs‌stücks fest aufgenäht zu tragen . ( Translation : The Jews ' star consists of a palm - sized , black solid six - pointed star made of yellow fabric with a black inscription ( which says ) `` Jew '' . ( It must be ) visibly and firmly sewn on the left chest of the garment . ) ( This policy came into full force as of September 19 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ Geneva Vote Paves the Way for MDA Red Cross Membership , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , December 8 , 2005 Jump up ^ Magen David : Shield or Star ? On Language , by Philologos , The Forward June 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ Paul Lukas ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Uni Watch : Passover edition '' . ESPN . p. 2 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beggy , Carol ; Shanahan , Mark ( September 24 , 2004 ) . `` Sox pair weigh holiday play ; councilor swept up '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Stars '' . Cleveland Jewish News . April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ain , Stewart ( September 8 , 2006 ) . `` Fast Balls Keep Flying At Mel '' . The Jewish Week . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` It started as a great idea , then fate stepped in '' . Jewish Tribune . September 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salkin , Allen . `` Where have you gone , Sandy Koufax ? '' . Charlotte.creativeloafing.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Isabel Kershner and Harvey Araton `` Amar'e Stoudemire 's Quest to Israel '' , The New York Times , August 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Klopman , Michael ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Is Amare Stoudemire Jewish ? Knick Shows Star Of David Tattoo , Wears Yarmulke ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks star Amar'e Stoudemire keeps things kosher '' . New York Post . August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Are you ready for some football ? '' Kaplan 's Korner on Jews and Sports `` . New Jersey Jewish News . September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whisler , John ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` Cowboys add muscle on defense with Olshanksy '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tenacious D -- by Nisha Gopalan '' . Tablet Magazine . November 14 , 2008 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yom Kippur a No Go for Young Golfer Laetitia Beck '' . Algemeiner Journal . October 7 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sagui , Miki ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Laetitia Beck , Israel 's Tiger Woods '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Big Book of Jewish Sports Heroes : An Illustrated Compendium of Sports History and The 150 Greatest Jewish Sports Stars . SP Books . 2007 . ISBN 9781561719075 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dodger - Giant Rivalry Downright Nostalgic '' , The Spokesman - Review , September 24 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` The Commander '' . New York . Vol. 39 . 2006 . p. 32 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pat Putnam ( December 18 , 1978 ) . `` Mom is Jewish , Dad is Italian , and Mike Rossman -- the Star '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The 1930s . Weigl Educational Publishers . 2000 . ISBN 9781896990644 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schaap , Jeremy ( 2007 ) . Triumph : the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler 's Olympics . ISBN 0618688226 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On the Rise : ' Hebrew Hammer ' Cletus Seldin Seeks to Join Ranks of Historic Jewish Boxers '' . Algemeiner Journal . Jump up ^ Ellis Island to Ebbets Field : Sport and the American Jewish Experience . Oxford University Press . 1993 . ISBN 9780195359008 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vials , Chris ( 2009 ) . Realism for the masses : aesthetics , popular front pluralism , and U.S. culture , 1935 -- 1947 . ISBN 9781604733495 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , David . Sport in America eBook. II . ISBN 9781450409124 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Katz , Yossi ( 2010 ) . A Voice Called : Stories of Jewish Heroism . ISBN 9789652294807 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Papa Said Knock You Out : Issue 53 's Zachary Wohlman Fights This Thursday '' . Mass Appeal . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Isaac Barrio ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Dmitriy `` STAR OF DAVID '' Salita in Main Event `` . Hardcoreboxing.net . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Football : a sociology of the global game . Wiley - Blackwell . 1999 . ISBN 9780745617695 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magen Dawid '' , Jewish Encyclopida , retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A similar term , `` Shield of Abraham '' appears in the first blessing of the `` Amidah '' prayer , which was written in early Rabbinic times ( around year 1 , a millennium before the first documentation of the term in reference to a sixGpoint star ) . That term is probably based on Genesis 15 : 1 , where God promises to shield Abraham . Jump up ^ Eshkol Ha - Kofer by Judah Hadassi , 12th century CE Jump up ^ `` Australian Heritage Database '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The star of David '' . The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Further reading Scholem , Gershom ( 1971 ) . `` The Star of David : History of a Symbol '' . The Messianic idea in Judaism and other essays on Jewish spirituality . Schocken Books . pp. 257 -- 281 . Scholem , Gershom ( 1949 ) . `` The Curious History of the Six - Pointed Star . How the `` Magen David '' Became the Jewish Symbol '' ( PDF ) . Commentary . Vol. 8 . pp. 243 -- 251 . Handelman , Don ; Shamgar - Handelman , Lea ( 1990 ) . `` Shaping Time : The Choice of the National Emblem of Israel '' . In Emiko Ohnuki - Tierney . Culture Through Time : Anthropological Approaches . Stanford University Press . pp. 193 -- 226 . ISBN 9780804717915 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star of David . 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Giant-impact hypothesis

Giant - impact hypothesis - wikipedia Giant - impact hypothesis Jump to : navigation , search `` Big splash '' redirects here . For other uses , see Big Splash ( disambiguation ) . Artist 's depiction of a collision between two planetary bodies . Such an impact between Earth and a Mars - sized object likely formed the Moon . The giant - impact hypothesis , sometimes called the Big Splash , or the Theia Impact suggests that the Moon formed out of the debris left over from a collision between Earth and an astronomical body the size of Mars , approximately 4.5 billion years ago , in the Hadean eon ; about 20 to 100 million years after the solar system coalesced . The colliding body is sometimes called Theia , from the name of the mythical Greek Titan who was the mother of Selene , the goddess of the Moon . Analysis of lunar rocks , published in a 2016 report , suggests that the impact may have been a direct hit , causing a thorough mixing of both parent bodies . The giant - impact hypothesis is currently the favoured scientific hypothesis for the formation of the Moon . Supporting evidence includes : Earth 's spin and the Moon 's orbit have similar orientations . Moon samples indicate that the Moon 's surface was once molten . The Moon has a relatively small iron core . The Moon has a lower density than Earth . There is evidence in other star systems of similar collisions , resulting in debris disks . Giant collisions are consistent with the leading theories of the formation of the Solar System . The stable - isotope ratios of lunar and terrestrial rock are identical , implying a common origin . There remain several questions concerning the best current models of the giant - impact hypothesis , however . The energy of such a giant impact is predicted to have heated Earth to produce a global magma ocean , and evidence of the resultant planetary differentiation of the heavier material sinking into Earth 's mantle has been documented . However , as of 2015 there is no self - consistent model that starts with the giant - impact event and follows the evolution of the debris into a single moon . Other remaining questions include when the Moon lost its share of volatile elements and why Venus -- which experienced giant impacts during its formation -- does not host a similar moon . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Theia 3 Basic model 4 Composition 4.1 Energetic aftermath theory 5 Evidence 6 Difficulties 6.1 Composition 6.2 Lack of a Venusian moon 7 Possible origin of Theia 8 Modified hypothesis 9 Alternative hypotheses 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) In 1898 , George Darwin made the suggestion that the Earth and Moon were once a single body . Darwin 's hypothesis was that a molten Moon had been spun from the Earth because of centrifugal forces , and this became the dominant academic explanation . Using Newtonian mechanics , he calculated that the Moon had orbited much more closely in the past and was drifting away from the Earth . This drifting was later confirmed by American and Soviet experiments , using laser ranging targets placed on the Moon . Nonetheless , Darwin 's calculations could not resolve the mechanics required to trace the Moon backward to the surface of the Earth . In 1946 , Reginald Aldworth Daly of Harvard University challenged Darwin 's explanation , adjusting it to postulate that the creation of the Moon was caused by an impact rather than centrifugal forces . Little attention was paid to Professor Daly 's challenge until a conference on satellites in 1974 , during which the idea was reintroduced and later published and discussed in Icarus in 1975 by Drs . William K. Hartmann and Donald R. Davis . Their models suggested that , at the end of the planet formation period , several satellite - sized bodies had formed that could collide with the planets or be captured . They proposed that one of these objects may have collided with the Earth , ejecting refractory , volatile - poor dust that could coalesce to form the Moon . This collision could potentially explain the unique geological and geochemical properties of the Moon . A similar approach was taken by Canadian astronomer Alastair G.W. Cameron and American astronomer William R. Ward , who suggested that the Moon was formed by the tangential impact upon Earth of a body the size of Mars . It is hypothesized that most of the outer silicates of the colliding body would be vaporized , whereas a metallic core would not . Hence , most of the collisional material sent into orbit would consist of silicates , leaving the coalescing Moon deficient in iron . The more volatile materials that were emitted during the collision probably would escape the Solar System , whereas silicates would tend to coalesce . Theia ( edit ) Main article : Theia ( planet ) The name of the hypothesized protoplanet is derived from the mythical Greek titan Theia / ˈθiːə / , who gave birth to the Moon goddess Selene . This designation was proposed initially by the English geochemist Alex N. Halliday in 2000 and has become accepted in the scientific community . According to modern theories of planet formation , Theia was part of a population of Mars - sized bodies that existed in the Solar System 4.5 billion years ago . One of the attractive features of the giant - impact hypothesis is that the formation of the Moon and Earth align ; during the course of its formation , the Earth is thought to have experienced dozens of collisions with planet - sized bodies . The Moon - forming collision would have been only one such `` giant impact '' but certainly the last significant impactor event . The Late Heavy Bombardment by much smaller asteroids occurred later - approximately 3.9 billion years ago . Basic model ( edit ) Simplistic representation of the giant - impact hypothesis . Astronomers think the collision between Earth and Theia happened at about 4.4 to 4.45 bya ; about 0.1 billion years after the Solar System began to form . In astronomical terms , the impact would have been of moderate velocity . Theia is thought to have struck the Earth at an oblique angle when the Earth was nearly fully formed . Computer simulations of this `` late - impact '' scenario suggest an impact angle of about 45 ° and an initial impactor velocity below 4 km / s . However , oxygen isotope abundance in lunar rock suggests `` vigorous mixing '' of Theia and Earth , indicating a steep impact angle . Theia 's iron core would have sunk into the young Earth 's core , and most of Theia 's mantle accreted onto the Earth 's mantle . However , a significant portion of the mantle material from both Theia and the Earth would have been ejected into orbit around the Earth ( if ejected with velocities between orbital velocity and escape velocity ) or into individual orbits around the sun ( if ejected at higher velocities ) . The material in orbits around the Earth quickly coalesced into the Moon ( possibly within less than a month , but in no more than a century ) . The material in orbits around the sun stayed on its Kepler orbits , which are stable in space , and was thus likely to hit the earth - moon system sometime later ( because the Earth - Moon system 's Kepler orbit around the sun also remains stable ) . Estimates based on computer simulations of such an event suggest that some twenty percent of the original mass of Theia would have ended up as an orbiting ring of debris around the Earth , and about half of this matter coalesced into the Moon . The Earth would have gained significant amounts of angular momentum and mass from such a collision . Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth 's rotation before the impact , it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact , and the Earth 's equator and the Moon 's orbit would have become coplanar . Not all of the ring material need have been swept up right away : the thickened crust of the Moon 's far side suggests the possibility that a second moon about 1,000 km in diameter formed in a Lagrange point of the Moon . The secondary , smaller moon may have remained in orbit for tens of millions of years . As the two moons migrated outward from the Earth , solar tidal effects would have made the Lagrange orbit unstable , resulting in a slow - velocity collision that `` pancaked '' the smaller moon onto what is now the far side , adding material to the crust . Lunar magma can not pierce through the thick crust of the far side , causing lesser lunar maria , while the near side has a thin crust displaying the large maria visible from Earth . Composition ( edit ) In 2001 , a team at the Carnegie Institution of Washington reported the surprising finding that the rocks from the Apollo program carried an isotopic signature that was identical with rocks from Earth , and were different from almost all other bodies in the Solar System . In 2014 , a team in Germany reported that the Apollo samples had a slightly different isotopic signature from Earth rocks . The difference was slight , but statistically significant . One possible explanation is that Theia formed near the Earth . Energetic aftermath Theory ( edit ) In 2007 , researchers from the California Institute of Technology showed that the likelihood of Theia having an identical isotopic signature as the Earth was very small ( less than 1 percent ) . They proposed that in the aftermath of the giant impact , while the Earth and the proto - lunar disk were molten and vaporized , the two reservoirs were connected by a common silicate vapour atmosphere , and that the Earth -- Moon system became homogenized by convective stirring while the system existed in the form of a continuous fluid . Such an `` equilibration '' between the post-impact Earth and the proto - lunar disk is the only proposed scenario that explains the isotopic similarities of the Apollo rocks with rocks from the Earth 's interior . For this scenario to be viable , however , the proto - lunar disk would have to endure for about 100 years . Work is ongoing to determine whether or not this is possible . Evidence ( edit ) Indirect evidence for the giant impact scenario comes from rocks collected during the Apollo Moon landings , which show oxygen isotope ratios nearly identical to those of Earth . The highly anorthositic composition of the lunar crust , as well as the existence of KREEP - rich samples , suggest that a large portion of the Moon once was molten ; and a giant impact scenario could easily have supplied the energy needed to form such a magma ocean . Several lines of evidence show that if the Moon has an iron - rich core , it must be a small one . In particular , the mean density , moment of inertia , rotational signature , and magnetic induction response of the Moon all suggest that the radius of its core is less than about 25 % the radius of the Moon , in contrast to about 50 % for most of the other terrestrial bodies . Appropriate impact conditions satisfying the angular momentum constraints of the Earth -- Moon system yield a Moon formed mostly from the mantles of the Earth and the impactor , while the core of the impactor accretes to the Earth . It is noteworthy that the Earth has the highest density of all the planets in the Solar system ; the absorption of the core of the impactor body explains this observation , given the proposed properties of the early Earth and Theia . Comparison of the zinc isotopic composition of Lunar samples with that of Earth and Mars rocks provides further evidence for the impact hypothesis . Zinc is strongly fractionated when volatilized in planetary rocks , but not during normal igneous processes , so zinc abundance and isotopic composition can distinguish the two geological processes . Moon rocks contain more heavy isotopes of zinc , and overall less zinc , than corresponding igneous Earth or Mars rocks , which is consistent with zinc being depleted from the Moon through evaporation , as expected for the giant impact origin . Collisions between ejecta escaping Earth 's gravity and asteroids would have left impact heating signatures in stony meteorites ; analysis based on assuming the existence of this effect has been used to date the impact event to 4.47 billion years ago , in agreement with the date obtained by other means . Warm silica - rich dust and abundant SiO gas , products of high velocity ( > 10 km / s ) impacts between rocky bodies , have been detected by the Spitzer Space Telescope around the nearby ( 29 pc distant ) young ( ~ 12 My old ) star HD172555 in the Beta Pictoris moving group . A belt of warm dust in a zone between 0.25 AU and 2AU from the young star HD 23514 in the Pleiades cluster appears similar to the predicted results of Theia 's collision with the embryonic Earth , and has been interpreted as the result of planet - sized objects colliding with each other . A similar belt of warm dust was detected around the star BD + 20 ° 307 ( HIP 8920 , SAO 75016 ) . Difficulties ( edit ) This lunar origin hypothesis has some difficulties that have yet to be resolved . For example , the giant - impact hypothesis implies that a surface magma ocean would have formed following the impact . Yet there is no evidence that the Earth ever had such a magma ocean and it is likely there exists material that has never been processed in a magma ocean . Composition ( edit ) A number of compositional inconsistencies need to be addressed . The ratios of the Moon 's volatile elements are not explained by the giant - impact hypothesis . If the giant - impact hypothesis is correct , they must be due to some other cause . The presence of volatiles such as water trapped in lunar basalts is more difficult to explain if the Moon was caused by a high - temperature impact . The iron oxide ( FeO ) content ( 13 % ) of the Moon , intermediate between that of Mars ( 18 % ) and the terrestrial mantle ( 8 % ) , rules out most of the source of the proto - lunar material from the Earth 's mantle . If the bulk of the proto - lunar material had come from an impactor , the Moon should be enriched in siderophilic elements , when , in fact , it is deficient in those . The Moon 's oxygen isotopic ratios are essentially identical to those of Earth . Oxygen isotopic ratios , which may be measured very precisely , yield a unique and distinct signature for each solar system body . If a separate proto - planet Theia had existed , it probably would have had a different oxygen isotopic signature than Earth , as would the ejected mixed material . The Moon 's titanium isotope ratio ( Ti / Ti ) appears so close to the Earth 's ( within 4 ppm ) , that little if any of the colliding body 's mass could likely have been part of the Moon . Lack of a venusian Moon ( edit ) If the Moon was formed by such an impact , it is possible that other inner planets also may have been subjected to comparable impacts . A moon that formed around Venus by this process would have been unlikely to escape . If such a moon - forming event had occurred there , a possible explanation of why the planet does not have such a moon might be that a second collision occurred that countered the angular momentum from the first impact . Another possibility is that the strong tidal forces from the Sun would tend to destabilize the orbits of moons around close - in planets . For this reason , if Venus 's slow rotation rate began early in its history , any satellites larger than a few kilometres in diameter would likely have spiralled inwards and collided with Venus . Simulations of the chaotic period of terrestrial planet formation suggest that impacts like those hypothesized to have formed the Moon were common . For typical terrestrial planets with a mass of 0.5 to 1 Earth masses , such an impact typically results in a single moon containing 4 % of the host planet 's mass . The inclination of the resulting moon 's orbit is random , but this tilt affects the subsequent dynamic evolution of the system . For example , some orbits may cause the moon to spiral back into the planet . Likewise , the proximity of the planet to the star will also affect the orbital evolution . The net effect is that it is more likely for impact - generated moons to survive when they orbit more distant terrestrial planets and are aligned with the planetary orbit . Possible origin of Theia ( edit ) One suggested pathway for the Big Splash as viewed from the direction of the south pole In 2004 , Princeton University mathematician Edward Belbruno and astrophysicist J. Richard Gott III proposed that Theia coalesced at the L or L Lagrangian point relative to Earth ( in about the same orbit and about 60 ° ahead or behind ) , similar to a trojan asteroid . Two - dimensional computer models suggest that the stability of Theia 's proposed trojan orbit would have been affected when its growing mass exceeded a threshold of approximately 10 % of the Earth 's mass ( the mass of Mars ) . In this scenario , gravitational perturbations by planetesimals caused Theia to depart from its stable Lagrangian location , and subsequent interactions with proto - Earth led to a collision between the two bodies . In 2008 , evidence was presented that suggests that the collision may have occurred later than the accepted value of 4.53 Gya , at approximately 4.48 Gya . A 2014 comparison of computer simulations with elemental abundance measurements in the Earth 's mantle indicated that the collision occurred approximately 95 My after the formation of the Solar System . It has been suggested that other significant objects may have been created by the impact , which could have remained in orbit between the Earth and Moon , stuck in Lagrangian points . Such objects may have stayed within the Earth -- Moon system for as long as 100 million years , until the gravitational tugs of other planets destabilized the system enough to free the objects . A study published in 2011 suggested that a subsequent collision between the Moon and one of these smaller bodies caused the notable differences in physical characteristics between the two hemispheres of the Moon . This collision , simulations have supported , would have been at a low enough velocity so as not to form a crater ; instead , the material from the smaller body would have spread out across the Moon ( in what would become its far side ) , adding a thick layer of highlands crust . The resulting mass irregularities would subsequently produce a gravity gradient that resulted in tidal locking of the Moon so that today , only the near side remains visible from Earth . However , mapping by the GRAIL mission has apparently ruled out this scenario . Modified hypothesis ( edit ) The giant - impact hypothesis fails to properly explain the similar composition of Earth and the Moon . Especially , the indistinguishable relation of oxygen isotopes can not be explained by the classical form of this hypothesis . According to research on the subject that is based on new simulations at the University of Bern by physicist Andreas Reufer and his colleagues , Theia collided directly with Earth instead of barely swiping it . The collision speed may have been higher than originally assumed , and this higher velocity may have totally destroyed Theia . According to this modification , the composition of Theia is not so restricted , making a composition of up to 50 % water ice possible . Alternative hypotheses ( edit ) Main article : Origin of the Moon Other mechanisms that have been suggested at various times for the Moon 's origin are that the Moon was spun off from the Earth 's molten surface by centrifugal force ; that it was formed elsewhere and was subsequently captured by the Earth 's gravitational field ; or that the Earth and the Moon formed at the same time and place from the same accretion disk . None of these hypotheses can account for the high angular momentum of the Earth -- Moon system . Another hypothesis attributes the formation of the Moon to the impact of a large asteroid with the Earth much later than previously thought , creating the satellite primarily from debris from Earth . In this hypothesis , the formation of the Moon occurs 60 -- 140 million years after the formation of the Solar System . Previously , the age of the Moon had been thought to be 4.527 ± 0.010 billion years . The impact in this scenario would have created a magma ocean on Earth and the proto - Moon with both bodies sharing a common plasma metal vapour atmosphere . The shared metal vapour bridge would have allowed material from the Earth and proto - Moon to exchange and equilibrate into a more common composition . Yet another hypothesis proposes that the Moon and the Earth have formed together instead of separately like the giant - impact hypothesis suggests . The new model , developed by Robin M. Canup , suggests that the Moon and the Earth have formed as a part of a massive collision of two planetary bodies , each larger than Mars , which then re-collided to form what we now call Earth . After the recollision , Earth was surrounded by a disk of material , which accreted to form the Moon . This hypothesis could explain facts that others do not . Moon -- Oceanus Procellarum ( `` Ocean of Storms '' ) Ancient rift valleys -- rectangular structure ( visible -- topography -- GRAIL gravity gradients ) ( October 1 , 2014 ) . Ancient rift valleys -- context . Ancient rift valleys -- closeup ( artist 's concept ) . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Space portal Moon portal Geologic time scale Geology of the Moon History of Earth Lunar geologic timescale Origin of the Moon Roche limit Theia ( planet ) Nibiru ( Babylonian astronomy ) Phaeton ( hypothetical planet ) References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the Moon '' . The New York Times . 2014 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday , Alex N. ( February 28 , 2000 ) . `` Terrestrial accretion rates and the origin of the Moon '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 176 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 30 . Bibcode : 2000E&PSL. 176 ... 17H . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 99 ) 00317 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Edward D. ; Kohl , Issaku E. ; Warren , Paul H. ; Rubie , David C. ; Jacobson , Seth A. ; Morbidelli , Alessandro ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Oxygen isotopic evidence for vigorous mixing during the Moon - forming giant impact '' . Science . 351 ( 6272 ) : 493 -- 496 . arXiv : 1603.04536 . Bibcode : 2016Sci ... 351 ... 493Y . doi : 10.1126 / science. aad0525 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 26823426 . ^ Jump up to : Canup , R. ; Asphaug , E. ( 2001 ) . `` Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth 's formation '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 412 ( 6848 ) : 708 -- 712 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 412 ... 708C . doi : 10.1038 / 35089010 . PMID 11507633 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , Dana ( 2003 ) . The Big Splat , or How The Moon Came To Be . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 15057 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wiechert , U. ; et al. ( October 2001 ) . `` Oxygen Isotopes and the Moon - Forming Giant Impact '' . Science . 294 ( 12 ) : 345 -- 348 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 294 ... 345W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1063037 . PMID 11598294 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Daniel Clery ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Impact Theory Gets Whacked '' . Science . 342 : 183 . Bibcode : 2013Sci ... 342 ... 183C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 342.6155. 183 . PMID 24115419 . Jump up ^ Rubie , D.C. ; Nimmo , F. ; Melosh , H.J. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . Formation of Earth 's Core A2 - Schubert , Gerald . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 51 -- 90 . ISBN 9780444527486 . ^ Jump up to : Binder , A.B. ( 1974 ) . `` On the origin of the Moon by rotational fission '' . The Moon . 11 ( 2 ) : 53 -- 76 . Bibcode : 1974Moon ... 11 ... 53B . doi : 10.1007 / BF01877794 . Jump up ^ Daly , Reginald A. ( 1946 ) . `` Origin of the Moon and Its Topography '' . PAPS. 90 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 3301051 . JSTOR 3301051 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , W.K. ; Davis , D.R. ( April 1975 ) . `` Satellite - sized planetesimals and lunar origin '' . Icarus . 24 ( 4 ) : 504 -- 514 . Bibcode : 1975Icar ... 24 ... 504H . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 75 ) 90070 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cameron , A.G.W. ; Ward , W.R. ( March 1976 ) . `` The Origin of the Moon '' . Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . 7 : 120 -- 122 . Bibcode : 1976LPI ... 7 ... 120C . Jump up ^ Gray , Denis ( December 2003 ) , `` Book Review : The big splat or how our moon came to be / John Wiley & Sons , 2003 '' , Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada , 97 ( 6 ) : 299 , Bibcode : 2003JRASC ... 97 ... 299G Jump up ^ Freeman , David ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) . `` How Old Is The Moon ? 100 Million Years Younger Than Once Thought , New Research Suggests '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Soderman . `` Evidence for Moon - Forming Impact Found Inside Meteorites '' . NASA - SSERVI . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Canup , Robin M. ( April 2004 ) , `` Simulations of a late lunar - forming impact '' , Icarus , 168 ( 2 ) : 433 -- 456 , Bibcode : 2004Icar ... 168 ... 433C , doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2003.09. 028 Jump up ^ `` The Earth and Moon Both Contain Equal Parts of an Ancient Planet '' . Popular Mechanics. 2016 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , D.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Origin of the moon -- The collision hypothesis '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 15 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 315 . Bibcode : 1987AREPS ... 15 ... 271S . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 15.050187. 001415 . Jump up ^ Richard Lovett ( 2011 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Early Earth may have had two moons '' . Nature.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Was our two - faced moon in a small collision ? '' . Theconversation.edu.au . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Phil Plait , Why Do We Have a Two - Faced Moon ? , Slate : Bad Astronomy blog , July 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Herwartz , D. ; Pack , A. ; Friedrichs , B. ; Bischoff , A. ( 2014 ) . `` Identification of the giant impactor Theia in lunar rocks '' . Science . 344 ( 6188 ) : 1146 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 344.1146 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1251117 . PMID 24904162 . Jump up ^ `` Traces of another world found on the Moon '' . BBC News . 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pahlevan , Kaveh ; Stevenson , David ( October 2007 ) . `` Equilibration in the Aftermath of the Lunar - forming Giant Impact '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 262 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 438 -- 449 . arXiv : 1012.5323 . Bibcode : 2007E&PSL. 262 ... 438P . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2007.07. 055 . ^ Jump up to : Paniello , R.C. ; Day , J.M.D. ; Moynier , F. ( 2012 ) . `` Zinc isotopic evidence for the origin of the Moon '' . Nature . 490 ( 7420 ) : 376 -- 379 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 490 ... 376P . doi : 10.1038 / nature11507 . PMID 23075987 . Jump up ^ Moynier , F. ; Albarède , F. ; Herzog , G.F. ( 2006 ) . `` Isotopic composition of zinc , copper , and iron in lunar samples '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 70 ( 24 ) : 6103 . Bibcode : 2006GeCoA ... 70.6103 M . doi : 10.1016 / j. gca. 2006.02. 030 . Jump up ^ Moynier , F. ; Beck , P. ; Jourdan , F. ; Yin , Q.Z. ; Reimold , U. ; Koeberl , C. ( 2009 ) . `` Isotopic fractionation of zinc in tektites '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 277 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 482 . Bibcode : 2009E&PSL. 277 ... 482M . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2008.11. 020 . Jump up ^ Ben Othman , D. ; Luck , J.M. ; Bodinier , J.L. ; Arndt , N.T. ; Albarède , F. ( 2006 ) . `` Cu -- Zn isotopic variations in the Earth 's mantle '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 70 ( 18 ) : A46 . Bibcode : 2006GeCAS ... 70 ... 46B . doi : 10.1016 / j. gca. 2006.06. 201 . Jump up ^ Bottke , W.F. ; Vokrouhlicky , D. ; Marchi , S. ; Swindle , T. ; Scott , E.R.D. ; Weirich , J.R. ; Levison , H. ( 2015 ) . `` Dating the Moon - forming impact event with asteroidal meteorites '' . Science . 348 ( 6232 ) : 321 . Bibcode : 2015Sci ... 348 ... 321B . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaa0602 . PMID 25883354 . Jump up ^ Lisse , Carey M. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Abundant Circumstellar Silica Dust and SiO Gas Created by a Giant Hypervelocity Collision in the ~ 12 Myr HD172555 System '' . Astrophysical Journal . 701 ( 2 ) : 2019 -- 2032 . arXiv : 0906.2536 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 701.2019 L . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 701 / 2 / 2019 . Jump up ^ Rhee , Joseph H. ; Song , Inseok ; Zuckerman , B. ( 2007 ) . `` Warm dust in the terrestrial planet zone of a sun - like Pleiad : collisions between planetary embryos ? '' . Astrophysical Journal . 675 ( 1 ) : 777 -- 783 . arXiv : 0711.2111 v1 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 675 ... 777R . doi : 10.1086 / 524935 . Jump up ^ Song , Inseok ; et al. ( 21 July 2005 ) . `` Extreme collisions between planetesimals as the origin of warm dust around a Sun - like star '' . Nature . 436 ( 7049 ) : 363 -- 365 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 436 ... 363S . doi : 10.1038 / nature03853 . PMID 16034411 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , J.H. ( 1998 ) . `` Tests of the Giant Impact Hypothesis '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Science . Origin of the Earth and Moon Conference . Monterey , California . Jump up ^ Saal , Alberto E. ; et al. ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Volatile content of lunar volcanic glasses and the presence of water in the Moon 's interior '' . Nature . 454 ( 7201 ) : 192 -- 195 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 454 ... 192S . doi : 10.1038 / nature07047 . PMID 18615079 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Stuart R. ( 1997 ) . `` The Bulk Composition of the Moon '' ( PDF ) . 37 . Lunar and Planetary Science . Bibcode : 2002M&PSA ... 37Q. 139T . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Galimov , E.M. ; Krivtsov , A.M. ( December 2005 ) . `` Origin of the Earth - Moon System '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Earth Systems Science . 114 ( 6 ) : 593 -- 600 . Bibcode : 2005JESS ... 114 ... 593G . doi : 10.1007 / BF02715942 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Scott , Edward R.D. ( December 3 , 2001 ) . `` Oxygen Isotopes Give Clues to the Formation of Planets , Moons , and Asteroids '' . Planetary Science Research Discoveries ( PSRD ) . Bibcode : 2001psrd. reptE ... 55S . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Nield , Ted ( September 2009 ) . `` Moonwalk '' ( PDF ) . Geological Society of London . p. 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Junjun ; Nicolas Dauphas ; Andrew M. Davis ; Ingo Leya ; Alexei Fedkin ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` The proto - Earth as a significant source of lunar material '' . Nature Geoscience. 5 : 251 -- 255 . Bibcode : 2012NatGe ... 5 ... 251Z . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1429 . Jump up ^ Koppes , Steve ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Titanium paternity test fingers Earth as moon 's sole parent '' . UChicagoNews . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alemi , Alex ; Stevenson , D. ( September 2006 ) , `` Why Venus has No Moon '' , Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society , 38 : 491 , Bibcode : 2006DPS ... 38.0703 A Jump up ^ Sheppard , Scott S. ; Trujillo , Chadwick A. ( July 2009 ) , `` A survey for satellites of Venus '' , Icarus , 202 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 16 , arXiv : 0906.2781 , Bibcode : 2009Icar ... 202 ... 12S , doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2009.02. 008 Jump up ^ Lewis , K. ( February 2011 ) , Bouchy , F. ; Díaz , R. ; Moutou , C. , eds. , `` Detection and Dynamics of Transiting Exoplanets '' , EPJ Web of Conferences , St. Michel l'Observatoire , France , 11 : 04003 , Bibcode : 2011EPJWC ... 1104003L , doi : 10.1051 / epjconf / 20101104003 contribution = ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Belbruno , E. ; Gott III , J. Richard ( 2005 ) . `` Where Did The Moon Come From ? '' . The Astronomical Journal . 129 ( 3 ) : 1724 -- 1745 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0405372 . Bibcode : 2005AJ ... 129.1724 B . doi : 10.1086 / 427539 . Jump up ^ Howard , E. ( July 2005 ) , `` The effect of Lagrangian L4 / L5 on satellite formation '' , Meteoritics & Planetary Science , 40 : 1115 , Bibcode : 2005M&PS ... 40.1115 H , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1945 - 5100.2005. tb00176. x Jump up ^ Halliday , Alex N ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` A young Moon - forming giant impact at 70 -- 110 million years accompanied by late - stage mixing , core formation and degassing of the Earth '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 366 ( 1883 ) : 4163 -- 4181 . Bibcode : 2008RSPTA. 366.4163 H . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 2008.0209 . PMID 18826916 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Seth A. ( April 2014 ) , `` Highly siderophile elements in Earth 's mantle as a clock or the Moon - forming impact '' , Nature , 508 : 84 -- 87 , arXiv : 1504.01421 , Bibcode : 2014Natur. 508 ... 84J , doi : 10.1038 / nature13172 Jump up ^ Than , Ker ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Did Earth once have multiple moons ? '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information Ltd . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jutzi , M. ; Asphaug , E. ( August 4 , 2011 ) , `` Forming the lunar farside highlands by accretion of a companion moon '' , Nature , 476 : 69 -- 72 , Bibcode : 2011Natur. 476 ... 69J , doi : 10.1038 / nature10289 , PMID 21814278 Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( August 3 , 2011 ) , `` Earth Had Two Moons That Crashed to Form One , Study Suggests '' , Yahoo News , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 Jump up ^ Dambeck , Thorsten ( 11 September 2012 ) . `` Retuschen an der Entstehungsgeschichte des Erdtrabanten '' ( Retouches on the genesis of Earth 's moon ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitler , H.E. ( 1975 ) . `` Formation of an iron - poor moon by partial capture , or : Yet another exotic theory of lunar origin '' . Icarus . 24 ( 2 ) : 256 -- 268 . Bibcode : 1975Icar ... 24 ... 256M . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 75 ) 90102 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taylor , G. Jeffrey ( December 31 , 1998 ) , `` Origin of the Earth and Moon '' , Planetary Science Research Discoveries , University of Hawaii Jump up ^ Touboul , Mathieu ( December 20 , 2007 ) , `` Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals '' , Nature , 450 : 1206 -- 1209 , Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450.1206 T , doi : 10.1038 / nature06428 , PMID 18097403 Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( December 19 , 2007 ) , `` Earth - Asteroid Collision Formed Moon Later Than Thought '' , National Geographic News , retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 Jump up ^ `` NASA Lunar Scientists Develop New Theory on Earth and Moon Formation '' . NASA Press Release . NASA . 2012 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) Academic articles William K. Hartmann and Donald R. Davis , Satellite - sized planetesimals and lunar origin , ( International Astronomical Union , Colloquium on Planetary Satellites , Cornell University , Ithaca , N.Y. , Aug. 18 - 21 , 1974 ) Icarus , vol. 24 , April 1975 , p. 504 - 515 Alastair G.W. Cameron and William R. Ward , The Origin of the Moon , Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference , volume 7 , page 120 , 1976 Canup , R.M. ; Asphaug , E. ( Fall 2001 ) . `` An impact origin of the Earth - Moon system '' . Abstract # U51A - 02 . American Geophysical Union . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . R. Canup ; K. Righter , eds. ( 2000 ) . Origin of the Earth and Moon . University of Arizona Press , Tucson . pp. 555 pp . Shearer , C.K. ; 15 coauthors ( 2006 ) . `` Thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon '' . Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 60 ( 1 ) : 365 -- 518 . Bibcode : 2006RvMG ... 60 ... 365S . doi : 10.2138 / rmg. 2006.60. 4 . Galimov , Erik M. ; Krivtsov , Anton M. `` Origin of the Moon . New Concept . Geochemistry and Dynamics '' . De Gruyter . , Berlin 2012 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 028640 - 3 . Non-academic books Dana Mackenzie , The Big Splat , or How Our Moon Came to Be , 2003 , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 15057 - 6 . G. Jeffrey Taylor ( December 31 , 1998 ) . `` Origin of the Earth and Moon '' . Planetary Science Research Discoveries . External links ( edit ) Planetary Science Institute : Giant Impact Hypothesis Origin of the Moon by Prof. AGW Cameron Klemperer Rosette simulations using Java applets SwRI giant impact hypothesis simulation (. wmv and . mov ) Origin of the Moon - computer model of accretion Moon Archive - Including articles about the giant impact hypothesis Planet Smash - Up Sends Vaporized Rock , Hot Lava Flying ( 2009 - 08 - 10 JPL News ) How common are Earth - Moon planetary systems ? ( arXiv : 1105.4616 : 23 May 2011 ) The Surprising State of the Earth after the Moon - Forming Giant Impact - Sarah Stewart ( SETI Talks ) , Jan 28 , 2015 ( hide ) The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee & apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface & features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases & names New Full Names Crescent Super & micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Psychology Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant-impact_hypothesis&oldid=831408368 '' Categories : Lunar science Hypothetical impact events Earth sciences Solar System dynamic theories Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 13 : 07 . 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the idea that the moons development began when a large object collided with earth is called the

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UTF-8

UTF - 8 - wikipedia UTF - 8 Jump to : navigation , search UTF - 8 Standard Unicode Standard Language ( s ) International Classification Unicode Transformation Format , Extended ASCII , Variable - width encoding Extends US - ASCII Transforms / Encodes ISO 10646 ( Unicode ) Preceded by UTF - 1 UTF - 8 is a variable width character encoding capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points in Unicode using one to four 8 - bit bytes . The encoding is defined by the Unicode standard , and was originally designed by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike . The name is derived from Unicode ( or Universal Coded Character Set ) Transformation Format -- 8 - bit . It was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII . Code points with lower numerical values , which tend to occur more frequently , are encoded using fewer bytes . The first 128 characters of Unicode , which correspond one - to - one with ASCII , are encoded using a single octet with the same binary value as ASCII , so that valid ASCII text is valid UTF - 8 - encoded Unicode as well . Since ASCII bytes do not occur when encoding non-ASCII code points into UTF - 8 , UTF - 8 is safe to use within most programming and document languages that interpret certain ASCII characters in a special way , such as `` / '' in filenames , `` \ '' in escape sequences , and `` % '' in printf . Shows the usage of the main encodings on the web from 2001 to 2012 as recorded by Google , with UTF - 8 overtaking all others in 2008 and nearing 50 % of the web in 2012 . Note that the ASCII only figure includes web pages with any declared header if they are restricted to ASCII characters . UTF - 8 has been the dominant character encoding for the World Wide Web since 2009 , as it 's most popular in every country , and as of April 2018 accounts for 91.2 % of all ( and 95.4 % of top 1,000 highest ranked ) Web pages ( some of which are simply ASCII , a subset of UTF - 8 ; the next-most popular multibyte encodings , Shift JIS and GB 2312 , have 0.6 % and 0.5 % respectively ) . The Internet Mail Consortium ( IMC ) recommended that all e-mail programs be able to display and create mail using UTF - 8 , and the W3C recommends UTF - 8 as the default encoding in XML and HTML . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Examples 1.2 Codepage layout 1.3 Overlong encodings 1.4 Invalid byte sequences 1.5 Invalid code points 2 Official name and variants 3 Derivatives 3.1 CESU - 8 3.2 Modified UTF - 8 3.3 WTF - 8 4 Byte order mark 5 History 6 Comparison with single - byte encodings 7 Comparison with other multi-byte encodings 8 Comparison with UTF - 16 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Description ( edit ) Since the restriction of the Unicode code - space to 21 - bit values in 2003 , UTF - 8 is defined to encode code points in one to four bytes , depending on the number of significant bits in the numerical value of the code point . The following table shows the structure of the encoding . The x characters are replaced by the bits of the code point . If the number of significant bits is no more than seven , the first line applies ; if no more than 11 bits , the second line applies , and so on . Number of bytes Bits for code point First code point Last code point Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 7 U + 0000 U + 007F 0xxxxxxx 11 U + 0080 U + 07FF 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx 16 U + 0800 U + FFFF 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 21 U + 10000 U + 10FFFF 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx The first 128 characters ( US - ASCII ) need one byte . The next 1,920 characters need two bytes to encode , which covers the remainder of almost all Latin - script alphabets , and also Greek , Cyrillic , Coptic , Armenian , Hebrew , Arabic , Syriac , Thaana and N'Ko alphabets , as well as Combining Diacritical Marks . Three bytes are needed for characters in the rest of the Basic Multilingual Plane , which contains virtually all characters in common use including most Chinese , Japanese and Korean characters . Four bytes are needed for characters in the other planes of Unicode , which include less common CJK characters , various historic scripts , mathematical symbols , and emoji ( pictographic symbols ) . Some of the important features of this encoding are as follows : Backward compatibility : Backwards compatibility with ASCII and the enormous amount of software designed to process ASCII - encoded text was the main driving force behind the design of UTF - 8 . In UTF - 8 , single bytes with values in the range of 0 to 127 map directly to Unicode code points in the ASCII range . Single bytes in this range represent characters , as they do in ASCII . Moreover , 7 - bit bytes ( bytes where the most significant bit is 0 ) never appear in a multi-byte sequence , and no valid multi-byte sequence decodes to an ASCII code - point . A sequence of 7 - bit bytes is both valid ASCII and valid UTF - 8 , and under either interpretation represents the same sequence of characters . Therefore , the 7 - bit bytes in a UTF - 8 stream represent all and only the ASCII characters in the stream . Thus , many text processors , parsers , protocols , file formats , text display programs etc. , which use ASCII characters for formatting and control purposes will continue to work as intended by treating the UTF - 8 byte stream as a sequence of single - byte characters , without decoding the multi-byte sequences . ASCII characters on which the processing turns , such as punctuation , whitespace , and control characters will never be encoded as multi-byte sequences . It is therefore safe for such processors to simply ignore or pass - through the multi-byte sequences , without decoding them . For example , ASCII whitespace may be used to tokenize a UTF - 8 stream into words ; ASCII line - feeds may be used to split a UTF - 8 stream into lines ; and ASCII NUL characters can be used to split UTF - 8 - encoded data into null - terminated strings . Similarly , many format strings used by library functions like `` printf '' will correctly handle UTF - 8 - encoded input arguments . Fallback and auto - detection : UTF - 8 provided backwards compatibility for 7 - bit ASCII , but much software and data uses 8 - bit extended ASCII encodings designed prior to the adoption of Unicode to represent the character sets of European languages . Part of the popularity of UTF - 8 is due to the fact that it provides a form of backward compatibility for these as well . A UTF - 8 processor which erroneously receives an extended ASCII file as input can `` fall back '' or replace 8 - bit bytes using the appropriate code - point in the Unicode Latin - 1 Supplement block , when the 8 - bit byte appears outside a valid multi-byte sequence . The bytes in extended ASCII encodings of `` real world '' text are typically not legal UTF - 8 multi-byte sequences . This is because the bytes which introduce multi-byte sequences in UTF - 8 are primarily accented letters ( mostly vowels ) in the common extended ASCII encodings , and the UTF - 8 continuation bytes are punctuation and symbol characters . To appear as a valid UTF - 8 multi-byte sequence , a series of 2 to 4 extended ASCII 8 - bit characters would have to be an unusual combination of symbols and accented letters ( such as an accented vowel followed immediately by certain punctuation ) . In short , real - world extended ASCII character sequences which look like valid UTF - 8 multi-byte sequences are unlikely . Fallback errors will be false negatives , and these will be rare . Moreover , in many applications , such as text display , the consequence of incorrect fallback is usually slight . Only legibility is affected , and only for a few characters . These two things make fallback feasible , if somewhat imperfect . Indeed , as discussed further below , the HTML5 standard requires that erroneous bytes in supposed UTF - 8 data be replaced upon display on the assumption that they are Windows - 1252 characters . The presence of invalid 8 - bit characters outside valid multi-byte sequences can also be used to `` auto - detect '' that an encoding is actually an extended ASCII encoding rather than UTF - 8 , and decode it accordingly . A UTF - 8 stream may simply contain errors , resulting in the auto - detection scheme producing false positives ; but auto - detection is successful in the majority of cases , especially with longer texts , and is widely used . Prefix code : The first byte indicates the number of bytes in the sequence . Reading from a stream can instantaneously decode each individual fully received sequence , without first having to wait for either the first byte of a next sequence or an end - of - stream indication . The length of multi-byte sequences is easily determined by humans as it is simply the number of high - order 1s in the leading byte . An incorrect character will not be decoded if a stream ends mid-sequence . Self - synchronization : The leading bytes and the continuation bytes do not share values ( continuation bytes start with 10 while single bytes start with 0 and longer lead bytes start with 11 ) . This means a search will not accidentally find the sequence for one character starting in the middle of another character . It also means the start of a character can be found from a random position by backing up at most 3 bytes to find the leading byte . An incorrect character will not be decoded if a stream starts mid-sequence , and a shorter sequence will never appear inside a longer one . Sorting order : The chosen values of the leading bytes and the fact that the continuation bytes have the high - order bits first means that a list of UTF - 8 strings can be sorted in code point order by sorting the corresponding byte sequences . Examples ( edit ) Consider the encoding of the Euro sign , € . The Unicode code point for `` € '' is U + 20AC . According to the scheme table above , this will take three bytes to encode , since it is between U + 0800 and U + FFFF . Hexadecimal 20AC is binary 0010 0000 10 10 1100 . The two leading zeros are added because , as the scheme table shows , a three - byte encoding needs exactly sixteen bits from the code point . Because the encoding will be three bytes long , its leading byte starts with three 1s , then a 0 ( 1110 ... ) The four most significant bits of the code point are stored in the remaining low order four bits of this byte ( 1110 0010 ) , leaving 12 bits of the code point yet to be encoded ( ... 0000 10 10 1100 ) . All continuation bytes contain exactly six bits from the code point . So the next six bits of the code point are stored in the low order six bits of the next byte , and 10 is stored in the high order two bits to mark it as a continuation byte ( so 10 00 0010 ) . Finally the last six bits of the code point are stored in the low order six bits of the final byte , and again 10 is stored in the high order two bits ( 10 10 1100 ) . The three bytes 1110 0010 10 00 0010 10 10 1100 can be more concisely written in hexadecimal , as E2 82 AC . Since UTF - 8 uses groups of six bits , it is sometimes useful to use octal notation which uses 3 - bit groups . With a calculator which can convert between hexadecimal and octal it can be easier to manually create or interpret UTF - 8 compared with using binary . Octal 0200 -- 3777 ( hex 80 - 7FF ) shall be coded with two bytes . xxyy will be 3xx 2yy . Octal 4000 -- 177777 ( hex 800 - FFFF ) shall be coded with three bytes . xxyyzz will be ( 340 + xx ) 2yy 2zz . Octal 200000 - 4177777 ( hex 10000 - 10FFFF ) shall be coded with four bytes . wxxyyzz will be 36w 2xx 2yy 2zz . The following table summarises this conversion , as well as others with different lengths in UTF - 8 . The colors indicate how bits from the code point are distributed among the UTF - 8 bytes . Additional bits added by the UTF - 8 encoding process are shown in black . Character Octal code point Binary code point Binary UTF - 8 Octal UTF - 8 Hexadecimal UTF - 8 $ U + 0024 044 010 0100 00100100 044 24 ¢ U + 00A2 02 42 000 10 10 0010 110 00010 10 100010 302 242 C2 A2 € U + 20AC 02 02 54 0010 0000 10 10 1100 1110 0010 10 000010 10 101100 34 2 202 254 E2 82 AC 𐍈 U + 10348 0201510 0 00 01 0000 0011 01 00 1000 11110 000 10 010000 10 001101 10 001000 36 0 220 215 210 F0 90 8D 88 Codepage layout ( edit ) The following table summarizes usage of UTF - 8 code units ( individual bytes or octets ) in a code page format . The upper half ( 0_ to 7_ ) is for bytes used only in single - byte codes , so it looks like a normal code page ; the lower half is for continuation bytes ( 8_ to B_ ) and ( possible ) leading bytes ( C_ to F_ ) , and is explained further in the legend below . UTF - 8 _0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F 0_ NUL 0000 0 SOH 0001 STX 0002 ETX 0003 EOT 0004 ENQ 0005 5 ACK 0006 6 BEL 0007 7 BS 0008 8 HT 0009 9 LF 000A 10 VT 000B 11 FF 000C 12 CR 000D 13 SO 000E 14 SI 000F 15 1_ DLE 0010 16 DC1 0011 17 DC2 0012 18 DC3 0013 19 DC4 0014 20 NAK 0015 21 SYN 0016 22 ETB 0017 23 CAN 0018 24 EM 0019 25 SUB 001A 26 ESC 001B 27 FS 001C 28 GS 001D 29 RS 001E 30 US 001F 31 2_ SP 0020 32 ! 0021 33 `` 0022 34 # 0023 35 $ 0024 36 % 0025 37 & 0026 38 ' 0027 39 ( 0028 40 ) 0029 41 * 002A 42 + 002B 43 , 002C 44 - 002D 45 . 002E 46 / 002F 47 3_ 0 0030 48 0031 49 0032 50 0033 51 0034 52 5 0035 53 6 0036 54 7 0037 55 8 0038 56 9 0039 57 : 003A 58 ; 003B 59 < 003C 60 = 003D 61 > 003E 62 ? 003F 63 4_ @ 0040 64 0041 65 0042 66 0043 67 0044 68 0045 69 0046 70 0047 71 0048 72 0049 73 004A 74 004B 75 004C 76 004D 77 004E 78 004F 79 5_ 0050 80 Q 0051 81 0052 82 0053 83 0054 84 U 0055 85 V 0056 86 0057 87 X 0058 88 Y 0059 89 Z 005A 90 005B 91 \ 005C 92 005D 93 005E 94 _ 005F 95 6_ ` 0060 96 0061 97 0062 98 0063 99 d 0064 100 0065 101 f 0066 102 g 0067 103 h 0068 104 i 0069 105 j 006A 106 k 006B 107 l 006C 108 m 006D 109 n 006E 110 o 006F 111 7_ p 0070 112 q 0071 113 r 0072 114 s 0073 115 0074 116 u 0075 117 0076 118 w 0077 119 x 0078 120 y 0079 121 z 007A 122 ( 007B 123 007C 124 ) 007D 125 ~ 007E 126 DEL 007F 127 8_ + 00 128 + 01 129 + 02 130 + 03 131 + 04 132 + 05 133 + 06 134 + 07 135 + 08 136 + 09 137 + 0A 138 + 0B 139 + 0C 140 + 0D 141 + 0E 142 + 0F 143 9_ + 10 144 + 11 145 + 12 146 + 13 147 + 14 148 + 15 149 + 16 150 + 17 151 + 18 152 + 19 153 + 1A 154 + 1B 155 + 1C 156 + 1D 157 + 1E 158 + 1F 159 A_ + 20 160 + 21 161 + 22 162 + 23 163 + 24 164 + 25 165 + 26 166 + 27 167 + 28 168 + 29 169 + 2A 170 + 2B 171 + 2C 172 + 2D 173 + 2E 174 + 2F 175 B_ + 30 176 + 31 177 + 32 178 + 33 179 + 34 180 + 35 181 + 36 182 + 37 183 + 38 184 + 39 185 + 3A 186 + 3B 187 + 3C 188 + 3D 189 + 3E 190 + 3F 191 2 - byte C_ 192 193 Latin 0080 194 Latin 00C0 195 Latin 0100 196 Latin 0140 197 Latin 0180 198 Latin 01C0 199 Latin 0200 200 IPA 0240 201 IPA 0280 202 IPA 02C0 203 accents 0300 204 accents 0340 205 Greek 0380 206 Greek 03C0 207 2 - byte D_ Cyril 0400 208 Cyril 0440 209 Cyril 0480 210 Cyril 04C0 211 Cyril 0500 212 Armeni 0540 213 Hebrew 0580 214 Hebrew 05C0 215 Arabic 0600 216 Arabic 0640 217 Arabic 0680 218 Arabic 06C0 219 Syriac 0700 220 Arabic 0740 221 Thaana 0780 222 N'Ko 07C0 223 3 - byte E_ Indic 0800 224 Misc . 1000 225 Symbol 2000 226 Kana , CJK 3000 227 CJK 4000 228 CJK 5000 229 CJK 6000 230 CJK 7000 231 CJK 8000 232 CJK 9000 233 Asian A000 234 Hangul B000 235 Hangul C000 236 Hangul D000 237 PUA E000 238 Forms F000 239 4 ‐ byte F_ SMP , SIP 10000 240 40000 241 80000 242 SSP , SPUA C0000 243 SPUA - B 100000 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Orange cells with a large dot are continuation bytes . The hexadecimal number shown after a `` + '' plus sign is the value of the six bits they add . White cells are the leading bytes for a sequence of multiple bytes , the length shown at the left edge of the row . The text shows the Unicode blocks encoded by sequences starting with this byte , and the hexadecimal code point shown in the cell is the lowest character value encoded using that leading byte . Red cells must never appear in a valid UTF - 8 sequence . The first two red cells ( C0 and C1 ) could be used only for a two - byte encoding of a 7 - bit ASCII character which should be encoded in one byte ; as described below such `` overlong '' sequences are disallowed . The red cells in the F row ( F5 to FD ) indicate leading bytes of 4 - byte or longer sequences that can not be valid because they would encode code points larger than the U + 10FFFF limit of Unicode ( a limit derived from the maximum code point encodable in UTF - 16 ) , and FE and FF were never defined for any purpose in UTF - 8 . Pink cells are the leading bytes for a sequence of multiple bytes , of which some , but not all , possible continuation sequences are valid . E0 and F0 could start overlong encodings , in this case the lowest non-overlong - encoded code point is shown . F4 can start code points greater than U + 10FFFF which are invalid . ED can start the encoding of a code point in the range U + D800 -- U + DFFF ; these are invalid since they are reserved for UTF - 16 surrogate halves . Overlong encodings ( edit ) In principle , it would be possible to inflate the number of bytes in an encoding by padding the code point with leading 0s . To encode the Euro sign € from the above example in four bytes instead of three , it could be padded with leading 0s until it was 21 bits long -- 000 000010 000010 101100 , and encoded as 11110 000 10 000010 10 000010 10 101100 ( or F0 82 82 AC in hexadecimal ) . This is called an overlong encoding . The standard specifies that the correct encoding of a code point use only the minimum number of bytes required to hold the significant bits of the code point . Longer encodings are called overlong and are not valid UTF - 8 representations of the code point . This rule maintains a one - to - one correspondence between code points and their valid encodings , so that there is a unique valid encoding for each code point . This ensures that string comparisons and searches are well - defined . Modified UTF - 8 uses the two - byte overlong encoding of U + 0000 ( the NUL character ) , 110 00000 10 000000 ( hexadecimal C0 80 ) , instead of 00000000 ( hexadecimal 00 ) . This allows the byte 00 to be used as a string terminator . Invalid byte sequences ( edit ) Not all sequences of bytes are valid UTF - 8 . A UTF - 8 decoder should be prepared for : the red invalid bytes in the above table an unexpected continuation byte a leading byte not followed by enough continuation bytes ( which can happen in simple string truncation ) an overlong encoding as described above a sequence that decodes to an invalid code point as described below Many earlier decoders would happily try to decode these . Carefully crafted invalid UTF - 8 could make them either skip or create ASCII characters such as NUL , slash , or quotes . Invalid UTF - 8 has been used to bypass security validations in high - profile products including Microsoft 's IIS web server and Apache 's Tomcat servlet container . RFC 3629 states `` Implementations of the decoding algorithm MUST protect against decoding invalid sequences . '' The Unicode Standard requires decoders to `` ... treat any ill - formed code unit sequence as an error condition . This guarantees that it will neither interpret nor emit an ill - formed code unit sequence . '' Many UTF - 8 decoders throw exceptions on encountering errors . This can turn what would otherwise be harmless errors ( producing a message such as `` no such file '' ) into a denial of service bug . Early versions of Python 3.0 would exit immediately if the command line or environment variables contained invalid UTF - 8 , making it impossible to handle such errors . More recent converters translate the first byte of an invalid sequence to a replacement character and continue parsing with the next byte . These error bytes will always have the high bit set . This avoids denial - of - service bugs , and it is very common in text rendering such as browser display , since mangled text is probably more useful than nothing for helping the user figure out what the string was supposed to contain . Popular replacements include : The replacement character `` � '' ( U + FFFD ) The invalid Unicode code points U + DC80 -- U + DCFF where the low eight bits are the byte 's value . Sometimes it is called UTF - 8B . The Unicode code points U + 0080 -- U + 00FF with the same value as the byte , thus interpreting the bytes according to ISO - 8859 - 1 The Unicode code point for the character represented by the byte in CP1252 , which is similar to using ISO - 8859 - 1 , except that some characters in the range 0x80 -- 0x9F are mapped into different Unicode code points . For example , 0x80 becomes the Euro sign , U + 20AC . These replacement algorithms are `` lossy '' , as more than one sequence is translated to the same code point . This means that it would not be possible to reliably convert back to the original encoding , therefore losing information . Reserving 128 code points ( such as U + DC80 -- U + DCFF ) to indicate errors , and defining the UTF - 8 encoding of these points as invalid so they convert to 3 errors , would seem to make conversion lossless . But this runs into practical difficulties : the converted text can not be modified such that errors are arranged so they convert back into valid UTF - 8 , which means if the conversion is UTF - 16 , it can not also be used to store arbitrary invalid UTF - 16 , which is usually needed on the same systems that need invalid UTF - 8 . U + DC80 -- U + DCFF are reserved for UTF - 16 surrogates , so that when they are used for UTF - 8 in this way , and the string is converted to UTF - 16 this can lead to bugs or the string being rejected . The large number of invalid byte sequences provides the advantage of making it easy to have a program accept both UTF - 8 and legacy encodings such as ISO - 8859 - 1 . Software can check for UTF - 8 correctness , and if that fails assume the input to be in the legacy encoding . It is technically true that this may detect an ISO - 8859 - 1 string as UTF - 8 , but this is very unlikely if it contains any 8 - bit bytes as they all have to be in unusual patterns of two or more in a row , such as `` Â £ '' . Invalid code points ( edit ) Since RFC 3629 ( November 2003 ) , the high and low surrogate halves used by UTF - 16 ( U + D800 through U + DFFF ) and code points not encodable by UTF - 16 ( those after U + 10FFFF ) are not legal Unicode values , and their UTF - 8 encoding must be treated as an invalid byte sequence . Not decoding surrogate halves makes it impossible to store invalid UTF - 16 , such as Windows filenames , as UTF - 8 . To preserve these invalid UTF - 16 sequences , their corresponding UTF - 8 encodings are sometimes allowed by implementations despite the above rule . There are attempts to define this behavior formally ( see WTF - 8 and CESU below ) . Official name and variants ( edit ) The official Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) code for the encoding is `` UTF - 8 '' . All letters are upper - case , and the name is hyphenated . This spelling is used in all the Unicode Consortium documents relating to the encoding . Alternatively , the name `` utf - 8 '' may be used by all standards conforming to the IANA list ( which include CSS , HTML , XML , and HTTP headers ) , as the declaration is case insensitive . Other descriptions that omit the hyphen or replace it with a space , such as `` utf8 '' or `` UTF 8 '' , are not accepted as correct by the governing standards . Despite this , most agents such as browsers can understand them , and so standards intended to describe existing practice ( such as HTML5 ) may effectively require their recognition . Unofficially , UTF - 8 - BOM and UTF - 8 - NOBOM are sometimes used to refer to text files which respectively contain and lack a byte order mark ( BOM ) . In Japan especially , UTF - 8 encoding without BOM is sometimes called `` UTF - 8N '' . Supported Windows versions , i.e. Windows 7 and later , have codepage 65001 , as a synonym for UTF - 8 ( with better support than in older Windows ) , and Microsoft has a script for Windows 10 , to enable it by default for its notepad program . In PCL , UTF - 8 is called Symbol - ID `` 18N '' ( PCL supports 183 character encodings , called Symbol Sets , which potentially could be reduced to one , 18N , that is UTF - 8 ) . Derivatives ( edit ) The following implementations show slight differences from the UTF - 8 specification . They are incompatible with the UTF - 8 specification and may be rejected by conforming UTF - 8 applications . CESU - 8 ( edit ) Main article : CESU - 8 Many programs added UTF - 8 conversions for UCS - 2 data and did not alter this UTF - 8 conversion when UCS - 2 was replaced with the surrogate - pair using UTF - 16 . In such programs each half of a UTF - 16 surrogate pair is encoded as its own three - byte UTF - 8 encoding , resulting in six - byte sequences rather than four bytes for characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane . Oracle and MySQL databases use this , as well as Java and Tcl as described below , and probably many Windows programs where the programmers were unaware of the complexities of UTF - 16 . Although this non-optimal encoding is generally not deliberate , a supposed benefit is that it preserves UTF - 16 binary sorting order when CESU - 8 is binary sorted . Modified UTF - 8 ( edit ) In Modified UTF - 8 ( MUTF - 8 ) , the null character ( U + 0000 ) uses the two - byte overlong encoding 110 00000 10 000000 ( hexadecimal C0 80 ) , instead of 00000000 ( hexadecimal 00 ) . Modified UTF - 8 strings never contain any actual null bytes but can contain all Unicode code points including U + 0000 , which allows such strings ( with a null byte appended ) to be processed by traditional null - terminated string functions . All known Modified UTF - 8 implementations also treat the surrogate pairs as in CESU - 8 . In normal usage , the Java programming language supports standard UTF - 8 when reading and writing strings through InputStreamReader and OutputStreamWriter ( if it is the platform 's default character set or as requested by the program ) . However it uses Modified UTF - 8 for object serialization among other applications of DataInput and DataOutput , for the Java Native Interface , and for embedding constant strings in class files . The dex format defined by Dalvik also uses the same modified UTF - 8 to represent string values . Tcl also uses the same modified UTF - 8 as Java for internal representation of Unicode data , but uses strict CESU - 8 for external data . WTF - 8 ( edit ) WTF - 8 ( Wobbly Transformation Format -- 8 - bit ) is an extension of UTF - 8 where the encodings of the surrogate halves ( U + D800 through U + DFFF ) are allowed . This is necessary to store possibly - invalid UTF - 16 , such as Windows filenames . Many systems that deal with UTF - 8 work this way without considering it a different encoding , as it is simpler . WTF - 8 has been used to refer to erroneously doubly - encoded UTF - 8 . Byte order mark ( edit ) Main article : Byte order mark Many Windows programs ( including Windows Notepad ) add the bytes 0xEF , 0xBB , 0xBF at the start of any document saved as UTF - 8 . This is the UTF - 8 encoding of the Unicode byte order mark ( BOM ) , and is commonly referred to as a UTF - 8 BOM , even though it is not relevant to byte order . A BOM can also appear if another encoding with a BOM is translated to UTF - 8 without stripping it . Software that is not aware of multibyte encodings will display the BOM as three garbage characters at the start of the document , e.g. `` ï '' ¿ '' in software interpreting the document as ISO 8859 - 1 or Windows - 1252 or `` ∩ ╗ ┐ '' if interpreted as code page 437 , a default for certain older Windows console applications . The Unicode Standard neither requires nor recommends the use of the BOM for UTF - 8 , but warns that it may be encountered at the start of a file as a transcoding artifact . The presence of the UTF - 8 BOM may cause problems with existing software that can handle UTF - 8 , for example : Programming language parsers not explicitly designed for UTF - 8 can often handle UTF - 8 in string constants and comments , but will choke on encountering an UTF - 8 BOM at the start of the file . Programs that identify file types by leading characters may fail to identify the file if a UTF - 8 BOM is present even if the user of the file could skip the BOM . An example is the Unix shebang syntax . Another example is Internet Explorer which will render pages in standards mode only when it starts with a document type declaration . Programs that insert information at the start of a file will break use of the BOM to identify UTF - 8 ( one example is offline browsers that add the originating URL to the start of the file ) . History ( edit ) By early 1992 , the search was on for a good byte stream encoding of multi-byte character sets . The draft ISO 10646 standard contained a non-required annex called UTF - 1 that provided a byte stream encoding of its 32 - bit code points . This encoding was not satisfactory on performance grounds , among other problems , and the biggest problem was probably that it did not have a clear separation between ASCII and non-ASCII : new UTF - 1 tools would be backward compatible with ASCII - encoded text , but UTF - 1 - encoded text could confuse existing code expecting ASCII ( or extended ASCII ) , because it could contain continuation bytes in the range 0x21 -- 0x7E that meant something else in ASCII , e.g. , 0x2F for ' / ' , the Unix path directory separator , and this example is reflected in the name and introductory text of its replacement . The table below was derived from a textual description in the annex . UTF - 1 Number of bytes First code point Last code point Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Byte 5 U + 0000 U + 009F 00 -- 9F U + 00A0 U + 00FF A0 A0 -- FF U + 0100 U + 4015 A1 -- F5 21 -- 7E , A0 -- FF U + 4016 U + 38E2D F6 -- FB 21 -- 7E , A0 -- FF 21 -- 7E , A0 -- FF 5 U + 38E2E U + 7FFFFFFF FC -- FF 21 -- 7E , A0 -- FF 21 -- 7E , A0 -- FF 21 -- 7E , A0 -- FF 21 -- 7E , A0 -- FF In July 1992 , the X / Open committee XoJIG was looking for a better encoding . Dave Prosser of Unix System Laboratories submitted a proposal for one that had faster implementation characteristics and introduced the improvement that 7 - bit ASCII characters would only represent themselves ; all multibyte sequences would include only bytes where the high bit was set . The name File System Safe UCS Transformation Format ( FSS - UTF ) and most of the text of this proposal were later preserved in the final specification . FSS - UTF proposal ( 1992 ) Number of bytes Bits for code point First code point Last code point Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Byte 5 7 U + 0000 U + 007F 0xxxxxxx 13 U + 0080 U + 207F 10xxxxxx 1xxxxxxx 19 U + 2080 U + 8207F 110xxxxx 1xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx 25 U + 82080 U + 208207F 1110xxxx 1xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx 5 31 U + 2082080 U + 7FFFFFFF 11110xxx 1xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx 1xxxxxxx In August 1992 , this proposal was circulated by an IBM X / Open representative to interested parties . A modification by Ken Thompson of the Plan 9 operating system group at Bell Labs made it somewhat less bit - efficient than the previous proposal but crucially allowed it to be self - synchronizing , letting a reader start anywhere and immediately detect byte sequence boundaries . It also abandoned the use of biases and instead added the rule that only the shortest possible encoding is allowed ; the additional loss in compactness is relatively insignificant , but readers now have to look out for invalid encodings to avoid reliability and especially security issues . Thompson 's design was outlined on September 2 , 1992 , on a placemat in a New Jersey diner with Rob Pike . In the following days , Pike and Thompson implemented it and updated Plan 9 to use it throughout , and then communicated their success back to X / Open , which accepted it as the specification for FSS - UTF . FSS - UTF ( 1992 ) / UTF - 8 ( 1993 ) Number of bytes Bits for code point First code point Last code point Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Byte 5 Byte 6 7 U + 0000 U + 007F 0xxxxxxx 11 U + 0080 U + 07FF 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx 16 U + 0800 U + FFFF 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 21 U + 10000 U + 1FFFFF 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 5 26 U + 200000 U + 3FFFFFF 111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 6 31 U + 4000000 U + 7FFFFFFF 1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx UTF - 8 was first officially presented at the USENIX conference in San Diego , from January 25 to 29 , 1993 . In November 2003 , UTF - 8 was restricted by RFC 3629 to match the constraints of the UTF - 16 character encoding : explicitly prohibiting code points corresponding to the high and low surrogate characters removed more than 3 % of the three - byte sequences , and ending at U + 10FFFF removed more than 48 % of the four - byte sequences and all five - and six - byte sequences . Google reported that in 2008 , UTF - 8 ( labelled `` Unicode '' ) became the most common encoding for HTML files . Comparison with single - byte encodings ( edit ) UTF - 8 can encode any Unicode character , avoiding the need to figure out and set a `` code page '' or otherwise indicate what character set is in use , and allowing output in multiple scripts at the same time . For many scripts there have been more than one single - byte encoding in usage , so even knowing the script was insufficient information to display it correctly . The bytes 0xFE and 0xFF do not appear , so a valid UTF - 8 stream never matches the UTF - 16 byte order mark and thus can not be confused with it . The absence of 0xFF ( 0377 ) also eliminates the need to escape this byte in Telnet ( and FTP control connection ) . UTF - 8 encoded text is larger than specialized single - byte encodings except for plain ASCII characters . In the case of scripts which used 8 - bit character sets with non-Latin characters encoded in the upper half ( such as most Cyrillic and Greek alphabet code pages ) , characters in UTF - 8 will be double the size . For some scripts , such as Thai and Devanagari ( which is used by various South Asian languages ) , characters will triple in size . There are even examples where a single byte turns into a composite character in Unicode and is thus six times larger in UTF - 8 . This has caused objections in India and other countries . It is possible in UTF - 8 ( or any other multi-byte encoding ) to split or truncate a string in the middle of a character . This can result in an invalid string which some software refuses to accept . A good parser should ignore a truncated character at the end , which is easy in UTF - 8 but tricky in some other multi-byte encodings . If the code points are all the same size , measurements of a fixed number of them is easy . Due to ASCII - era documentation where `` character '' is used as a synonym for `` byte '' this is often considered important . However , by measuring string positions using bytes instead of `` characters '' most algorithms can be easily and efficiently adapted for UTF - 8 . Searching for a string within a long string can for example be done byte by byte ; the self - synchronization property prevents false positives . Some software , such as text editors , will refuse to correctly display or interpret UTF - 8 unless the text starts with a byte order mark , and will insert such a mark . This has the effect of making it impossible to use UTF - 8 with any older software that can handle ASCII - like encodings but can not handle the byte order mark . This , however , is no problem of UTF - 8 itself but one of bad software implementations . Comparison with other multi-byte encodings ( edit ) UTF - 8 can encode any Unicode character . Files in different scripts can be displayed correctly without having to choose the correct code page or font . For instance Chinese and Arabic can be supported ( in the same text ) without special codes inserted or manual settings to switch the encoding . UTF - 8 is self - synchronizing : character boundaries are easily identified by scanning for well - defined bit patterns in either direction . If bytes are lost due to error or corruption , one can always locate the next valid character and resume processing . If there is a need to shorten a string to fit a specified field , the previous valid character can easily be found . Many multi-byte encodings are much harder to resynchronize . Any byte oriented string searching algorithm can be used with UTF - 8 data , since the sequence of bytes for a character can not occur anywhere else . Some older variable - length encodings ( such as Shift JIS ) did not have this property and thus made string - matching algorithms rather complicated . In Shift JIS the end byte of a character and the first byte of the next character could look like another legal character , something that ca n't happen in UTF - 8 . Efficient to encode using simple bit operations . UTF - 8 does not require slower mathematical operations such as multiplication or division ( unlike Shift JIS , GB 2312 and other encodings ) . UTF - 8 will take more space than a multi-byte encoding designed for a specific script . East Asian legacy encodings generally used two bytes per character yet take three bytes per character in UTF - 8 . Comparison with UTF - 16 ( edit ) Byte encodings and UTF - 8 are represented by byte arrays in programs , and often nothing needs to be done to a function when converting from a byte encoding to UTF - 8 . UTF - 16 is represented by 16 - bit word arrays , and converting to UTF - 16 while maintaining compatibility with existing ASCII - based programs ( such as was done with Windows ) requires every API and data structure that takes a string to be duplicated , one version accepting byte strings and another version accepting UTF - 16 . Text encoded in UTF - 8 will be smaller than the same text encoded in UTF - 16 if there are more code points below U + 0080 than in the range U + 0800 ... U + FFFF . This is true for all modern European languages . Text in ( for example ) Chinese , Japanese or Devanagari will take more space in UTF - 8 if there are more of these characters than there are ASCII characters . This is likely when data mainly consist of pure prose , but is lessened by the degree to which the context uses ASCII whitespace , digits , and punctuation . Most of the rich text formats ( including HTML ) contain a large proportion of ASCII characters for the sake of formatting , thus the size usually will be reduced significantly compared with UTF - 16 , even when the language mostly uses 3 - byte long characters in UTF - 8 . Most communication ( e.g. HTML and IP ) and storage ( e.g. for Unix ) was designed for a stream of bytes . A UTF - 16 string must use a pair of bytes for each code unit : The order of those two bytes becomes an issue and must be specified in the UTF - 16 protocol , such as with a byte order mark . If an odd number of bytes is missing from UTF - 16 , the whole rest of the string will be meaningless text . Any bytes missing from UTF - 8 will still allow the text to be recovered accurately starting with the next character after the missing bytes . See also ( edit ) Alt code Character encodings in HTML Comparison of e-mail clients § Features Comparison of Unicode encodings GB 18030 Iconv -- a standardized API used to convert between different character encodings ISO / IEC 8859 Specials ( Unicode block ) Unicode and e-mail Unicode and HTML Universal Character Set UTF - 8 in URIs UTF - EBCDIC UTF - 9 and UTF - 18 UTF - 16 / UCS - 2 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2010 - 11 - 22 version of यूनिकोड ( Unicode in Hindi ) , when the pure text was pasted to Notepad , generated 19 KB when saved as UTF - 16 and 22 KB when saved as UTF - 8 . Jump up ^ The 2010 - 10 - 27 version of UTF - 8 generated 169 KB when converted with Notepad to UTF - 16 , and only 101 KB when converted back to UTF - 8 . The 2010 - 11 - 22 version of यूनिकोड ( Unicode in Hindi ) required 119 KB in UTF - 16 and 76 KB in UTF - 8 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 17 × 2 = 1,114,112 code points minus 2,048 technically - invalid surrogate code points Jump up ^ A group of eight bits is known as an octet in the Unicode Standard . ^ Jump up to : Email Subject : UTF - 8 history , From : `` Rob ' Commander ' Pike '' , Date : Wed , 30 Apr 2003 ... , ... UTF - 8 was designed , in front of my eyes , on a placemat in a New Jersey diner one night in September or so 1992 ... So that night Ken wrote packing and unpacking code and I started tearing into the C and graphics libraries . The next day all the code was done ... Jump up ^ Pike , Rob ; Thompson , Ken ( 1993 ) . `` Hello World or Καλημέρα κόσμε or こんにちは 世界 '' . Proceedings of the Winter 1993 USENIX Conference ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 . General Structure '' . The Unicode Standard ( 6.0 ed . ) . Mountain View , California , US : The Unicode Consortium . ISBN 978 - 1 - 936213 - 01 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Mark ( 2010 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Unicode nearing 50 % of the web '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea is the only country in the world where UTF - 8 is not the most used character encoding . It 's EUC - KR instead '' . w3techs.com. 15 March 2013 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Usage Survey of Character Encodings broken down by Ranking '' . w3techs.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Historical trends in the usage of character encodings '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` UTF - 8 Usage Statistics '' . BuiltWith . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Using International Characters in Internet Mail '' . Internet Mail Consortium. 1998 - 08 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Specifying the document 's character encoding '' , HTML5 , World Wide Web Consortium , 2014 - 06 - 17 , retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 Jump up ^ Allen , Julie D. ; Anderson , Deborah ; Becker , Joe ; Cook , Richard , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` The Unicode Standard , Version 6.1 '' . Mountain View , California : Unicode Consortium . The Basic Multilingual Plane ( BMP , or Plane 0 ) contains the common - use characters for all the modern scripts of the world as well as many historical and rare characters . By far the majority of all Unicode characters for almost all textual data can be found in the BMP . Jump up ^ Marin , Marvin ( 2000 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Web Server Folder Traversal MS00 - 078 '' . Jump up ^ `` National Vulnerability Database -- Summary for CVE - 2008 - 2938 '' . ^ Jump up to : Yergeau , F. ( 2003 ) . `` RFC 3629 -- UTF - 8 , a transformation format of ISO 10646 '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Java 's DataInput IO Interface Jump up ^ `` Non-decodable Bytes in System Character Interfaces '' . python.org. 2009 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Markus ( 2000 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Substituting malformed UTF - 8 sequences in a decoder '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sittler , B. ( 2006 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Binary vs. UTF - 8 , and why it need not matter '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Character Sets '' . Internet Assigned Numbers Authority . 2013 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dürst , Martin . `` Setting the HTTP charset parameter '' . W3C . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` BOM -- suikawiki '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mark . `` Forms of Unicode '' . IBM . Archived from the original on 2005 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Liviu ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) . `` UTF - 8 codepage 65001 in Windows 7 - part I - DosTips.com '' . www.dostips.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . it looks like Win7 silently enhanced support for codepage 65001 . Significant limitations do remain - in particular redirection and piping still fail under codepage 65001 . Nevertheless , the added support opens up some new exciting possibilities . Jump up ^ `` Script How to set default encoding to UTF - 8 for notepad by PowerShell '' . gallery.technet.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` HP PCL Symbol Sets Printer Control Language ( PCL & PXL ) Support Blog '' . 2015 - 02 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Java SE documentation for Interface java. io. DataInput , subsection on Modified UTF - 8 '' . Oracle Corporation . 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Java Virtual Machine Specification , section 4.4. 7 : `` The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure '' `` . Oracle Corporation . 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Java virtual machine UTF - 8 strings never have embedded nulls . Jump up ^ `` Java Object Serialization Specification , chapter 6 : Object Serialization Stream Protocol , section 2 : Stream Elements '' . Oracle Corporation . 2010 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . ( ... ) encoded in modified UTF - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Java Native Interface Specification , chapter 3 : JNI Types and Data Structures , section : Modified UTF - 8 Strings '' . Oracle Corporation . 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . The JNI uses modified UTF - 8 strings to represent various string types . Jump up ^ `` The Java Virtual Machine Specification , section 4.4. 7 : `` The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure '' `` . Oracle Corporation . 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . ( ... ) differences between this format and the ' standard ' UTF - 8 format . Jump up ^ `` ART and Dalvik '' . Android Open Source Project . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . ( T ) he dex format encodes its string data in a de facto standard modified UTF - 8 form , hereafter referred to as MUTF - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Tcler 's Wiki : UTF - 8 bit by bit ( Revision 6 ) '' . 2009 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 22 . In orthodox UTF - 8 , a NUL byte ( \ x00 ) is represented by a NUL byte . ( ... ) But ( ... ) we ( ... ) want NUL bytes inside ( ... ) strings ( ... ) Jump up ^ Sapin , Simon ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) . `` The WTF - 8 encoding '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WTF-8.com '' . 2006 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Speer , Rob ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) . `` ftfy ( fixes text for you ) 4.0 : changing less and fixing more '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` WTF - 8 , a transformation format of code page 1252 '' . www-uxsup.csx.cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Unicode Standard -- Chapter 2 '' ( PDF ) . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix F. FSS - UTF / File System Safe UCS Transformation format '' ( PDF ) . The Unicode Standard 1.1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Whistler , Kenneth ( 2001 - 06 - 12 ) . `` FSS - UTF , UTF - 2 , UTF - 8 , and UTF - 16 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Pike , Rob ( 2003 - 04 - 30 ) . `` UTF - 8 history '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pike , Rob ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) . `` UTF - 8 turned 20 years old yesterday '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mark ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Moving to Unicode 5.1 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Look up UTF - 8 in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . There are several current definitions of UTF - 8 in various standards documents : RFC 3629 / STD 63 ( 2003 ) , which establishes UTF - 8 as a standard Internet protocol element The Unicode Standard , Version 10.0 , § 3.9 D92 , § 3.10 D95 ( 2017 June 20 ) ISO / IEC 10646 : 2014 § 9.1 They supersede the definitions given in the following obsolete works : ISO / IEC 10646 - 1 : 1993 Amendment 2 / Annex R ( 1996 ) The Unicode Standard , Version 6.0 , § 3.9 D92 , § 3.10 D95 ( 2010 ) The Unicode Standard , Version 5.0 , § 3.9 -- § 3.10 ( 2006 ) The Unicode Standard , Version 2.0 , Appendix A ( 1996 ) RFC 2044 ( 1996 ) RFC 2279 ( 1998 ) The Unicode Standard , Version 3.0 , § 2.3 ( 2000 ) plus Corrigendum # 1 : UTF - 8 Shortest Form ( 2000 ) Unicode Standard Annex # 27 : Unicode 3.1 ( 2001 ) They are all the same in their general mechanics , with the main differences being on issues such as allowed range of code point values and safe handling of invalid input . Original UTF - 8 paper ( or pdf ) for Plan 9 from Bell Labs RFC 5198 defines UTF - 8 NFC for Network Interchange UTF - 8 test pages by Andreas Prilop , Jost Gippert and the World Wide Web Consortium Unix / Linux : UTF - 8 / Unicode FAQ , Linux Unicode HOWTO , UTF - 8 and Gentoo The Unicode / UTF - 8 - character table displays UTF - 8 in a variety of formats ( with Unicode and HTML encoding information ) Characters , Symbols and the Unicode Miracle -- Computerphile on YouTube Unicode Unicode Unicode Consortium ISO / IEC 10646 ( Universal Character Set ) Versions Code points Blocks Universal Character Set Character charts Character property Planes Private Use Areas Characters Special purpose BOM Combining Grapheme Joiner Left - to - right mark / Right - to - left mark Soft hyphen Word joiner Zero - width joiner Zero - width non-joiner Zero - width space Lists Characters CJK Unified Ideographs Combining character Duplicate characters Numerals Scripts Spaces Symbols Halfwidth and fullwidth Processing Algorithms Bi-directional text Collation ISO 14651 Equivalence Variation sequences International Ideographs Core Comparison BOCU - 1 CESU - 8 Punycode SCSU UTF - 1 UTF - 7 UTF - 8 UTF - 9 / UTF - 18 UTF - 16 / UCS - 2 UTF - 32 / UCS - 4 UTF - EBCDIC On pairs of code points Combining character Compatibility characters Duplicate characters Equivalence Homoglyph Precomposed character list Z - variant Variation sequences Regional Indicator Symbol Fitzpatrick modifiers Usage Domain names ( IDN ) Email Fonts HTML entity references numeric references Input International Ideographs Core Related standards Common Locale Data Repository ( CLDR ) GB 18030 ISO / IEC 8859 ISO 15924 Related topics Anomalies ConScript Unicode Registry Ideographic Rapporteur Group International Components for Unicode People involved with Unicode Han unification Scripts and symbols in Unicode Common and inherited scripts Combining marks Diacritics Punctuation Space Numbers Modern scripts Adlam Arabic diacritics Armenian Balinese Bamum Batak Bengali Bopomofo Braille Buhid Burmese Canadian Aboriginal Chakma Cham Cherokee CJK Unified Ideographs ( Han ) Cyrillic Deseret Devanagari Ge'ez Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhī Hangul Hanja Hanunó'o Hebrew diacritics Hiragana Javanese Kanji Kannada Katakana Kayah Li Khmer Lao Latin Lepcha Limbu Lisu ( Fraser ) Lontara Malayalam Masaram Gondi Mende Kikakui Miao ( Pollard ) Mongolian Mro N'Ko New Tai Lue Newa Nushu Ol Chiki Oriya Osage Osmanya Pahawh Hmong Pau Cin Hau Rejang Samaritan Saurashtra Shavian Sinhala Sorang Sompeng Sundanese Sylheti Nagari Syriac Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thaana Thai Tibetan Tifinagh Tirhuta Vai Warang Citi Yi Ancient and historic scripts Ahom Anatolian hieroglyphs Ancient North Arabian Avestan Bassa Vah Bhaiksuki Brāhmī Carian Caucasian Albanian Coptic Cuneiform Cypriot Egyptian hieroglyphs Elbasan Glagolitic Gothic Grantha Hatran Imperial Aramaic Inscriptional Pahlavi Inscriptional Parthian Kaithi Kharosthi Khojki Khudawadi Linear A Linear B Lycian Lydian Mahajani Mandaic Manichaean Marchen Meetei Mayek Meroitic Modi Multani Nabataean Ogham Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Old Persian cuneiform Old Turkic Palmyrene ' Phags - pa Phoenician Psalter Pahlavi Runic Śāradā Siddham South Arabian Soyombo Tagalog ( Baybayin ) Takri Tangut Ugaritic Zanabazar Square Notational scripts Duployan SignWriting Symbols Cultural , political , and religious symbols Currency Mathematical operators and symbols Phonetic symbols ( including IPA ) Emoji Character encodings Early telecommunications ASCII ISO / IEC 646 ISO / IEC 6937 T. 61 BCDIC Baudot code Morse code Telegraph code Wabun code Special telegraphy codes Non-Latin Chinese Cyrillic Needle telegraph codes ISO / IEC 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 Bibliographic use ANSEL ISO 5426 / 5426 - 2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822 MARC - 8 National standards ArmSCII BraSCII CNS 11643 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI - 7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 PASCII SI 960 TIS - 620 TSCII VISCII YUSCII EUC CN JP KR TW ISO / IEC 2022 CN JP KR CCCII MacOS code pages ( `` scripts '' ) Arabic Celtic CentEuro ChineseSimp / EUC - CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Dingbats Esperanto Farsi ( Persian ) Gaelic Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Japanese / ShiftJIS Korean / EUC - KR Latin - 1 Roman Romanian Sámi Symbol Thai / TIS - 620 Turkish Ukrainian DOS code pages 100 111 112 113 151 152 161 162 163 164 165 166 210 220 301 437 449 489 620 667 668 707 708 709 710 711 714 715 720 721 737 768 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 790 850 851 852 853 854 855 / 872 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 / 17248 865 866 / 808 867 868 869 874 / 1161 / 1162 876 877 878 881 882 883 884 885 891 895 896 897 898 899 900 903 904 906 907 909 910 911 926 927 928 929 932 934 936 938 941 942 943 944 946 947 948 949 950 / 1370 951 966 991 1034 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1046 1086 1088 1092 1093 1098 1108 1109 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1125 / 848 1126 1127 1131 / 849 1139 1167 1168 1300 1351 1361 1362 1363 1372 1373 1374 1375 1380 1381 1385 1386 1391 1392 1393 1394 Kamenický Mazovia CWI - 2 KOI8 MIK Iran System IBM AIX code pages 367 371 806 813 819 895 896 912 913 914 915 916 919 920 921 / 901 922 / 902 923 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 963 964 965 970 971 1004 1006 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1029 1036 1089 1111 1124 1129 / 1163 1133 1350 1382 1383 IBM Apple MacIntosh emulations 1275 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 IBM Adobe emulations 1038 1276 1277 IBM DEC emulations 1020 1021 1023 1090 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1287 1288 IBM HP emulations 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Windows code pages CER - GS 874 / 1162 ( TIS - 620 ) 932 / 943 ( Shift JIS ) 936 / 1386 ( GBK ) 950 / 1370 ( Big5 ) 949 / 1363 ( EUC - KR ) 1169 1174 Extended Latin - 8 1200 ( UTF - 16LE ) 1201 ( UTF - 16BE ) 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1261 1270 54936 ( GB18030 ) EBCDIC code pages 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 / 1140 37 - 2 38 39 40 251 252 254 256 257 258 259 260 264 273 / 1141 274 275 276 277 / 1142 278 / 1143 279 280 / 1144 281 282 283 284 / 1145 285 / 1146 286 287 288 289 290 293 297 / 1147 298 300 310 320 321 322 330 351 352 353 355 357 358 359 360 361 363 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 410 420 / 16804 421 423 424 / 8616 / 12712 425 435 500 / 1148 803 829 833 834 835 836 837 838 / 838 839 870 / 1110 / 1153 871 / 1149 875 / 4971 / 9067 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 892 893 905 918 924 930 / 1390 931 933 / 1364 935 / 1388 937 / 1371 939 / 1399 1001 1002 1003 1005 1007 1024 1025 / 1154 1026 / 1155 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1037 1047 1068 1069 1070 1071 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1087 1091 1097 1112 / 1156 1113 1122 / 1157 1123 / 1158 1130 / 1164 1132 1136 1137 1150 1151 1152 1159 1165 1166 1278 1279 1303 1364 1376 1377 JEF KEIS Platform specific Acorn Adobe Standard Adobe Latin 1 Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC CPC DEC Radix - 50 DEC MCS / NRCS DG International ELWRO - Junior FIELDATA GEM GEOS GSM 03.38 HP Roman Extension HP Roman - 8 HP Roman - 9 HP FOCAL HP RPL LICS LMBCS Mattel Aquarius MSX NEC APC NeXT PCW PETSCII Sharp calculators TI calculators TRS - 80 Ventura International Ventura Symbol WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum Unicode / ISO / IEC 10646 UTF - 1 UTF - 7 UTF - 8 UTF - 16 ( UTF - 16LE / UTF - 16BE ) / UCS - 2 UTF - 32 ( UTF - 32LE / UTF - 32BE ) / UCS - 4 UTF - EBCDIC GB 18030 BOCU - 1 CESU - 8 SCSU Miscellaneous code pages ABICOMP APL ARIB STD - B24 Cork HZ INIS INIS - 8 ISO - IR - 111 ISO - IR - 182 ISO - IR - 200 ISO - IR - 201 ISO - IR - 209 Johab LGR LY1 OML OMS OMX OT1 OT2 OT3 OT4 T2A T2B T2C T2D T3 T4 T5 TS1 TS3 U X2 SEASCII TACE16 TRON UTF - 5 UTF - 6 WTF - 8 Related topics Code page Control character ( C0 C1 ) CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware ISO 6429 / IEC 6429 / ANSI X3. 64 Mojibake Character sets Rob Pike Operating systems Plan 9 from Bell Labs Inferno Programming languages Newsqueak Limbo Go Sawzall Software acme Blit sam rio 81⁄2 Publications The Practice of Programming The Unix Programming Environment Other Renée French Mark V. Shaney UTF - 8 Ken Thompson Operating systems Unix Plan 9 from Bell Labs Programming languages Bon Go Software Belle ed grep sam Space Travel Thompson shell Other UTF - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UTF-8&oldid=833610987 '' Categories : Character encoding Computer - related introductions in 1993 Encodings Unicode Transformation Formats Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 16 : 03 . 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where are the ascii characters found in the utf-8 code points

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ASCII

ASCII - wikipedia ASCII Not to be confused with MS Windows - 1252 or other types of extended ASCII . This article is about the character encoding . For other uses , see ASCII ( disambiguation ) . US - ASCII MIME / IANA us - ascii Alias ( es ) ASCII Language ( s ) English Classification ISO 646 series Extensions UTF - 8 ISO 8859 ( series ) KOI - 8 OEM ( series ) Windows - 125x ( series ) Others Preceded by ITA 2 , FIELDATA Succeeded by ISO 8859 , Unicode Other related encoding ( s ) PETSCII ASCII ( / ˈæski / ( listen ) ASS - kee ) , abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a character encoding standard for electronic communication . ASCII codes represent text in computers , telecommunications equipment , and other devices . Most modern character - encoding schemes are based on ASCII , although they support many additional characters . ASCII is the traditional name for the encoding system ; the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) prefers the updated name US - ASCII , which clarifies that this system was developed in the US and based on the typographical symbols predominantly in use there . ASCII is one of a 1963 List of IEEE milestones . ASCII chart from an earlier - than 1972 printer manual ( b1 is the least significant bit . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Design considerations 3.1 Bit width 3.2 Internal organization 3.3 Character order 4 Character groups 4.1 Control characters 4.2 Printable characters 4.3 Character set 5 Use 6 Variants and derivations 6.1 7 - bit codes 6.2 8 - bit codes 6.3 Unicode 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Overview ( edit ) ASCII was developed from telegraph code . Its first commercial use was as a seven - bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services . Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6 , 1960 , with the first meeting of the American Standards Association 's ( ASA ) ( now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI ) X3. 2 subcommittee . The first edition of the standard was published in 1963 , underwent a major revision during 1967 , and experienced its most recent update during 1986 . Compared to earlier telegraph codes , the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting ( i.e. , alphabetization ) of lists , and added features for devices other than teleprinters . Originally based on the English alphabet , ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven - bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above . Ninety - five of the encoded characters are printable : these include the digits 0 to 9 , lowercase letters a to z , uppercase letters A to Z , and punctuation symbols . In addition , the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype machines ; most of these are now obsolete . For example , lowercase i would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 ( i is the ninth letter ) = decimal 105 . History ( edit ) The American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association ( ASA ) , called the X3 committee , by its X3. 2 ( later X3L2 ) subcommittee , and later by that subcommittee 's X3. 2.4 working group ( now INCITS ) . The ASA became the United States of America Standards Institute ( USASI ) and ultimately the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) . With the other special characters and control codes filled in , ASCII was published as ASA X3. 4 - 1963 , leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning , reserved for future standardization , and one unassigned control code . There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet . The indecision did not last long : during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks 6 and 7 , and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard . The X3. 2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting . Locating the lowercase letters in sticks 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit , which simplified case - insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers . The X3 committee made other changes , including other new characters ( the brace and vertical bar characters ) , renaming some control characters ( SOM became start of header ( SOH ) ) and moving or removing others ( RU was removed ) . ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3. 4 - 1967 , then USAS X3. 4 - 1968 , ANSI X3. 4 - 1977 , and finally , ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 . Revisions of the ASCII standard : ASA X3. 4 - 1963 ASA X3. 4 - 1965 ( approved , but not published , nevertheless used by IBM 2260 & 2265 Display Stations and IBM 2848 Display Control ) USAS X3. 4 - 1967 USAS X3. 4 - 1968 ANSI X3. 4 - 1977 ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 ( R1992 ) ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 ( R1997 ) ANSI INCITS 4 - 1986 ( R2002 ) ANSI INCITS 4 - 1986 ( R2007 ) ANSI INCITS 4 - 1986 ( R2012 ) In the X3. 15 standard , the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted ( least significant bit first ) , and how it should be recorded on perforated tape . They proposed a 9 - track standard for magnetic tape , and attempted to deal with some punched card formats . Design considerations ( edit ) Bit width ( edit ) The X3. 2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems . Like other character encodings , ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols ( i.e. graphemes and control characters ) . This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process , store , and communicate character - oriented information such as written language . Before ASCII was developed , the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters , 10 numerical digits , and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols . To include all these , and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique ( CCITT ) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 ( ITA2 ) standard of 1924 , FIELDATA ( 1956 ) , and early EBCDIC ( 1963 ) , more than 64 codes were required for ASCII . ITA2 were in turn based on the 5 - bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874 . The committee debated the possibility of a shift function ( like in ITA2 ) , which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six - bit code . In a shifted code , some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes . It allows compact encoding , but is less reliable for data transmission , as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable . The standards committee decided against shifting , and so ASCII required at least a seven - bit code . The committee considered an eight - bit code , since eight bits ( octets ) would allow two four - bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary - coded decimal . However , it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice . The committee voted to use a seven - bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission . Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position , it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired . Eight - bit machines ( with octets as the native data type ) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0 . In some printers , the high bit was used to enable Italics printing . Internal organization ( edit ) The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together , for ease of identification . The first two so called ASCII sticks ( 32 positions ) were reserved for control characters . The `` space '' character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier , so it became position 20 ; for the same reason , many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits . The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64 - character alphabets , and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64 - character set of graphic codes , as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code ( 1963 ) . Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase . To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics , the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters , and the letter A was placed in position 41 to match the draft of the corresponding British standard . The digits 0 -- 9 are prefixed with 011 , but the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary , making conversion with binary - coded decimal straightforward . Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters ; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters , not electric typewriters . Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 ( 1878 ) , the first typewriter with a shift key , and the shifted values of 23456789 - were `` # $ % _& ' ( ) -- early typewriters omitted 0 and 1 , using O ( capital letter o ) and l ( lowercase letter L ) instead , but 1 ! and 0 ) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common . Thus , in ASCII ! '' # $ % were placed in the second stick , positions 1 -- 5 , corresponding to the digits 1 -- 5 in the adjacent stick . The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0 , however , because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character . This was accommodated by removing _ ( underscore ) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters , which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9 . This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit - paired keyboards , notably the Teletype Model 33 , which used the left - shifted layout corresponding to ASCII , not to traditional mechanical typewriters . Electric typewriters , notably the IBM Selectric ( 1961 ) , used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers -- following the IBM PC ( 1981 ) , especially Model M ( 1984 ) -- and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did . The / ? pair also dates to the No. 2 , and the , < . > pairs were used on some keyboards ( others , including the No. 2 , did not shift , ( comma ) or . ( full stop ) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting ) . However , ASCII split the ; : pair ( dating to No. 2 ) , and rearranged mathematical symbols ( varied conventions , commonly - * = + ) to :* ; + - = . Some common characters were not included , notably 1⁄21⁄4 ¢ , while ^ ` ~ were included as diacritics for international use , and < > for mathematical use , together with the simple line characters \ ( in addition to common / ) . The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented À in the French variation , so the @ was placed in position 40 , right before the letter A . The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message ( SOM ) , end of address ( EOA ) , end of message ( EOM ) , end of transmission ( EOT ) , `` who are you ? '' ( WRU ) , `` are you ? '' ( RU ) , a reserved device control ( DC0 ) , synchronous idle ( SYNC ) , and acknowledge ( ACK ) . These were positioned to maximize the Hamming distance between their bit patterns . Character order ( edit ) ASCII - code order is also called ASCIIbetical order . Collation of data is sometimes done in this order rather than `` standard '' alphabetical order ( collating sequence ) . The main deviations in ASCII order are : All uppercase come before lowercase letters ; for example , `` Z '' precedes `` a '' Digits and many punctuation marks come before letters An intermediate order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values . Character groups ( edit ) Control characters ( edit ) Main article : Control character ASCII reserves the first 32 codes ( numbers 0 -- 31 decimal ) for control characters : codes originally intended not to represent printable information , but rather to control devices ( such as printers ) that make use of ASCII , or to provide meta - information about data streams such as those stored on magnetic tape . For example , character 10 represents the `` line feed '' function ( which causes a printer to advance its paper ) , and character 8 represents `` backspace '' . RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return , line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters . Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line - oriented formatting , ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document . Other schemes , such as markup languages , address page and document layout and formatting . The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character . The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional , for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a data stream , and sometimes accidental , for example with the meaning of `` delete '' . Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR , which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader / punch option . Paper tape was a very popular medium for long - term program storage until the 1980s , less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape . In particular , the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 ( Control - Q , DC1 , also known as XON ) , 19 ( Control - S , DC3 , also known as XOFF ) , and 127 ( Delete ) became de facto standards . The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control - G ( code 7 , BEL , meaning audibly alert the operator ) literally , as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character . Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left - arrow symbol ( from ASCII - 1963 , which had this character instead of underscore ) , a noncompliant use of code 15 ( Control - O , Shift In ) interpreted as `` delete previous character '' was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected . When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control - S ( XOFF , an abbreviation for transmit off ) , it caused the tape reader to stop ; receiving Control - Q ( XON , `` transmit on '' ) caused the tape reader to resume . This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a `` handshaking '' signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow ; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique . On some systems Control - S retains its meaning but Control - Q is replaced by a second Control - S to resume output . The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control - R ( DC2 ) and Control - T ( DC4 ) to start and stop the tape punch ; on some units equipped with this function , the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively . The Teletype could not move the head backwards , so it did not put a key on the keyboard to send a BS ( backspace ) . Instead there was a key marked `` rubout '' that sent code 127 ( DEL ) . The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a hand - typed paper tape : the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up , then type the rubout , which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored . Teletypes were commonly used for the less - expensive computers from Digital Equipment Corporation , so these systems had to use the available key and thus the DEL code to erase the previous character . Because of this , DEC video terminals ( by default ) sent the DEL code for the key marked `` Backspace '' while the key marked `` Delete '' sent an escape sequence , while many other terminals sent BS for the Backspace key . The Unix terminal driver could only use one code to back up , this could be set to BS or DEL , but not both , resulting in a very long period of annoyance where you had to correct it depending on what terminal you were using ( modern shells using readline understand both codes ) . The assumption that no key sent a BS caused Control + H to be used for other purposes , such as a `` help '' command in Emacs . Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones . The `` escape '' character ( ESC , code 27 ) , for example , was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning . This is the same meaning of `` escape '' encountered in URL encodings , C language strings , and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning . Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed . In modern use , an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence usually in the form of a so - called `` ANSI escape code '' ( or , more properly , a `` Control Sequence Introducer '' ) from ECMA - 48 ( 1972 ) and its successors , beginning with ESC followed by a `` ( '' ( left - bracket ) character . An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out - of - band character used to terminate an operation , as in the TECO and vi text editors . In graphical user interface ( GUI ) and windowing systems , ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit ( terminate ) altogether . The inherent ambiguity of many control characters , combined with their historical usage , created problems when transferring `` plain text '' files between systems . The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems . Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both `` Carriage Return '' ( which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line ) and `` Line Feed '' ( which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead ) . The name `` Carriage Return '' comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary . The entire carriage had to be pushed ( returned ) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line . DEC operating systems ( OS / 8 , RT - 11 , RSX - 11 , RSTS , TOPS - 10 , etc . ) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device ( originally Teletype machines ) would work . By the time so - called `` glass TTYs '' ( later called CRTs or terminals ) came along , the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention . When Gary Kildall created CP / M he was inspired by some command line interface conventions used in DEC 's RT - 11 . Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981 , IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch - card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless . IBM 's PC DOS ( also marketed as MS - DOS by Microsoft ) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP / M , and Windows inherited it from MS - DOS . Unfortunately , requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone . To simplify matters plain text data streams , including files , on Multics used line feed ( LF ) alone as a line terminator . Unix and Unix - like systems , and Amiga systems , adopted this convention from Multics . The original Macintosh OS , Apple DOS , and ProDOS , on the other hand , used carriage return ( CR ) alone as a line terminator ; however , since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix - based macOS operating system , they now use line feed ( LF ) as well . The Radio Shack TRS - 80 also used a lone CR to terminate lines . Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS - 10 and TENEX using CR - LF line endings , machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings , and machines running operating systems such as OS / 360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII . The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII `` Network Virtual Terminal '' ( NVT ) , so that connections between hosts with different line - ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network . Telnet used ASCII along with CR - LF line endings , and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT . The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol , including use of the Network Virtual Terminal , for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode . This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols , and to other network protocols , such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web , on systems not using the NVT 's CR - LF line - ending convention . The PDP - 6 monitor , and its PDP - 10 successor TOPS - 10 , used Control - Z ( SUB ) as an end - of - file indication for input from a terminal . Some operating systems such as CP / M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control - Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file . For these reasons , EOF , or end - of - file , was used colloquially and conventionally as a three - letter acronym for Control - Z instead of SUBstitute . The end - of - text code ( ETX ) , also known as Control - C , was inappropriate for a variety of reasons , while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid . A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream , usually from a keyboard . In C library and Unix conventions , the null character is used to terminate text strings ; such null - terminated strings can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ , where here Z stands for `` zero '' . Binary Oct Dec Hex Abbreviation Name ( ' 67 ) ' 63 ' 65 ' 67 000 0000 000 0 00 NULL NUL ␀ ^ @ \ 0 Null 000 0001 001 01 SOM SOH ␁ ^ A Start of Heading 000 0010 002 02 EOA STX ␂ ^ B Start of Text 000 0011 003 03 EOM ETX ␃ ^ C End of Text 000 0100 004 04 EOT ␄ ^ D End of Transmission 000 0101 005 5 05 WRU ENQ ␅ ^ E Enquiry 000 0110 006 6 06 RU ACK ␆ ^ F Acknowledgement 000 0111 007 7 07 BELL BEL ␇ ^ G \ a Bell 000 1000 010 8 08 FE0 BS ␈ ^ H \ b Backspace 000 1001 011 9 09 HT / SK HT ␉ ^ I \ t Horizontal Tab 000 1010 012 10 0A LF ␊ ^ J \ n Line Feed 000 1011 013 11 0B VTAB VT ␋ ^ K \ v Vertical Tab 000 1100 014 12 0C FF ␌ ^ L \ f Form Feed 000 1101 015 13 0D CR ␍ ^ M \ r Carriage Return 000 1110 016 14 0E SO ␎ ^ N Shift Out 000 1111 017 15 0F SI ␏ ^ O Shift In 001 0000 020 16 10 DC0 DLE ␐ ^ P Data Link Escape 001 0001 021 17 11 DC1 ␑ ^ Q Device Control 1 ( often XON ) 001 0010 022 18 12 DC2 ␒ ^ R Device Control 2 001 0011 023 19 13 DC3 ␓ ^ S Device Control 3 ( often XOFF ) 001 0100 024 20 14 DC4 ␔ ^ T Device Control 4 001 0101 025 21 15 ERR NAK ␕ ^ U Negative Acknowledgement 001 0110 026 22 16 SYNC SYN ␖ ^ V Synchronous Idle 001 0111 027 23 17 LEM ETB ␗ ^ W End of Transmission Block 001 1000 030 24 18 S0 CAN ␘ ^ X Cancel 001 1001 031 25 19 S1 EM ␙ ^ Y End of Medium 001 1010 032 26 1A S2 SS SUB ␚ ^ Z Substitute 001 1011 033 27 1B S3 ESC ␛ ^ ( \ e Escape 001 1100 034 28 1C S4 FS ␜ ^ \ File Separator 001 1101 035 29 1D S5 GS ␝ ^ ) Group Separator 001 1110 036 30 1E S6 RS ␞ ^ ^ Record Separator 001 1111 037 31 1F S7 US ␟ ^ _ Unit Separator 111 1111 177 127 7F DEL ␡ ^ ? Delete Other representations might be used by specialist equipment , for example ISO 2047 graphics or hexadecimal numbers . Printable characters ( edit ) Codes 20 to 7E , known as the printable characters , represent letters , digits , punctuation marks , and a few miscellaneous symbols . There are 95 printable characters in total . Code 20 , the `` space '' character , denotes the space between words , as produced by the space bar of a keyboard . Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic ( rather than a control character ) it is listed in the table below instead of in the previous section . Code 7F corresponds to the non-printable `` delete '' ( DEL ) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart ; it is covered in the previous section 's chart . Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the caret ( 5E ) and the left arrow instead of the underscore ( 5F ) . Binary Oct Dec Hex Glyph ' 63 ' 65 ' 67 010 0000 040 32 20 space 010 0001 041 33 21 ! 010 0010 042 34 22 `` 010 0011 043 35 23 # 010 0100 044 36 24 $ 010 0101 045 37 25 % 010 0110 046 38 26 & 010 0111 047 39 27 ' 010 1000 050 40 28 ( 010 1001 051 41 29 ) 010 1010 052 42 2A * 010 1011 053 43 2B + 010 1100 054 44 2C , 010 1101 055 45 2D - 010 1110 056 46 2E . 010 1111 057 47 2F / 011 0000 060 48 30 0 011 0001 061 49 31 011 0010 062 50 32 011 0011 063 51 33 011 0100 064 52 34 011 0101 065 53 35 5 011 0110 066 54 36 6 011 0111 067 55 37 7 011 1000 070 56 38 8 011 1001 071 57 39 9 011 1010 072 58 3A : 011 1011 073 59 3B ; 011 1100 074 60 3C < 011 1101 075 61 3D = 011 1110 076 62 3E > 011 1111 077 63 3F ? 100 0000 100 64 40 @ ` @ 100 0001 101 65 41 100 0010 102 66 42 100 0011 103 67 43 100 0100 104 68 44 100 0101 105 69 45 100 0110 106 70 46 100 0111 107 71 47 100 1000 110 72 48 100 1001 111 73 49 100 1010 112 74 4A J 100 1011 113 75 4B 100 1100 114 76 4C 100 1101 115 77 4D 100 1110 116 78 4E 100 1111 117 79 4F O 101 0000 120 80 50 101 0001 121 81 51 Q 101 0010 122 82 52 101 0011 123 83 53 101 0100 124 84 54 101 0101 125 85 55 U 101 0110 126 86 56 V 101 0111 127 87 57 101 1000 130 88 58 X 101 1001 131 89 59 Y 101 1010 132 90 5A Z 101 1011 133 91 5B 101 1100 134 92 5C \ ~ \ 101 1101 135 93 5D 101 1110 136 94 5E ↑ 101 1111 137 95 5F ← _ 110 0000 140 96 60 @ ` 110 0001 141 97 61 110 0010 142 98 62 110 0011 143 99 63 110 0100 144 100 64 d 110 0101 145 101 65 110 0110 146 102 66 f 110 0111 147 103 67 g 110 1000 150 104 68 h 110 1001 151 105 69 i 110 1010 152 106 6A j 110 1011 153 107 6B k 110 1100 154 108 6C l 110 1101 155 109 6D m 110 1110 156 110 6E n 110 1111 157 111 6F o 111 0000 160 112 70 p 111 0001 161 113 71 q 111 0010 162 114 72 r 111 0011 163 115 73 s 111 0100 164 116 74 111 0101 165 117 75 u 111 0110 166 118 76 111 0111 167 119 77 w 111 1000 170 120 78 x 111 1001 171 121 79 y 111 1010 172 122 7A z 111 1011 173 123 7B ( 111 1100 174 124 7C ACK ¬ 111 1101 175 125 7D ) 111 1110 176 126 7E ESC ~ Character set ( edit ) ASCII 1967 - present _0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F 0_ NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI 1_ DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US 2_ SP ! `` # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 3_ 0 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 4_ @ J O 5_ Q U V X Y Z \ _ 6_ ` d f g h i j k l m n o 7_ p q r s u w x y z ( ) ~ DEL Use ( edit ) ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven - bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph 's TWX ( TeletypeWriter eXchange ) network . TWX originally used the earlier five - bit ITA2 , which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system . Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence . His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work -- according to Bemer , `` so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer - Ross Code in Europe '' . Because of his extensive work on ASCII , Bemer has been called `` the father of ASCII '' . On March 11 , 1968 , U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States federal government support ASCII , stating : I have also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations . All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1 , 1969 , must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used . ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007 , when UTF - 8 encoding surpassed it ; UTF - 8 is backward compatible with ASCII . Variants and derivations ( edit ) As computer technology spread throughout the world , different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman - based alphabets . One could class some of these variations as `` ASCII extensions '' , although some misuse that term to represent all variants , including those that do not preserve ASCII 's character - map in the 7 - bit range . Furthermore , the ASCII extensions have also been mislabelled as ASCII . 7 - bit codes ( edit ) Main articles : ECMA - 6 , ISO / IEC 646 , and ITU T. 50 See also : UTF - 7 From early in its development , ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard . Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO 646 ( 1967 ) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII , with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States , such as the symbol for the United Kingdom 's pound sterling ( £ ) . Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII , since ASCII suited the needs of only the US and a few other countries . For example , Canada had its own version that supported French characters . Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English letters ( e.g. é , ñ , ß , Ł ) , currency symbols ( e.g. £ , ¥ ) , etc . See also YUSCII ( Yugoslavia ) . It would share most characters in common , but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for `` national use '' . However , the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII - 1963 and ISO 's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII 's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world , causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points . ISO / IEC 646 , like ASCII , is a 7 - bit character set . It does not make any additional codes available , so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries . Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant applied to a piece of text , but they were rarely used , so it was often impossible to know what variant to work with and , therefore , which character a code represented , and in general , text - processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway . Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to `` national use '' code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO / IEC 646 , a German , French , or Swedish , etc . programmer using their national variant of ISO / IEC 646 , rather than ASCII , had to write , and thus read , something such as ä aÄiÜ = ' Ön ' ; ü instead of ( a ( i ) = ' \ n ' ; ) C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C , although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use . Many programmers kept their computers on US - ASCII , so plain - text in Swedish , German etc. ( for example , in e-mail or Usenet ) contained `` ( , ) '' and similar variants in the middle of words , something those programmers got used to . For example , a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch , could get `` N ( jag har sm rg ) sar '' as the answer , which should be `` Nä jag har smörgåsar '' meaning `` No I 've got sandwiches '' . 8 - bit codes ( edit ) Main articles : Extended ASCII and ISO / IEC 8859 See also : UTF - 8 Eventually , as 8 - , 16 - and 32 - bit ( and later 64 - bit ) computers began to replace 18 - and 36 - bit computers as the norm , it became common to use an 8 - bit byte to store each character in memory , providing an opportunity for extended , 8 - bit relatives of ASCII . In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII , leaving the original character - mapping intact , but adding additional character definitions after the first 128 ( i.e. , 7 - bit ) characters . Encodings include ISCII ( India ) , VISCII ( Vietnam ) . Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII , true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard . Most early home computer systems developed their own 8 - bit character sets containing line - drawing and game glyphs , and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 to 31 with more graphics . Kaypro CP / M computers used the `` upper '' 128 characters for the Greek alphabet . The PETSCII code Commodore International used for their 8 - bit systems is probably unique among post-1970 codes in being based on ASCII - 1963 , instead of the more common ASCII - 1967 , such as found on the ZX Spectrum computer . Atari 8 - bit computers and Galaksija computers also used ASCII variants . The IBM PC defined code page 437 , which replaced the control characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces , and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions . Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages , and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware . Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set ( DEC - MCS ) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics . The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set , both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics , more like modern character sets . The ISO / IEC 8859 standard ( derived from the DEC - MCS ) finally provided a standard that most systems copied ( at least as accurately as they copied ASCII , but with many substitutions ) . A popular further extension designed by Microsoft , Windows - 1252 ( often mislabeled as ISO - 8859 - 1 ) , added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing . ISO - 8859 - 1 , Windows - 1252 , and the original 7 - bit ASCII were the most common character encodings until 2008 when UTF - 8 became more common . ISO / IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80 -- 9F hexadecimal range , as part of extending the 7 - bit ASCII encoding to become an 8 - bit system . Unicode ( edit ) Main articles : Unicode and ISO / IEC 10646 See also : Basic Latin ( Unicode block ) Unicode and the ISO / IEC 10646 Universal Character Set ( UCS ) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO / IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments . While ASCII is limited to 128 characters , Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification ( using natural numbers called code points ) and encoding ( to 8 - , 16 - or 32 - bit binary formats , called UTF - 8 , UTF - 16 and UTF - 32 ) . ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode ( 1991 ) character set as the first 128 symbols , so the 7 - bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets . This allows UTF - 8 to be backward compatible with 7 - bit ASCII , as a UTF - 8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters . Even more importantly , forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7 - bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set ( as is often done to support 8 - bit ASCII extensions such as ISO - 8859 - 1 ) will preserve UTF - 8 data unchanged . See also ( edit ) Computing portal 3568 ASCII , an asteroid named after the character encoding Ascii85 ASCII art ASCII Ribbon Campaign Basic Latin ( Unicode block ) ( ASCII as a subset of Unicode ) Extended ASCII HTML decimal character rendering List of Unicode characters Jargon File , a glossary of computer programmer slang which includes a list of common slang names for ASCII characters List of computer character sets Alt codes Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The 128 characters of the 7 - bit ASCII character set are divided into eight 16 - character groups called sticks 0 -- 7 , associated with the three most - significant bits . Depending on the horizontal or vertical representation of the character map , sticks correspond with either table rows or columns . Jump up ^ The Unicode characters from the area U + 2400 to U + 2421 reserved for representing control characters when it is necessary to print or display them rather than have them perform their intended function . Some browsers may not display these properly . Jump up ^ Caret notation is often used to represent control characters on a terminal . On most text terminals , holding down the Ctrl key while typing the second character will type the control character . Sometimes the shift key is not needed , for instance ^ @ may be typable with just Ctrl and 2 . Jump up ^ Character escape sequences in C programming language and many other languages influenced by it , such as Java and Perl ( though not all implementations necessarily support all escape sequences ) . Jump up ^ The Backspace character can also be entered by pressing the ← Backspace key on some systems . ^ Jump up to : The ambiguity of Backspace is due to early terminals designed assuming the main use of the keyboard would be to manually punch paper tape while not connected to a computer . To delete the previous character , one had to back up the paper tape punch , which for mechanical and simplicity reasons was a button on the punch itself and not the keyboard , then type the rubout character . They therefore placed a key producing rubout at the location used on typewriters for backspace . When systems used these terminals and provided command - line editing , they had to use the `` rubout '' code to perform a backspace , and often did not interpret the backspace character ( they might echo `` ^ H '' for backspace ) . Other terminals not designed for paper tape made the key at this location produce Backspace , and systems designed for these used that character to back up . Since the delete code often produced a backspace effect , this also forced terminal manufacturers to make any Delete key produce something other than the Delete character . Jump up ^ The Tab character can also be entered by pressing the Tab ↹ key on most systems . Jump up ^ The Carriage Return character can also be entered by pressing the ↵ Enter or Return key on most systems . Jump up ^ The \ e escape sequence is not part of ISO C and many other language specifications . However , it is understood by several compilers , including GCC . Jump up ^ The Escape character can also be entered by pressing the Esc key on some systems . Jump up ^ ^ ^ means Ctrl + ^ ( pressing the `` Ctrl '' and caret keys ) . Jump up ^ The Delete character can sometimes be entered by pressing the ← Backspace key on some systems . Jump up ^ Printed out , the characters are : ! `` # $ % & ' ( ) * + , -. / 0123456789 : ; < = > ? @ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ( \ ) ^ _ ` abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ( ) ~ References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , Charles E. ( 1980 ) . Coded Character Sets , History and Development ( PDF ) . The Systems Programming Series ( 1 ed . ) . Addison - Wesley Publishing Company , Inc . pp. 6 , 166 , 211 , 215 , 217 , 220 , 223 , 228 , 236 -- 238 , 243 -- 245 , 247 -- 253 , 423 , 425 -- 428 , 435 -- 439 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 14460 - 3 . LCCN 77 - 90165 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Character Sets '' . Accessed 2008 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Brandel , Mary ( July 6 , 1999 ) . `` 1963 : The Debut of ASCII '' . CNN . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Standard Code for Information Interchange , ASA X3. 4 - 1963 '' . American Standards Association ( ASA ) . 1963 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Standard Code for Information Interchange , USAS X3. 4 - 1967 '' . United States of America Standards Institute ( USASI ) . July 7 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Thomas Daniel ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) ( 1999 ) . `` An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Infiltration '' . World Power Systems ( WPS ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` American National Standard for Information Systems -- Coded Character Sets -- 7 - Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange ( 7 - Bit ASCII ) , ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 '' . American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) . March 26 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Shirley , R. ( August 2007 ) , Internet Security Glossary , Version 2 , RFC 4949 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 Jump up ^ Maini , Anil Kumar ( 2007 ) . Digital Electronics : Principles , Devices and Applications . John Wiley and Sons . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 03214 - 5 . In addition , it defines codes for 33 nonprinting , mostly obsolete control characters that affect how the text is processed . Jump up ^ Bukstein , Ed ( July 1964 ) . `` Binary Computer Codes and ASCII '' . Electronics World . Ziff - Davis Publishing Company . 72 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bemer , Robert William ( 1980 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Inside ASCII '' . General Purpose Software ( PDF ) . Best of Interface Age . 2 . Portland , OR , USA : dilithium Press . pp. 1 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 918398 - 37 - 1 . LCCN 79 - 67462 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 , from : Bemer , Robert William ( May 1978 ) . `` Inside ASCII -- Part I '' . Interface Age . Portland , Oregon : dilithium Press . 3 ( 5 ) : 96 -- 102 . Bemer , Robert William ( June 1978 ) . `` Inside ASCII -- Part II '' . Interface Age . Portland , Oregon : dilithium Press . 3 ( 6 ) : 64 -- 74 . Bemer , Robert William ( July 1978 ) . `` Inside ASCII -- Part III '' . Interface Age . Portland , Oregon : dilithium Press . 3 ( 7 ) : 80 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Brief Report : Meeting of CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet , May 13 -- 15 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Report of ISO / TC / 97 / SC 2 -- Meeting of October 29 -- 31 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Report on Task Group X3. 2.4 , June 11 , 1963 , Pentagon Building , Washington , DC . Jump up ^ Report of Meeting No. 8 , Task Group X3. 2.4 , December 17 and 18 , 1963 ^ Jump up to : Winter , Dik T. ( 2010 ) ( 2003 ) . `` US and International standards : ASCII '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Salste , Tuomas ( January 2016 ) . `` 7 - bit character sets : Revisions of ASCII '' . Aivosto Oy . urn : nbn : fi - fe201201011004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Korpela , Jukka K. ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) ( 2006 - 06 - 07 ) . Unicode Explained -- Internationalize Documents , Programs , and Web Sites ( 2nd release of 1st ed . ) . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 10121 - 3 . ISBN 0 - 596 - 10121 - X . Jump up ^ ANSI INCITS 4 - 1986 ( R2007 ) : American National Standard for Information Systems -- Coded Character Sets -- 7 - Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange ( 7 - Bit ASCII ) ( PDF ) , 2007 ( 1986 ) , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 02 - 07 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 Jump up ^ Bit Sequencing of the American National Standard Code for Information Interchange in Serial - by - Bit Data Transmission , American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) , 1966 , X3. 15 - 1966 Jump up ^ `` BruXy : Radio Teletype communication '' . 2005 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . The transmitted code use International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 ( ITA - 2 ) which was introduced by CCITT in 1924 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Gil ( 2001 ) . `` Teletype Communication Codes '' ( PDF ) . Baudot.net . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Stanley A. ; Krantz , Steven George ( 1995 ) . A TeX Primer for Scientists . CRC Press , LLC . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 7159 - 2 . Jump up ^ Savard , John J.G. `` Computer Keyboards '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ASCIIbetical definition '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Resnick , P. ( April 2001 ) , Internet Message Format , RFC 2822 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 ( NB . NO - WS - CTL . ) Jump up ^ McConnell , Robert ; Haynes , James ; Warren , Richard . `` Understanding ASCII Codes '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barry Margolin ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Re : editor and word processor history ( was : Re : RTF for emacs ) '' . help - gnu - emacs ( Mailing list ) . ^ Jump up to : `` PDP - 6 Multiprogramming System Manual '' ( PDF ) . Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) . 1965 . p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` PDP - 10 Reference Handbook , Book 3 , Communicating with the Monitor '' ( PDF ) . Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) . 1969 . p. 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Help - GNU Emacs Manual '' . Jump up ^ Tim Paterson ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Is DOS a Rip - Off of CP / M ? '' . DosMan Drivel . Jump up ^ Ossanna , J.F. ; Saltzer , J.H. ( November 17 -- 19 , 1970 ) . `` Technical and human engineering problems in connecting terminals to a time - sharing system '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the November 17 -- 19 , 1970 , Fall Joint Computer Conference ( FJCC ) . p. 357 : AFIPS Press . pp. 355 -- 362 . Using a `` new - line '' function ( combined carriage - return and line - feed ) is simpler for both man and machine than requiring both functions for starting a new line ; the American National Standard X3. 4 - 1968 permits the line - feed code to carry the new - line meaning . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , T. ( 1971 - 05 - 19 ) , TELNET Protocol , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , pp. 4 -- 5 , RFC 158 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 Jump up ^ Neigus , Nancy J. ( 1973 - 08 - 12 ) , File Transfer Protocol , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , RFC 542 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 Jump up ^ Postel , Jon ( June 1980 ) , File Transfer Protocol , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , RFC 765 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 Jump up ^ `` EOL translation plan for Mercurial '' . Mercurial . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Daniel J. `` Bare LFs in SMTP '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ CP / M 1.4 Interface Guide ( PDF ) . Digital Research . 1978 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Cerf , Vinton Gray ( 1969 - 10 - 16 ) , ASCII format for Network Interchange , Network Working Group , RFC 20 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 ( NB . Almost identical wording to USAS X3. 4 - 1968 except for the intro . ) Jump up ^ Haynes , Jim ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) . `` First - Hand : Chad is Our Most Important Product : An Engineer 's Memory of Teletype Corporation '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki ( ETHW ) . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . There was the change from 1961 ASCII to 1968 ASCII . Some computer languages used characters in 1961 ASCII such as up arrow and left arrow . These characters disappeared from 1968 ASCII . We worked with Fred Mocking , who by now was in Sales at Teletype , on a type cylinder that would compromise the changing characters so that the meanings of 1961 ASCII were not totally lost . The underscore character was made rather wedge - shaped so it could also serve as a left arrow . Jump up ^ Bemer , Robert William . `` Bemer meets Europe ( Computer Standards ) -- Computer History Vignettes '' . Trailing-edge.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . ( NB . Bemer was employed at IBM at that time . ) Jump up ^ `` Robert William Bemer : Biography '' . 2013 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Lyndon Baines ( 1968 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Memorandum Approving the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information Interchange '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richard S. Shuford ( December 20 , 1996 ) . `` Re : Early history of ASCII ? '' . Newsgroup : alt. folklore. computers . Usenet : Pine. SUN. 3.91. 961220100220.13180 [email protected] . Jump up ^ Folts , Harold C. ; Karp , Harry , eds. ( 1982 - 02 - 01 ) . Compilation of Data Communications Standards ( 2nd revised ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Inc . ISBN 0 - 07 - 021457 - 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 021457 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dubost , Karl ( 2008 - 05 - 06 ) . `` UTF - 8 Growth on the Web '' . W3C Blog . World Wide Web Consortium . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Mark ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Moving to Unicode 5.1 '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mark ( 2010 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Unicode nearing 50 % of the web '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Specific Criteria '' , attachment to memo from R.W. Reach , `` X3 - 2 Meeting -- September 14 and 15 '' , September 18 , 1961 Jump up ^ Maréchal , R. ( 1967 - 12 - 22 ) , ISO / TC 97 -- Computers and Information Processing : Acceptance of Draft ISO Recommendation No. 1052 Jump up ^ The Unicode Consortium ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Chapter 13 : Special Areas and Format Characters '' ( PDF ) . In Allen , Julie D . The Unicode standard , Version 5.0 . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey , US : Addison - Wesley Professional . p. 314 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 48091 - 0 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` utf - 8 ( 7 ) -- Linux manual page '' . Man7.org. 2014 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 21 . Further reading ( edit ) Bemer , Robert William ( 1960 ) . `` A Proposal for Character Code Compatibility '' . Communications of the ACM. 3 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 72 . doi : 10.1145 / 366959.366961 . Bemer , Robert William ( 2003 - 05 - 23 ) . `` The Babel of Codes Prior to ASCII : The 1960 Survey of Coded Character Sets : The Reasons for ASCII '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 , from : Bemer , Robert William ( December 1960 ) . `` Survey of coded character representation '' . Communications of the ACM. 3 ( 12 ) : 639 -- 641 . doi : 10.1145 / 367487.367493 . Smith , H.J. ; Williams , F.A. ( December 1960 ) . `` Survey of punched card codes '' . Communications of the ACM. 3 ( 12 ) : 642 . doi : 10.1145 / 367487.367491 . American National Standard Code for Information Interchange . American National Standards Institute . 1977 . Robinson , G.S. ; Cargill , C. ( 1996 ) . `` History and impact of computer standards '' . Computer . 29 ( 10 ) : 79 -- 85 . doi : 10.1109 / 2.539725 . Mullendore , Ralph Elvin ( 1964 ) ( 1963 ) . Ptak , John F. , ed . `` On the Early Development of ASCII -- The History of ASCII '' . JF Ptak Science Books ( published March 2012 ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to ASCII . `` C0 Controls and Basic Latin -- Range : 0000 -- 007F '' ( PDF ) . The Unicode Standard 8.0 . Unicode , Inc. 2015 ( 1991 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Fischer , Eric . `` The Evolution of Character Codes , 1874 -- 1968 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . ( 1 ) Character encodings Early telecommunications ASCII ISO / IEC 646 ISO / IEC 6937 T. 61 BCDIC Baudot code Morse code Telegraph code Wabun code Special telegraphy codes Non-Latin Chinese Cyrillic Needle telegraph codes ISO / IEC 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 Bibliographic use ANSEL ISO 5426 / 5426 - 2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822 MARC - 8 National standards ArmSCII BraSCII CNS 11643 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI - 7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 PASCII SI 960 TIS - 620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII EUC CN JP KR TW ISO / IEC 2022 CN JP KR CCCII MacOS code pages ( `` scripts '' ) Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic CentEuro ChineseSimp / EUC - CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Dingbats Esperanto Farsi ( Persian ) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Japanese / ShiftJIS Keyboard Korean / EUC - KR Latin - 1 Ogham Roman Romanian Sámi Symbol Thai / TIS - 620 Turkish Turkic Latin Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian DOS code pages 100 111 112 113 151 152 161 162 163 164 165 166 210 220 301 437 449 489 620 667 668 707 708 709 710 711 714 715 720 721 737 768 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 790 850 851 852 853 854 855 / 872 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 / 17248 865 866 / 808 867 868 869 874 / 1161 / 1162 876 877 878 881 882 883 884 885 891 895 896 897 898 899 900 903 904 906 907 909 910 911 926 927 928 929 932 934 936 938 941 942 943 944 946 947 948 949 950 / 1370 951 966 991 1034 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1046 1086 1088 1092 1093 1098 1108 1109 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1125 / 848 1126 1127 1131 / 849 1139 1167 1168 1300 1351 1361 1362 1363 1372 1373 1374 1375 1380 1381 1385 1386 1391 1392 1393 1394 CWI - 2 Iran System Kamenický KOI8 Mazovia MIK IBM AIX code pages 367 371 806 813 819 895 896 912 913 914 915 916 919 920 921 / 901 922 / 902 923 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 963 964 965 970 971 1004 1006 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1029 1036 1089 1111 1124 1129 / 1163 1133 1350 1382 1383 IBM Apple MacIntosh emulations 1275 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 IBM Adobe emulations 1038 1276 1277 IBM DEC emulations 1020 1021 1023 1090 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1287 1288 IBM HP emulations 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Windows code pages CER - GS 874 / 1162 ( TIS - 620 ) 932 / 943 ( Shift JIS ) 936 / 1386 ( GBK ) 950 / 1370 ( Big5 ) 949 / 1363 ( EUC - KR ) 1169 1174 Extended Latin - 8 1200 ( UTF - 16LE ) 1201 ( UTF - 16BE ) 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1261 1270 54936 ( GB18030 ) EBCDIC code pages 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 / 1140 37 - 2 38 39 40 251 252 254 256 257 258 259 260 264 273 / 1141 274 275 276 277 / 1142 278 / 1143 279 280 / 1144 281 282 283 284 / 1145 285 / 1146 286 287 288 289 290 293 297 / 1147 298 300 310 320 321 322 330 351 352 353 355 357 358 359 360 361 363 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 410 420 / 16804 421 423 424 / 8616 / 12712 425 435 500 / 1148 803 829 833 834 835 836 837 838 / 838 839 870 / 1110 / 1153 871 / 1149 875 / 4971 / 9067 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 892 893 905 918 924 930 / 1390 931 933 / 1364 935 / 1388 937 / 1371 939 / 1399 1001 1002 1003 1005 1007 1024 1025 / 1154 1026 / 1155 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1037 1047 1068 1069 1070 1071 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1087 1091 1097 1112 / 1156 1113 1122 / 1157 1123 / 1158 1130 / 1164 1132 1136 1137 1150 1151 1152 1159 1165 1166 1278 1279 1303 1364 1376 1377 JEF KEIS Platform specific Acorn Adobe Standard Adobe Latin 1 Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC CPC DEC Radix - 50 DEC MCS / NRCS DG International ELWRO - Junior FIELDATA GEM GEOS GSM 03.38 HP Roman Extension HP Roman - 8 HP Roman - 9 HP FOCAL HP RPL LICS LMBCS Mattel Aquarius MSX NEC APC NeXT PCW PETSCII Sharp calculators TI calculators TRS - 80 Ventura International Ventura Symbol WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum Unicode / ISO / IEC 10646 UTF - 1 UTF - 7 UTF - 8 UTF - 16 ( UTF - 16LE / UTF - 16BE ) / UCS - 2 UTF - 32 ( UTF - 32LE / UTF - 32BE ) / UCS - 4 UTF - EBCDIC GB 18030 BOCU - 1 CESU - 8 SCSU Miscellaneous code pages ABICOMP APL ARIB STD - B24 Cork HZ INIS INIS - 8 ISO - IR - 111 ISO - IR - 182 ISO - IR - 197 ISO - IR - 200 ISO - IR - 201 Johab LGR LY1 OML OMS OMX OT1 OT2 OT3 OT4 T2A T2B T2C T2D T3 T4 T5 TS1 TS3 U X2 SEASCII TACE16 TRON UTF - 5 UTF - 6 WTF - 8 Related topics Code page Control character ( C0 C1 ) CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware ISO 6429 / IEC 6429 / ANSI X3. 64 Mojibake Character sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII&oldid=850045013 '' Categories : ASCII Computer - 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List of King of the Hill characters

List of King of the Hill characters - wikipedia List of King of the Hill characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2013 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) King of the Hill is an American animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels . The main characters are Hank Hill , Peggy Hill , Bobby Hill , Luanne Platter , Dale Gribble , Bill Dauterive , Jeff Boomhauer , Kahn Souphanousinphone , and Elroy `` Lucky '' Kleinschmidt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Other Hill , Platter , and Kleinschmidt relatives 3 Other Gribbles 4 Other Dauterives 5 Other Boomhauers 6 Souphanousinphones 7 Strickland Propane 8 Tom Landry Middle School 9 Arlen VFW 10 Other recurring characters 11 Other characters 12 References 13 External links Main characters ( edit ) Henry `` Hank '' Rutherford Hill ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- Hank is the main protagonist who proudly sells `` propane and propane accessories '' as the assistant manager at Strickland Propane , and throughout the entire series always makes a big deal about the job when everybody around Hank finds his occupation boring . He resembles -- in both voice and appearance -- the Tom Anderson character from Beavis and Butthead , a character also voiced by Judge . Hank is generally a well - meaning father , but is often confused and anxious towards modern trends and the antics of his friends and family members . He suffers from a narrow urethra , which made Bobby 's conception difficult . Hank is uncomfortable with public displays of intimacy with his wife and son . He has a very difficult time saying `` I love you '' to any member of his family , as he thinks it is unmanly . Hank 's trademark exclamation when surprised or in times of discomfort ( sounding like `` Bahh ! '' or `` Bwaaa ! '' ) and his phrase `` I tell you what '' ( `` what '' in his dialect being pronounced / ˈhwʌt / ) are running gags on the series . Hank is a byproduct of a bygone era , nevertheless the qualities are principled ; ever faithful , friendly , firm , reasonable , well - read and hard working . Much of the series revolves around Hank 's desire to do the right thing compared to much of the rest of the people around him who would rather cheat , lie or exploit . Hank is a proud Texan , having grown up there . He was , however , born in a ladies room at Yankee Stadium , and spent the first three days of his life in New York City . Margaret J. `` Peggy '' Platter Hill ( voiced by Kathy Najimy ) -- Hank 's wife , Peggy ( née Platter ) , was born in Montana and raised on her family 's cattle ranch . Her strained relationship with her mother is a source of drama for her . Peggy is a substitute teacher in Arlen , Texas , specializing in teaching Spanish despite having a poor grasp of the language . Peggy is also a freelance newspaper columnist , notary public , an exemplary softball pitcher and a Boggle champion and has started a career in real estate . She has a habit of adding or changing ingredients to ordinary dishes then naming them after herself . `` Spa - Peggy & Meatballs '' and `` Apple Brown Peggy '' are examples . Peggy is very self - conscious about her larger - than - normal feet ( size 16 1⁄2 on the left , 16 on the right ) . Despite boasting of her intelligence , she has been the victim of manipulation , such as being conned out of $2,500 for a phony degree , indoctrinated into a homogenous cult , and tricked into a pyramid scheme selling Herbalife inspired products . She has brown hair and typically wears glasses , an aquamarine sleeveless shirt , and denim culottes , but often wears different outfits . Robert Jeffrey `` Bobby '' Hill ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- Hank and Peggy 's husky 13 - year - old son and best friend to Joseph and Connie . Although friendly , gentle , lovable , and generally well - liked , he is not very bright and often prone to making bad decisions . He wants to be a famous prop comic and move to New York when he is older . Bobby displays little interest in gender roles and , although superb at golf and target shooting , dislikes team sports , often taking such classes as Home Economics and Peer Counseling , instead of more traditionally `` masculine classes '' . Although many ( including Hank ) tend to typify him as `` not right '' , he is romantically successful , dating Connie and other girls throughout the series . Dale Alvin Gribble A.K.A. `` Rusty Shackleford '' ( voiced by Johnny Hardwick ) -- Dale is the Hills ' chain - smoking neighbor who is also an insect exterminator among various self - appointed occupations . His physical appearance was modeled after Hunter S. Thompson . His greatest expertise lies in his knowledge of conspiracy theories and loopholes . Dale is paranoid about any government activity and frequently uses the alias of Rusty Shackleford to operate anonymously including having received unemployment payments from said alias . Dale is the president of the Arlen gun club and a licensed bounty hunter . He possesses a vast collection of guns from pistols to automatic weapons and is an ardent defender of Second Amendment rights . Despite being a firearms aficionado , his aim is relatively poor and despite being knowledgeable in military matters , he is physically the weakest of the main cast and is an abject physical coward . He is an avid UFOlogist . Dale remains oblivious to the fact that his wife , Nancy , has cheated on him with John Redcorn for fourteen years and his son Joseph is not actually his biological son . Everyone else knows but chooses not to tell him because of his total obliviousness , the loving , trusting relationship he has with Joseph and Nancy , and the fact that Dale is more of a father to Joseph than John Redcorn is , although it is implied in one of the last scenes of the final episode that Dale found out somehow and is rather unconcerned , leading to the possibility he either knew all along , Nancy told him , or he found out through other means . Hank considers Dale a close friend , but he often gets annoyed with his schemes and conspiracies . Sgt . William `` Bill '' Fontaine de La Tour Dauterive ( voiced by Stephen Root ) -- Bill is the Hills ' overweight , divorced , clinically depressed neighbor . He grew up in Louisiana with his cousin Gilbert and speaks French and English . He was formerly a rugged and attractive star lineman on Arlen High 's football team , nicknamed the `` Billdozer '' , and is now a sergeant barber in the United States Army . While his job mostly consists of shaving recruits , he is in fact an extremely talented barber able to replicate Hank 's signature flattop when his barber he had known for 20 years was becoming senile . Bill once had a bright future in the Army wanting to be a tanker , but ended up ruining his life after marrying the promiscuous Lenore . Bill is something of a masochist and is often attracted to people who abuse him ; after suffering under his father and Lenore , Bill has an almost complete lack of self - worth . He obsesses about his ex-wife , and his loneliness is a running gag on the series . He frequently tries to flirt with and win over Peggy . Despite coming across as a loser , however , Bill has enjoyed several romantic successes ( or near - successes ) , including Kahn 's and Luanne 's mothers , former Texas governor Ann Richards , and the young widows of two of his dead cousins . He is named after executive producer and writer Jim Dauterive . Jeffrey Dexter `` Jeff '' Boomhauer III ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- Often referred to as his surname , Boomhauer is a slim womanizer whose mutterings are hard to understand to the audience but easily understood by his friends . A running joke is when his friends fail to understand him for some reason other than his incoherence . His speech is usually heavily littered with the phrases , `` dang '' and `` dang ol ' '' . Boomhauer can mumble his words , but he sings clearly and speaks other languages clearly ( mainly French and Spanish ) . Boomhauer is a classic - car aficionado and owns a 1969 Dodge Coronet Super Bee ( in high school he owned a late 1960s Ford Mustang nicknamed `` Ms. Sally '' ) , and , despite his incoherent ramblings and womanizing , often displays himself to be more intelligent and philosophical than his three friends . Although hinted at previously , in episode 18 of season 13 , his first name is finally revealed when a Canadian woman who lives next door to the family who trades houses with him for the summer calls him `` Jeff '' , and the driver 's license shown in the series finale reads `` Boomhauer , Jeff '' . Throughout the series it is never known what he does for a living , although it was revealed in an early episode that he was an electrical engineer but was on workers compensation . At the end of the series finale , a badge seen in his open wallet reveals that he is a Texas Ranger . Luanne Leanne Platter Kleinschmidt ( voiced by Brittany Murphy ) -- Luanne ( née Platter ) is the Hills ' college - age niece , daughter of Peggy 's scheming paternal twin brother Hoyt and his alcoholic ex-wife Leanne . Luanne moves in with the Hills after her mother Leanne stabs Hoyt with a fork during a drunken fight which tips over their trailer . Hank initially makes frequent attempts to encourage Luanne to move out on her own , but later more - or-less accepts her as a member of the family . She was a student at the beauty academy and later at Arlen Community College . She was often portrayed as an airhead , but was shown to be an expert mechanic in the first two seasons and is good at logic puzzles . Luanne was promiscuous , but she settles down after being visited by the spirit of her first boyfriend , the slacker Buckley , whom she calls `` Buckley 's angel '' ; and then attending a church - sponsored `` born - again virgin '' program and starts a Bible study class . Luanne created a puppet show entitled `` The Manger Babies '' for a Public - access television cable TV station , featuring the barnyard animals who witnessed Christ 's birth ( though they included a penguin and an octopus ) . In the 10th - season finale , Luanne revealed that she was pregnant with the child of Lucky , whom she married in the 11th - season finale . In the 13th and final season , she has a baby girl named Gracie Margaret Kleinschmidt . She wears a green sleeveless shirt and red capris , and appears to be about 5'6 '' ( 1.68 m ) . Other Hill , Platter , and Kleinschmidt relatives ( edit ) Ladybird Hill -- The Hills ' thirteen - year - old purebred Georgia Bloodhound named after the First Lady of the United States Lady Bird Johnson . It 's said that her mother helped track down James Earl Ray , as revealed by Hank in episode 7 of season 1 titled `` Westie Side Story '' . Her companionship temporarily relieved Hank 's stress ( and narrow urethra ) , allowing him to impregnate Peggy . Later on in the series Ladybird would become deaf and despite much effort on Hank 's part , would never bear puppies because of her narrow uterus . Col. Cotton Lyndal Hill ( voiced by Toby Huss ) -- Hank 's cantankerous father , with a hair - trigger temper . Despite his many shortcomings , he occasionally showed a softer side , for example in the episode `` Cotton 's Plot '' where he helped Peggy learn to walk again after her parachuting accident . His shins were blown off in World War II by a `` Japan man 's machine gun '' and his feet were reattached to his knees , resulting in a short height and stilted gait . Despite his disability , he eventually reached the rank of colonel in the state militia . After Cotton and his first wife Tillie , Hank 's mother , divorced , he married a much younger , soft - spoken , busty blonde candy striper named Didi who gave birth to his youngest son `` G.H. '' ( `` Good Hank '' ) . He was immensely proud of his military service . Though his claim of fighting `` nazzies '' ( Nazis ) was proven false and his claim of killing `` fitty ( fifty ) men '' was dubious , his participation in several of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific Theater was confirmed and his uniform was shown to be decorated with the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart . Cotton himself died in episode # 1218 , `` Death Picks Cotton '' , after suffering severe burns and an allergic reaction to shrimp during a flashback at a Japanese restaurant . Didi Hill ( voiced by Ashley Gardner ) -- Didi is Cotton 's second wife and a candy striper after she retired from being an exotic dancer . She has breast implants and suffers from postpartum depression following the birth of Cotton 's third son `` G.H. '' She is generally depicted as docile and unintelligent , although she is a certified optometry assistant . She was absent at the time of Cotton 's death and was only seen once more , where she says she is engaged and will remarry . Didi was a classmate of Hank 's in Kindergarten ( indicating they are the same age ) . Good Hank Jeffrey `` G.H. '' Hill -- G.H. is Cotton 's and Didi 's infant son , and the younger of Hank 's two half - brothers . G.H. is an abbreviation for `` Good Hank , '' implying that the original Hank was unsatisfactory to his father . Cotton treats G.H. much better than Hank presumably because Cotton sees him as being his second chance of being a better father than he was for Hank . G.H. was key at a time when Hank had to convince Cotton not to end his life as well as to permit Hank to give his father money for the baby 's sake ( and as payback for the years Cotton raised him ) . G.H. was absent at the time of his father 's death , and is not seen throughout the rest of the series , although it is presumed he is living with his mother and stepfather . Matilda `` Tillie '' Mae Hill Garrison ( voiced by Tammy Wynette in 1997 -- 1998 , Beth Grant in 1999 , and K Callan in 2000 -- 2009 ) -- Tillie is Cotton 's first wife and Hank 's mother . She divorced Cotton after suffering years of verbal abuse . Tillie is a kind woman who collects miniatures because they made her happy during Cotton 's abuse . Hank is often over-protective of her , fearing she is too old and fragile to go out and do things on her own . Tillie lives in Arizona with her husband Chuck , having formerly lived with her Jewish boyfriend Gary ( voiced by Carl Reiner ) . Tillie 's legal name varies during the series . She is listed as `` Tillie '' on Hank 's birth certificate , but is addressed as Matilda by the clergyman during her wedding to Chuck . Elroy `` Lucky '' Kleinschmidt ( voiced by Tom Petty ) -- Lucky is Luanne 's itinerant , but generally benign redneck husband , and is the father of Luanne 's child . It is often hard for Lucky to hold down a job ( he has no credit or Social Security number ) . He lives on the remainder of the $53,000 `` settlement monies '' he received after `` slipping on pee - pee at the Costco '' having had a portion of his spine fused . He was nicknamed `` Lucky '' after the settlement windfall . After he spent a majority of his money customizing his truck , his finances dwindled down to nine thousand dollars but regained another $53,000 when an ambulance chasing lawyer paid off Lucky to avoid a lawsuit . Peggy tried very hard to break him and Luanne apart , but after Luanne 's pregnancy was revealed , she and Hank reconciled the two , giving them a shotgun wedding at Lucky 's request . He is also one of the guitarists for John Redcorn 's band `` Big Mountain Fudgecake '' . Although dimwitted in some aspects , Lucky has learned some facets such as basic math through life experience as opposed to formal education , and was astute enough to deduce that his father - in - law spent time in jail whereas Luanne believed the story that he works on an oil rig . He yearned to receive his GED but only to prove he was good enough to marry Luanne . Gracie Margaret Kleinschmidt -- Daughter of Lucky and Luanne . She was born in the season 13 episode `` Lucky See , Monkey Do '' . Luanne originally wanted to name her Lasagna ( stating that lasagna was their favorite food ) while under the influence of hospital analgesics , but choosing a more conventional name after she had recovered . Myrna Kleinschmidt ( voiced by Paget Brewster ) -- Myrna is Lucky 's sister , Luanne 's sister - in - law , Gracie 's aunt , and the main antagonist in `` Lucky See , Monkey Do '' . She is an intelligent , modern mother who only appears in the episode `` Lucky See , Monkey Do '' . She has two children , one son and one daughter ( Gracie 's paternal first cousins ) and raises them in strict accordance with contemporary parenting practices , something which leads her into a rivalry with Peggy , whose parenting skills are from older schools of thought , over how to assist Luanne as her pregnancy due date approaches . When Luanne goes into labor , Myrna commandeers the situation and insists that Luanne have a natural , drug - free water birth , but under Hank 's encouragement to think for themselves about how to raise their child , Luanne and Lucky opt for a hospital birth instead . Leanne Platter ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- Leanne , Luanne 's violent alcoholic mother , was imprisoned for `` second - degree assaulting '' her husband in the back with a fork . Though she is often mentioned during the course of the series , she appears only in the episode `` Leanne 's Saga , '' visiting Luanne in Arlen after her release from prison and briefly being courted by Bill Dauterive . Hoyt Platter ( voiced by Johnny Knoxville ) -- Hoyt is Luanne 's father , Peggy 's twin brother and Leanne 's ex-husband . Despite Luanne 's beliefs , he never worked on an oil rig , but was in jail for most of Luanne 's life , with the oil rig story acting as a cover so Luanne would n't know her father was a convict . He appears in only one episode : `` Life : A Loser 's Manual '' . After being released from jail , Hoyt commits a robbery and tricks Lucky into taking the blame , but he eventually confesses and is sentenced to life in prison under a three - strikes law . The episode `` Leanne 's Saga '' reveals that Hoyt was planning on marrying a pharmacist girl before Leanne , then working as a stripper , entertained at his bachelor party . Maddy Platter ( voiced by Joanna Gleason ) -- Maddy Platter is Peggy 's and Hoyt 's mother and Bobby 's and Luanne 's grandmother . Mother Platter lives in Montana with her son Hoyt . She is an old - fashioned , tough - as - nails rancher type and loathes Peggy for deserting the family ranch and not marrying a local neighbor boy . Strangely , earlier episode flashbacks feature a totally different `` Peggy 's mother '' character , who is essentially an older version of Peggy - it is not made clear if one is her real mother and one is her stepmother , or if the `` Maddy '' mother character retconned the older version completely . Doc Platter -- Doc is Peggy 's father . He makes only a single major appearance when Peggy , Bobby and Hank visit the family ranch . He seems to be going somewhat senile and preachy , which Hank misinterprets as old - fashion Western - style wisdom . Junichiro ( voiced by David Carradine ) -- Junichiro is Hank 's elder half - Japanese half - brother who has lived in Japan all his life . Hank and Junichiro have the same father , due to Cotton 's affair with a Japanese nurse during his war days , and share many similarities in appearance and mannerisms ( this in spite of the fact that Hank actually shares more of his mother 's features ) ; one of these is that when he is shocked , like Hank , he yells `` BWAH ! '' Like Hank , Junichiro also has a narrow urethra and is an assistant manager at the company for which he works , making robots and robot accessories . Dusty Hill ( Himself ) -- The bassist / vocalist for the band ZZ Top and Hank 's cousin . In the episode `` Hank Gets Dusted , '' Cotton gives his prized Cadillac to Dusty without allowing Hank a chance to buy it . Dusty enters the car in a demolition derby in which it is badly damaged . Hank and Dusty make their peace after Dusty has the car repaired and installed at the Cadillac Ranch . Other gribbles ( edit ) Nancy Hicks - Gribble ( voiced by Ashley Gardner ) -- Nancy ( née Hicks ) is Dale 's wife , Joseph 's mother , and weather - girl - turned - anchor for local news station Channel 84 . She had a fourteen - year affair with John Redcorn , which produced her son , Joseph , although she eventually broke off the affair and became a faithful wife to Dale . Redcorn refused to come back to her out of respect for Dale . Her mother Bunny was similarly unfaithful to Nancy 's father , but did not reveal her own long - term affair until Nancy began suffering from stress - induced hair loss over her unresolved feelings for John Redcorn . Nancy is a former beauty queen , a fact which helped her get her job as a news anchor . Joseph John Gribble ( voiced by Brittany Murphy in 1997 - 2000 , Breckin Meyer in 2000 - 2009 ) -- Dale and Nancy 's 13 - year - old son and one of Bobby 's best friends . Despite Joseph 's obvious Native American features , his similarity in appearance to John Redcorn , and the fact that his middle name is `` John , '' neither he nor Dale is aware that Redcorn is his biological father ( Nancy refers to Dale having a `` Jamaican grandmother '' to explain Joseph 's dark complexion ) . Redcorn 's occasional and awkward attempts to get closer to Joseph ( against Nancy 's wishes ) lead Joseph to regard him as strange and creepy . Joseph starts out as an ordinary teen , but eventually grows weird and creepy -- not to mention dim - witted . Joseph begins to take after Dale more than John , Nancy or even any of his friends . Joseph has a half - sister named Kate ( by John Redcorn having another affair ) , who is very similar to Joseph in personality and interests but likewise does not realize that Redcorn is their father . Joseph is the only character of the series shown to physically mature , having grown six inches in height over the course of a summer , a more built physique , athletic prowess and having a deeper voice and a wispy mustache upon his reappearance . Bug Gribble ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Bug is Dale 's father , who had been estranged from Dale for many years for kissing Nancy at her and Dale 's wedding reception . Bug is actually gay and had been flirting with a Filipino caterer instead , and , upon sensing Dale 's imminent entry into the room , attempted to hide his orientation from his son by grabbing and kissing ' the nearest thing in a dress ' . This misunderstanding , and Bug 's inability to reveal his true sexuality to Dale , resulted in their estrangement . When Dale and Nancy renew their wedding vows 20 years afterward , Nancy arranges to invite Bug , and Dale initially suspects his odd behavior and his having a `` partner '' of meaning that Bug is an undercover government agent , but finally accepts the truth upon seeing Bug and his partner share a devoted kiss . Bug 's appearance in `` My Own Private Rodeo '' retcons his appearance in earlier episodes , where he bears a near - identicality to present - day Dale . Other Dauterives ( edit ) Gilbert Fontaine Dauterive ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Gilbert ( pronounced `` zhil - BEAR '' ) is Bill 's cousin . Though at one point shown to live on the family estate with his aunt and cousin in a Louisiana bayou in `` A Beer Can Named Desire '' , he and Bill eventually wind up as the last two living Dauterives . It is strongly implied that he is gay , and he even hits on Buck Strickland when Buck attempts to capitalize on the Dauterive family 's traditional barbecue sauce recipe in `` Blood and Sauce '' . Esmé Dauterive ( voiced by Meryl Streep ) - Esmé was Bill and Gilbert 's aunt , and matriarch of the Dauterive clan . She expressed deep concern over the family 's ever - shrinking headcount , lamenting that `` the Dauterive blood is down to a trickle '' . She happily received Bill upon his return for a visit and was not displeased to see him and his cousins ' widows taking mutual interest . She is only seen in `` A Beer Can Named Desire '' ; it is later revealed that she had died after a fever . Violetta Dauterive ( voiced by Natalie Maines ) -- Violetta was Bill and Gilbert 's cousin . She lived on the family estate in Louisiana with Esmé , Gilbert , and Rose and Lily , the widows of two other Dauterive cousins . Upon Bill 's visit she , Rose , and Lily , all having been without male companionship for too long , vied for Bill 's affections and attempted to seduce him , even despite Violetta 's own blood relation to him . Like Esmé , she is only seen in `` A Beer Can Named Desire '' ; it is later revealed that she had died in her sleep . Lenore Dauterive ( voiced by Ellen Barkin ) -- Lenore is Bill 's mean - spirited ex-wife . She is mentioned frequently throughout the course of the series , but only appears twice -- once being when Bill and Bobby watch Bill 's wedding video . She appears when Bill begins dating former Texas Governor Ann Richards to meddle with their relationship in `` Hank and the Great Glass Elevator '' , but with help from Richards , Bill is finally able to tell her off and move past her toxic influence . Eric Dauterive ( voiced by Stephen Root ) -- Bill 's implicitly - deceased father , who was said to be an abusive man and a heavy drinker , and is largely responsible for Bill 's emotional instability . Among the abuses Bill recalls from his father are having been spanked every day between the ages of 9 and 16 , being called a girl and made to wear `` pretty , pretty dresses '' , and being locked in a rabbit hutch . Other Boomhauers ( edit ) Patch Boomhauer ( voiced by Brad Pitt ) -- Patch is Boomhauer 's sleazy , womanizing younger brother . He appears in `` Patch Boomhauer '' , apparently engaged to marry Boomhauer 's old flame , Katherine - much to Boomhauer 's mounting displeasure , as he himself has unresolved feelings for Katherine , and Patch 's continued philandering angers him for her sake . The wedding is later called off after Patch hires strippers for his bachelor party and frames Boomhauer for trying to break up the engagement . Patch makes a final cameo in `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit '' as one of the guests at Luanne and Lucky 's wedding . Patch , like Boomhauer , speaks in a fast - paced Southern gibberish . Dr. and Mrs. Boomhauer ( voiced by Mike Judge ) - Boomhauer 's parents . Mrs. Boomhauer is shown to speak like Boomhauer in `` Peggy 's Turtle Song '' . In `` Three Coaches and a Bobby '' , Boomhauer mentions that his parents had won the lottery and moved to Florida . `` Mee - Maw '' Boomhauer ( voiced by Mike Judge ) - Boomhauer 's elderly grandmother . She is seen in `` Dang Ol ' Love '' , when Boomhauer , infatuated with Marlene , goes to Mee - Maw to ask for a family - heirloom wedding ring as well as `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit '' , where she is seen sitting with the other guests as well as dancing with Patch for a brief moment . Mee - Maw speaks in the same characteristic gibberish that the rest of the Boomhauers share . Souphanousinphones ( edit ) Kohng Koy `` Kahn '' Souphanousinphone ( voiced by Toby Huss ) -- Kahn is Hank 's materialistic , Laotian next - door neighbor and main antagonist . He believes he is better than his neighbors , often referring to them as `` hillbillies '' or `` rednecks '' . He frequently boasts of his superiority to the others and dreams of being far more successful than Ted Wassanasong . Despite his arrogant attitude , Kahn seeks approval and friendship from his down - to - earth neighbors , who are accepting and tolerant of his ways . He previously worked for a defense contractor that manufactured composite ceramic armor , but was fired for spilling company secrets . After a string of job failures ( due to his attitude ) he found a new job forcing him to commute . Upon recollection of the story of how Minh and Kahn met , it is revealed that he was a former rebel and playboy whom Minh chose over the straight - laced intellectual her father set her up with . In one episode , Kahn shows that he is a trained martial artist while getting into a fight with a few rednecks . In the episode `` Just Another Manic Kahn - Day '' , it is revealed that Kahn has bipolar disorder ( which was also mentioned in the earlier episode `` Lost in Myspace '' ) . It is revealed in the episode `` Three Days of the Kahndo '' that Kahn has a brother also living in the US with a family of his own . Minh Souphanousinphone ( voiced by Lauren Tom ) -- Kahn 's wife . Minh is a housewife who enjoys making rude comments about the neighbors , particularly Peggy . She sometimes has a snobbish attitude toward the neighbors , but is overall a more understanding parent and better neighbor than Kahn . She is a crack shot , with championship - level skills , and at one point joined Dale 's gun club , exerting a positive effect on its members . She is highly competitive , going so far as to cheat on The New York Times crossword puzzle . Like her husband , Minh grew up in Laos , where her father was a powerful general in the army who was not happy with her decision to marry Kahn . She once told Nancy Gribble that she did n't grow up oppressed , rather because of her father 's high ranking position in the army , she `` was peasants ' worse nightmare '' , pointing to being a bully in her youth . She once unsuccessfully tried to teach Bobby the Laotian language . Kahn `` Connie '' Souphanousinphone , Jr. ( voiced by Lauren Tom ) -- Connie is the American - born daughter of Kahn and Minh . She is one of Bobby 's best friends and for a time his girlfriend . She is a violin player , `` A '' student , and general overachiever pressured by her mother and father , who hold her to very high standards . Though it is implied that she works hard because of her overbearing parents , in reality , she does it for herself . Connie is named after her egomaniacal father because he wanted a son . Doggie Kahn -- Doggie Kahn ( often referred to simply as `` Doggie '' ) is their West Highland White Terrier . Tid Pao Souphanousinphone ( voiced by Lucy Liu ) -- Tid Pao is Connie 's criminally - inclined cousin from Los Angeles and the main antagonist in `` Bad Girls , Bad Girls , Whatcha Gonna Do '' , who was sent to stay at Kahn 's for a semester because she stole drugs from a street gang . She attended Tom Landry Middle School in the meantime . She seduced Bobby and tricked him into creating a meth lab by pretending to help him with building a candy machine for his group science project , and persuaded him to steal propane tanks from Strickland Propane to complete it . Tid Pao was caught by Connie and she was sent away by Kahn to Wisconsin to work on her last uncle 's dairy farm at the end of the episode because of her criminally - inclined nature . There her uncle told her she was on her last chance as he was the last relative left in America . Any more trouble would see her shipped off to live with her grandmother in Laos . Laoma Souphanousinphone ( voiced by Amy Hill ) -- Laoma is Kahn 's mother and the only person on the show who addresses him by his full name . She is kind and hardworking and enjoys housekeeping . She is disliked by Minh because of her criticism of Minh 's housework skills . The status - conscious Kahn is horrified when Laoma , bored and unwanted by her daughter - in - law , becomes the Hills ' housemaid , and even more horrified when she begins a love affair with Bill Dauterive . Laoma has not been seen since her first episode , mainly because the creators nixed the original plan for her and Bill to become a regular couple , preferring for Bill to remain his usual single and miserable self . General Gum ( voiced by James Sie ) -- Usually referred to as `` The General , '' ( his full name is Gum Nga Hexumalayasabrath ) he appeared only in the episodes `` Pour Some Sugar on Kahn '' ( in which he visits the family ) and `` Father of the Bribe '' ( in which Minh recalls her courtship by Kahn ) . He is Minh 's father and greatly dislikes Kahn . He served under several Laotian dictators and was put on trial for war crimes at The Hague . Strickland Propane ( edit ) Buck Strickland ( voiced by Stephen Root ) -- Buck is the slightly overweight , balding , over-the - hill owner of Strickland Propane , and Hank 's boss . His physical appearance greatly resembles Lyndon Johnson , particularly his hairline , and he has a habit of hosting employee discussions in his bathroom -- a habit of Johnson . Originally hailing from Arkansas , Buck was historically known for his modest start in business and general business smarts . These attributes have since been worn away by life and been replaced with many habits which often come in the way of his business decisions . Buck is a compulsive gambler to the point where he will use company profits to continue gaming , even betting in underground events . Also like LBJ , Buck is a chauvinist , alcoholic , and adulterer . It is often implied that Hank reveres Buck and that , in Hank 's eyes , the two have a close relationship . Compared to Hank who is the ultimate model of a good employee , Buck 's vices require Hank to keep an extremely close eye . Buck refers to Hank as his `` Golden Goose '' implying Hank is the only reason his business remains afloat and thus he would never fire him . Hank has used the threat of quitting to capitulate Buck 's transition from things Hank found unsavory . His health is questionable as he has suffered numerous infarctions and has had several cardiovascular surgeries including valve replacements . Despite his less than desirable traits , he has an ethical side although he planted evidence on Hank for murder rather than let his wife be arrested . Joe Jack ( voiced by Toby Huss ) -- Joe Jack is a fuel - truck driver and co-worker with Hank at Strickland Propane . He has a drinking problem , as seen when he is a member of the Propaniacs . Joe Jack has a habit of calling people he speaks to `` honey '' , regardless of their gender or level of familiarity with him . Enrique ( voiced by Eloy Casados from 1997 -- 1998 , Danny Trejo from 2002 -- 2009 ) -- Enrique is a good - natured Mexican - American truck driver at Strickland Propane . Originally he spoke with a very weak accent . In the episode `` Enrique - cilable Differences , '' Enrique forcibly befriends Hank after a nasty fight with his wife . Enrique ends up moving in with the Hills for a short time eventually developing a pathological attachment to the Hill family , but quickly patches things up with his wife after a fed - up Hank kicks him out . Enrique nearly lost his house due to rent increases when property values in his neighborhood skyrocket when Peggy began selling working class housing to upper - middle class Millennials . To solve the problem , Peggy helped the neighborhood value decline when she fabricated the area as uncool by making it appear as if typical middle - class families were moving in prompting the millennials to leave . Afterwards he applied and became a homeowner . While a hard worker , he has poor fiscal habits , often spending money on lavish outdoor parties to celebrate any seemingly significant event such as his daughter 's Quinceañera or becoming a homeowner . Donna ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- There are actually two separate Donnas who have both worked as Strickland accountants , and are often referred to as `` Donna from Accounting '' . The first Donna appears , albeit infrequently , as an overweight , dark - skinned woman , most notably in `` Meet the Propaniacs '' . In `` Are You There , God ? It 's Me , Margaret Hill '' , Buck mentions having discovered stolen office supplies in her bedroom ( presumably during an extramarital encounter ) , and orders Hank to `` find us a new Donna '' . The `` new Donna '' is a tall , curvy white woman who first appears in `` The Miseducation of Bobby Hill '' . In `` 24 Hour Propane People '' she mentions a husband ; in `` You Gotta Believe ( In Moderation ) '' , Dale notes her `` recent divorce '' . In `` Lost in MySpace '' , her most significant episode , she is briefly promoted to assistant manager alongside Hank , which did n't settle in well with him . She often uses MySpace during work hours and ignored Hank when he asked her for a down to business approach . In turn , Donna is briefly fired when some of her MySpace friends mistook Buck for Hank and brutally beat him up . She sought revenge against Hank by making rude comments about him and Strickland . After sifting through the blogs , he confronts Donna for her behavior at Goobersmooches and eventually makes amends with her . After being rehired as an accountant , Donna takes down the blogs and rearranges it to a down to business approach like Hank wanted . Roger `` Buddha '' Sack ( voiced by Chris Rock in the first appearance , Phil LaMarr in later appearances ) -- He first appeared in `` Traffic Jam '' as a comedian and traffic school instructor . His abrasive and insulting style of humor infuriates Hank , as well as the dean of the traffic school , who terminates his employment at the traffic school for not teaching traffic safety as he was hired to do . Hank later gets Roger a job at Strickland Propane . Grateful to Hank for saving him from unemployment , Roger 's attitude mellows afterward . Elizabeth `` Miz Liz '' Strickland ( voiced by Kathleen Turner ) -- Elizabeth is the deep - voiced , long suffering wife of Buck Strickland , first seen in `` Hanky Panky '' . In `` Hanky Panky '' , the first half of a two - part episode , Miz Liz confronts Buck at an awards dinner while he is there with his mistress . She files for divorce from Buck and subsequently takes control of Strickland Propane . This forces Buck to move in with Debbie . She promotes Hank to manager and attempts to seduce Hank in a propane - powered hot tub . However , the interest was not reciprocated . She brags to Buck about this , Buck , in turn , surprises Hank with a loaded shotgun expressing his jealousy . She and Buck reconcile in the second half `` High Anxiety '' , but later on , in `` The Good Buck '' , Buck claims that Miz Liz has left for good , stating that `` she could handle my drinkin ' binges , and my gamblin ' , and even turn a blind eye to my extramarital escapades , but not when they happen all once ! ... and on her birthday ! '' Debbie Grund ( voiced by Reese Witherspoon ) -- Debbie was an employee of Strickland Propane and was Buck Strickland 's mistress and the main antagonist in the episode `` Hanky Panky '' . As revenge for Buck ending their relationship , she plotted to murder him but accidentally killed herself with Buck 's shotgun while attempting to climb into the dumpster she was using as a hiding place . Tom Landry middle school ( edit ) Carl Moss ( voiced by Dennis Burkley ) -- Carl is the principal of Tom Landry Middle School , one of Hank 's high school classmates , and played Center for their football team . His primary concerns are tight budgets , maintaining discipline and the schools zero tolerance policy for `` everything '' . He tends to follow procedure to avoid trouble , even when it conflicts with his friendship with Hank . A highly changed person , Hank will often remind Carl of how he used to be and insinuate that Carl sold out for a position of power . He frequently rejects staff demands for better teaching aids , citing budget cuts ; he once referred to wood being used in shop class as a `` fancy teaching aid '' . Often the center of various scandals at the school , he permitted installation of soda dispensing vending machines solely for raising funds for staff vacations and purposely placed lazy students into special education classes to avoid state mandated exams ( whose grades would heavily affect school funding ) . Once when one of Dale 's plots to get rid of Moss came to nothing before they got started , Bill mentioned that Moss could n't hide behind inflated test scores forever . Coach Kleehammer ( voiced by Toby Huss ) -- Coach Kleehammer is the football coach at Tom Landry Middle School . He has a difficult time relating to things outside of football and often uses football - related expressions in everyday speech . Kleehammer is portrayed as something of a sexist , having displayed a very negative attitude towards women 's sports . Stuart Dooley ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- Stuart ( often referred to simply as Dooley ) is Bobby 's deep - voiced , laconic classmate . He always sardonically intones something obvious after witnessing an event ( for example , to Bobby after witnessing Mega Lo Mart exploding , `` Your Dad got blown up . '' ) He also is something of a rebel , and was seen pulling Peggy 's pants down , and smoking at one point . His style of speech is similar to Butt - Head from Mike Judge 's previous show , Beavis and Butt - Head , albeit without Butt - Head 's trademark giggling . Clark Peters ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- The overweight bully at Tom Landry Middle School . He has a blond ponytail and speaks as though he has a perpetual head cold ( Minh once referred to him as `` that creepy booger - nosed kid '' ) . He often targets Bobby and sometimes forces him to do homework for him . Randy Miller ( voiced by Cheryl Holliday in 1997 -- 1999 , David Herman in 2000 -- 2009 ) -- Randy is the quintessential `` nerd '' who loves to tattle on people and then see them being punished . Bobby , Connie , and Joseph do not like him very much , though Bobby once stopped Dooley from beating him up . He is very proud of his father being a successful patent lawyer . Although once a somewhst prominent character , he largely vanished after the fifth season . Chane Wassonasong ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- Chane is a smart but obnoxious and rude classmate of Bobby and Connie . Connie 's parents are constantly trying to fix her up with Chane , also Laotian - American , as they see him as a very preferable alternative to Bobby ( and because Chane is the son of prominent Laotian - American Ted Wassonasong , with whom they are constantly trying to curry favor ) Emily ( voiced by Ashley Johnson ) -- She is a sixth grade blonde pony - tailed hall monitor who takes her position quite seriously . She often serves as the gatekeeper of Principal Moss ' office . Ramon Alejandro ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- A classmate of Bobby 's of Hispanic descent , he is among the more popular students and is very popular with the girls . Lori ( voiced by Jillian Bowen ) - A classmate of Bobby and Joseph . Joseph once dated her , having made out in closets throughout the school on several occasions . Very late into the series , Lori insisted that she and Joseph go `` all the way '' in their relationship , but Joseph broke up with her before it could happen . Arlen vfw ( edit ) Sgt . `` Topsy '' Toppington ( voiced by Stephen Root ) -- Toppington ( nearly always referred to as `` Topsy '' ) is an old wartime buddy of Cotton Hill . He often acts as an accomplice to Cotton 's schemes . He could inflate his cheeks in a manner similar to Dizzy Gillespie , and according to Cotton , he was legally blind and had to have all his teeth pulled out because they were badly decayed . In `` Death Buys a Timeshare , '' his death is confirmed as Cotton is left his estate . Topsy was apparently cremated and his remains flushed down a toilet once used by General George S. Patton , as his name can be seen along with all of Cotton 's war buddies above the toilet . Stinkey ( voiced by Edward Asner ) -- Stinkey is one of Cotton Hill 's wartime friends who was overweight and had suffered from diabetes , he died at some point later in the series as it is mentioned by Cotton and his name is among the veterans ' ashes flushed down the toilet that General Patton used . Cotton spoke his name as he lay dying in the VA hospital . Irwin Linker ( voiced by Jack Carter ) -- Irwin is one of Cotton Hill 's wartime friends who is often seen with an oxygen tank . He was one of the few to not be named Stinky , Fatty , or Brooklyn . Ted `` Pops '' Popazito ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) -- One of Cotton 's war buddies who lived next to Bill for eighteen years . He often criticized Hank and his friends for using modern tools for housework . In `` Movin ' On Up , '' he died of a heart attack on his lawn mower and his house was rented by Luanne and some college friends . Other recurring characters ( edit ) John Redcorn ( voiced by Victor Aaron in 1997 , Jonathan Joss in 1998 -- 2009 ) -- John is Nancy 's Native American former `` healer '' and adulterous lover , and the biological father of Joseph . He is a former roadie for Winger and lead singer of Big Mountain Fudgecake . In Season 9 , he began writing and performing his own children 's music . He works out of his trailer as a masseur , though his clients are generally only women . It is implied that he has a history of having sex with them , as Hank is horrified when Peggy goes to see him , and John Redcorn even states to him , `` Hank , I consider you a friend . I would never heal your wife the way I heal the wives of others . '' He is also active in American Indian rights campaigns , and Dale once helped him with a lawsuit that netted him twelve acres of land from the Federal government . However he was manipulated into building a casino on the property which was later found to be prohibited in Texas whose tribes forfeit gaming rights for federal recognition and his property was permitted for hazardous dumping to pay the debt . Because Dale had been so helpful , Redcorn felt extremely guilty over what he did with Nancy , and ended his affair by encouraging Nancy and Dale to strengthen their marriage . He eventually got back together with an ex-lover and became a dedicated husband and father to the children he had with her . Ted Wassonasong and Cindy Wassonasong ( voiced by Mike Judge and Lauren Tom respectively ) -- Ted and Cindy are affluent Laotian - American acquaintances of the Souphanousinphones . Kahn and Minh envy and resent them , but go to great lengths to gain their favor , such as inviting them over for dinner . They live in the upscale , gated community of Arlen Heights , and are prominent members of Nine Rivers Country Club . Ted and Cindy tolerate the Souphanousinphones but , in reality , look down upon them . They joined the Episcopal Church despite being Buddhist because it was `` good for business . '' Ted is also blatantly hypocritical . He referred to Kahn as a `` Banana '' ( an ethnic slur to identify an Asian American apparently lost in touch with their ethnic identity ; more comfortable with Western society ) even though Ted possesses far greater degree of luxury commodities , and lost most of his accent . He also helped pass a city ordinance banning the use of trans fats in only to be immediately found consuming the very foods he helped prohibit . Octavio ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- Octavio is a Hispanic quasi-mercenary who does various bizarre favors for Dale when paid enough money , such as breaking into the Hill 's home in the middle of the night to look for Dale 's kidney ( earlier in the episode , Hank , who was legally Dale for three days while Dale was in hospital to give his kidney to NHRA drag racer John Force , was forced to help Octavio bash his own car with re-bar to try and claim motor accident insurance , a scheme he had cook up with Dale ) . On his chest is a large Rob Zombie tattoo which he once tried to pass off as a tattoo of Jesus in order to join Luanne 's Bible study group because she was conducting lessons in her pool while wearing a two piece bikini . His appearance was modelled after actor Danny Trejo ( who actually voices Enrique on the show ) . His last appearance was a non-speaking cameo in Just Another Manic - Kahn Day . M.F. ( Milton Farnsworth ) Thatherton ( voiced by Burt Reynolds in the first appearance , Toby Huss in later appearances ) -- M.F. is a former employee of Strickland Propane and another antagonist who strikes out on his own and opens up the crooked Thatherton Fuels company across the street from Strickland . He dresses like an old school rich cowboy with a ten - gallon hat and cowboy boots . An untrustworthy type , Thatherton is a sometime foil to Hank Hill and / or Buck . His sins are similar to Buck Strickland 's ( womanizing , gambling , using people ) , but more pronounced . Thatherton openly considers customers as little more than moneymakers and hires centerfold models or Hooters girls to bait potential propane customers . Hank , who also despises him , was forced to work for Thatherton for a week due to Buck losing at a game of cards . Whenever his name is mentioned , any of the Hills remark angrily , `` Thatherton ! '' Reverend Thomason ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) -- A reverend at Arlen First Methodist Church . He was replaced by Reverend Karen Stroup upon retiring to start an online ministry . Reverend Karen Stroup ( voiced by Mary Tyler Moore in 1999 , Ashley Gardner in 2000 -- 2010 ) -- The first female minister of Arlen First Methodist Church . She is originally from Minnesota , but is assigned to Arlen after Reverend Thomason left to start an online ministry . She and Bill finally become a couple , yet he broke up with her when she moved in and it felt like everything was moving too fast . The congregation also objected to the relationship . She did n't take it well but there has been no talk about their relationship since that episode . Jimmy Whichard ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Jimmy is the town imbecile , and the main antagonist in `` Life in the Fast Lane - Bobby 's Saga '' . He has had several jobs , including concession manager at the racetrack and outsider artist . Dale notes that he may have given himself brain damage from staring into the sun for too long , although `` he ca n't have been too bright to do it in the first place . '' When Peggy was scammed by an internet test that `` proved '' she was a genius , she only believed it to be a scam upon learning that Jimmy was also proclaimed a genius . Chuck Mangione ( voiced by Himself ) -- Chuck is a famous jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn player , and his hit song `` Feels So Good '' is played frequently on the show . He shamelessly promotes Mega-Lo Mart until he grows tired of going to every new store opening ( he told Dale that he did n't read the contract properly , stating that Mega-Lo Mart opened 400 new stores per year and it left him no time to tour , record or be with his family ) . This forced him to disappear where Dale discovers he has become a hermit , living within the Arlen Mega-Lo Mart in a `` Toilet Paper Castle '' and stealing stocked items at night when the store is closed . When he tells Dale that he disappeared to `` stick it to the man '' , Dale decides to keep his secret and Mangione goes on living in the store undetected . Monsignor Martinez ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- The Monsignor is the gun - toting priest hero of the fictional TV series Los Dias y Las Noches de Monsignor Martinez , a favorite of many of the principal characters . Clips of his program are often inserted into episodes as part of a running gag . In one of the episodes , Hank mentions that Martinez is an undercover cop . The clips of his episodes which appear on the series usually feature him just about to kill one of his nemeses while solemnly uttering his catchphrase , `` Vaya con Dios '' ; often preceding a melodramatic explosion . In the 8th - season episode `` Flirting with the Master , '' the actor who plays Martinez invites Peggy to Mexico City to tutor his children , and she mistakes his interest for romantic passion . A live - action pilot was filmed featuring the character , but never aired because FOX did n't think it would have been a good idea to have a show about a Catholic priest shooting people . Lane Pratley ( voiced by Dwight Yoakam in the first appearance , Dave Thomas in later appearances ) -- Lane is a sleazy car dealer who owns `` Pratley Ford '' and `` Pratley Hyundai , '' and as he says , `` I got my eye on Pratley Cadillac -- my daddy ai n't doing so good . '' Lane once owned a women 's roller derby team that Peggy and Luanne skated for , before Peggy organized the skaters into a buyout and quit . Mark Buckley ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Buckley was the slacker boyfriend of Luanne . He was killed in a propane explosion by his own negligence while working at Mega-Lo Mart in the second season finale , having dragged a propane tank by the valve instead of its handles resulting in leak . The character did return once ( as an angel ) on the episode `` Wings of the Dope , '' where Kahn buys Buckley 's trampoline for his backyard and Luanne ( who has been stressed over beauty school finals ) begins seeing Buckley 's angel . Officer Brown ( voiced by Fred Willard ) -- Officer Brown is a local police officer in Arlen who is not averse to tampering with evidence and taking bribes from illegal food operations , as explained in episodes 20 and 11 ( respectively ) of season 12 . In the episode `` Cops and Roberts , '' Principal Moss states that `` Officer Brown may be a disgraced cop who tampered with evidence ... but this here used to be a man '' . His appearance is modeled after his voice actor . Brown ( as well as other Arlen police officers ) were seen to be ' starstruck ' by fictional ex-Dallas Cowboy player Willie Lane ( and his 1978 Super Bowl ring ) and refused to arrest him for felonies against Hank and Kahn after finding out who he was in the episode `` New Cowboy on the Block '' . Jack ( voiced by Brian Doyle - Murray ) -- Jack is Hank 's mentally unstable barber . Eventually , his distress affects his ability to style hair , causing Hank great embarrassment . Jack was almost forced out of business when a trendy salon named Hottyz opened across the street , but he was able to secure Luanne and Bill 's services after Hottyz fired them when they learned Bill was not the homosexual hairstylist he 'd been posing as . Eustace Miller ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Eustace is a wimpy , mustachioed patent lawyer and father of Bobby 's classmate Randy . Bob Jenkins ( voiced by Henry Gibson ) -- Bob is a veteran reporter for The Arlen Bystander and is Peggy 's main rival there . His left eye was scraped out of his skull because he had a brain tumor . When Peggy thinks the `` Waffle House '' beat is beneath her , Bob takes it over and breaks the story of Dale as `` The Smoking Bandit . '' In `` Bystand Me '' ( his debut episode ) , he tells Peggy that whenever he gets writer 's block , he hires a prostitute . Miss Kremzer ( voiced by Jennifer Coolidge ) -- The teacher at the beauty school Luanne went to . She is very condescending towards Luanne in her first appearance . After Hank 's speech that gets Kremzer to change her grade for Luanne , she acts sympathetic along with the other students , but is right back to her previously - displayed bad attitude in subsequent episodes . Sharona Johnson ( voiced by Dawnn Lewis ) -- A girl that goes to the same beauty school that Luanne went to , Sharona is hardworking and intelligent but is also very arrogant and puts down Luanne constantly . Chris Sizemore ( voiced by Chris Elliott ) -- A real estate agent that Peggy once worked for after she wrote a scathing article about him in the Bystander for which she was consequently fired . Gary Kasner ( voiced by Carl Reiner ) -- An elderly Jewish man who serves as Tillie Hill 's new love interest following her separation from Cotton . He served on a submarine during Korea , but tells Bobby he did n't see any action during the conflict . Hank was initially not happy with his mother 's decision to pursue a relationship again , but Hank changed his mind when Gary threatened to kick Cotton 's ass if he kept talking bad about Tillie . In the `` Honeymooners '' episode , it is revealed that Tillie had left Gary and married her new boyfriend , Chuck . Tom Chick ( voiced by Phil Hendrie ) -- The manager of the Channel 84 news division . Nguc Phong ( voiced by James Sie ) -- A Laotian who is one of Ted Wassonasong 's friends . David `` The Flyin ' Hawaiian '' Kalaiki - Ali'i ( voiced by Brendan Fraser ) -- David is the star football player for Arlen High School in the episode `` Peggy Makes The Big Leagues . '' He has a carefree attitude towards school , figuring he can coast by on his football skills ( as most of the Arlen High teachers cut him slack due to his importance on the team ) , but he runs afoul of Peggy . Due to the No Pass No Play policy , David is prevented from playing football until he raises his grades , earning Peggy the ire of the local booster club . The club and school employees fabricate evidence that David was Learning disabled which he admitted was untrue although his grammar , handwriting and mathematical reasoning are poor . Realizing his chances for playing in professional sports are statistically low , he agrees to be tutored by Peggy to have something to fall back on . Mrs. Kalaiki - Ali'i ( voiced by Amy Hill ) -- A Hawaiian insurance agent Hank visits when Kahn backs into Hank 's truck with his van . A later episode revolved around her son David who was a star football player at Arlen High and was doing poorly in his classes . Fred Ebberd ( voiced by Chelcie Ross ) -- A member of the city council who also works at a movie theater . He appeared in only two episodes , but is mentioned by Hank in several others . Hank mentions voting for him and having no regrets about it even though he has expressed disappointment with his performance . Anthony Page ( voiced by David Herman ) - An ultra-liberal social worker from Los Angeles . Physically frail , as he considers carpal tunnel a disability ( nicknamed `` Twig Boy '' ) . In the pilot episode , he is assigned to investigate the allegation that Hank is beating Bobby . He appears in a later episode as Leon 's advocate when Hank fired him for drug - abuse . Carl the Restaurateur ( voiced by Dennis Burkley ) - Owns and operates the Showbiz Deli in the episode Love Hurts and So Does Art . He indicates in this episode that before switching the menu to New York style deli food , his restaurant had served Italian food . Carl is not a stickler for quality in his cuisine , noting that he orders chopped chicken liver in a large drum . His restaurant is not popular and often Bobby Hill is the only customer . He also seems to be a lazy cook , noting , `` Did you know you have to heat up Italian food ? '' . After the apparent failure of the Showbiz Deli , we encounter Carl again in Bad Girls , Bad Girls , Whatcha Gonna Do ? , again having switched his menu , this time to sushi , another food that can be served raw . In this later episode , it appears that Carl 's business is dong much better , as the scenes of the sushi restaurant show many customers inside . He is not to be confused with the similarly named school principal Carl Moss , who was also voiced by Burkley . Other characters ( edit ) Jody `` Ray Roy '' Strickland ( voiced by Diedrich Bader ) -- Jody , the illegitimate son of Buck Strickland , lives in Tennessee . Buck meets him at the National Propane Gas Convention . Affectionately dubbed `` Ray Roy '' by Buck when he can not remember his real name , he gladly accepts the nickname . Like his father , Jody also runs a propane company named Strickland Propane that 's based in Gatlinburg , Tennessee . Also like Buck , Jody is a compulsive gambler , chauvinist , alcoholic , cheat , and womanizer . Wesley Cherish ( voiced by Andy Richter ) -- Wesley is a new neighbor that moved to Arlen from Fort Worth in the episode Straight as an Arrow . Wesley 's wife is Annette . They have six children ( only two of which have been named , boys Robin and Carey , one of which has ADHD , and the other hyperglycemia ) . The children are home schooled by Annette . Wesley does not allow his children to play video games or watch TV ( although they do have a TV , which is mainly used as an end table ) and are not allowed to participate in `` predatory sports '' such as football , basketball and tag . Tammi Duvall ( voiced by Renée Zellweger ) -- Tammi is a prostitute who was from Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( referred to as The `` OKC '' ) in the episode `` Ho Yeah ! '' . She was hired at Strickland Propane and went to lunch with Peggy . The pair become fast friends , and Tammi has expressed her desire to get her GED . Peggy decided to tutor Tammi , and because Tammi does not have a place to live , she is welcomed to stay in the den , much to Hank 's objections . Tammi has gone out with Barry , Lane Pratley , and Miles Burton , all the while getting Peggy to dress like a prostitute also . She has read Congo , the book that Peggy has given her , and she has been giving Hank money , and has given him a cowboy - style hat with a big feather . When she was arguing with a man named Donald , Hank decides to intervene and Tammi explains that Donald took her money , making Hank demand that Donald returns the money . Frightened , Donald surrenders the cash back to Tammi . Later , a man named Alabaster Jones , the `` main mack '' of Oklahoma City , confronts Hank and introduces himself as Tammi 's pimp . Alabaster accuses Hank of `` trickin ' Tammi out all over town . '' Hank denies it but remembers all of the things Tammi has been doing and realizes that Tammi is a prostitute and Alabaster , thinking Hank has been acting as Tammi 's pimp , tells Hank that either Tammi goes back to being his ho , or Hank becomes his new ho . As Hank has confronted her in the public library , Tammi tells the truth , and Hank has told Tammi that she has to leave . In the car on the way home , Tammi thanked Hank and Peggy for all they have done for her . But , unfortunately , Hank is rear - ended by Alabaster , who wanted Tammi . Hank tries to outrun him , to no avail . When Tammi requests that Hank stops the car so she can exit and return with Alabaster to Oklahoma City , Hank slams on the brakes . He steps out of the car and tells Alabaster to do likewise . Hank then hands Alabaster all of the cash Tammi gave him and states that Tammi is now his `` ho . '' Alabaster takes the money and tries to get Peggy , but Hank refused and after Alabaster drives off , Tammi decides to go straight . Alabaster Jones ( voiced by Snoop Dogg ) -- Alabaster is a pimp and the main antagonist in `` Ho Yeah ! '' . He came from Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( referred to as The `` OKC '' ) in the episode and confronted Hank , accusing Hank of `` trickin ' Tammi out all over town . '' Hank denies it but remembers all of the things Tammi has been doing and realizes that Tammi is a prostitute and Alabaster , thinking Hank has been acting as Tammi 's pimp , tells Hank that either Tammi goes back to being his ho , or Hank becomes his new ho . Alabaster deliberately rear - ended Hank , wanting Tammi . Hank tries to outrun him , to no avail . When Tammi requests that Hank stops the car so she can exit and return with Alabaster to Oklahoma City , Hank slams on the brakes . He steps out of the car and tells Alabaster to do likewise . Hank then hands Alabaster all of the cash Tammi gave him and states that Tammi is now his `` ho '' , making Alabaster nervous as Hank is bigger than Alabaster . Alabaster takes the money and tries to get Peggy , but Hank refused , telling Alabaster that Peggy is his wife , and Alabaster drives off . Cane Skretteburg ( voiced by Tré Cool ) -- Cane Skretteburg is the lead singer of a punk rock garage band and one of the main antagonists in the episode `` The Man Who Shot Kane Skretteburg '' . Hank confronts this character with his band ( voiced by Green Day ) because their music was too loud . Later in the episode they have three paintball wars , the first two Hank , Boomhauer , Bill and Dale lose but win the last one . Cane and his band later appear in the episode `` Master of Puppets '' . Spongy - Real name unknown . He is a homeless panhandler first seen in `` The Texas Panhandler '' . While he claims he used to live in a facility he has n't since the 80 's `` Ever since Ronald Reagan kicked me out of my mental hospital . '' Jane Cooper ( voiced by Kathy Bates ) -- Jane Cooper is an Arlen Policewoman obsessed with Hank Hill and one of the main antagonists in the episode `` Lupe 's Revenge . '' She repeatedly pulls Hank over throughout the episode , makes flirtatious overtures to him , and attempts to dismiss a ticket due to her feelings for him . When Peggy Hill `` accidentally '' picks up a Mexican child as one of the classmates she was taking on school trip across the border , she harasses Peggy Hill during her attempt to return the child . Collete Davis ( voiced by Christina Applegate ) -- Collete is the Owner of Hottyz in the episode `` My Hair Lady '' and a trendsetting hairstylist responsible for bringing the messy ponytail to Arlen . She hired both Luanne Platter and Bill Dauterive to work at her salon shortly after Luanne quit college . Both become popular stylists until Bill admits to not being gay . Collete fires them both despite an impassioned speech by Luanne about acceptance and is not seen again until appearing in a non-speaking role during the episode `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit . '' Henry Winkler ( voiced by and guest starred as himself ) -- Henry Winkler is the main antagonist in the episode `` A Rover Runs Through It '' . He bought the land that was next to the ranch , wanting to take over Montana so that he and everyone else in Hollywood can modernize it . Hank tried to reason with Henry to let the cattle through to get to their grazing spot in the mountains , but Henry refused , saying that the cattle will pollute the river where he fishes . When Peggy , Bobby , Hank , and Peggy 's two brothers led the cattle through the town , using the main street as a temporary trail for the cattle , Henry gives back the land . At the end of the episode , he revealed his true intentions to let the cattle cruise through to the grazing spot when he and Hank are now fishing in the river . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` King of the Hill '' . Fox.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` King of the Hill '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) King of the Hill on IMDb King of the Hill Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Hank Hill Peggy Hill Bobby Hill Cotton Hill Dale Gribble Bill Dauterive Boomhauer John Redcorn Guest stars Episodes `` And They Call It Bobby Love '' `` Wo n't You Pimai Neighbor ? '' `` Bobby Goes Nuts '' `` My Own Private Rodeo '' `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit '' `` Death Picks Cotton '' `` To Sirloin with Love '' Media Home video Soundtrack Fox animation Current The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) 1990s The Critic ( 1995 ) King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Futurama ( 1999 -- 2008 ) The PJs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2000s American Dad ! ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Sit Down , Shut Up ( 2009 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 2010s Allen Gregory ( 2011 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2012 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Son of Zorn ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Animation Domination High - Def ADHD Shorts Axe Cop Golan the Insatiable High School USA ! Lucas Bros. Moving Co . Major Lazer Stone Quackers Related The Simpsons shorts ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Night of the Hurricane ( 2011 ) Fox cartoons Animation Domination High - Def 20th Century Fox Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_King_of_the_Hill_characters&oldid=835695496 '' Categories : King of the Hill characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of characters in American television animation Hidden categories : Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2013 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 06 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Draft lottery (1969)

Draft lottery ( 1969 ) - wikipedia Draft lottery ( 1969 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Representative Alexander Pirnie ( R - NY ) drawing the first number . On December 1 , 1969 , the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950 . These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973 . The lottery numbers assigned in December 1969 were used during calendar year 1970 both to call for induction and to call for physical examination , a preliminary call covering more men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 Origins and consequences 3 Modification 4 References 5 External links Method ( edit ) The days of the year ( including February 29 ) were written on slips of paper . These pieces of paper were then placed in separate plastic capsules that were mixed in a shoebox and then dumped into a deep glass jar . Capsules were drawn from the jar one at a time . The first number drawn was 258 ( September 14 ) , so all registrants with that birthday were assigned lottery number 1 . The second number drawn corresponded to April 24 , and so forth . All men of draft age ( born 1944 to 1950 ) who shared a birth date would be called to serve at once . The first 195 birthdates drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn ; the last of these was September 24 . Also on December 1 , 1969 , a second lottery was held with the 26 letters of the alphabet . Among men with the same birthdate , the order of induction was determined by the ranks of the first letters of their last , first , and middle names . Anyone with initials `` JJJ '' would have been first within the shared birthdate , followed by `` JGJ '' , `` JDJ '' , and `` JXJ '' ; anyone with initials `` VVV '' would have been last . SSS Draft scatterplot of the days of the year ( horizontal ) and their lottery numbers ( vertical ) . December birthdays ( far right ) were assigned many low numbers ( bottom ) , representing early induction , and few high numbers ( top ) . People soon noticed that the lottery numbers were not distributed uniformly over the year . In particular , November and December births , or dates 306 to 366 , were assigned mainly to lower draft numbers representing earlier calls to serve ( see figure ) . This led to complaints that the lottery was not random as the legislation required . Analysis of the procedure suggested that mixing 366 capsules in the shoe box did not mix them sufficiently before dumping them into the jar . ( `` The capsules were put in a box month by month , January through December , and subsequent mixing efforts were insufficient to overcome this sequencing . '' ) Only five days in December -- Dec. 2 , 12 , 15 , 17 and 19 -- were higher than the last call number of 195 ; had the days been evenly distributed , 14 days in December would have been expected to remain uncalled . From January to December , the rank of the average draft pick numbers were 5 4 1 3 2 6 8 9 10 7 11 12 . A Monte Carlo simulation found that the probability of a random order of months being this close to the 1 -- 12 sequence expected for unsorted slips was 0.09 % . Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1970 ( for those born in 1951 ) and from 1971 to 1975 ( for 1952 to 1956 births ) . The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used the next year to call for induction into service , because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired on June 30 , 1973 . The 1972 to 1975 lottery numbers were used to call some men born 1953 to 1956 for physical exams . The highest number called for a physical was 215 ( for tables 1970 through 1976 ) . Origins and consequences ( edit ) Previously in the United States , during the War of 1812 , President Madison established a commission to recommend the best ways to raise military manpower ; to keep the draft or to institute a volunteer army . After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress , it was decided that an all - volunteer force was affordable , feasible , and would enhance the nation 's security . President Richard Nixon issued an executive order prescribing regulations for random selection by the United States Selective Service on November 26 , 1969 . The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States , beginning with the Civil Rights Movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement . The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam war and the draft . It strengthened the anti-war movement , and all over the United States people decried discrimination by the draft system `` against low - education , low - income , underprivileged members of society '' . The draft lottery had social and economic consequences because it generated resistance to military service and the resisters , draft evaders or `` draft dodgers '' , were generally young , well - educated , healthy men . The fear of military service in Vietnam influenced many young men born in the late 1940s to join the National Guard . These young men were aware that the National Guard would be unlikely to send its soldiers to Vietnam . Many men were unable to join the National Guard , even though they had passed their physicals , because many state National Guards had long waiting lists just to enlist . Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment , either showing their disapproval by burning their draft cards or draft letters , or simply not presenting themselves for the military service test . Others left the country , commonly moving to Canada . The number of American citizens who moved to Canada during the Vietnam war because of the draft is estimated to be around 125,000 ; it is believed that about half returned to the United States after the Nixon era ( when the war was also over ) ( 1975 ) . Modification ( edit ) Lottery procedure was improved the next year although public discontent continued to grow until `` authority to induct expired on June 30 , 1973 '' . In 1970 , covering 1951 birthdates for use during 1971 ( sometimes called the 1971 draft ) , scientists at the National Bureau of Standards prepared 78 random permutations of the numbers 1 to 366 using random numbers selected from published tables . From the 78 permutations , 25 were selected at random and transcribed to calendars using 1 = January 1 , 2 = January 2 , ... 365 = December 31 . Those calendars were sealed in envelopes. 25 more permutations were selected and sealed in 25 more envelopes without transcription to calendars . The two sets of 25 envelopes were furnished to the Selective Service System . On June 2 , an official picked two envelopes , thus one calendar and one raw permutation . The 365 birthdates ( for 1951 ) were written down , placed in capsules , and put in a drum in the order dictated by the selected calendar . Similarly , the numbers from 1 to 365 were written down and placed into capsules in the order dictated by the raw permutation . On July 1 , the drawing date , one drum was rotated for an hour and the other for a half - hour ( its rotating mechanism failed ) . Pairs of capsules were then drawn , one from each drum , one with a 1951 birthdate and one with a number 1 to 366 . The first date and number drawn were September 16 and 139 , so all men born September 16 , 1951 , were assigned draft number 139 . The 11th draws were the date July 9 and the number 1 , so men born July 9 were assigned draft number 1 and drafted first . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selective Service System . `` 1970 Draft Lottery Results drawn December 1 , 1969 sorted by date '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . See also sorted by numeric order . ^ Jump up to : Norton Starr ( 1997 ) . `` Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 ( 1997 ) . -- The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vietnam Lotteries '' . Selective Service System . June 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henk Tijms . `` Understanding Probability '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Chambers , John W. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Jump up ^ 91st U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . ( Pub. L. 91 -- 124 , 83 Stat. 220 , enacted November 26 , 1969 ) Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Richard Nixon : `` Executive Order 11497 - Amending the Selective Service Regulations to Prescribe Random Selection , '' November 26 , 1969 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Fisher , Anthony C. ( 1969 ) . `` The Cost of the Draft and the Cost of Ending the Draft '' . American Economic Review . 59 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Rosenblatt , J.R. ; Filliben , J.J. ( 1971 ) . `` Randomization and the Draft Lottery '' . Science . 171 : 306 -- 08 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 171.3968. 306 . External links ( edit ) Landscaper.net ( 2009 ) . The Military Draft and 1969 Draft Lottery for the Vietnam War . Last modified 2009 - 03 - 24 . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- contemporary news stories , images of Official Orders ( call to physical exam , call to report ) , lottery results , Draft Board classifications , Vietnam troop levels , induction statistics 1917 -- 73 . David Lane ( 2003 ) . Introduction to Graphs : Clearing Up the Draft with Graphs . Connexions. 18 July 2003 . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- list of draft ranks , additional analysis . Selective Service System ( 2009 ) . The Vietnam Lotteries . SSS : History and Records . Last updated 2015 - 09 - 19 . Norton Starr ( 1997 ) . `` Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 ( 1997 ) . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data . Fienberg , S.E. ( 1971 ) . `` Randomization and Social Affairs : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Science . 171 ( 3968 ) : 255 -- 261 . PMID 17736218 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 171.3968. 255 . Rosenbaum , David E. ( 4 January 1970 ) . `` Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random '' . New York Times . p. 66 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft_lottery_(1969)&oldid=807281858 '' Categories : Vietnam War Conscription in the United States 1969 in military history 1969 in the United States 1969 establishments in the United States 1973 disestablishments in the United States Lotteries Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 00 : 55 . About Wikipedia

when did they start the draft for the vietnam war

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A Monster Calls (film)

A Monster Calls ( film ) - wikipedia A Monster Calls ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Monster Calls Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Belén Atienza Mitch Horwits Jonathan King Screenplay by Patrick Ness Based on A Monster Calls by Patrick Ness from an idea by Siobhan Dowd Starring Sigourney Weaver Felicity Jones Toby Kebbell Lewis MacDougall Liam Neeson Music by Fernando Velázquez Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Jaume Martí Production companies Apaches Entertainment Telecinco Cinema Peliculas La Trini Participant Media River Road Entertainment Distributed by Focus Features ( United States ) Universal Pictures ( Spain ) Summit Entertainment ( International ) Release date September 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 10 ) ( TIFF ) October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) ( Spain ) December 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) ( United States ) January 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 108 minutes Country Spain United States Language English Budget $43 million Box office $47.2 million A Monster Calls is a 2016 dark fantasy drama film directed by J.A. Bayona and written by Patrick Ness , based on his novel of the same name . The film stars Sigourney Weaver , Felicity Jones , Toby Kebbell , Lewis MacDougall , and Liam Neeson , and tells the story of Conor ( MacDougall ) , a child whose mother ( Jones ) is terminally ill ; one night , he is visited by a giant tree - like monster ( Neeson ) , who states that he will come back and tell Conor three stories . A Monster Calls premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10 , 2016 . It was then released in Spain on October 7 , 2016 , and in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 2017 . In the United States , the film began a limited release in on December 23 , 2016 , followed by a wide release on January 6 , 2017 . It received positive reviews , being praised for its themes , directing , performances and visual effects . The film was a box - office disappointment however , grossing $47.2 million worldwide from a budget of $43 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Twelve - year - old Conor O'Malley must face his mother 's terminal cancer , his strict grandmother , his estranged father , and his school bully , Harry . One night at 12 : 07 a.m. , Conor is visited by the tree - like Monster , who tells Conor it has come to tell him three true stories , after which Conor must tell the Monster his own story : the truth behind his nightmare , which Conor refuses to do . First story An old king who has lost his entire family ( his sons being killed in fierce battles and his wife committing suicide because of this ) , save a young grandson , remarries a beautiful young woman . He dies before the prince comes of age , and many believe the queen poisoned the king . Not wanting to hand the kingdom over to the prince in a year , she plots to marry the prince and remain queen . The prince runs away with a farm girl he loves . They stop and sleep under a yew tree ( the Monster ) , but in the morning he finds the young woman murdered . The prince tells the villagers that the queen , a witch , must have done it , and they rally to overthrow her . Before the commoners can reach the queen , the Monster carries her away to a far - off land where she lives out the rest of her life in peace . Though she was indeed a witch , she did not kill the farm girl or the king , who actually died of old age . The prince had murdered the farm girl himself in order to inspire his people to back him into overthrowing the queen . After the queen was taken to safety by the Monster , the prince continued to rule the kingdom in the grandfather 's place . Second story An apothecary follows old traditions and beliefs , using herbs and brews to cure ailments . His business becomes less popular as a local parson tells his congregation not to accept the apothecary 's old ways . When the parson 's two daughters become sick , the parson asks the apothecary to save their lives after all other resources are exhausted . When the apothecary asks why he should help a man who has turned people away from his skills and denied him the yew tree , his best source of healing ingredients , the parson promises to give him the tree and deliver the parishioners to him as customers . Yet the apothecary says that he can not help , and the girls die . The Monster awakens from the yew tree to destroy the parson 's house and raze it to the ground as punishment . While the apothecary was a greedy man , he was a healer and would have saved lives , including the girls ' , if the parson had allowed him his way of life . The parson was a man of belief , but was willing to discard his beliefs when they were in the way . The healing traditions followed by the apothecary require belief in order to work ; without the parson 's , the apothecary was unable to treat the two girls . Belief is half the cure . Third story A man was invisible because no one ever saw him . Tired of this , he summoned the Monster to ensure people would notice him . After people do notice him however , the man finds himself more alone than before . Fourth story Conor must confront his nightmare to tell the fourth story . His mother has been pulled to the edge of a cliff by a sudden collapse of the ground , and Conor must hold her hand to save her from falling . Eventually , his grip fails and his mother falls . The Monster forces Conor to confess the truth : Conor loosened his grip on purpose . While he could have held on longer , he let go in order to stop the pain of having to hold on . Through the Monster , Conor ultimately understands that although he does not want his mother to die , it is something he must accept , and he must not feel guilty for wanting it to be over so he does not have to feel pain anymore . After this , Conor returns , with the Monster by his side , to comfort his mother one last time , and she dies at 12 : 07 . He returns home with his grandmother , with whom he has reached an understanding , and she gives Conor the room that used to be his mother 's . In the room , he finds his mother 's old art book , which depicts the stories that were told to him by the Monster , and a drawing of his mother as a child with the Monster . Cast ( edit ) Lewis MacDougall as Conor O'Malley Max Golds as 5 - year - old Conor Sigourney Weaver as Mrs. Clayton , Conor 's strict grandmother who has a tense relationship with him . Felicity Jones as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Clayton , Conor 's mother who is diagnosed with an unspecified terminal illness . Toby Kebbell as Liam O'Malley , Conor 's father who is divorced from Lizzie and now lives in the United States . Liam Neeson as the `` Monster '' ( voice and motion capture ) , a giant humanoid yew tree . Neeson also appears uncredited in a photograph as Conor 's grandfather . Tom Holland , who worked with Bayona on The Impossible , served as the stand - in for the Monster during one week of production . James Melville as Harry , a school bully who frequently targets Conor . Geraldine Chaplin as the head teacher of Conor 's school . Production ( edit ) Focus Features bought the rights to the book in March 2014 . Patrick Ness , the book 's author , served as the film 's screenwriter , with J.A. Bayona hired as director . On April 23 , 2014 , Felicity Jones joined the film to play the boy 's mother . On May 8 , Liam Neeson was cast to voice the Monster , and on August 18 , Sigourney Weaver joined to play the boy 's grandmother . On August 19 , Toby Kebbell was also cast in the film . On September 3 , author Ness tweeted that Lewis MacDougall had been set for the lead role in the film . On September 30 , Geraldine Chaplin joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on September 30 , 2014 , in Spain and Britain . On October 9 , the filming began on location in Preston , Lancashire , Rivington Pike ( Chorley / Horwich ) , Blackpool Pleasure Beach and Marsden , West Yorkshire Liam Neeson , who voices the titular tree creature , was not on set throughout the shooting process , and completed his motion - capture performance during a two - week period beforehand , with MacDougall in the room . Tom Holland worked on set as The Monster with Neeson absent . Release ( edit ) Originally scheduled for an October 2016 release , the film was delayed in order to avoid competition from Jack Reacher : Never Go Back , Boo ! A Madea Halloween , Ouija : Origin of Evil , and Keeping Up with the Joneses . It was rescheduled for a limited roll out on December 23 , 2016 , followed by a wide release on January 6 , 2017 . The film was released in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 2017 , by Entertainment One and Lionsgate , and in India on January 6 , 2017 , by B4U Relativity . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) A Monster Calls grossed $3.7 million in the United States and Canada and $43.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $47.2 million , against a production budget of $43 million . In North America , the film had its wide release alongside the opening of Underworld : Blood Wars and the wide expansions of Hidden Figures and Lion , and was initially expected to gross around $10 million from 1,523 theaters over the weekend . However , after making just $659,000 on its first day , weekend projections were lowered to $2 million , which it ended up grossing , finishing 13th at the box office . In its second weekend of wide release it grossed $537,262 ( a drop of 74.2 % ) and in its third week made just $19,080 ( a drop of 96.4 % ) after being pulled from all but 42 theaters , one of the biggest third week theater drops in history . Critical response ( edit ) The aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 88 % based on 232 reviews , and an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Monster Calls deftly balances dark themes and fantastical elements to deliver an engrossing and uncommonly moving entry in the crowded coming - of - age genre '' . At Metacritic , the film has an average score of 76 out of 100 based on 40 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6 , 2017 Best Supporting Actress Sigourney Weaver Nominated Best Intergenerational Film A Monster Calls Nominated Camerimage November 19 , 2016 Golden Frog Award for Best Cinematography Óscar Faura Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards December 11 , 2016 Best Young Performer Lewis MacDougall Nominated Best Visual Effects A Monster Calls Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society December 19 , 2016 Best Supporting Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy A Monster Calls Won Best Male Newcomer Lewis MacDougall Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards December 8 , 2016 Breakthrough of the Year Lewis MacDougall Nominated Gaudí Awards January 29 , 2017 Best Film A Monster Calls Won Best Non-Catalan Language Film A Monster Calls Won Best Director J.A. Bayona Won Best Production Director Sandra Hermida Won Best Art Direction Eugenio Caballero Won Best Film Editing Jaume Martí and Bernat Vilaplana Won Best Cinematography Óscar Faura Won Best Art Direction Eugenio Caballero Won Best Sound Peter Glossop , Marc Orts and Oriol Tarragó Won Best Special Effects Felix Bergés and Pau Costa Won Golden Tomato Awards January 12 , 2017 Best British Movie 2016 A Monster Calls 2nd Place Best Kids / Family Movie 2016 A Monster Calls 3rd Place Goya Awards February 4 , 2017 Best Film A Monster Calls Nominated Best Director J.A. Bayona Won Best Supporting Actress Sigourney Weaver Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Patrick Ness Nominated Best Original Score Fernando Velázquez Won Best Cinematography Óscar Faura Won Best Editing Jaume Martí and Bernat Vilaplana Won Best Production Supervision Sandra Hermida Muniz Won Best Art Direction Eugenio Caballero Won Best Makeup and Hairstyles Marese Langan and David Martí Won Best Sound Peter Glossop , Marc Orts and Oriol Tarragó Won Best Special Effects Felix Bergés and Pau Costa Won London Film Critics ' Circle January 22 , 2017 Young British / Irish Performer of the Year Lewis MacDougall Won Premios Feroz January 23 , 2017 Best Drama Film A Monster Calls Nominated Best Director J.A. Bayona Nominated Best Screenplay Patrick Ness Nominated Best Main Actor Lewis MacDougall Nominated Best Original Soundtrack Fernando Velázquez Won Best Trailer A Monster Calls Nominated Best Film Poster A Monster Calls Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 12 , 2016 Best Visual Effects A Monster Calls Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Fantasy Film A Monster Calls Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Lewis MacDougall Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 18 , 2016 Best Visual Effects A Monster Calls Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 5 , 2016 Best Youth Performance Lewis MacDougall Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Patrick Ness Nominated Best Voice Performance Liam Neeson Won Best Motion Capture Performance Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Monster Calls ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Monster Calls '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Kit Simpson ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Ness Explains Why ' A Monster Calls ' Is Going To Make You Cry '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Strange Role Spider - Man Star Tom Holland Plays in ' A Monster Calls ' '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Focus Features Makes $20 Million Deal For ' A Monster Calls ' Movie '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Dates ' A Monster Calls ' For October 2016 '' . Deadline.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Felicity Jones To Star In Juan Antonio Bayona 's ' A Monster Calls ' '' . deadline.com. 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Cannes : Liam Neeson Joins ' A Monster Calls ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sigourney Weaver Joins High - Profile ' A Monster Calls ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Fantastic Four ' Actor Toby Kebbell in Talks to Join ' A Monster Calls ' '' . variety.com . Jump up ^ Espina , Alfonso ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Lewis MacDougall to Lead Adaptation of Patrick Ness ' ' A Monster Calls ' '' . upandcomers.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Join ' A Monster Calls ' '' . deadline.com . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Monster Calls ' Begins Production '' . participantmedia.com . September 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on A Monster Calls , Starring Liam Neeson '' . comingsoon.net . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood film begins filming in Preston '' . lep.co.uk . October 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashley Lee ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Monster Calls ' Speaks to Both Kids and Adults , Says Sigourney Weaver '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Features Sets A Monster Calls for October 14 , 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Monster Calls ' A Week Later In October '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Focus Features ' ' A Monster Calls ' Dials Up Christmas Weekend Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Kenji ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` A Monster Calls UK Release Date Set for January , The Tree Awakens on First Poster '' . Final Reel . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Monster Calls India Trailer '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures ' is likely to draw crowds as ' Rogue One ' stays on top of the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Does n't Want To Fall To ' Hidden Figures ' As Winter Storm Helena Closes Theaters '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Uni / Blumhouse 's ' Split ' Is A Hit With High $39 M To $40 M+ ; ' Xander Cage ' Falls Down '' . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Theater Drops '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Monster Calls Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` A Monster Calls '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camerimage 2016 Main Competition Line - up ! '' . Camerimage . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Local critics : ' Moonlight ' , ' Manchester ' best of 2016 '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , William ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Evening Standard British Film Awards - The Longlist '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guardonades - IX Premis Gaudí '' . Academia del Cinema . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rolfe , Pamela ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Juan Antonio Bayona 's ' A Monster Calls ' Leads Goya Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moonlight ' and ' Love and Friendship ' Lead London Film Critics ' Circle Nominations '' . Variety . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La lista completa de ganadores de los premios Feroz 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . El Huffinton Post . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Society 's 2016 Award Winners '' . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 StLFCA Annual Award Nominations '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 WAFCA Awards Nominations '' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Monster Calls on IMDb A Monster Calls at the TCM Movie Database A Monster Calls at Metacritic A Monster Calls at Rotten Tomatoes A Monster Calls at AllMovie J.A. Bayona Films directed The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Television Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) Empire Award for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Wanted ( 2009 ) Star Trek ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) Thor ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) A Monster Calls ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Monster_Calls_(film)&oldid=815687732 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films American films American drama films American fantasy films Spanish films Spanish drama films Spanish fantasy films Films based on American novels Films based on British novels Films based on fantasy novels Films directed by J.A. Bayona Performance capture in film Participant Media films Focus Features films Universal Pictures films Entertainment One films Films with live action and animation Films about death Giant monster films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays the mother in a monster calls

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16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence

16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence - wikipedia 16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence Jump to : navigation , search Women from Lord House Settlement community March in the opening parade for 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Based Violence . Photo : UN Women / Marni Gilbert 16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls . The campaign runs every year from 25 November , the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women , to 10 December , Human Rights Day . It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women 's Global Leadership Institute , held by the Center for Women 's Global Leadership ( CWGL ) at Rutgers University . Currently , more than 3,700 organizations from approximately 164 countries participate in the campaign annually . Contents ( hide ) 1 Significant Dates 2 Themes 3 References 4 External links Significant Dates ( edit ) November 25 - International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women November 29 - International Women Human Rights Defenders Day December 1 - World AIDS Day December 5 - International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development December 6 - Anniversary of the Montreal Massacre , which is observed as the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women in Canada December 10 - International Human Rights Day and the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Themes ( edit ) Every year , the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence Campaign either introduces a new theme , or continues an old theme . The theme focuses on one particular area of gender inequality and works to bring attention to these issues and make changes that will have an impact . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership sends out a `` Take Action Kit '' every year , detailing how participants can get involved and campaign in order to make a change . The first campaign theme in 1991 was entitled Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights , and women from around the world came together with the Center for Women 's Global Leadership at the first International Women 's Leadership Institute . The theme was used again in 1992 . In 1993 , the third campaign 's second theme was Democracy in the Family , Democracy of Families , Democracy for Every Body . The 1994 theme brought back the first theme , but with a minor change . It was entitled Awareness , Accountability , Action : Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights . The 1995 theme , Vienna , Cairo , Copenhagen , and Beijing : Bringing Women 's Human Rights Home , focused on four major conferences , including the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing ( September , 1995 ) , which was `` the third major UN conference since the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) , '' and `` ... follows the International Conference on Population and Development ( Cairo , 1994 ) , and the World Summit on Social Development ( Copenhagen , 1995 ) . '' As a follow up to the 1995 themes and major conferences within recent years , the 1996 theme was Bringing Women 's Human Rights Home : Realizing Our Visions . The 1997 Campaign was Demand Human Rights in the Home and the World , which was working towards the 1998 Global Campaign for Women 's Human Rights . The theme for the campaign in 1998 was Building a Culture of Respect for Human Rights . The 1999 campaign theme was entitled Fulfilling the Promise of Freedom from Violence . In 2000 , the theme was Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Campaign , in which participants would review the accomplishments of the last 10 years of the campaign and build upon those achievements . The Center also asked participants to send in documentation of their work in order to initiate a project to document the efforts of the campaign . The campaign theme in 2001 was Racism and Sexism : No More Violence . The campaign theme in 2002 was Creating a Culture that Says No to Violence Against Women . The 2003 campaign , Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights : Maintaining the Momentum Ten Years After Vienna ( 1993 - 2003 ) , was focused on reviewing changes that had occurred in the 10 years since the Vienna Declaration that was a result of the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) and the UN General Assembly 's adoption of the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women ( 2003 ) . The 2004 - 2005 campaign was entitled For the Health of Women , for the Health of the World : No More Violence , particularly focused on the `` intersection of violence against women and the HIV / AIDS pandemic . '' 16 Days of Activism to raise awareness of the various forms of violence against women The 2006 campaign , Celebrate 16 Years of 16 Days : Advance Human Rights < -- > End Violence Against Women , celebrated not only those who had contributed to the campaign , but those who had given their lives or suffered violence during their fight against gender inequality . The 2007 campaign was entitled Demanding Implementation , Challenging Obstacles : End Violence Against Women . The 2008 campaign title was Human Rights for Women < -- > Human Rights for All : UDHR60 , which celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The 2009 theme was Commit , Act , Demand : We CAN End Violence Against Women ! The theme in 2010 marked the 20th year of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence Campaign , and was entitled Structures of Violence : Defining the Intersections of Militarism and Violence Against Women . From 2011 to 2014 , the theme of the campaign was From Peace in the Home to Peace in the World : Let 's Challenge Militarism and End Violence Against Women ! In 2015 and 2016 , the theme of the campaign was From Peace in the Home to Peace in the World : Make Education Safe for All ! References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 16 days of activism '' . UN Women www.unwomen.org . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WHO 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence '' . www.who.int . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Annual Themes '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Jump up ^ `` 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence - Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Second Annual Campaign of 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Third Annual 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence Campaign '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Awareness , Accountability , Action : Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence 1995 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sixth Annual Campaign : 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence 1996 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Demand Human Rights in the Home and in the World '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Building a Culture of Respect for Human Rights '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Fulfilling the Promise of Freedom from Violence '' ( PDF ) . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Campaign '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Racism and Sexism : No More Violence '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence Themes '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Jump up ^ `` Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights : Maintaining the Momentum Ten Years After Vienna ( 1993 - 2003 ) '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For the Health of Women , For the Health of the World : No More Violence '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Celebrate 16 Years of 16 Days '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Demanding Implementation , Challenging Obstacles : End Violence Against Women '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence : 2008 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Commit , Act , Demand : We CAN End Violence Against Women '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Theme Announcement ( 2010 ) '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Jump up ^ `` 16 Days Campaign Analytical Summary 2014 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 16 Days against Gender - based Violence '' . www.usaid.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Take Action Kit - 2015 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . External links ( edit ) 16 Days at CWGL UN Women 's 16 Days Take Back the Tech campaign Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_Days_of_Activism_against_Gender-based_Violence&oldid=805066595 '' Categories : Human rights November observances December observances Gender - related violence Violence against women Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 21 : 02 . About Wikipedia

when does the 16 days of activism campaign start

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Bud Roberts

Bud Roberts - Wikipedia Bud Roberts Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Bud Roberts '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bud J. Roberts , Jr . Patrick Labyorteaux as then - Lieutenant Commander Bud Roberts Jr . First appearance A New Life ( JAG ) Last appearance Rogue ( NCIS ) Portrayed by Patrick Labyorteaux Information Occupation Judge Advocate , USN Family Bud `` Big Bud '' Roberts , Sr. ( father ) Michael `` Mikey '' Roberts ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Harriet Sims Children 5 Rank Captain Alma mater George Mason University School of Law Captain Bud J. Roberts Jr. , JAGC , USN is a fictional character in the JAG TV series played by Patrick Labyorteaux . The character has also appeared twice on NCIS Contents ( hide ) 1 Character arc 1.1 On NCIS 2 Dates of rank 3 Awards and decorations 4 Nuclear Football 5 References Character arc ( edit ) Son of a retired Master Chief , Roberts joined the Navy , and as an Ensign was assigned to sea duty aboard the USS Seahawk as the Public Affairs officer under Captain Ross . It was during this role as the PAO aboard the Seahawk , that he first met Lt. Harmon Rabb , and his partner Lt. ( j.g. ) Caitlin Pike , when they arrived to investigate a murder ; this got him interested in a career in law , and it was later Lt. ( j.g. ) Meg Austin who recommended him for transfer to JAG prior to her own transfer from JAG staff . He attended law school in the evenings at George Mason University School of Law and , upon scoring top grades in his finals , was assigned extra legal responsibilities and acted as a trial counsel for special courts - martial . Sarah MacKenzie and his wife Harriet Sims are the only people Roberts will allow to view his law school grades . He , his younger brother Mikey ( Michael Bellisario ) and sister Winifred ( Winnie ) had a somewhat strained relationship with their father , who raised them himself after the death of their mother , due to his physical and sometimes abusive methods of disciplining them . Bud 's last meeting with LCDR Rabb prior to his transfer to JAG Headquarters was in the first - season episode `` Skeleton Crew , '' when Rabb had been dispatched to investigate the murder of a former Academy classmate ( and a love interest ) . Roberts is well liked and well respected by everyone at JAG headquarters , and is often considered one of the better trial lawyers there . His success rate in the courtroom is often contributed to by his opponents ' underestimation of him and his abilities . Harm had once said of him , `` Watch out for his ' Aw , shucks , I have a lot to learn ' routine '' , alluding to Roberts ' ability to appear less intelligent than he actually was . After returning to JAG headquarters following the loss of his right leg from a landmine , Bud was assigned to working Disability cases ; he proved his worth to JAG when he investigated and successfully turned in a refusal of benefits when he noticed a sailor damaging his eyes with self - inflicted laser burns . Shortly thereafter , Bud returned to full limited duty in the court room . Though not the physical type , Bud has been known to become so when the situation demands it ; he once caught a punch thrown by his father , and was able to subdue the larger man without difficulty . The incident where his jaw was broken when he stepped between two simultaneous punches from Rabb and the Australian officer Lt. Cmdr Mic Brumby outside of an Australian courtroom had more to do with the physical limitations of the human body than lack of physical prowess . At the time of the taping , actor Patrick Labyorteaux had earlier suffered an accident that had broken his jaw , causing it to be wired shut and producers opted to write it into the storyline . LtJG Roberts married Ensign Harriet Sims in 1998 . Together , they had five children : A.J. Roberts ( named in the honor of RAdm A.J. Chegwidden , however not taking his proper first and middle names Albert Jethro . ) Sarah Roberts ( named in the honor of Lt. Col Sarah MacKenzie ) . Unfortunately , the child died due to complications in childbirth . James Kirk Roberts ( named in the honor of Capt James T. Kirk ) . Bud was a big Star Trek fan . Unnamed twins ( a boy and a girl ) born towards the end of the series ( the girl is called Nikki in episode `` Straits of Malacca '' ) . Lieutenant Roberts was assigned as Judge Advocate on the USS Seahawk during the beginning of the War on Terrorism in 2002 . He lost a leg trying to save a boy from a field of landmines in Afghanistan that year . He was transferred back to JAG HQ after his operation and proving that he was still able to meet the fitness requirements of the U.S. Navy . Roberts was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander in 2004 in `` Hail and Farewell '' Part 1 , which was the final act of command of the Judge Advocate General , Rear Admiral A.J. Chegwidden , at his dining out . Bud had already been passed over for promotion twice , meaning that if he were to be passed over a third time , he would have been involuntarily separated from the Navy . In the series ' final episode , LCDR Roberts chose to remain at JAG HQ after being offered billets by Captain Rabb and Lt. Col MacKenzie . On NCIS ( edit ) Bud Roberts also appears in the first season of the JAG spin - off NCIS , during his tenure on JAG , where Special Agent Gibbs hopes Roberts will help `` lawyer '' him past a prohibition on the use of the DNA profiles stored by the Department of Defense . He then reappears after an absence of more than eleven years in the fourteenth season , having been promoted to Captain and still assigned to JAG Headquarters , where he meets up with Timothy McGee and assisted the NCIS MCRT in the investigation of the homicide of a fellow JAG officer . McGee asks him about Harm and Mac , but Roberts is interrupted by the arrival of NCIS Special Agent Alexandra Quinn before he can reveal the results of the series ' infamous final coin toss . Bud Roberts and AJ Chegwidden ( played by John M. Jackson ) are thus far the only two characters from the regular JAG cast who have appeared in NCIS as the same character they played in the parent show . Dates of rank ( edit ) Rank Date Ensign Original rank from the Pilot episode Lieutenant Junior Grade sometime between episode 1.22 Skeleton Crew ( unaired ) and episode 2.01 We the People ( original air date January 3 , 1997 ) Lieutenant in episode 4.19 The Adversaries ( original air date April 13 , 1999 ) Lieutenant Commander in episode 9.23 Hail and Farewell ( Part 1 ) ( original air date May 21 , 2004 ) Commander ( off - camera - not in episodes ) Presumably five or six years after his previous promotion in relation to Time In Rank / Eligibility to be promoted . Captain prior to his appearance in NCIS 's fourteenth season . ( original air date September 20 , 2016 ) Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Bud Roberts , as seen in the NCIS episode `` Rogue '' . The names are given in order of precedence , according to SECNAVINST 1650.1 F and the U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations ( NAVPERS 1566.5 G ) . Purple Heart Meritorious Service Medal Joint Service Commendation Medal Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with one star Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal Joint Meritorious Unit Award Navy Unit Commendation with one star National Defense Service Medal with one star Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Humanitarian Service Medal Sea Service Deployment Ribbon Bud was awarded the Purple Heart after stepping on a landmine , and losing his right leg . Nuclear football ( edit ) In one episode , Lieutenant Roberts was selected to carry the nuclear football . He had trepidations about this duty , as he was worried that he would be responsible for the deaths of many innocent people . While he was on duty as the Military Aide to the White House , the President whose `` nuclear football '' he was guarding ( George W. Bush ) attended a conference . During this conference , Bud had to go to the bathroom . When he reemerges , the President is gone . Bud then runs the three miles to the White House with the 40 pound nuclear football . This closely resembles a real event , when President Bill Clinton once left a meeting in such haste that he left behind his military aide , who then ran to the White House . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wedding Bell Blues '' . JAG . Season 3 . Episode 23 . May 12 , 1998 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Enemy Below '' . JAG . Season 7 . Episode 24 . May 21 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Hung Out to Dry '' . NCIS . Season 1 . Episode 2 . September 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue '' . NCIS . Season 14 . Episode 1 . September 20 , 2016 . ( hide ) JAG Characters Harmon Rabb Sarah MacKenzie Caitlin Pike Bud Roberts A.J. Chegwidden Harriet Sims Sturgis Turner Gordon Cresswell Meg Austin Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Notable episodes `` Ice Queen '' Related series NCIS NCIS : Los Angeles NCIS : New Orleans Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bud_Roberts&oldid=804361440 '' Categories : JAG characters Fictional American people of European descent Fictional amputees Fictional characters introduced in 1995 Fictional lawyers Fictional lieutenants Fictional lieutenant commanders Fictional military captains Fictional navy personnel Fictional United States Navy personnel Fictional War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) veterans Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with topics of unclear notability from August 2012 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 14 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did bud lose his leg in jag

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List of 7th Heaven characters

List of 7th Heaven characters - wikipedia List of 7th Heaven characters This is a list of characters from The WB / The CW ( 1996 -- 2007 ) family drama , 7th Heaven . Camden Family original cast Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Camden family 2.1 Eric Camden 2.2 Annie Camden 2.3 Matt Camden 2.4 Simon Camden 2.5 Mary Camden 2.6 Lucy Camden - Kinkirk 2.7 Ruthie Camden 2.8 Sam and David Camden 2.9 Happy 3 Extended family 3.1 The Glass Family 3.2 The Riveras 3.3 The Kinkirks 3.4 The Jacksons 3.5 The Hastings 3.6 The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's Parents ) 4 Other recurring characters 4.1 The Hamiltons 4.2 Chandler Hampton 4.3 Shana Sullivan 4.4 Robbie Palmer 4.5 Peter Petrowski 4.6 Roxanne Richardson 4.7 Cecilia Smith 4.8 Martin Brewer 4.9 Chief of Police Michaels 4.10 Meredith Davies 4.11 Sandy Jameson 4.12 Rose Taylor 5 Minor recurring characters 6 References Overview ( edit ) Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eric Camden Stephen Collins Main Annie Camden Catherine Hicks Main Matt Camden Barry Watson Main Recurring Main Special Guest Simon Camden David Gallagher Main Recurring Main Mary Camden Jessica Biel Main Recurring Special Guest Special Guest Lucy Camden Beverley Mitchell Main Ruthie Camden Mackenzie Rosman Main Happy the Dog Happy Main Sam and David Camden Lorenzo and Nikolas Brino Main John Hamilton Chaz Lamar Shepherd Recurring Main Shana Sullivan Maureen Flannigan Recurring Main Guest Robbie Palmer Adam LaVorgna Recurring Main Ben Kinkirk Geoff Stults Recurring Main Recurring Recurring Kevin Kinkirk George Stults Recurring Main Roxanne Richardson Rachel Blanchard Main Cecilia Smith Ashlee Simpson Main Chandler Hampton Jeremy London Main Martin Brewer Tyler Hoechlin Main Peter Petrowski Scotty Leavenworth Recurring Main Guest Rose Taylor Sarah Thompson Recurring Main Meredith Davies Megan Henning Recurring Main Sandy Jameson Haylie Duff Main Camden family ( edit ) The Camdens are made up of Eric and Annie and their seven children : Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . Eric Camden ( edit ) Stephen Collins as Rev. Eric Camden Rev. Eric Camden ( played by Stephen Collins ) was raised in Binghamton , New York by his parents , Colonel John Camden and Ruth Lynch . Based on the episode `` Halloween '' ( season 1 ) , it appears that Eric was born in 1954 ( which would make him 42 years old at the time ) . According to the episode `` One Hundred '' ( season 5 ) , his birthday is in January . Eric attended college for five years and graduated from Cobell Seminary . Shortly thereafter , he married and began a family with Annie Jackson . He has one sister , Julie Camden - Hastings , who ends up marrying the doctor that delivered Eric and Annie 's oldest ( Matt ) , as well as the youngest ( Sam and David ) children . After his heart - bypass operation , he decides to leave the ministry and even stop attending church . He renews his faith and returns to church in time to marry Kevin and Lucy ( near the end of season 7 ) . Annie Camden ( edit ) Catherine Hicks as Annie Camden Annie Camden ( née Jackson ) ( played by Catherine Hicks ) is the wife of Eric and mother of Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . She has a half - sister named Lily , through her father , Charles Jackson . Her mother is Jenny Jackson . During her college education , Annie studied everything from art to business and economics , and in later seasons returned to school to earn a degree in early childhood education . Though she has chosen to be a stay - at - home mother , Annie is a jack of all trades . She balances a family of nine on a minister 's pay , is a plumber , builder , seamstress , cook , and much more . She also serves , from time to time , as the treasurer for the church . Annie is the backbone of her family . The mother of seven , she is often the one who the children come to talk to , often over milk and cookies . She tries , with her husband , to instill strong morals in her children . She is noted as hoping Ruthie will not follow in her footsteps or of her two other daughters and marry too young . She hopes Ruthie will take the time to travel first . Annie is the only daughter of her parents . Her mother , Jenny , dies early in the first season from cancer , a death that strikes Annie hard . Harder yet is her father 's quick bounce to a relationship with Ginger . During one episode , Annie leaves the church after her father brings Ginger to service . Mary chases her and is struck by a car . Annie accepts Ginger slowly and Ginger and her father wed . Her father suffers from Alzheimer 's disease and Annie spends more and more time with him in Arizona before he dies . Annie is quoted in later seasons as saying that she likes Ginger a lot more now that her parents are back together . In an early season , Annie learned of an illegitimate daughter her father had with his high school girlfriend . She eventually meets this half - sister , Lily , and the two form a relationship over time . In 2009 , she was included in Yahoo ! 's Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the decade 1996 -- 2007 . Matt Camden ( edit ) Matthew `` Matt '' Camden ( played by Barry Watson ) ( born 1980 ) is Annie and Eric 's firstborn . In the beginning of the series , Matt is a junior in high school . Matt sacrifices his school time to help others ; if they wished to remain anonymous , he would respect that and not even tell his father . During high school , he bounces from job to job , including tutor and Dairy Shack delivery driver . He is not always a star student , but he manages to graduate at the top of his class and get accepted for a White House internship in Washington , D.C. with First Lady Hillary Clinton . He returns to Glenoak for college , rooming with friend and fellow `` P.K. '' John Hamilton . Matt 's new uncle , Dr. Hank Hastings ( who had actually delivered him ) , helps him get a job in the hospital cafeteria ; during his time there , he decides to become a doctor . He ends up working at a women 's clinic with Hank , beginning by helping save the life of a woman who could not get anyone but Matt to take her symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy seriously . He meets Sarah Glass ( played by Sarah Danielle Madison ) , a fellow medical student , just when he really wished to meet the one who would be the love of his life . Their first date ends with them getting married . Because Sarah is the daughter of a rabbi ( played by Richard Lewis ) who wants his daughter to marry a Jewish man , they initially keep their marriage a secret . They eventually have a large family wedding presided over jointly by their proud fathers , who almost called off the wedding feuding over Matt , who plans to convert to Judaism . Matt and Sarah move to New York to attend medical school , and while there have been problems , they have remained happy together . Near the series ' end , they graduate from medical school and announce that they are expecting twin boys , who are born the following summer . It is also shown throughout the series that he knows American Sign Language , a result of his relationship with Heather , making him bilingual . Simon Camden ( edit ) David Gallagher as Simon Camden Simon Camden ( played by David Gallagher ) ( born 1986 ) is the fourth child and second son . In the early part of the series , he is known to his siblings as `` The Bank of Simon '' because he always seems to have money , and he loves to make money . His other interests have included golf , magic , and cars . During the pilot episode , Simon 's most fervent wish is for a dog . When asked to say grace before the family had dinner , he even includes a dog request in his prayer . Although his parents do not think he is mature enough for the responsibility of a pet , Annie goes to the pound `` just to look '' and falls in love with a dog who was scheduled to be euthanized . This dog became the Camdens ' beloved `` Happy . '' He meets a girl named Deena in sixth grade , and finds out that Eric consoled her family years ago when she was diagnosed with leukemia . They date for the majority of middle school , but break up on the last day of eighth grade , though they remain friends . High school is a rough transition for Simon , despite help from his bubbly , popular big sister Lucy . He dates a girl named Cecilia Smith ( Ashlee Simpson ) , and they even consider furthering their relationship sexually , but decide against it . The summer before his senior year , Simon accidentally hits and kills a boy named Paul Smith , who was Ruthie 's age . Since Paul was on a bicycle with no helmet and later proven to be under the influence of drugs , the death is ruled accidental and Simon is not brought up on criminal charges . However , Simon ca n't stop blaming himself for the accident and also fears retaliation from Paul 's older brother . He passes the CHSPE and leaves school early to start college . While in college , partly as a way to cope with his guilty feelings and low self - esteem , he breaks the family 's edict of not having premarital sex . Simon has three serious girlfriends over the course of the show : Deena , Cecilia and Rose . Simon later gets involved with a girl that he knew from college named Sandy , who has a son named Aaron , fathered by Martin Brewer . Simon provides emotional and , at one point , maybe even physical support for Sandy and her son . After a scare involving his girlfriend Georgia being pregnant ( it is later revealed that she only made the claim so Simon would stay with her ) , he meets Rose . Rose and Simon fall deeply in love , get engaged , and plan a wedding . They finally get to the wedding day , but they decide to not get married because neither is ready for marriage , and Rose still has feelings for an ex-boyfriend . Near the end of the series , Sandy and her son Aaron show up to the party after the non-wedding , and Sandy says she needs to talk to him . However , it is not revealed what Sandy wanted to tell Simon , but it is assumed that it is about Aaron 's paternity ; it had been hinted that Simon was in fact Aaron 's father . Season 11 , confirmed he is not the father . Simon eventually goes on to marry someone else or get engaged ( as hinted by Ruthie in season 11 ) , but it is unknown who , although we do find out that he graduates from college . Mary Camden ( edit ) Jessica Biel as Mary Camden Mary Camden - Rivera ( played by Jessica Biel ) ( born 1982 ) is the eldest daughter of Eric and Annie . By the time she is 14 , Mary is an aspiring athlete with an immense love for basketball . As the months progress , she seems to rise in both ability and confidence ( so much so that she wants to play in the WNBA someday ) until she is hit by a car before the end of her freshman year , critically injuring her knee . She has a series of different boyfriends . She dates Wilson West , a guy she meets at the park while with Ruthie , who becomes her first love . He later reveals to Mary that he had sex with a sixteen - year - old girl , and got her pregnant . The girl died in childbirth , leaving Wilson with a son , Billy ( actually named Wilson Jr . ) . By her senior year , she and her basketball teammates allow their grades to slip , which causes their coach to impose a lockout on them . After a secret meeting , the team decides to enact their frustrations by vandalizing the school gym . They are caught at the scene of the crime , and are arrested . Through a special program for first offenders , Mary is able to evade serious punishment by doing community service , which is where she meets Robbie Palmer . When she gets her driver 's license , she ca n't parallel park but , on Lucy 's advice , cries about it and the driving instructor compassionately gives her a passing grade . Mary has a dream of playing pro for the Lakers , and thinks that when her coach rings her up that this is the dream coming true , but it 's actually training disabled people for the Special Olympics . Mary decides not to go to college since she lost her scholarship , but work instead . She can not hold down a job , being fired everywhere , from The Pool Hall to Pete 's Pizza . While working at Pete 's , she meets Frankie and Johnny , a young , drug - addicted married couple who have a baby girl named Mercy . Eric and Annie learn that Mary has been caught drinking while babysitting her cousin , Erica , pulled over by a cop , and given a warning , and that she has numerous debts to credit card companies , insurance companies , and to her family . Not wanting Mary to hit rock bottom , Eric and Annie decide it is best that she go to Buffalo because they ca n't give her the attention she needs . She lives with her grandparents , works at a homeless shelter in the fall , and starts college in the winter . Her departure causes some people in the church community to think that Mary had an unplanned pregnancy , but Eric quickly refutes the rumor . She leaves home angry at her entire family , whom she sees as betraying her , and refuses to speak to her father . In time , she calms down and plans to return home for the summer , as she and Robbie start dating again . While in New York , she discovers that Wilson is also living there . Instead of staying in Glenoak for the summer like she originally planned , she breaks up with Robbie and moves back to New York and starts dating Wilson . After getting advice from the Colonel , she decides to get a job in public service . When she ca n't become a police officer because she is not old enough , she applies for a position as a firefighter , and , after the Colonel pulls some strings , she gets into the firefighter program . When she starts training , she meets Ben Kinkirk , who is also in training . He comes over to her place and they kiss , which Wilson walks in on . The two break up and she returns home to California for a time , but on a trip to New York with Lucy , she reveals that she is moving back to New York to train to be a flight attendant . She begins dating a pilot , Jack , who is the same age as her father , though this does not last . She moves to Florida for a time to get away from her family . While in Florida , Mary runs into Carlos Rivera , a man she had met while volunteering at a homeless shelter years earlier , and who the Camdens took in during the holiday season . Carlos and Mary get married shortly after Lucy , and they reveal her pregnancy and the marriage to her family at that time . Her parents visit at the birth of her son , Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' , named in honor of her and Carlos ' late grandfathers . They eventually divorce and Carlos takes Charlie back to Puerto Rico when Mary gives her parental rights up . It is announced by Carlos when he attends Simon 's wedding that the two are back together and that Mary is expecting twin girls . Though Mary is not at Simon 's wedding , she is able to still see her family the next day , as she finally graduates from college the same day as Matt and Sarah . During the following summer , Mary gives birth to twin daughters . Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( edit ) Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( played by Beverley Mitchell ) ( born 1983 ) is the third Camden child , and second daughter . Lucy is known ( in the earlier seasons ) for the many boyfriends she has , as well as being overly dramatic . Until season 4 , she is often seen as `` less than '' her sister Mary and her emotions often get her into trouble . By the time she reaches her junior year in high school , however , Lucy becomes much more settled and switches positions with Mary , becoming the good kid . Her first boyfriend is Jimmy Moon . She has one `` normal '' relationship with him , but they break up . In the beginning of season two , she is crying all summer and says that Jimmy is dating Ashley . At one point , she gets arrested for being in the area where Jimmy is dealing drugs . Later , Jimmy is shown when he had some problems with drugs , and the last time is when Lucy had a case as juror ( though nobody told her what it was about ; because she knew the defendant personally , she was dismissed ) . In school , she has lots of friends and is popular -- including being nominated for homecoming queen in her senior year . She has a very good relationship with her friend Mike , who is placed in a mental hospital and is otherwise ostracized . Although Mike likes Lucy , it never quite works out . Later Lucy becomes engaged to Mike 's friend , Jeremy , but they eventually break it off . In season seven , she marries Kevin Kinkirk and has a daughter named Savannah ( Leigh ) ( season 9 ) . They live in the apartment above the garage at the Camdens ' house up until Savannah is a few months old . She also becomes pregnant with twin boys , which she loses in a miscarriage that deeply upsets her emotional state -- though she eventually recovers . At the end of the summer , she tells Kevin that she does n't want to have any more children . She is a working mother ( working as an associate pastor ) , while her husband Kevin is a stay - at - home dad . However , Kevin is offered a job as a police sheriff in `` Crossroads '' . Later on , Lucy helps a young woman named Sandy with her pregnancy , and they soon become friends . In the end , Lucy continues as a minister , friend , mother and wife . She is offered another position in a different town as a minister , and announces that she is pregnant once again with twin daughters . Ruthie Camden ( edit ) Ruthie Camden ( played by Mackenzie Rosman ) ( born 1991 ) is the youngest daughter . She is named in honor of her paternal grandmother . During her youth , she is portrayed as the rather precocious family sneak who loves horses . She ages rapidly over the show 's run , beginning pre-Kindergarten during the first season and ending the series graduating high school a year early at age 17 . One of her teachers tries to call her `` Ruth '' as she assumes it is her given name , but Ruthie says her given name is `` Ruthie '' . In later seasons , she tells Robbie she has never had a nickname . She and Simon have lots of fun together as children , and become very close as they move toward maturity . Ruthie is the only one to briefly attend a private school , but she leaves it in protest that her friend Yasmine is being denied admission because she is a Muslim . During her freshman year she develops feelings for Camden houseguest Martin Brewer and even tells him she loves him -- but quickly covers by adding `` as a brother . '' In her sophomore year of high school she begins to wear makeup and dates older boys in the hope that this would lead to a relationship with Martin . In season ten 's `` Love and Obsession '' , she dreams everything from Martin telling her that a paternity test had proved that Simon , not Martin , is Aaron 's father ; to there being no Aaron at all because Martin had never met Sandy . When her former boyfriend and first love Peter returns during this time , she realizes that she had moved on from him . After ignoring Sandy for most of her pregnancy , Martin is present for Aaron 's birth , as are both of Aaron 's grandfathers - to - be . Upon Aaron 's birth Martin leaves Glenoak for college ; he now lives near his son . This leaves Ruthie heartbroken , but by the time Martin finally admits to her that he loves her , she is in love with new Camden houseguest T - Bone . Ruthie and T - Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other 's names . Well Ruthie gets T - Bone name but T - Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthies initials R.C. After an argument they break up . Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly . Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T - Bone and then Ruthie and T - Bone get back together . Ruthie decides to graduate from high school early and that she and T - Bone want to travel the world together . After her graduation , Ruthie with T - Bone join the whole family , and the other current Camden house guests , for an RV road trip that includes a stop at Simon 's college graduation and that after that Ruthie and T - Bone plan to go travel the world together . Sam and David Camden ( edit ) Samuel `` Sam '' and David Camden ( born 1999 ) are fraternal twin boys and the youngest of the Camden children . They were originally played by all four Brino quadruplets ; Lorenzo , Myrinda , Nikolas , and Zachary , but once the quads started aging and showing differences between them , Lorenzo and Nikolas became the official actors for Sam and David . Sam and David are born during episode fourteen of season three ( `` In Praise of Women '' ) . This episode was The WB 's most watched hour . They were partly named after the R&B duo Sam and Dave . Happy ( edit ) Happy the Dog debuts in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want '' , in which Simon begs his parents for a dog , and also prays to God about it . One day , he is up in his attic and he hears a faint bark . He then looks out the window and a dog is sitting in the front yard . Later ( in the two - part season two finale ) , the daughter of Happy 's previous owners sees their dog ( they called her Whitey ) on TV and wants her back . The father comes to the Camdens threatening legal action if `` Happy '' / `` Whitey '' is not returned . Simon and Ruthie try to dye Happy 's fur with food coloring in an attempt to make her look like a different dog . At the end ( of part two ) , Happy runs away to return to the Camdens , and Whitey 's family agrees that after two years with the Camdens , this beloved pet belonged with them and would not be `` happy '' anywhere else . Extended family ( edit ) The Glass family ( edit ) Dr. Sarah Glass - Camden ( portrayed by Sarah Danielle Madison ) is the only child of Richard and Rosina Glass and the wife of Matt Camden . She first appears in the season six episode `` I Really Do '' as one of Matt 's co-workers in the free women 's clinic where both Matt and Hank work . Matt has a blind date , but he is called in to go to work instead at the last minute , and ends up talking to Sarah all night . Sarah asks Matt out for coffee and they grow quite close . She is an only child with a Rabbi for a father . Sarah reveals that she is independently wealthy , along with many other `` intimate '' details . The next night , they go out for dinner after introducing each other to their parents . They marry that night , but when they try to tell her parents , they end up only admitting they `` got engaged '' . Ruthie is the only person to find out about the marriage ( and keeps it a secret until the season ten episode `` Secrets '' ) . The Camdens have dinner at the Glass house , in an attempt by Matt and Sarah to bring the families closer . After both fathers do all they can to stop it , Matt and Sarah marry for the second time . Matt and Sarah attend medical school at Columbia University in New York City , returning to Glenoak when they can , sometimes together , sometimes separately . Their marriage hits some shaky patches , especially as Matt keeps encountering his ex-girlfriend Heather . At first , Matt and Sarah do not reveal to anyone at the hospital that they are married , and Sarah decides that even married , she will be known professionally as Dr. Glass . In the season ten finale , the Glass - Camdens graduate and announce that they are expecting twin boys in the summer . Rabbi Richard Glass ( Richard Lewis ) is Sarah 's father . He did not approve of Matt at first because he is not Jewish . When the Camdens have dinner at his home , he tries to make them feel comfortable by joking around with them . At the same time , he is very serious about Judaism and the laws surrounding it . Despite his and Eric 's religious differences , they have become good friends following their children 's marriage . Rosina Glass ( Laraine Newman ) is Sarah 's mother . Unlike her husband Rosina liked Matt and helped Sarah plan her wedding to Matt . She is more easy going and relaxed than her husband . The riveras ( edit ) Carlos Rivera ( Carlos Ponce ) becomes Mary 's husband in season eight after a guest appearance five seasons earlier in the episode `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' . ( While Jessica Biel was absent from the show , her character of Mary continues with the help of Carlos . ) Mary and Carlos even have a son , Charles `` Charlie '' Miguel . Although Mary files for divorce from Carlos and even signs away custody of her son ( in the two - part season nine finale ) , by the season ten finale they are back together and expecting twin girls , and Mary is graduating college . In the beginning of season 11 , it is mentioned that Mary gave birth to her twins over the summer and is teaching at a high school and coaching a girls high school basketball team in New York , where she and Carlos live with their three children . Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' Rivera is Mary and Carlos 's baby boy named after Carlos ' & Mary 's grandfathers who have died . The kinkirks ( edit ) Kevin Kinkirk ( George Stults ) is first introduced as a police officer in a New York airport , and soon revealed to be Ben 's older brother . Kevin and Lucy set up a date as soon as they met , and like each other so much they decide to pursue a long distance relationship . Kevin eventually transfers to the Glenoak police force , and moves in with the Camdens . Around season seven , he took over Matt 's role as the big brother of the Camden family . He reveals to Lucy that he was once married before , when he and an ex-girlfriend had a pregnancy scare . Kevin and Lucy eventually get engaged and marry each other , living together in the apartment over the garage and then moving into the house directly behind the Camdens at the end of season nine `` Kevin Loves Lucy . '' Kevin has a daughter with Lucy named Savannah . Kevin is almost shot at and decides to be a stay at home dad . He convinces Lucy to adopt a Great Dane named Sampson , but Lucy also makes the decision to adopt a tiny Yorkshire terrier named Delilah . It is revealed that Kevin and Lucy were expecting twin boys ; however , Lucy has a miscarriage over the summer . In the series finale , Lucy tells him that she is pregnant again . Savannah Kinkirk ( Alyssa & Hannah Yadrick ) ( born in season nine episode `` Paper or Plastic ? '' ) is Kevin and Lucy 's first child . She is named after Savannah , Georgia , where Kevin and Lucy went on their honeymoon . Savannah was born in an elevator with Matt and Kevin helping with the delivery . Ben Kinkirk ( Geoff Stults ) is Kevin 's younger brother . They are two years apart . He is introduced as Mary 's fellow firefighter trainee in Buffalo ( in the season six episode `` Relationships '' ) . Ben becomes interested in Mary while she is pondering Wilson 's marriage proposal . Ben attends Kevin and Lucy 's wedding in the episode `` We Do . '' The last time he appears is in season 11 's `` Pain in the Neck '' , where he attempts to flirt with Ms. Margo , the teacher who made a move on Eric . Patty - Mary Kinkirk ( Natalie Ramsey ) is Ben and Kevin 's younger sister . She first appears in season six 's `` Letting Go '' . She is introduced as a student in San Francisco . The jacksons ( edit ) Jenny Jackson ( Alice Hirson ) is Annie 's mother . She is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want , '' when she came to Glenoak to tell Annie that she had Leukemia . In the episode , In the Blink of an Eye , after spending her final days living life to its fullest , ( i.e. shopping for the family , drinking wine , flying first class , not watching her cholesterol ) she dies in her sleep while staying with the Camdens . She tells Annie goodbye and disappears in her room . Her post-funeral and memorial occurred in No Funerals and a Wedding . While Annie is asleep before she gives birth to the twins , Jenny appears to her in a dream , encouraging and reassuring her ( in season three , episode 14 `` In Praise of Women '' ) . Her final appearance was made in the season eleven episode `` Christmas '' , where she tries to help Eric after he is suddenly transported to heaven . She shows Eric a pin that was given to her by Charles after Annie was born , and Annie ends up finding it in Eric 's hand when he comes home . Charles Jackson ( Graham Jarvis ) is Annie 's father , who is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want . '' In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' he almost tells Simon that his moon rocks are not real , and then receives them later and declares that he is lucky to have them . He has another daughter named Lily , whom he fathered from a previous relationship . He quickly takes off after Jenny 's funeral , in `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' because he does not want to fall apart . He ends up turning back from the airport and sits at the cemetery for a few hours before finally returning to the Camdens ' house to apologize to Annie . He later appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where he introduces his new girlfriend , Ginger , to the Camdens . This angers Annie , but the problem is solved ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' ) . He later marries Ginger , and is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease shortly afterwards . When Lily is getting married , Charles plans on walking her down the aisle , much to the dismay of Annie , but ends up having a heart attack and dying . Ginger Jackson ( Beverly Garland ) is Charles Jackson 's second wife , whom he meets three months after Jenny 's death . She first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where she is introduced to the Camden family as his girlfriend . However , Annie quickly develops a hatred of her , and refuses to accept the relationship . She makes peace with Annie in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 . '' She marries Charles in the season three episode `` And the Home of the Brave '' , where they both acknowledge the so - called `` baggage '' of their past . She is the first person to tell Annie about her father 's Alzheimer 's , as well as the one to inform Eric of his death . The Hastings ( edit ) Julie Camden - Hastings ( Deborah Raffin ) is the younger sister of Eric . She flies in from New York to be with the Camdens for Thanksgiving . While she is there , she tries to hide the fact that she is an alcoholic . When Simon is playing `` Batman '' , he takes the key to the liquor cabinet , pretending it is the key to Gotham City . Julie tries to get the key back , but when he would not give it to her , she attacks him . Annie runs in and throws her out of the house . Instead of sending her to a hospital , Eric locks her in his bedroom while she starts to go through detoxification . She eventually checks herself into a rehab center . After living in the center for a few months , she goes back to New York to live with her parents , the Colonel and Ruth . She returns to Glenoak two years later to get a fresh start . Back in New York , everyone knows that she used to be an alcoholic and she is fired as a principal because of her drinking . While in Glenoak , she gets a job as a teacher and falls in love with Hank Hastings , the doctor who almost killed Matt during delivery . The two elope in Eric 's church . Julie becomes pregnant and wants to leave Hank because she feels that he was cheating on her with one of his female patients , which is not true . Julie goes into labor at the Camdens ' house and Hank delivers the child in Eric and Annie 's bedroom . She gives birth to a girl , whom she and Hank name Erica , after Eric and Annie . When Julie and Hank need a babysitter , they take the risk of allowing Mary , who had been quite irresponsible , to babysit . Later , when they can not get a hold of Mary , they rush back and discover that their place is a mess , the phone is off the hook , a liquor bottle is on the table , and Mary 's friends ' baby , Mercy , was left with Mary while she was supposed to be babysitting Erica . Julie later wants to leave Hank again when she discovers that he had left his job at the hospital to be the head of a Women 's Clinic without discussing it with her first . Eric locks them in a room at the clinic and tells them that they could not come out until they had worked out their problems . They reconcile and Hank learns that Julie is pregnant again . She gives birth to a baby boy . Both she and Hank attend Lucy 's wedding . Dr. Hank Hastings ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) is Julie 's husband . He was Annie 's doctor when she was pregnant with Matt , which resulted in his premature delivery . Both Annie and Eric are upset that he never apologized for his actions , but he then explains that what happened with them made him go back to medical school in order to be a better doctor . He unexpectedly delivers Sam and David , and the family is shown to have forgiven him . He starts dating Eric 's younger sister Julie , and they get married after discovering that she 's pregnant . Erica Hastings is Julie 's daughter . She is born at the Camdens ' home , in Eric and Annie 's bed , which was given to her parents because of that . Feeling that they want to thank Eric and Annie they name her after them : `` Eric '' , and the `` A '' after Annie . The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's parents ) ( edit ) John `` The Colonel '' Camden ( Peter Graves ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's father , who used to be in the Marines . Whenever he visits his son 's home to visit the grandchildren , he expects military discipline , order and organization , even from his son . He was a Colonel in the Korean War and was evacuated for an unknown reason in 1953 . He met Ruth the same year and they were expecting Eric and had to get married . He first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' , when he and Ruth go on their annual visit to the Camdens , where they always bring candy that their grandkids dislike . During their visit , they go to a hardware store with Annie , Mary , and Lucy . The cashier , Emma , has rings that are a replica of Annie 's stolen ones . She suspects this , but then excuses this thought . The Colonel visits Eric at the church and is forced to put a cigar away because of a church rule . He suspects someone is in the room , and sure enough , a homeless orphan named George was hiding there . The Colonel and Ruth adopt him after Eric lets them . He later appears in `` It 's About George '' , where George 's biological father Will Grayson is found to be alive and wants his son back . He does not want this to happen , so he is willing to sue . Eric informs his father that he would lose and that Will legally has every right to take George with him , but George refuses to move in with Will and runs away . Eric later creates a compromise and he reluctantly accepts . He also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where he and Ruth scare him , but later apologize . He thought that Julie hated him and that he lost all of his children . Julie later confronts him and tells him that she loves him . He and Ruth buy Eric an RV the final episode , though he is not shown . Apart from his annual visits he also makes occasional surprise visits . In `` Lead , Follow or Get Out of The Way '' , he arrives to help Eric with his major news coverage of his service and in the process helps Mary who is contemplating quitting basketball , Simon , who is training to be a magician ( despite the Colonel 's dislike for it ) , and Lucy who is slacking in school , and starts to connect with her . Ruth Camden ( Barbara Rush ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's mother . She first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' on an annual trip to visit Eric and Annie . She gives Lucy the first letter that The Colonel gave to her and both Mary and Lucy read it . She and The Colonel later adopt George at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' she hears that George 's biological father Will is alive and plans to legally take his son back . She gets upset and blames Julie for this , but then apologizes . She also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where she and The Colonel scare him , but later apologize . George Grayson Camden ( Sam Saletta ) is a homeless orphan who went from one foster home to the next until he is found in Eric 's office . George informs them that his parents are dead . At first , Eric and Annie want to adopt him , but The Colonel and Ruth become his adopted parents , thereby becoming Eric and Julie 's brother . In `` It 's About George '' he meets his real father Will Grayson . It turns out that Will faked his death and plans to legally take George with him . Ruth and The Colonel refuse to give George up and plan to take legal action to keep their son . Eric explains to them that the judge would grant custody of George to his biological father and because Will never signed the adoption papers he has every right to take George . He gets upset about being legally forced to live with Will . George refuses to leave his adopted family behind . He runs away and declares that would rather live at the orphanage . His dad later moves in with him , at The Colonel and Ruth 's in Buffalo , New York . In `` Tit for Tat '' , it is revealed that he followed in The Colonel 's footsteps and joined the army , serving in Iraq . It was also revealed that he married Jane , who had stayed at the Camden 's . Other recurring characters ( edit ) The Hamiltons ( edit ) Reverend Morgan Hamilton ( Dorian Harewood ) is a minister at Trinity Church and a close friend of Eric 's . He first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where he attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . In `` The Color of God '' , his church building is burnt to the ground by racists , and he and his family are invited to stay at the Camdens ' . He speaks at Eric 's church , where his entire congregation attends the week after the church was burnt . He is sad and angry , but is relieved when the Glenoak Community Church gives him funding to rebuild . He later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where he rounds up all of the athletes who had stole items from the Varsity Cafe and brings them to the courthouse . This causes the manager of the restaurant to drop the charges . He later appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes camping with his wife , Eric and Annie . He and Eric secretly call Sgt . Michaels to check the house and make sure everything is okay . John Hamilton ( 1996 -- 2001 ) ( Chaz Lamar Shepherd ) is the oldest of the Hamilton children . He first appears in `` The Color of God . '' When his father 's church is burned down , he stays in Matt 's room . At first , the two are not very fond of each other , but this later changes . He later appears in the episode `` America 's Most Wanted '' where he is an eyewitness to Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he brings a date to the Camdens ' while his parents and Eric and Annie are out of town , joining the wild party that Mary and Keesha 's friends are throwing . He later becomes Matt 's roommate . He later married to a woman named Priscilla Carter at the end of season five , his last appearance on the show . Patricia Hamilton ( Olivia Brown ) first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where she attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . Patricia is Morgan 's wife , and she is in her second marriage . When her church is burnt down she feels scared until she finds out that the church would have a new security system with volunteer cops . They later have some marital problems , but it is quickly solved . She talks with Annie in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' about the carjacking . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' where she goes camping with her husband , Eric , and Annie . During the camping trip , her ex-husband calls like usual , which drives Morgan crazy . Keesha Hamilton ( Gabrielle Union ) is the second oldest Hamilton child . She first appears in `` The Color of God '' where she stays in Lucy and Mary 's room after her family 's church is burnt down . She later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where she is an eye - witness of Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where she attends a party that she is partially responsible for . She is a friend of Mary and Lucy 's in a few episodes . Nigel Hamilton ( David Netter ) is the third Hamilton child . He is a friend of Simon 's , and first appears in `` The Color of God . '' Someone makes a racist comment to him , in which Simon responds with violence , resulting in a suspension . He appears in `` What Will People Say ? '' , where he witnesses Simon 's embarrassing moment , where his `` love letter '' was intercepted by a bully . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes to a movie with Simon , Ruthie , Lynn , Lucy , and Jimmy . He and Simon get in trouble for throwing popcorn . Lynn Hamilton ( Camille Winbush ) is the youngest of the Hamiltons , and is Ruthie 's friend who first appears in `` The Color of God . '' In `` Happy 's Valentine , '' she attends a movie with Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , Lucy , and Jimmy . She and Ruthie fall asleep while the movie is going on . Chandler Hampton ( edit ) Chandler Hampton ( Jeremy London ) is the minister who fills in for Eric Camden while he is away having his heart bypass and recovering . He is later asked to stay on as an associate to assist Eric in his busy schedule . Eric meets Chandler 's twin brother in one episode and mistakes him for Chandler . He becomes friends with Roxanne Richardson ( Rachel Blanchard ) . He later takes in a young boy , with the intention of adopting . Shana Sullivan ( edit ) Shana Sullivan ( 1998 -- 2002 ) ( Maureen Flannigan ) is one of Matt 's major girlfriends , who eventually decides to go to New York University . The resulting long - distance relationship between Matt and Shana fails . Shana and Matt eventually break up because Shana meets somebody else named Brett and Matt admits that he is in love with Heather . Robbie Palmer ( edit ) Robbie Palmer ( 1999 -- 2002 ) ( Adam LaVorgna ) is Mary 's , and then later Lucy 's , boyfriend . He had been with some friends who were drinking underage and they were all arrested . Being a first time offender , he is able to avoid serious punishment by doing community service . While doing community service , he meets Mary . The two have dates at the Camden house under Eric and Annie 's supervision , because they feel they can not trust Robbie . After a while , Robbie convinces Eric and Annie to let him take Mary to the coffee shop , where his parents met , for Valentine 's Day . The coffee shop turns out to be a motel . Mary punches him and leaves . He comes back a few months later to try to win back Mary . The two get back together , get engaged , and plan to move in together . However , Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , Cheryl , sees him and Mary together and realizes that he had been two - timing her . She tells Mary and Mary breaks up with him because she needs to figure out her life . Robbie comes back a few months later with Cheryl , asking if Eric would marry the two of them because she was pregnant , which is not true , and the two are living together in Cheryl 's apartment . Eric later finds Robbie living on the streets , and Robbie tells him that the only reason he was going to marry Cheryl was because she was pregnant , and when he found out she was n't , he left , but had nowhere to go . Eric invites Robbie to stay in the Camden house , which does not go over very well with the rest of the family . But in time , everyone came to treat Robbie like a member of the family . He and Mary started dating again and she planned to come home from New York for the summer to be with him . However , her old boyfriend , Wilson West , comes to beg Mary to stay in New York with him . She chooses to be with Wilson , and leaves Robbie heartbroken . While on the rebound from Mary , Robbie starts to date Lucy , who is on the rebound from her ex-fiancé , Jeremy . They date only a short time before they realize that being together is awkward . Robbie then begins to date Joy Reyes . Mary and Lucy become jealous of Joy and each try to win him back . Joy breaks up with Robbie , and again , he is left heartbroken . He dates Roxanne Richardson , whom he had known since grade seven , for a short while before leaving the Camden house to live in Florida and take care of his sick mother . Robbie has an older brother , Ronald , and a younger brother , Rick . Peter Petrowski ( edit ) Peter Petrowski ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( Scotty Leavenworth ) is a neighbor to the Camdens ; the son of Vic and Paris . Peter is Ruthie 's boyfriend in middle school . His father , Vic , was an alcoholic who left his mother when he was young . In the episode `` Smoking '' it is revealed that Peter smokes . He decides to stop smoking later in the episode because he knows Ruthie does n't like that he smokes . His father returns sober in the episode `` The Prodigal Father '' and both Peter and his mother forgive him . When Peter is caught drinking , Vic is very upset with him and gives him a lecture on how he does n't want Peter to make the same mistakes that he himself made . Eventually Peter 's mother and father get back together , despite the fact that Peter had previously hoped that his mother would marry Chandler , who she had been dating before the return of her ex-husband . It is revealed ( in the season nine premiere ) that Peter moves away with his parents the summer before Ruthie starts high school . Ruthie is n't greatly upset about it as she was more upset with Martin for not driving her to school on her first day . He is not seen again until the episode `` Leaps of Faith '' when Peter 's parents , who are having another baby , ask Reverend Camden to marry them . He appears one last time in the episode `` Highway to Cell '' , when Reverend Camden gives Ruthie 's cell number to Vic and Vic convinces Peter to call Ruthie . They communicate for a short while through cellphone and even planned to study in Scotland together , but Peter failed a class so his parents did n't allow him to . They once again drift apart . Roxanne Richardson ( edit ) Roxanne Richardson ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Rachel Blanchard ) is Kevin 's partner , the object of much of Lucy 's jealousy but later become close friends with Lucy and they set up girls nights out where Lucy tells Roxanne what 's going on in her life with her husband . She was an old crush of Robbie , and Chandler 's girlfriend . Later on , Roxanne reveals that she will be going to Iraq . Cecilia Smith ( edit ) Cecilia Smith ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Ashlee Simpson ) is Simon 's girlfriend , who then dates Martin . She later dumps Martin , who loved her but she was not sure she felt the same . Another reason ( which is not very clearly shown ) might be that she thought Simon was returning -- whereas he only came for vacations -- and they might get back together ( because it would no longer be a long - distance relationship ) . When Simon comes home ( at the end of season eight ) , it was vaguely revealed that their relationship did not work out , because over the summer Cecilia went away to college , and it was only when Simon begins dating and having sex with Georgia ( in season nine ) that it is revealed that they had broken up . Cecilia becomes very close to the Camdens while dating Simon , and even when he leaves to go to college she still spends a lot of time with his family , babysitting the twins , helping out around the house and often being there for meals , this escalates when Annie is away looking after her sick father , she is there so often that Annie becomes jealous of her role in the family , with the twins loving her and saying she is `` more fun than Mommy '' . Annie and Cecilia discuss this and Annie resolves her jealousy when she realizes Cecilia is just trying to help , and she continues to be part of the ' extended Camden family ' until she leaves for college . Martin Brewer ( edit ) Martin Brewer ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( Tyler Hoechlin ) is the only son of the Marine , Bill Brewer . His mother died when he was young and , until he was 16 , he lived with his Aunt Betsy , when his dad was deployed . During his sophomore year in high school , the Brewers moved to Glenoak . Martin walks into the Camdens ' life by chance and joins the already - growing over-glut of teen boys there . He follows Ruthie and her then - boyfriend Peter to the Camden house and everyone assumes that he is a friend of Simon 's , except Simon thinks that he is there to see his dad . While Martin 's aunt , an aspiring fashion designer , wants the two of them to move to New York , Eric manages to convince her to let Martin stay with them so as not to uproot him again . Martin 's favorite sport is baseball and has been scouted by both colleges and professional baseball teams . One team even offers him a contract during his sophomore year in high school ( which he eventually turns down to complete his education ) . Martin lives with the Camdens for two years before his father 's tour in Iraq finally ends and he returns home . He also has fixed , rigid beliefs about sexuality and is staunchly conservative , which pleases most of the Camdens , except Simon . When Martin snoops into Simon 's private affairs , Martin harps at Simon about the evils of non-marital sex when he finds out that Simon is sexually active . Prior to his senior year in high school , while visiting Simon , Martin is not practicing what he preached about pre-marital sex , and has sex one time with a girl named Sandy Jameson . The event results in Sandy getting pregnant . Martin graduates a semester early and , with the assistance of Eric and his high school baseball coach , starts college . He now lives near Sandy and their son . While Martin is not in the season ten finale , Sandy makes an appearance after the failed wedding of Simon and Rose . It ends with Sandy telling Simon she needs to speak with him ( Much speculation surrounded this , that it was in fact Simon 's baby ) . Ruthie falls in love with Martin in the meantime . Finally , near the end of the series , Martin declares his love for Ruthie , but then Ruthie had to choose between Martin and T - Bone . At the end , despite all they have been through , she decides to go with T - Bone , leaving Martin heartbroken . Chief of police Michaels ( edit ) Chief of Police Michaels ( Christopher Michael ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as a Sergeant who assists lost Simon , Ruthie , and Happy ; he takes them home , but when they find the house empty , he escorts them to Mary 's basketball game , where most of the family converge despite Mary 's initial wish . He returns in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' to investigate the Camdens ' carjacking . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , Eric and Morgan call him from a camping trip to check on the kids at the house . He catches his son with beer and sends him home thereby ending the wild party . He then notifies Matt that Happy was hit by a car , and he takes her to Abbott Animal Hospital . He also informs Eric when Simon got in the car accident . He is Kevin 's boss when he is a police officer . He is later promoted to detective , then to captain . In `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' he and Officer McGuire rush over to the Camdens ' after Ruthie calls `` 911 '' , because Simon was hiding in his room . Near the series ' end he is promoted to Police Chief of Glenoak . He and Eric are friends and occasionally work together ; he refers people to Eric for counseling , Eric accompanies him on death notifications , etc . Meredith Davies ( edit ) Meredith Davies ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( Megan Henning ) is Martin 's ex-girlfriend , who ends their relationship after he told her about Sandy and the baby . Meredith and her siblings were taken in by Cecilia 's parents , but were never legally adopted by them due to the meddling of their birth mother . After she and Martin breakup , Meredith 's younger sister tells everyone at school that Martin got Ruthie pregnant . After discovering this , Meredith quickly denies the rumor , explaining to her sister that Martin got Sandy pregnant . Sandy Jameson ( edit ) Sandy Jameson ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( Haylie Duff ) was introduced in the season 10 premiere as Simon 's fiancée Rose 's best friend , to whom Martin lost his virginity the previous summer . In the season opener , Sandy reveals she might be pregnant . This is later confirmed , and she gives birth to a baby boy named Aaron ( after Martin 's grandfather ) . In the season 10 finale , she had to speak with Simon , possibly about the baby 's paternity . In season 11 , she meets Jonathan , a doctor , and he proposes . Together , they decide to get married , but having gone on the RV vacation , it is unknown whether or not they get married and stay together . Rose Taylor ( edit ) Rosanna `` Rose '' Taylor ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( Sarah Thompson ) was introduced ( in the season nine finale `` Mi Familia Part 1 '' ) as Simon 's current girlfriend . The two are not necessarily serious but she seems eager to engage and marry , pressuring Simon into proposing . When at first he refuses , she takes it as disinterest in her and backs away , provoking him to commit to marrying her . By season ten they are engaged , and she makes wedding plans . The initial plan was for the two to engage at the end of their current school year and wed at the end of the following year , but she pressures him into moving the engagement date forward . During Rose 's time on the show , she becomes a very disliked person by all except for Sandy Jameson , who was her one friend there . Rose is known for being selfish , rude , inconsiderate , and thoughtless , rubbing Eric and Annie the wrong way more than anyone . By 2006 , Simon and Rose change plans to marry in May , something they both wanted to be ready for , but still held insecurities and doubts . Annie , however , decides that they could not marry , and when an ex-boyfriend of Rose 's surfaces in March , she sees an opportunity . Though most had come to accept Simon dating Rose , no one knew her at all , and it was this boyfriend who convinces Rose that she is not being a good person . In the episode Invitation to Disaster , she has a sit - down confession with Annie , explaining that she has been unaware of how she was acting and that her relationship with her parents and never really being disciplined or close to them at all is part of the reason . This provokes Annie to see her in a different light , and while she and Annie take on a mother / daughter relationship , no one else is crazy about them marrying . It is her ex-boyfriend Humberto who makes her realize that she is not ready to marry and that he still has feelings for her . So although they had gotten to the wedding day , they end up parting ways amicably . It is unknown whether they still keep in touch . Minor recurring characters ( edit ) Gladys Bink ( Eileen Brennan ) first appears in the pilot episode , where Eric pays her to pretend that she had lost a lung , breathing on an oxygen tank , and trying to still smoke cigarettes . This trick makes Matt quit smoking . Later , she appears in `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , where Matt helps her with a few things around the house . But because he does not come help her get her money down from a high shelf , she takes a hard fall and Matt and Eric visit her in the hospital . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' she visits Mary at the hospital and persuades Annie 's father to solve the problem by using her `` ways '' ( i.e. lying ) . She has been a member of the Glenoak Community Church for many years , and has a reputation of being an excellent fundraiser . At the end of season seven , she is diagnosed with cancer and Chandler moves into her guest house to help her out . Chandler is the minister who married Gladys to her third husband Fred , though without the blessing of Fred 's mother . She is the show 's most - recurring character . Beau Brewer ( Costas Mandylor ) is Martin Brewer 's father , who served 2 tours in Iraq . When he comes home for three days , he does not speak to Martin until the last day , uneasy because it might be their last conversation . The season ten premiere discloses that he started up a landscaping business . Betsy Brewer ( Keri Lynn Pratt ) is Martin 's aunt whom he stays with in Glenoak while his Marine dad is deployed in Iraq . Heather Cain ( Andrea Ferrell ) is a deaf girl whom Matt sees at the airport ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) . He goes over to her house and meets her and her mother , Donna ( Meg Wittner ) . On their first date the next night , Heather runs out of the party after being teased . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Eric `` lures '' Matt to a cafe where deaf people work and eat . Matt meets Heather there . They eventually apologize and say they want to get to know each other . In season two , she goes away to school in Philadelphia and breaks up with Matt . In season three , she returns and says she 's getting married , but in the finale she runs off with Matt on her wedding day after learning that her fiancé cheated on her . In season four , she transfers to Crawford College and sees that Matt is in a relationship with Shana Sullivan . In the season finale she tells Matt she still loves him and he breaks up with Shana . Matt and Heather decide to elope , but ( in the season five premiere ) it 's revealed that she left him at the altar . She later tells Matt she has another boyfriend , but they eventually break up and she moves to New York . In season eight , Matt meets her on a flight to Glenoak and she says she 's divorced and going back to Glenoak to start over , and they have dinner together as friends . Cheryl ( Barret Swatek ) is Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , whom he almost marries . Cheryl also dates Matt for a short while . Corey Conway ( Alicia Leigh Willis ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as Mary 's basketball teammate . Mary is of the few people to stand by her friend when it is revealed that she left her last school because she had a baby at 14 . Corey ended up dating Mary 's longtime flame Wilson West , also a teenage single parent . In the season nine episode `` Fathers , '' we learn that they have married and become a blended family . Lou Dalton ( Alan Fudge ) works for Glenoak Community Church . He first appears in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' objecting to Eric 's plan to hire an ex-convict as the new organist when Mrs. Hinkle retires . At series ' end he resigns as head deacon and moves away from Glenoak . Daniel ( Aaron Staton ) is Sandy 's school friend , introduced in `` Turn , Turn , Turn , '' who later tells Sandy he 's in love with her . Upset , Sandy calls Eric for advice . In `` You Take the High Road , '' Sandy desperately tries to break up with him . Frankie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Mary 's friend and co-worker at Pete 's Pizza . At Mary 's age , she 's already married to Johnny -- who verbally and physically abuses her -- and raising their daughter Mercy , but still drinking , smoking , and doing other drugs . After Frankie and Johnny get busted for marijuana , Eric forbids Mary to have anything to do with them outside of work , but she is unable to comply . Frankie eventually leaves town without her family . Odile Hinkle ( Peg Phillips ) is Mrs. Bink 's neighbor and best friend . In `` We The People '' , Mrs. Hinkle provides a rest - stop for erstwhile newspaper - couriers Simon and Ruthie , then literally rides to their rescue . In `` Says Who ? '' , Mrs. Hinkle disappears , moving to a seniors ' residence without informing anyone , leaving Mrs. Bink and Eric to investigate her disappearance . At one time , she was the organist for Glenoak Community Church , but eventually retires from that position , leaving Eric to find someone else as a replacement . Georgia Huffington ( Rheagan Wallace ) is Simon 's ex-girlfriend / lover . She is portrayed as the first girl that Simon had sex with . They get married when she tells Simon that she 's pregnant , but it is quickly revealed to be a lie . Simon ends their relationship shortly afterwards . Jane ( Sarah Mason ) is a homeless girl who stays at the Camdens ' . After her father left her mother , her mother 's new live - in boyfriend , whom she meets via the Internet , threatens to harm Jane , causing her to flee . Despite not actually being pregnant , she seeks refuge at the home for teenage mothers , but Lucy turns her down , but she and her friend Margaret are soon invited to move into the Camdens ' garage apartment . In `` Broken Hearts and Promises , '' she gets a job at the Dairy Shack . `` You Take the High Road '' reveals that she used to be married to a soldier , but left him after he started hitting her . In ( `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' ) , with help from Kevin when her first husband does not show up for their divorce hearing . She latter gets the divorce papers and In `` Tit for Tat , '' she marries Eric 's adopted brother George after the conflict of her first marriage fixed and her divorce goes through . While arguing with T - Bone about his mother coming to see him , she blurts out Eric 's heart problems on the Promenade . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she and T - Bone insist that a salesman donates a bed for Eric and Annie . In the series finale , she announces that her mom is in rehab ( her parents used to smoke pot ) and her mom 's boyfriend is in jail for breaking his probation . Jeff ( Ryan Bittle ) first appears in the pilot episode . He is Matt 's best friend since age six , and Mary 's crush since age ten . While jogging with Lucy , Mary runs into him and he asks her if she wants help with her foul shot ; Matt spies on him while the two shoot baskets . In `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' Jeff asks Mary to go to a party , then an R - rated movie , neither of which she is allowed to attend . In `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' Jeff attends Mary 's grandmother 's memorial service at the Camdens ' . Mary starts to dislike him as he has become clingy . Later , Lucy tells him that she is sorry that they broke up , even though Mary had not dumped him . When Jeff asks Mary to go steady she refuses as she would rather be his friend then date him . They then end up as friends . Johnny ( Nathan West ) is Pete 's nephew and Frankie 's husband , who leaves his infant daughter , Mercy , at the Camden 's doorstop after Frankie leaves him . He ends up deciding to be a single parent . Jordan ( Wade Carpenter ) briefly dates both Mary and Lucy . He is first seen playing basketball with Mary before the show focuses on his relationship with Lucy . When a teacher catches Lucy slapping Jordan , Mary explains that they were rehearsing a scene from Gone With the Wind . When Lucy discovers that Jordan and Mary intend to attend a co-ed sleepover for the basketball teams , she gets jealous and tries to seduce Jordan , but Matt catches them kissing and escorts her home before anything more serious can happen . In the season three finale , Jordan says he still loves Mary but does not want to hurt Lucy ( who overhears ) . Jordan and Mary 's renewed relationship creates a sibling rift ; later that day the girls and their boyfriends engage in a kissing contest until Aunt Julie orders the boys to leave ; Jordan disappears after this . `` We do n't speak of him '' , Mary tells Simon in season four , but when the unpleasant subject does insist on coming up , he 's referred to as `` Big Lips '' , such as in `` Simon 's Home Video '' . Mac ( Kyle Searles ) is Martin 's best friend . Cecilia sets him up with Pam early on . Ruthie has a crush on him during season nine , but does little about it as he is two years older . In season 11 , he rents an apartment with Jane and Margaret and falls in love with the latter . He and Margaret later begin dating . Margaret ( Andrea Morris ) is Jane 's very shy friend . She gets highly emotional when Annie calls the paramedics because she thinks something is wrong with Eric . She gets a job at the Dairy Shack in `` Broken Hearts and Promises . '' She reveals to T - Bone ( in `` You Take the High Road '' ) that Jane called his mother and she is coming to see him . She later reveals her past in `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' : Her father abused her mother and she ended up going from home to home . Unwilling to be abused for saying the wrong thing , she became shy . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she helps Sam and David prepare the song `` This Land is Our Land '' for Eric , Annie , and Ruthie 's homecoming , and reveals her ambition to teach Pre-K . In the series finale , she is offered a college scholarship , but she turns it down and goes on the Camdens ' road trip . Ms. Margo ( Rachel Boston ) is Sam and David 's teacher who first appears in `` A Pain in the Neck . '' When she feels attracted to Eric , Sam and David tell her that he is their grandfather . This is soon resolved , and Ms. Margo asks Eric and the twins out to dinner ; Eric resists her advances and starts homeschooling his sons . When Ben hits on her the same day , she turns up at the Camdens ' , to Eric 's annoyance . Mercy is Frankie and Johnny 's daughter . Jimmy Moon ( Matthew Linville ) ( introduced in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) is Lucy 's first boyfriend . In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye '' , he and Lucy go on their first date by watching a French film in the Camdens ' living room . However , Eric messes this up by playing country songs . In `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' , he wants to break up with Lucy because of a school class president election . He later withdraws , followed by Lucy , because they want to stay together . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , he takes Lucy , Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , and Lynn to the movies . He and Lucy see a separate movie ( a French film ) for their first Valentine 's together . His grades in science start to drop , and so Lucy told Mary to tutor him in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line '' . Lucy regrets this , because she thought that Mary was going to steal her boyfriend . The issue is resolved at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' , he meets the Colonel and Grandma Ruth Camden , who he declares to be the scariest people he ever met . He breaks up with Lucy ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) after she changes her hair color . The next year , Lucy gets jealous of anyone with Jimmy Moon . She finally gets to decide between her old boyfriend and her new one , but does not get either of them . He later gets caught up in marijuana , and eventually is the defendant in a crime that Lucy is assigned to have jury duty on . He is arrested for possession of marijuana ( in season three 's episode `` Paranoia '' ) , and Lucy is also arrested while observing him . Andrew Nayloss ( Will Estes ) is the boy that Lucy does not like at first , but then he moves away and has a child and Lucy is heartbroken . Renee Nicholson ( Ashlee Levitch ) is introduced ( in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) as a girl that Matt meets at the library two weeks prior , and befriends her . She is expecting a daughter with Lou . When Matt goes over to her house to talk to her , he falls asleep on her couch and does not get back until 5 : 15 a.m. , resulting in his being grounded for three weeks . She later joins the Glenoak Community Church choir , and sings a solo on Sunday . She goes into labor in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' . Pete ( James Keane ) is Johnny 's uncle and the owner of Pete 's Pizza . Paris Petrowski ( Shannon Kenny ) is Peter Petrowski 's mother . Paris dated once Ben Kinkirk , Lucy 's brother - in - law . Later she goes out with Chandler and it seems they will stay together , until her ex-husband appears . She decides to give him another chance and they move away . Later on it is told that she is pregnant and she and her ex are married again . Mike Pierce ( Jeremy Lelliott ) is Lucy 's ex-boyfriend who tries to commit suicide from a drug and alcohol combination and as a result , his mother becomes severely depressed and despondent until he helps talk her out of it with Lucy 's help . Dr. Jonathan Sanders ( Nick Zano ) is a doctor whom Sandy dates ( in season 11 ) . He then proposes to her , to which she says `` yes . '' This causes a conflict between Sandy and Martin . George Smith ( Brad Maule ) is Cecilia 's father . He never marries his wife , and never tells Cecilia this fact . After twenty years , Eric marries them in his office . He and his wife eventually become foster parents to the Davis children . He owns a cleaning business , which Simon and Cecelia both work at . Deena Stewart ( Nicole Cherié Saletta ) is Simon 's first girlfriend . She eventually moves back east with her family . In the season five episode `` Chances '' , she comes back , and she and Simon start dating again for a while . Stanley Sunday ( Keith David ) is a homeless man seen in the promenade . He is first seen at the hospital , where he goes in for testing . Lucy is supposed to visit him , but she can not make it , and Eric goes in her place . Stanley ends up convincing Eric to give him his coat , although Eric is hesitant . He appears in the next episode where Kevin goes to him to get some information about what Eric did at the hospital . Stanley convinces Kevin to give up his sweatshirt , shoes and pants . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' Stanley encounters Eric just as he is leaving to go home and asks him if he asked God to let him live . In `` Christmas ! '' it is revealed that Stanley is one of Eric 's guardian angels . He is there when Eric was brought to heaven . In the series finale , he joins Eric and the family on their RV . Theodore `` T - Bone '' Jr . ( Colton James ) is a 16 - year - old who works as the ticket vendor at the movie theater in the promenade . He is introduced in And Tonight 's Specials Are ... when he had pizza with Lucy , which upset Kevin . Two months prior to his stay at the Camdens , T - Bone breaks into Glenoak Community Church to sleep and use the bathroom , since his father is dead , and his mother ran away . Upon staying at the Camdens , T - Bone told Eric that he vaguely knows about what is going on with his health . In `` You Take the High Road '' he stays at Kevin and Lucy 's while Eric and Annie are on a trip to see Ruthie in Scotland . In `` Thanks and Giving '' , he and Jane insist that a salesman donate a bed for Eric and Annie . They both like it , not knowing it was donated . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' , he reveals that he likes Ruthie and kisses her . Eric and Annie are glad that Ruthie has found a possible boyfriend , of whom they approve of . In `` Can I Just Get Something to Eat '' he works with Ruthie on a research project about Darfur . In `` Deacon Blues , '' he and Ruthie discuss the topic of having sex . Kevin tells him not to do it , and when Annie finds out , they are stopped . In `` Tit for Tat '' Ruthie and T - Bome decided to get tattoos of each other 's names and the do buthe only a small one on his ankle of Ruthies initials . He tells Ruthie that he has a fear of sharp objects and that 's why he could n't get more. Ruthie gets his name on her lower back . After an argument Ruthin and Ruthie and T - Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other 's names . Well Ruthie gets T - Bone name but T - Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthies initials R.C. After an argument they break up . Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly . Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T - Bone and then Ruthie and T - Bone get back together . T - bone 's earlier - mentioned father , who is supposedly dead , shows up ( in Season 11 ) and convinces T - bone to go on a road trip with him . T - bone graduates from high school , and goes on the road trip with the Camden family to meet up with his dad . After the road trip with the family T - Bone and Ruthie plain on traveling the world together . Umberto ( Fidel Gomez ) is Rose 's ex-boyfriend who almost marries Rose . He keeps on trying to get Rose back while she is preparing to marry Simon . George `` Vic '' Vickery ( Bryan Callen ) is Peter 's father , who is a recovering alcoholic . He works as a college art teacher . Vincent ( Thomas Dekker ) is Ruthie 's boyfriend after Peter . He broke up with her twice . Rick Palmer ( Lance Bass ) is Robbie 's younger brother . He goes on a date with a Lucy and they end up making out on a street corner and Eric sees them . Brett ( Matt Farnsworth ) is Shana 's roommate and eventual boyfriend . He first appears in `` Loves Me , Loves Me Not '' . He kisses her after Shana and Matt have a fight . He follows Shana out to Glenoak when she came back for the summer . Wilson West ( Andrew Keegan ) first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 . '' He meets Mary when she is at the park with Ruthie , and asks her out . At first , Eric tries to do anything he can to prevent their date , but he later finds out that he knows his father . Wilson takes Mary to Eddie 's Pool Hall , where they play pinball and pool . Michael Towner and a couple of his friends harass him , which ends his date with Mary . He comes to church the following Sunday where he apologizes to Mary . He has a son called Billy , whose mother died in childbirth before Mary met them both . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Mary 's parents find out about Wilson being a father . Mary dates Wilson a number of times , including when she is sent to Buffalo , to live with her grandparents , they are serious and for a time discuss marriage and Billy wants to call Mary mom , but they break up when Wilson catches her kissing Ben . Wilson eventually decides to move back to Glenoak after meeting and eventually marrying Corey Conway , one of Mary 's old basketball teammates who has a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - The CW Gives Full Season Orders to New Comedy `` The Game '' and `` 7th Heaven '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2006 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` 7th Heaven '' . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Adair , Aly ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Favorite TV Moms '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . hide 7th Heaven Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Related Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_7th_Heaven_characters&oldid=843964236 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Македонски Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 17 : 15 . About Wikipedia

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John Barry (composer)

John Barry ( composer ) - wikipedia John Barry ( composer ) Jump to : navigation , search John Barry OBE John Barry at the Royal Albert Hall , London , September 2006 Background information Birth name John Barry Prendergast ( 1933 - 11 - 03 ) 3 November 1933 York , Yorkshire , England 30 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) ( aged 77 ) Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Genres Film score Occupation ( s ) Composer , conductor Instruments Keyboards drums harmonica Years active 1959 -- 2006 John Barry Prendergast , OBE ( / ˈbæri / ; 3 November 1933 -- 30 January 2011 ) was an English composer and conductor of film music . He composed the scores for 11 of the James Bond films between 1963 and 1987 , and also arranged and performed the `` James Bond Theme '' to the first film in the series , 1962 's Dr. No . He wrote the Grammy - and Academy Award - winning scores to the films Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa , as well as the theme for the British television cult series The Persuaders ! , in a career spanning over 50 years . In 1999 , he was appointed OBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music . Born in York , Barry spent his early years working in cinemas owned by his father . During his national service with the British Army in Cyprus , Barry began performing as a musician after learning to play the trumpet . Upon completing his national service , he formed his own band in 1957 , The John Barry Seven . He later developed an interest in composing and arranging music , making his début for television in 1958 . He came to the notice of the makers of the first James Bond film Dr. No , who were dissatisfied with a theme for James Bond given to them by Monty Norman . This started a successful association between Barry and Eon Productions that lasted for 25 years . He received many awards for his work , including five Academy Awards ; two for Born Free , and one each for The Lion in Winter ( for which he also won the first BAFTA Award for Best Film Music ) , Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa ( both of which also won him Grammy Awards ) . He also received ten Golden Globe Award nominations , winning once for Best Original Score for Out of Africa in 1986 . Barry completed his last film score , Enigma , in 2001 and recorded the successful album Eternal Echoes the same year . He then concentrated chiefly on live performances and co-wrote the music to the musical Brighton Rock in 2004 alongside Don Black . In 2001 , Barry became a Fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors , and , in 2005 , he was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Barry was married four times and had four children . He moved to the United States in 1975 and lived there for the remainder of his life until his death in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Career 1.3 James Bond series 1.4 Personal life and death 2 Awards and nominations 2.1 Accolades 3 Discography 3.1 Bond films 3.2 Other film scores 3.3 Television themes 3.4 Musicals 3.5 Other works 3.6 Singles 3.7 Sampled by other artists 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and education ( edit ) Barry was born John Barry Prendergast , in York , England , and was the son of an English mother and an Irish father . His mother was a classical pianist . His father , John Xavier `` Jack '' Prendergast , from Cork , was a projectionist during the silent film era , who later owned a chain of cinemas across northern England . As a result of his father 's work , Barry was raised in and around cinemas in northern England and he later stated that this childhood background influenced his musical tastes and interests . Barry was educated at St Peter 's School , York , and also received composition lessons from Francis Jackson , Organist of York Minster . Career ( edit ) Serving in the British Army , Barry spent his national service playing the trumpet . During his army service , he took a correspondence course ( with jazz composer Bill Russo ) ; he also worked as an arranger for the Jack Parnell and Ted Heath 's Orchestra , and formed his own band in 1957 , the John Barry Seven , with whom he had some hit records on EMI 's Columbia label . These included `` Hit and Miss '' , the theme tune he composed for the BBC 's Juke Box Jury programme , a cover of the Johnny Smith song `` Walk Do n't Run '' , and a cover of the theme for the United Artists western The Magnificent Seven . By 1959 Barry was gaining commissions to arrange music for other acts , starting with a young trio on Decca , coincidentally called the Three Barry Sisters , though unrelated both to Barry and the more famous Barry Sisters duo in America . The career breakthrough for Barry was the BBC television series Drumbeat , when he appeared with the John Barry Seven . He was employed by EMI from 1959 until 1962 arranging orchestral accompaniment for the company 's singers , including Adam Faith ; he also composed songs ( along with Les Vandyke ) and scores for films in which Faith was featured . When Faith made his first film , Beat Girl ( 1960 ) , Barry composed , arranged and conducted the score , his first . His music was later released as the UK 's first soundtrack album . Barry also composed the music for another Faith film , Never Let Go ( also 1960 ) , orchestrated the score for Mix Me a Person ( 1962 ) , and composed , arranged and conducted the score for The Amorous Prawn ( also 1962 ) . In 1962 , Barry transferred to Ember Records , where he produced albums as well as arranging them . These achievements caught the attention of the producers of a new film called Dr. No ( 1962 ) who were dissatisfied with a theme for James Bond given to them by Monty Norman . Barry was hired and the result was one of the most famous signature tunes in film history , the `` James Bond Theme '' . ( Credit goes to Monty Norman , see here . ) When the producers of the Bond series engaged Lionel Bart to score the next James Bond film From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) , they discovered that Bart could neither read nor write music . Though Bart wrote a title song for the film , the producers remembered Barry 's arrangement of the James Bond Theme and his composing and arranging for several films with Adam Faith . Lionel Bart also recommended Barry to producer Stanley Baker for his film Zulu ( 1964 ) . Bart and Barry worked together in the film Man in the Middle . This was the turning point for Barry , and he subsequently won five Academy Awards and four Grammy Awards , with scores for , among others , Born Free ( 1966 ) , The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) , Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) for which he did not receive an on - screen credit . and Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) . Barry was often cited as having had a distinct style which concentrated on lush strings and extensive use of brass . However he was also an innovator , being one of the first to employ synthesizers in a film score ( On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , also 1969 ) , and to make wide use of pop artists and songs in Midnight Cowboy . Because Barry provided not just the main title theme but the complete soundtrack score , his music often enhanced the critical reception of a film , notably in Midnight Cowboy , the first remake of King Kong ( 1976 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , and Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) . Barry would often watch films and would note down with pen and paper what worked or what did not . Barry composed the theme for the TV series The Persuaders ! ( 1971 ) , also known as The Unlucky Heroes , in which Tony Curtis and Roger Moore were paired as rich playboys solving crimes . The instrumental recording features the Cimbalom ( which Barry also used for The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) and other themes ) and Moog synthesizers . The theme was a hit single in many European countries ( including France , Germany , and the Benelux states ) , contributing to the cult status of the series in Europe , and the record featured Barry 's The Girl with the Sun in Her Hair on the B side , an instrumental piece featured in a long running TV advert for Sunsilk shampoo . Barry also wrote the scores to a number of musicals , including the 1965 Passion Flower Hotel ( lyrics by Trevor Peacock ) , the successful 1974 West End show Billy ( lyrics by Don Black ) , and two major Broadway flops , Lolita , My Love ( 1971 ) , with Alan Jay Lerner as lyricist , and The Little Prince and the Aviator ( 1981 ) , again with lyricist Don Black . In 2001 , the University of York conferred an honorary degree on Barry , and in 2002 he was named an Honorary Freeman of the City of York . During 2006 , Barry was the executive producer on an album entitled Here 's to the Heroes by the Australian ensemble The Ten Tenors . The album features a number of songs Barry wrote in collaboration with his lyricist friend , Don Black . Barry and Black also composed one of the songs on Shirley Bassey 's 2009 album , The Performance . The song , entitled `` Our Time Is Now '' , is the first written by the duo for Bassey since `` Diamonds Are Forever '' . James Bond series ( edit ) After the success of Dr. No , Barry was hired to compose and perform eleven of the next fourteen James Bond films ( Monty Norman is legally recognised as the composer of the `` James Bond Theme '' ) . In his tenure with the film series , Barry 's music , variously brassy and moody , achieved very wide appeal . For From Russia with Love he composed `` 007 '' , an alternative James Bond signature theme , which is featured in four other Bond films ( Thunderball , You Only Live Twice , Diamonds Are Forever and Moonraker ) . The theme `` Stalking '' , for the teaser sequence of From Russia with Love , was covered by colleague Marvin Hamlisch for The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) . ( The music and lyrics for From Russia with Love 's title song were written by Lionel Bart , whose musical theatre credits included Oliver ! ) Barry also contributed indirectly to the soundtrack of the spoof version of Casino Royale ( 1967 ) : his Born Free theme appears briefly in the opening sequence . In Goldfinger ( 1964 ) , he perfected the `` Bond sound '' , a heady mixture of brass , jazz elements and sensuous melodies . There is even an element of Barry 's jazz roots in the big - band track `` Into Miami '' , which follows the title credits and accompanies the film 's iconic image of the camera lens zooming toward the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach . A side note is that Jimmy Page , worked as a session guitarist at the time , and was a part of the recording sessions for the `` Goldfinger '' soundtrack . For Bond films , session musicians such as Page were relegated to the instrumental / score version of songs , while the main musicians ( on Goldfinger : Vic Flick ) were given the main film theme song to record ( featured at the beginning of the movie ) . Leaving Page as a background acoustic contributor to Flick on the instrumental version of the song . Barry 's love for the Russian romantic composers is often reflected in his music ; in his Bond scores he unites this with brass - heavy jazz writing . His use of strings , lyricism , half - diminished chords , and complex key shifting provides melancholy contrast - often heard in variations of the title songs as integrally infused with the plot development . As Barry matured , the Bond scores became more lushly melodic ( along with other scores of his such as Out of Africa ) , as in Moonraker ( 1979 ) and Octopussy ( 1983 ) . Barry 's score for A View to a Kill was traditional , but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart . Both A View to a Kill and The Living Daylights theme by a-ha blended the pop music style of the bands with Barry 's orchestration . In 2006 , a-ha's Pal Waaktaar complimented Barry 's contributions : `` I loved the stuff he added to the track , I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement . That 's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing . '' Barry 's last score for the Bond series was The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) , Timothy Dalton 's first film in the series with Barry making a cameo appearance as a conductor in the film . Barry was intended to score Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) but was recovering from throat surgery at the time and it was considered unsafe to fly him to London to complete the score . The score was completed by Michael Kamen . David Arnold , a British composer , saw the result of two years ' work in 1997 with the release of Shaken and Stirred : The David Arnold James Bond Project , an album of new versions of the themes from various James Bond films . Arnold thanks Barry in the sleeve notes , referring to him as `` the Guvnor '' . Almost all of the tracks were John Barry compositions , and the revision of his work met with his approval -- he contacted Barbara Broccoli , producer of the then upcoming Tomorrow Never Dies , to recommend Arnold as the film 's composer . Arnold also went on to score four subsequent Bond films : The World Is Not Enough , Die Another Day , Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace . Sole compositional credit for the `` James Bond Theme '' is attributed to Monty Norman , who was contracted as composer for Dr. No . Some 30 years later , in 2001 , the disputed authorship of the theme was examined legally in the High Court in London after Norman sued The Sunday Times for publishing an article in 1997 in which Barry was named as the true composer ; Barry testified for the defence . In court , Barry testified that he had been handed a musical manuscript of a work by Norman ( meant to become the theme ) and that he was to arrange it musically , and that he composed additional music and arranged the `` James Bond Theme '' . The court was also told that Norman received sole credit because of his prior contract with the producers . Barry said that a deal was struck whereby he would receive a flat fee of £ 250 and Norman would receive the songwriting credit . Barry said that he had accepted the deal with United Artists Head of Music Noel Rogers because it would help his career . Despite these claims the jury ruled unanimously in favour of Norman . On 7 September 2006 , John Barry publicly defended his authorship of the theme on the Steve Wright show on BBC Radio 2 . Personal life and death ( edit ) Barry was married four times . His first three marriages , to Barbara Pickard ( 1959 -- 63 ) , Jane Birkin ( 1965 -- 68 ) , and Jane Sidey ( 1969 -- 78 ) all ended in divorce . He was married to his fourth wife , Laurie , from January 1978 until his death . The couple had a son , Jonpatrick . Barry had three daughters , Suzanne ( Susie ) with his first wife , Barbara , Kate with his second wife , Jane , and Sian from a relationship with Ulla Larson between the first two marriages . Suzy Barry , who is married to BBC business journalist Simon Jack , is the mother of his two granddaughters , Phoebe and Florence Ingleby . In 1975 Barry moved to California . A British judge later accused him of emigrating to avoid paying £ 134,000 due the Inland Revenue . The matter was resolved in the late 1980s and Barry was able to return to the UK . He subsequently lived for many years in the United States , mainly in Oyster Bay , New York , in Centre Island on Long Island , from 1980 . Barry suffered a rupture of the oesophagus in 1988 , following a toxic reaction to a health tonic he had consumed . The incident rendered him unable to work for two years and left him vulnerable to pneumonia . Barry died of a heart attack on 30 January 2011 at his Oyster Bay home , aged 77 . A memorial concert took place on 20 June 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall in London where the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , Shirley Bassey , Rumer , David Arnold , Wynne Evans and others performed Barry 's music . Sir George Martin , Sir Michael Parkinson , Don Black , Timothy Dalton and others also contributed to the celebration of his life and work . The event was sponsored by the Royal College of Music through a grant by the Broccoli Foundation . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) In 1999 Barry was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) at Buckingham Palace for services to music , and received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in 2005 . In 2005 , the American Film Institute ranked Barry 's score for Out of Africa No. 15 on their list of the greatest film scores . His scores for the following films were also nominated : Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Born Free ( 1966 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Accolades ( edit ) Award Year Project Outcome Academy Awards 1966 Born Free Best Original Score Won `` Born Free '' ( from Born Free ) Best Original Song Won 1968 The Lion in Winter Best Original Score for a Motion Picture ( not a Musical ) Won 1971 Mary , Queen of Scots Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated 1985 Out of Africa Best Original Score Won 1990 Dances with Wolves Best Original Score Won 1992 Chaplin Best Original Score Nominated BAFTA Awards 1968 The Lion in Winter Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music Won 1986 Out of Africa Best Score Nominated 1991 Dances with Wolves Best Original Film Score Nominated 2005 BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award Won Golden Globe Awards 1966 `` Born Free '' ( from Born Free ) Best Original Song Nominated 1968 The Lion in Winter Best Original Score Nominated 1971 Mary , Queen of Scots Best Original Score Nominated `` Sail the Summer Winds '' ( from The Dove ) Best Original Song Nominated 1977 `` Down Deep Inside '' ( from The Deep ) Best Original Song Nominated 1981 Somewhere in Time Best Original Score Nominated 1985 Out of Africa Best Original Score Won `` A View to a Kill '' ( from A View to a Kill ) Best Original Song Nominated 1990 Dances with Wolves Best Original Score Nominated 1992 Chaplin Best Original Score Nominated Grammy Award 1969 Best Instrumental Theme for Midnight Cowboy 1985 Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Big Band for The Cotton Club 1985 Best Instrumental Composition for Out of Africa 1991 Best Instrumental Composition for Dances with Wolves Emmy Award nominations 1964 Outstanding Achievement in Composing Original Music for Television for Elizabeth Taylor in London ( a 1963 television special ) 1977 Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) for Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years Golden Raspberry Award 1981 Worst Musical Score for The Legend of the Lone Ranger Max Steiner Lifetime Achievement Award ( presented by the City of Vienna ) 2009 Lifetime Achievement Award from World Soundtrack Academy ( presented at the Ghent Film Festival ) Barry was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1998 . Discography ( edit ) Bond films ( edit ) Barry worked on the soundtracks for the following James Bond films ( title song collaborators in brackets ) : Dr. No ( 1962 ) -- James Bond Theme ( composed by Monty Norman ) as arranged by Barry used on main and end titles , and key points such as Bond 's arrival in Jamaica From Russia with Love ( lyrics by Lionel Bart ) ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( lyrics by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse ) , ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( lyrics by Leslie Bricusse ) ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1971 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1974 ) Moonraker ( lyrics by Hal David ) ( 1979 ) Octopussy ( lyrics by Tim Rice ) ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( music and lyrics by Duran Duran ) ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( music and lyrics by Paul Waaktaar - Savoy ) ( 1987 ) Other film scores ( edit ) Beat Girl ( 1960 ) Never Let Go ( 1960 ) The Cool Mikado ( 1962 ) The Amorous Prawn ( 1962 ) The L - Shaped Room ( 1962 ) Man in the Middle ( 1963 ) A Jolly Bad Fellow ( 1964 ) Séance on a Wet Afternoon ( 1964 ) Zulu ( 1964 ) Boy and Bicycle ( 1965 ) Mister Moses ( 1965 ) US Four in the Morning ( 1965 ) The Party 's Over ( 1965 ) The Knack ... and How to Get It ( 1965 ) King Rat ( 1965 ) US The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Born Free ( 1966 ) The Chase ( 1966 ) US The Wrong Box ( 1966 ) The Quiller Memorandum ( 1966 ) The Whisperers ( 1967 ) Dutchman ( 1967 ) Boom ! ( 1968 ) Petulia ( 1968 ) US Deadfall ( 1968 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) The Appointment ( 1969 ) US Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) US Monte Walsh ( 1970 ) US The Last Valley ( 1970 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) US Murphy 's War ( 1971 ) Walkabout ( 1971 ) Mary , Queen of Scots ( 1971 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 1972 ) Follow Me ! ( 1972 ) A Doll 's House ( 1973 ) The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) The Dove ( 1974 ) US The Day of the Locust ( 1975 ) US King Kong ( 1976 ) US Italy Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) US The Deep ( 1977 ) First Love ( 1977 ) US The White Buffalo ( 1977 ) US Game of Death ( 1978 ) The Betsy ( 1978 ) Starcrash ( 1978 ) US Hanover Street ( 1979 ) The Black Hole ( 1979 ) US Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) US Touched by Love ( 1980 ) US Canada Inside Moves ( 1980 ) US Night Games ( 1980 ) US Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Modern Romance ( 1981 ) US The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) US Body Heat ( 1981 ) US Frances ( 1982 ) US Murder by Phone ( 1982 ) Hammett ( 1982 ) US The Golden Seal ( 1983 ) High Road to China ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) US Until September ( 1984 ) US Mike 's Murder ( 1984 ) US Jagged Edge ( 1985 ) US Out of Africa ( 1985 ) US Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) US A Killing Affair ( 1986 ) US Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) US The Golden Child ( 1986 ) ( only partially used in final cut ) US Hearts of Fire ( 1987 ) US Masquerade ( 1988 ) US Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) US The Commitments ( 1991 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) ( Rejected score ) Year of the Comet ( 1992 ) ( rejected score ) Ruby Cairo ( 1993 ) US My Life ( 1993 ) US Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) US The Specialist ( 1994 ) US Cry , The Beloved Country ( 1995 ) Across the Sea of Time ( 1995 ) US The Scarlet Letter ( 1995 ) US Swept from the Sea ( 1997 ) US Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) US Playing by Heart ( 1998 ) US The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) ( rejected score ) Goodbye Lover ( 1999 ) ( rejected score ) Enigma ( 2001 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) ( rejected score ) Television themes ( edit ) Juke Box Jury ( 1959 -- 1967 ) Dateline London ( 1962 ) Elizabeth Taylor in London ( Grammy award nomination ) ( 1963 ) Impromptu ( 1964 ) Sophia Loren in Rome ( 1964 ) The Newcomers ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Vendetta ( 1966 ) The Persuaders ! ( 1971 -- 1972 ) The Adventurer ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Orson Welles ' Great Mysteries ( 1973 ) The Glass Menagerie ( 1973 ) Born Free ( 1974 ) Love Among the Ruins ( 1975 ) Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 ) Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years ( 1977 ) The War Between the Tates ( 1977 ) Young Joe , the Forgotten Kennedy ( 1977 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) The Corn is Green ( 1979 ) Willa ( 1979 ) Svengali ( 1983 ) USA Today : The Television Show ( 1988 ) Musicals ( edit ) Passion Flower Hotel ( 1965 ) Lolita , My Love ( 1971 ) , a musical comedy ( text by Alan Jay Lerner ) based on Vladimir Nabokov 's novel Lolita Billy ( 1974 ) The Little Prince and the Aviator ( 1981 ) Brighton Rock ( 2004 ) Other works ( edit ) Stringbeat ( 1961 ) Americans ( 1975 ) The Beyondness of Things ( 1999 ) Eternal Echoes ( 2001 ) The Seasons ( no release date set ) Singles ( edit ) ( Excludes co-composed hits , e.g. Duran Duran 's A View to a Kill ) `` Hit and Miss '' as The John Barry Seven plus Four , UK # 10 ( first charted 1960 ) `` Beat for Beatniks '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 40 ( 1960 ) `` Never Let Go '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 49 ( 1960 ) `` Blueberry Hill '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 34 ( 1960 ) `` Walk Do n't Run '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 11 ( 1960 ) `` Black Stockings '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 27 ( 1960 ) `` The Magnificent Seven '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 45 ( 1961 ) `` Cutty Sark '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 35 ( 1962 ) `` The James Bond Theme '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 13 ( 1962 ) `` From Russia with Love '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 39 ( 1963 ) `` Theme from ' The Persuaders ' '' as John Barry , UK # 13 ( 1971 ) His four highest - charting hits all spent more than 10 weeks in the UK top 50 . Sampled by other artists ( edit ) Barry 's work began to be sampled in the 1990s by artists such as Dr. Dre and Wu - Tang Clan , with his `` James Bond Theme '' being sampled by performers as diverse as Bonobo , Gang Starr and Junior Reid . Fatboy Slim used the opening guitars from `` Beat Girl ( Main Title ) '' for `` Rockafeller Skank '' from his album , You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1998 ) . The Sneaker Pimps also sampled `` Golden Girl '' on their single `` 6 Underground '' ( 1996 ) . Additionally , `` You Only Live Twice '' was heavily sampled on `` Millennium '' from Robbie Williams ' second album , I 've Been Expecting You . Barry was set to compose Thomas and the Magic Railroad but left due to scheduling conflicts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sunday Times Magazine ( London ) . 18 December 2011 . p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' James Bond Theme ' composer John Barry dies of heart attack '' . One India . 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film composer Barry dies aged 77 '' . The Irish Times . Dublin. 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sweeting , Adam ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` John Barry Obituary '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Sheena ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` John Barry Obituary '' . Yorkshire Post . Leeds . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Barry '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2010 ... WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ `` John Barry The Gstaad Memorandum '' . Film score monthly . November 1996 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Pete Frame The restless generation : how rock music changed the face of 1950s Britain 0952954079 2007 - Page 414 `` Meanwhile , Barry was winning commissions to arrange music for other acts , starting with a young trio on Decca , the unrelated ( to him ) Barry Sisters . Together , they cut two singles , Tall Paul and Jo Jo The Dog - faced Boy , which had been consecutive American hits for Annette Funicello . Neither excited retail interest - and nor did any of the three singles he made with Larry Page '' Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Firth , Simon Music for Pleasure : Essays in the Sociology of Pop ' Routledge , 1988 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Cody , Joshua ( 3 November 1933 ) . `` The Ensemble Sospeso -- John Barry '' . Sospeso.com . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Dr Sheldon Zulu : With Some Guts Behind It : The Making of the Epic Movie 2005 Tomahawk Press Jump up ^ `` Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) '' . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of York to award nine honorary degrees '' . University of York . 21 June 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie music legend John Barry dies aged 77 '' . Mirror.co.uk. 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Fiona . `` Album review : Dame Shirley Bassey '' . The Scotsman 2 November 2009 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : `` John Barry '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/jimmy-page-before-led-zeppelin-20-great-sixties-session-songs-20151129/shirley-bassey-goldfinger-1964-20151111 Jump up ^ Barry , John in Burlingame , Jon . ( 2014 ) The Music of James Bond , Reprint Edition , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Madden , Karl . `` The Melancholy Touch : Romantic Shades of John Barry 's Bond '' Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . in James Bond in World and Popular Culture : The Films Are Not Enough . Eds . Robert G. Weiner , B. Lynn Whitfield , and Jack Becker . Newcastle : Cambridge Scholars , 1st Edition 2010 , 116 -- 126 , 2nd Edition 2011 , 121 -- 131 . Print . Jump up ^ Waaktaar , Pal ( interviewee ) ( 2006 ) . James Bond 's Greatest Hits ( Television ) . UK : North One Television . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry -- The Man with the Midas Touch '' . Johnbarry.org.uk. 1 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Macnee , Patrick ( Narrator ) . The Bond Sound : The Music of 007 ( DVD ( Documentary ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Monty Norman v . The Sunday Times : The `` James Bond Theme '' Lawsuit `` . The John Barry Resource . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Neil . `` £ 30,000 damages for composer of 007 theme tune '' , The Telegraph , 20 March 2001 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : `` Bond theme writer wins damages '' . BBC News . 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry on the Bond Theme '' . MI6-HQ.com. 9 September 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Centre Island - Long Island New York - Long Island Exchange '' . Longislandexchange.com . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon . `` John Barry Dies at 77 '' , Variety , 31 January 2011 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank . `` John Barry , Oscar - winning Composer , Dies '' , Newsday , 31 January 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Composer John Barry remembered at memorial concert '' . BBC . 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bond composer John Barry dies aged 77 '' . BBC . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : The Memorial Concert '' . MI6-HQ.com . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond composer John Barry dies at 77 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1986 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1991 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fellowship Award winners '' . BAFTA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners Search -- John Barry '' . Grammy. 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Emmy Award Database '' . Emmy . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry '' . whosampled.com . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Fiegel , Eddi . John Barry : A Sixties Theme : From James Bond to Midnight Cowboy ( Faber & Faber : London , UK , 2012 ) Leonard , Geoff , Pete Walker and Gareth Bramley . John Barry -- The Man with the Midas Touch ( Redcliffe Press : Bristol , UK , 2008 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Barry ( composer ) . John Barry Website John Barry at the Songwriters Hall of Fame John Barry on IMDb John Barry at Find a Grave Appearance on Desert Island Discs 13 June 1999 John Barry discography at MusicBrainz John Barry Memorial Concert -- Remembering Chet on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- The James Bond Theme on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- Goldfinger on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- We Have All The Time in the World on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- Complete Radio Broadcast on YouTube James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Awards for John Berry Academy Award for Best Original Score 1930s Louis Silvers ( 1934 ) Max Steiner ( 1935 ) Leo F. Forbstein ( 1936 ) Charles Previn ( 1937 ) Erich Wolfgang Korngold / Alfred Newman ( 1938 ) Herbert Stothart / Richard Hageman , W. Franke Harling , John Leipold , Leo Shuken ( 1939 ) 1940s Leigh Harline , Paul J. Smith , Ned Washington / Alfred Newman ( 1940 ) Bernard Herrmann / Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace ( 1941 ) Max Steiner / Ray Heindorf and Heinz Roemheld ( 1942 ) Alfred Newman / Ray Heindorf ( 1943 ) Max Steiner / Morris Stoloff and Carmen Dragon ( 1944 ) Miklós Rózsa / Georgie Stoll ( 1945 ) Hugo Friedhofer / Morris Stoloff ( 1946 ) Miklós Rózsa / Alfred Newman ( 1947 ) Brian Easdale / Johnny Green and Roger Edens ( 1948 ) Aaron Copland / Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton ( 1949 ) 1950s Franz Waxman / Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens ( 1950 ) Franz Waxman / Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin ( 1951 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Alfred Newman ( 1952 ) Bronisław Kaper / Alfred Newman ( 1953 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin ( 1954 ) Alfred Newman / Robert Russell Bennett , Jay Blackton and Adolph Deutsch ( 1955 ) Victor Young / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1956 ) Malcolm Arnold ( 1957 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Andre Previn ( 1958 ) Miklós Rózsa / Andre Previn and Ken Darby ( 1959 ) 1960s Ernest Gold / Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman ( 1960 ) Henry Mancini / Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal ( 1961 ) Maurice Jarre / Ray Heindorf ( 1962 ) John Addison / Andre Previn ( 1963 ) Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman / Andre Previn ( 1964 ) Maurice Jarre / Irwin Kostal ( 1965 ) John Barry / Ken Thorne ( 1966 ) Elmer Bernstein / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1967 ) John Barry / Johnny Green ( 1968 ) Burt Bacharach / Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman ( 1969 ) 1970s Francis Lai / The Beatles ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr ) ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand / John Williams ( 1971 ) Charlie Chaplin , Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell / Ralph Burns ( 1972 ) Marvin Hamlisch / Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola / Nelson Riddle ( 1974 ) John Williams / Leonard Rosenman ( 1975 ) Jerry Goldsmith / Leonard Rosenman ( 1976 ) John Williams / Jonathan Tunick ( 1977 ) Giorgio Moroder / Joe Renzetti ( 1978 ) Georges Delerue / Ralph Burns ( 1979 ) 1980s Michael Gore ( 1980 ) Vangelis ( 1981 ) John Williams / Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse ( 1982 ) Bill Conti / Michel Legrand , Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1983 ) Maurice Jarre / Prince ( 1984 ) John Barry ( 1985 ) Herbie Hancock ( 1986 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto , David Byrne and Cong Su ( 1987 ) Dave Grusin ( 1988 ) Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s John Barry ( 1990 ) Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Alan Menken ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) Luis Enríquez Bacalov / Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared / Rachel Portman ( 1996 ) James Horner / Anne Dudley ( 1997 ) Nicola Piovani / Stephen Warbeck ( 1998 ) John Corigliano ( 1999 ) 2000s Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Howard Shore ( 2001 ) Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Jan A.P. Kaczmarek ( 2004 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Music John Barry ( 1968 ) Mikis Theodorakis ( 1969 ) Burt Bacharach ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand ( 1971 ) Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Alan Price ( 1973 ) Richard Rodney Bennett ( 1974 ) John Williams ( 1975 ) Bernard Herrmann ( 1976 ) John Addison ( 1977 ) John Williams ( 1978 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1979 ) John Williams ( 1980 ) Carl Davis ( 1981 ) John Williams ( 1982 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1983 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1984 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1985 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1987 ) John Williams ( 1988 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1989 ) Andrea and Ennio Morricone ( 1990 ) Jean - Claude Petit ( 1991 ) David Hirschfelder ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Don Was ( 1994 ) Luis Bacalov ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Nellee Hooper ( 1997 ) David Hirschfelder ( 1998 ) Thomas Newman ( 1999 ) Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Craig Armstrong and Marius de Vries ( 2001 ) Philip Glass ( 2002 ) T Bone Burnett and Gabriel Yared ( 2003 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Christopher Gunning ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Thomas Newman ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) BAFTA Fellowship recipients 1971 -- 2000 Alfred Hitchcock ( 1971 ) Freddie Young ( 1972 ) Grace Wyndham Goldie ( 1973 ) David Lean ( 1974 ) Jacques Cousteau ( 1975 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1976 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1976 ) Denis Forman ( 1977 ) Fred Zinnemann ( 1978 ) Lew Grade ( 1979 ) Huw Wheldon ( 1979 ) David Attenborough ( 1980 ) John Huston ( 1980 ) Abel Gance ( 1981 ) Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger ( 1981 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1983 ) Hugh Greene ( 1984 ) Sam Spiegel ( 1984 ) Jeremy Isaacs ( 1985 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1986 ) Federico Fellini ( 1987 ) Ingmar Bergman ( 1988 ) Alec Guinness ( 1989 ) Paul Fox ( 1990 ) Louis Malle ( 1991 ) John Gielgud ( 1992 ) David Plowright ( 1992 ) Sydney Samuelson ( 1993 ) Colin Young ( 1993 ) Michael Grade ( 1994 ) Billy Wilder ( 1995 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1996 ) Ronald Neame ( 1996 ) John Schlesinger ( 1996 ) Maggie Smith ( 1996 ) Woody Allen ( 1997 ) Steven Bochco ( 1997 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Oswald Morris ( 1997 ) Harold Pinter ( 1997 ) David Rose ( 1997 ) Sean Connery ( 1998 ) Bill Cotton ( 1998 ) Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1999 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1999 ) Michael Caine ( 2000 ) Stanley Kubrick ( 2000 ) Peter Bazalgette ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Albert Finney ( 2001 ) John Thaw ( 2001 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Warren Beatty ( 2002 ) Merchant Ivory Productions ( 2002 ) Andrew Davies ( 2002 ) John Mills ( 2002 ) Saul Zaentz ( 2003 ) David Jason ( 2003 ) John Boorman ( 2004 ) Roger Graef ( 2004 ) John Barry ( 2005 ) David Frost ( 2005 ) David Puttnam ( 2006 ) Ken Loach ( 2006 ) Anne V. 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BIBSYS : 7614 BNE : XX1095081 BNF : cb138911904 ( data ) GND : 121846482 ISNI : 0000 0003 6865 189X LCCN : n82020007 MusicBrainz : 661e20c8 - 3d82 - 4da2 - 94a2 - 97d9e11691c0 NDL : 001153112 NKC : xx0008135 NLA : 35802952 SELIBR : 213532 SNAC : w6rb7brr SUDOC : 080783775 VIAF : 76499379 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Barry_(composer)&oldid=843177118 '' Categories : 1933 births 2011 deaths BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songwriters Easy listening artists English composers English expatriates in the United States English film score composers English male composers English musical theatre composers English people of Irish descent English songwriters Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners James Bond Male film score composers Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at St Peter 's School , York People from Centre Island , New York People from Oyster Bay , New York People from York Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 11 : 59 . 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Balaam

Balaam - wikipedia Balaam This article is about the prophet . For other uses , see Balaam ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Balaam and the angel , painting from Gustav Jaeger , 1836 . Balaam / ˈbeɪlæm / ( Hebrew : בִּלְעָם ‬ , Standard Bilʻam Tiberian Bileʻām ) is a diviner in the Torah , his story begins in Chapter 22 in the Book of Numbers ( Hebrew : במדבר ‬ ) . Every ancient reference to Balaam considers him a non-Israelite , a prophet , and the son of Beor , though Beor is not clearly identified . Though some sources may only describe the positive blessings he delivers upon the Israelites , he is reviled as a `` wicked man '' in both Torah and its commentaries , as well as in the New Testament . Balaam refused to speak what God did not speak and would not curse the Israelites , even though King Balak of Moab offered him money to do so ( Numbers 22 -- 24 ) . But Balaam 's error and the source of his wickedness came from sabotaging the Israelites as they entered the Promised Land . According to Revelation 2 : 14 , Balaam told King Balak how to get the Israelites to commit sin by enticing them with sexual immorality and food sacrificed to idols . The Israelites fell into transgression due to these traps and God sent a deadly plague to them as a result ( Numbers 31 : 16 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Balaam and Balak 2 Prophecies 3 Balaam in rabbinic literature 4 Balaam in the New Testament , Josephus , and Philo 5 Balaam in the Quran 6 Balaam and the Deir Alla inscription 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Balaam and Balak ( edit ) The main story of Balaam occurs during the sojourn of the Israelites in the plains of Moab , east of the Jordan River , at the close of 40 years of wandering , shortly before the death of Moses and the crossing of the Jordan . The Israelites have already defeated two kings in Transjordan : Sihon , king of the Amorites , and Og , king of Bashan . Balak , king of Moab , consequently becomes alarmed , and sends elders of Midian and his Moabite messengers , to Balaam , son of Beor , to induce him to come and curse Israel . Balaam 's location , Pethor , is simply given as `` which is by the river of the land of the children of his people '' in the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint , though the Samaritan Pentateuch , Vulgate , and Peshitta all identify his land as Ammon . Balaam and the angel . Nuremberg Chronicle ( 1493 ) The Prophet Balaam and the Angel Balaam sends back word that he can only do what YHWH commands , and God has , via a nocturnal dream , told him not to go . Balak consequently sends higher - ranking priests and offers Balaam honours ; Balaam continues to press God , and God finally permits him to go but with instructions to say only what he commands . Balaam then sets out in the morning with the princes of Moab . God becomes angry that he went , and sends the Angel of the Lord ( Numbers 22 : 22 ) to prevent him . At first , the angel is seen only by the donkey Balaam is riding , which tries to avoid the angel . After Balaam starts punishing the donkey for refusing to move , it is miraculously given the power to speak to Balaam ( Numbers 22 : 28 ) , and it complains about Balaam 's treatment . At this point , Balaam is allowed to see the angel , who informs him that the donkey is the only reason the angel did not kill Balaam . Balaam immediately repents , but is told to go on . Balak meets with Balaam at Kirjat Huzoth , and they go to the `` high places of Baal '' , and offer sacrifices on seven altars , leading to Balaam being given a prophecy by Yahweh , which he speaks to Balak . However , the prophecy blesses Israel ; Balak remonstrates , but Balaam reminds him that he can only speak the words put in his mouth , so Balak takes him to another `` high place '' at Pisgah , to try again . Building another seven altars here , and making sacrifices on each , Balaam provides another prophecy blessing Israel . Balaam finally gets taken by a now very frustrated Balak to Peor , and , after the seven sacrifices there , decides not to `` seek enchantments '' but instead looks upon the Israelites from the peak . The Spirit of God comes upon Balaam and he delivers a third positive prophecy concerning Israel . Balak 's anger rises to the point where he threatens Balaam , but Balaam merely offers a prediction of fate . Balaam then looks upon the Kenites , and Amalekites and offers two more predictions of their fates . Balak and Balaam then go to their respective homes . Later , Numbers 25 : 1 - 9 describes how Israel engaged in sexual immorality and idolatry with the women of Moab , resulting in God 's anger and a deadly plague . Numbers 31 : 16 attributes this to the advice of Balaam : `` Behold , these caused the children of Israel , through the counsel of Balaam , to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor , and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD . '' Book of Deuteronomy 23 : 3 -- 6 summarises these incidents , and further states that the Ammonites were associated with the Moabites . Joshua , in his farewell speech , also makes reference to it . With God 's protection taken from him , Balaam is later listed among the Midianites who were killed in revenge for the `` matter of Peor '' . Joshua 13 : 22 records that Balaam died `` by the sword '' during a battle for the Reubenite occupation of Moabite land . Revelation also states that Balaam `` taught Balak to cast a stumbling block before the children of Israel . '' Prophecies ( edit ) Balaam and the Ass , by Rembrandt van Rijn , 1626 . All the prophecies which Balaam makes take the form of ( Hebrew ) poems : The first , Numbers 23 : 7 -- 10 , prophesies the unique exaltation of the Kingdom of Israel , and its countless numbers . The second , Numbers 23 : 18 -- 24 , celebrates the moral virtue of Israel , its monarchy , and military conquests . The third , Numbers 24 : 3 -- 9 , celebrates the glory and conquests of Israel 's monarchy . The fourth , Numbers 24 : 14 -- 19 , prophesies the coming of a king who will conquer Edom and Moab . The fifth , Numbers 24 : 20 , concerns the ruins of Amalek . The sixth , Numbers 24 : 21 -- 22 , concerns the destruction of the Kenites by Assyria . The seventh , Numbers 24 : 23 -- 24 , concerns `` ships of Kittim '' coming from the west to attack Assyria and Eber . The poems fall into three groups . The first group consists of two poems which characteristically start immediately . The third group of three poems also start immediately , but are much shorter . The second group , however , consists of two poems which both start : Balaam the son of Beor hath said , and the man whose eyes are open hath said : He hath said , which heard the words of God , which saw the vision of the Almighty , falling into a trance , but having his eyes open ... Of these , the first and third groups are considered , according to the Documentary Hypothesis , to originate within the Elohist text , whereas the second group is considered to belong to the Jahwist . Thus the Elohist describes Balaam giving two blessings , making sacrifices on seven altars , at the high places of Baal , before each , then deciding not to `` seek enchantments '' after the third set of sacrifices , but to `` set his face upon the wilderness , '' which Balak views as a third blessing , and so Balaam then gives the three final predictions of fate . Conversely , in the Jahwist source , Balaam arrives , the spirit of God comes upon him , and he simply delivers a blessing and a prophecy , in succession . The poems themselves are considered to predate the Jahwist and Elohist , and simply to have been embedded by them in their works . While the Elohist took off whatever introduction was present in the poems they chose , the Jahwist left it on . An archaeological discovery in 1967 uncovered references to a Book of Balaam , from which these poems may have originally been taken . The first four poems are commonly regarded as ancient lyrics of the early monarchy of Israel and Judah , although several critics suspect that they have been edited either from less edifying oracles or from oracles which did not refer to Israel . Agag , mentioned in the third poem , is described as a great king , which does not correspond to the king of the Amalekites who was named Agag , and described in I Samuel 15 , since that description considers Amalek to be small and obscure . While it is the Masoretic text of the poem that uses the word Agag , the Septuagint , other Greek versions , and the Samaritan Pentateuch , all have Gog ( i.e. , king Gyges of Lydia , 716 BC to 678 BC ) , implying a very late date for the poem . These names are consequently thought to be textual corruptions , and Og has been suggested as the original . The final three poems do not refer either to Israel or to Moab , and are thus considered unusual , since they seem to have little relevance to the narrative . It is thought that they may have been added to bring the number of poems either up to five , if inserted into the Elohist source , or up to seven , if only inserted once JE was constructed . While the sixth poem refers to Assyria , it is uncertain whether it is an historical reference to ancient Ninevah , or a prophecy , which some religious commentators consider refers to the Seleucid kingdom of Syria , which also took the name Assyria . The seventh is also ambiguous , and may either be a reference to the Sea Peoples , or , again in the view of some religious commentators , to the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great . In the view of textual criticism the narrative , excepting the episode involving the donkey , is simply a framework invented in order to be able to insert much older poems . Balaam in rabbinic literature ( edit ) In rabbinic literature Balaam is represented as one of seven gentile prophets ; the other six being Beor ( Balaam 's father ) , Job , and Job 's four friends ( Talmud , B.B. 15b ) . In this literature , Balaam gradually acquired a position among the non-Jews , which was exalted as much as that of Moses among the Jews ( Midrash Numbers Rabbah 20 ) ; at first being a mere interpreter of dreams , but later becoming a magician , until finally the spirit of prophecy descended upon him ( ib. 7 ) . According to a negative view of Balaam in the Talmud , Balaam possessed the gift of being able to ascertain the exact moment during which God is wroth -- a gift bestowed upon no other creature . Balaam 's intention was to curse the Israelites at this moment of wrath , and thus cause God himself to destroy them ; but God purposely restrained His anger in order to baffle the wicked prophet and to save the nation from extermination ( Talmud , Berachot 7a ) . The Talmud also recounts a more positive view of Balaam , stating that when the Law was given to Israel , a mighty voice shook the foundations of the earth , so much so that all kings trembled , and in their consternation turned to Balaam , inquiring whether this upheaval of nature portended a second deluge ; the prophet assured them that what they heard was the voice of God , giving the sacred law to the Israelites ( Talmud , Zeb . 116a ) . According to Jewish legend , Balaam was made this powerful in order to prevent the non-Jewish tribes from saying : `` If we had only had our own Moses , we would be as pious as the Jews . '' The wicked Balaam is included in the list of persons born circumcised along with Moses in the book Abbot De-Rabbi Natan . In rabbinical literature the epithet rasha , translating as the wicked one , is often attached to the name of Balaam ( Talmud Berachot l.c. ; Taanit 20a ; Midrash Numbers Rabbah 20 : 14 ) . Balaam is pictured as blind in one eye and lame in one foot ( Talmud Sanhedrin 105a ) ; and his disciples ( followers ) are distinguished by three morally corrupt qualities : an evil eye a haughty bearing an avaricious spirit Due to his behavior with the Midianites , the Rabbis interpret Balaam as responsible for the behavior during the Heresy of Peor , which they consider to have been unchastity , and consequently the death of 24,000 victims of the plague which God sent as punishment . When Balaam saw that he could not curse the children of Israel , the Rabbis assert that he advised Balak , as a last resort , to tempt the Hebrew nation to immoral acts and , through these , to the worship of Baal - peor . The God of the Hebrews , adds Balaam , according to the Rabbis , hates lewdness ; and severe chastisement must follow ( San . 106a ; Yer . ib . x . 28d ; Num . R. l.c. ) . The Rabbis , playing on the name Balaam , call him `` Belo ' Am '' ( without people ; that is , without a share with the people in the world to come ) , or `` Billa ' ' Am '' ( one that ruined a people ) ; and this hostility against his memory finds its climax in the dictum that whenever one discovers a feature of wickedness or disgrace in his life , one should preach about it ( Sanh . 106b ) . In the process of killing Balaam ( Num . xxxi. 8 ) , all four legal methods of execution -- stoning , burning , decapitating , and strangling -- were employed ( Sanh . l.c. ) . He met his death at the age of thirty - three ( ib . ) ; and it is stated that he had no portion in the world to come ( Sanh . x . 2 ; 90a ) . The book devotes a special section to the history of the prophet discussing why God has taken away the power of prophecy from the Gentiles ( Tan. , Balak , 1 ) . Moses is expressly mentioned as the author of this episode in the Pentateuch ( B.B. 14b ). J. Sr. H.M. `` Ahithophel of the house of Israel and Balaam of the heathen nations were the two great sages of the world who , failing to show gratitude to God for their wisdom , perished in dishonor . To them the prophetic word finds application : ' Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom , ' Jer . ix. 23 '' ( Num . R. xxii . ) . In ( Sanhedrin 106b ) and ( Giṭtin 57a ) Balaam may be likened to Jesus . Some have theorized that Balaam became used as a pseudonym for Jesus in Jewish literature . Balaam in the New Testament , josephus , and Philo ( edit ) In the New Testament , Balaam is cited as a type of avarice ; for example in Book of Revelation 2 : 14 we read of false teachers at Pergamum who held the `` teaching of Balaam , who taught Balak to cast a stumbling - block before the children of Israel , to eat things sacrificed to idols , and to commit fornication . '' Balaam has attracted much interest , alike from Jews , Christians , and Muslims . Josephus paraphrases the story more so , and speaks of Balaam as the best prophet of his time , but with a disposition ill - adapted to resist temptation . Philo describes him as a great magician in the Life of Moses ; elsewhere he speaks of `` the sophist Balaam , being , '' i.e. symbolizing `` a vain crowd of contrary and warring opinions '' and again as `` a vain people '' -- both phrases being based on a mistaken etymology of the name Balaam . A man also named Balaam also figures as an example of a false prophet motivated by greed or avarice in both 2 Peter 2 : 15 and in Jude 1 : 11 . This Balaam is listed as the son of Bezer , which is usually identified as Beor . Some authors claim that Bezer was the Aramaic pronunciation of Beor , while others hold that Peter was attempting to play off the Hebrew word basar or `` flesh '' to insult Balaam . Later Jewish tradition similarly played with Balaam 's name to call him corrupt and imply bestiality . Still other authors hold that Bezer and Beor are distinct , while still identifying the Balaams of the Old and New Testaments , claiming that Beor is Balaam 's father and Bezer is Balaam 's home town . Balaam in the quran ( edit ) Musa Mūsa ٰمُوسَى Moses Ten Commandments Tawrat Ṣuḥuf Mūsā Biblical and Quranic narratives Prophets and messengers in Islam Golden calf Asiya Balaam Samiri Ulu'l azm prophets Islam portal Regarding the Islamic view of Balaam , no clear reference is made to Balaam in the Qur'an . However , the commentators argue that he is the one to whom the following text is referring : Relate to them the story of the man to whom We sent Our signs , but he passed them by : so Satan followed him up , and he went astray . If it had been Our will , We should have elevated him with Our signs ; but he inclined to the earth , and followed his own vain desires . His similitude is that of a dog : if you attack him , he lolls out his tongue , or if you leave him alone , he ( still ) lolls out his tongue . That is the similitude of those who reject Our signs ; So relate the story ; perchance they may reflect . -- Qur'an , sura 7 ( Al - A'raf ) , ayat 175 -- 176 The Muslim commentators explain that Balaam was a Canaanite who had been given knowledge of some of the books of God . His people asked him to curse Moses ( Musa ) and those who were with him , but he said , `` How can I curse one who has angels with him ? '' They continued to press him , however , until he cursed the Israelites , and , as a consequence , they remained 40 years in the Wilderness of the Wanderings . Then , when he had cursed Moses , his tongue came out and fell upon his breast , and he began to pant like a dog . The story as told by Tabari is somewhat more Biblical . Balaam had the knowledge of the Most Sacred Name of God , and whatever he asked of God was granted to him . The story of Balaam and the ass , then follows at length . When it came to the actual cursing , God `` turned his tongue '' so that the cursing fell upon his own people and the blessing upon Israel . Then his tongue came out and hung down on his breast . Finally , he advised his people to adorn and beautify their women and to send them out to ensnare the Israelites . The story of the plague at Baal - peor and of Cozbi and Zimri follows . According to another story which al - Tabari gives , Balaam was a renegade Israelite who knew the Most Sacred Name , and to gain the things of this world , went over to the Canaanites . Al - Tha'labi adds that Balaam was descended from Lot . He gives , too , the story of Balaam 's dream , his being forbidden by God to curse Israel . Another version is that Balak , the king of Bal'a , compelled Balaam to use the Most Sacred Name against Israel . The curse fell automatically , and Moses , having learned from whence it came , entreated God to take from Balaam his knowledge of the Name and his faith . This being done , they went out from him in the form of a white dove . Balaam and the Deir Alla inscription ( edit ) Further information : Deir Alla Inscription In 1967 , at Deir Alla , Jordan , archaeologists found an inscription with a story relating visions of the seer of the gods Bala'am , son of Be'or , who may be the same Bala'am mentioned in Numbers 22 -- 24 and in other passages of the Bible . This Bala'am differs from the one in Numbers in that rather than being a prophet of Yahweh he is associated with Ashtar , a god named Shgr , and Shadday gods and goddesses . The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies describes it as `` the oldest example of a book in a West Semitic language written with the alphabet , and the oldest piece of Aramaic literature . '' The inscription is datable to ca . 840 -- 760 BCE ; it was painted in red and black inks , apparently to emphasize the text , on fragments of a plastered wall : 119 pieces of inked plaster were recovered . According to the story in the inscription , Balaam wakes up weeping and tells his people that the gods appeared to him in the night telling him about a goddess threatening to destroy the land . She is to cover the sky and reduce the world to complete darkness . Meindert Dijkstra suggests that `` the reticence of OT scholarship to take account of the text may be attributable to its damaged state , the difficulty of reconstructing and reading it , and the many questions it raises of script , language , literary form and religious content . '' See also ( edit ) Balak ( parsha ) Biblical archaeology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mangold , Max . `` A Pronouncing and Phonetic Dictionary of Biblical Names '' . University of Tubingen . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ II Peter 2 : 15 , Jude 11 , Revelation 2 : 14 Jump up ^ Numbers 22 : 2 Jump up ^ Numbers 22 : 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Revelation 2 : 14 Jump up ^ See Critical View Nearly all modern expositors agree that the section xxii. -- xxiv . belongs to the composite document JE `` Balaam '' . Jewishencyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan , Translated from the Hebrew by Judah Goldin , Yale Judaica Series 10 , Chapter 2 , p 23 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bilam & Jesus '' . Oztorah.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bileam and Jesus , in `` Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Jüdische Theologie , '' Volume 6 , pp. 31 -- 37 Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia , under the category of : Balaam Jump up ^ Schäfer , Peter . Jesus in the Talmud . Princeton University Press ( 2007 ) , Pages : 86 - 174 Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews , iv. 6 , § 2 Jump up ^ Philo , De Vita Moysis , i . 48 : `` a man renowned above all men for his skill as a diviner and a prophet , who foretold to the various nations important events , abundance and rain , or droughts and famine , inundations or pestilence . '' Jump up ^ Who 's Who of the Bible : Everything you need to know about everyone named in the Bible by Martin H. Manser and Debra Reid , Lion Books , 3 Jan 2013 , p. 53 Jump up ^ The Proper Names of the Bible ; Their Orthography , Pronunciation , and Signification , Etc by John Farrar , John Mason , 1839 , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : A Dictionary of the Bible , Comprising Its Antiquities , Biography , Geography , and Natural History by William George Smith , S.S. Scranton & Company , 1896 , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Jude and 2 Peter ( Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament ) by Gene Green , Baker Academic , 1 Nov 2008 , p. 289 Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ `` Annales , '' ed . De Goeje , i . 508 et seq . Jump up ^ Num . xxv. 14 , 15 . Jump up ^ ' i'a ' al - Anbiyya , pp. 206 et seq. , Cairo ed. , 1298 . Jump up ^ Thomas L. Thompson ( 2000 ) . `` Problems of Genre and Historicity with Palestine 's Descriptions '' . In André Lemaire , Magne Saebo . Supplements to Vetus Testamentum , Volume 80 . Brill . p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 9004115989 . Jump up ^ Allan Millard ( 2006 ) . `` Authors , Books and Readers in the Ancient World '' . In J.W. Rogerson , Judith M. Lieu . The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies . Oxford University Press . p. 554 . ISBN 978 - 0199254255 . Jump up ^ J. Hoftijzer and G. van der Kooij , Aramaic Texts from Deir ' Alla Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 19 ( Leiden ) 1976 . Jump up ^ Meindert Dijkstra , `` Is Balaam Also among the Prophets ? '' Journal of Biblical Literature 114. 1 ( Spring 1995 , pp. 43 -- 64 ) , p. 44 . References ( edit ) Ausloos , Hans , On an Obedient Prophet and a Fickle God . The Narrative of Balaam in Numbers 22 -- 24 , in Old Testament Essays 20 ( 2007 ) 84 - 104 Hoftijzer , Jacob . `` The Prophet Balaam in a 6th Century Aramaic Inscription . '' Biblical Archaeologist 39.1 ( March 1976 ) , pp. 11 -- 17 ( electronic edition 2001 ) . McCarter , P. Kyle . `` The Balaam Texts from Deir Allā : The First Combination . '' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , no . 239 ( Summer 1980 ) , pp. 49 -- 60 . Olrik , Axel ( Kirsten Wolf and Jody Jensen , trs . ) . Principles for Oral Narrative Research . Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1921 ( tr. 1992 ) . Shenk , Robert . `` The Coherence of the Biblical Story of Balaam . '' Literature and Belief 13 ( 1993 ) , 31 - 51 . Van Kooten , George H. and Jacques van Ruiten ( edd . ) . Prestige of the Pagan Prophet Balaam in Judaism , Early Christianity and Islam . Leiden : Brill , 2008 . Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Balaam '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balaam . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Balaam . Bibliography on Balaam Biblical Hebrew Poetry -- Reconstructing the Original Oral , Aural and Visual Experience The Oracles of Balaam ( poetic portions of Numbers 23 : 7 -- 24 : 24 ) Reconstructed The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ( ISBE ) , James Orr , M.A. , D.D. , General Editor -- 1915 ( online ) Easton 's Bible Dictionary , M.G. Easton M.A. , D.D. , published by Thomas Nelson , 1897 . ( online ) Hitchcock Bible Names Dictionary ( online ) Nave Topical Bible , Orville J. Nave , AM. , D.D. , LL. D. ( online ) Smith 's Bible Dictionary ( 1896 ) ( online ) Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . People and things in the Quran hide Characters Non-humans Allāh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran , such as Karīm ( Generous ) Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thá ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) LCCN : n82220567 NLA : 53004671 VIAF : 123915857 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balaam&oldid=839686081 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Angelic visionaries Biblical figures in rabbinic literature Biblical people in Islam Book of Numbers Moses Torah people Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Wolof 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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who did the donkey talk to in the bible

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Here Comes the Sun

Here Comes the Sun - wikipedia Here Comes the Sun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by the Beatles . For other uses , see Here Comes the Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` Here Comes the Sun '' Song by the Beatles from the album Abbey Road Published Harrisongs Released 26 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) Recorded 7 July -- 19 August 1969 Genre Folk pop pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Here Comes the Sun '' is a song written by George Harrison that was first released on the Beatles ' 1969 album Abbey Road . Along with `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , it is one of Harrison 's best - known compositions from the Beatles era . The song was written at the country house of his friend Eric Clapton , where Harrison had chosen to play truant for the day , to avoid attending a meeting at the Beatles ' Apple Corps organisation . The lyrics reflect the composer 's relief at both the arrival of spring and the temporary respite he was experiencing from the band 's business affairs . The Beatles recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' at London 's EMI Studios in the summer of 1969 . Led by Harrison 's acoustic guitar , the recording also features Moog synthesizer , which he had introduced to the Beatles ' sound after acquiring an early model of the instrument in California . Reflecting the continued influence of Indian classical music on Harrison 's writing , the composition includes a series of unusual time changes . `` Here Comes the Sun '' has received acclaim from music critics . Combined with his other contribution to Abbey Road , `` Something '' , it gained for Harrison the level of recognition as a songwriter that had previously been reserved for his bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Harrison played the song during many of his relatively rare live performances as a solo artist , including at the Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 and , with Paul Simon , during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in 1976 . Richie Havens and Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel each had hit singles with `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 1970s . Nina Simone , George Benson , Booker T. & the M.G. 's , Peter Tosh and Joe Brown are among the many other artists who have covered the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Musical structure 3 Recording 4 Release and reception 5 Cultural references and legacy 6 Cover versions 6.1 Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 6.2 Other artists 7 Personnel 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' is one of Harrison 's best - known Beatles compositions alongside `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . The early months of 1969 were a difficult period for Harrison : he had quit the band temporarily , he was arrested for marijuana possession , and he had his tonsils removed . Harrison states in his autobiography , I , Me , Mine : `` Here Comes the Sun '' was written at the time when Apple was getting like school , where we had to go and be businessmen : ' Sign this ' and ' sign that . ' Anyway , it seems as if winter in England goes on forever , by the time spring comes you really deserve it . So one day I decided I was going to sag off Apple and I went over to Eric Clapton 's house . The relief of not having to go see all those dopey accountants was wonderful , and I walked around the garden with one of Eric 's acoustic guitars and wrote `` Here Comes the Sun '' . As Clapton states in his autobiography , the house in question is known as Hurtwood Edge . When interviewed in the Martin Scorsese documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Clapton said he believed the month was April . Data from two meteorological stations in the London area show that April 1969 set a record for sunlight hours for the 1960s . The Greenwich station recorded 189 hours for April , a high that was not beaten until 1984 . The Greenwich data also show that February and March were much colder than the norm for the 1960s , which would account for Harrison 's reference to a `` long , cold , lonely winter '' . Musical structure ( edit ) The song is in the key of A major . The main refrain uses a IV ( D chord ) to V - of - V ( B chord ) progression ( the reverse of that used in `` Eight Days a Week '' and `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ) . The melody in the verse and refrain basically follows the pentatonic scale from E up to C ♯ ( scale steps 5 , 6 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) . One feature is the increasing syncopation in the vocal parts . Another feature is the guitar flat - picking that embellishes the E7 ( V7 ) chord from 2 : 03 to 2 : 11 , creating tension for resolution on the tonic A chord at `` Little darlin ' `` . The bridge involves a ♭ III - ♭ VII - IV - I - V7 triple descending 4th ( or Tri-Plagal ) progression ( with an extra V7 ) as the vocals move from `` Sun '' ( ♭ III or C chord ) to `` sun '' ( ♭ VII or G chord ) to `` sun '' ( IV or D chord ) to `` comes '' ( I or A chord ) and the additional 4th descent to a V7 ( E7 ) chord . The lyric here ( `` Sun , sun , sun , here it comes '' ) has been described as taking `` on the quality of a meditator 's mantra '' . The song also features extreme 4 / 4 ( in the verse ) and a sequence of 11 / 8 + 4 / 4 + 7 / 8 ( which can also be transcribed as 11 / 8 + 15 / 8 ) in the bridge , phrasing interludes which Harrison drew from Indian music influences . In the second verse ( 0 : 59 -- 1 : 13 ) the Moog synthesizer doubles the solo guitar line and in the third verse the Moog adds an obbligato line an octave above . The last four bars ( 2 : 54 -- 3 : 04 ) juxtapose the guitar break with a repeat of the bridge . Recording ( edit ) Harrison , Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr recorded the rhythm track in 13 takes on 7 July 1969 . John Lennon did not contribute to the song as he was recovering from a car crash . Towards the end of the session Harrison spent an hour re-recording his acoustic guitar part . He capoed his guitar on the 7th fret , resulting in the final key of A major ( in fact , slightly above A major due to the track being varispeeded by less than a semitone ) . He also used the same technique on his 1965 song `` If I Needed Someone '' , which shares a similar melodic pattern . The following day he taped his lead vocals , and he and McCartney recorded their backing vocals twice to give a fuller sound . A harmonium and handclaps were added on 16 July . Harrison added an electric guitar run through a Leslie speaker on 6 August , and the orchestral parts ( George Martin 's score for two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes and two clarinets ) were added on 15 August . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was completed four days later with the addition of Harrison 's Moog synthesizer part . The master tapes reveal that Harrison recorded a guitar solo that was not included in the final mix at that time . Release and reception ( edit ) Abbey Road was released on 26 September 1969 with `` Here Comes the Sun '' sequenced as the opening track on side two of the LP . Along with `` Something '' , which was issued as a single from the album , the song established Harrison as a composer to match Lennon and McCartney . According to author Alan Clayson , Harrison 's two Abbey Road compositions received `` the most widespread syndication '' of all the tracks on the album , partly through the number of cover versions they attracted . Nine years later , Harrison recorded `` Here Comes the Moon '' as a lyrical successor to the song . In Japan , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was issued on a single in 1970 , as the B - side to McCartney 's Abbey Road track `` Oh ! Darling '' . While the Beatles never released the track on a single in Britain , new rules implemented to the UK Singles Chart in 2007 allowed any song to enter the charts based on download sales . This allowed several songs recorded by the Beatles to list on the charts when the group 's back catalogue became available for download on iTunes in 2010 , including `` Here Comes the Sun '' , which peaked at number 58 on 27 November that year . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Mikal Gilmore likened `` Here Comes the Sun '' to the McCartney - written `` Let It Be '' and Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as Harrison 's `` graceful anthem of hope amid difficult realities '' . While expressing regret at having underestimated Harrison as a songwriter , Martin described `` Here Comes the Sun '' as being `` in some ways one of the best songs ever written '' . Cultural references and legacy ( edit ) In 1977 , astronomer and science populariser Carl Sagan attempted to have `` Here Comes the Sun '' included on a disc of music accompanying the Voyager space mission . Titled the Voyager Golden Record , copies of the disc were put on board both spacecraft in the Voyager program in order to provide any entity that recovered them with a representative sample of human civilization . Writing in his book Murmurs of Earth , Sagan recalls that the Beatles favoured the idea , but `` ( they ) did not own the copyright , and the legal status of the piece seemed too murky to risk . '' When the probes were launched in 1977 , the song was not included . The track has appeared in many critics ' lists of the Beatles ' best recordings . Among these , the NME placed it at number 4 in the magazine 's 2015 list of `` the 100 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . In a similar poll compiled by Mojo in 2006 , where the song appeared at number 21 , Danny Eccleston described it as `` perhaps the best song -- outside ' Jerusalem ' -- that religion can claim credit for '' , adding : `` Those who professed surprise at Harrison 's immediate elevation to Most Successful Solo Beatle status ( in 1970 ) clearly were n't listening to this . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' appeared at number 28 on Rolling Stone 's 2010 list , where the editors commented : `` Along with ' Something , ' it gave notice that the Beatles now had three formidable composers . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' was played as the entrance music for Ivanka Trump at the 2016 Republican National Convention . The George Harrison estate complained about the song being used to support Donald Trump 's presidential campaign , saying it was `` offensive and against the wishes of the George Harrison estate '' . The Harrison family later tweeted : `` If it had been Beware of Darkness , then we MAY have approved it ! # TrumpYourself . '' Cover versions ( edit ) Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' Single by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel from the album Love 's a Prima Donna B - side `` Lay Me Down '' Released 30 July 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 30 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Pop , rock Length 2 : 55 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) Steve Harley Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel singles chronology `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) In 1976 , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel , and released as the lead single from their fifth studio album , Love 's a Prima Donna . The lineup on their version was Steve Harley on vocals and guitar , Jim Cregan on lead guitar and backing vocals , Jo Partridge on guitar and backing vocals , George Ford on bass guitar and backing vocals , Duncan Mackay on keyboards , and Stuart Elliott on drums . Additional backing vocals were provided by Yvonne Keeley , John G. Perry and Tony Rivers , while Lindsey Elliott played percussion . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was the first cover version that Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel had chosen to record . The song peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 7 in Ireland . It was the band 's last top 40 single . Other artists ( edit ) In August 1971 , Harrison performed the song at the Concert for Bangladesh , accompanied by Pete Ham of the group Badfinger . He also played it during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in November 1976 , as a duet with Paul Simon . A live version from his 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton appears on Harrison 's Live in Japan double album . Booker T. & the M.G. 's included the song on their 1970 Abbey Road tribute album , McLemore Avenue . That same year , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by Peter Tosh and released as a single , although it was not widely available until its inclusion on Ca n't Blame the Youth in 2004 . We Five released a version on their 1970 album Catch the Wind . American folk singer Richie Havens had a US hit with his 1971 version , which peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Nina Simone recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' as the title track to her 1971 covers album . Sandy Farina covered `` Here Comes the Sun '' on the Martin - produced soundtrack to the 1978 film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . In 1980 , on their album Flaming Schoolgirls , the Runaways recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Dave Edmunds , Debbie Gibson and Raffi sang a live cover version in a Japanese television special aired in 1990 . On their 1994 debut album , Who Is , This Is ? , ska - punk band Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a version of the song . Linda Eder released a version of `` Here Comes the Sun '' in 2002 on her Gold album . On 29 November that year , Joe Brown performed the song at the Concert for George tribute , which was organised by Clapton and held at the Royal Albert Hall in London . Brown 's performance was included on the subsequent live album from the event and in David Leland 's concert film . Sheryl Crow sang `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 2007 animated film Bee Movie . Swedish heavy metal band Ghost released a version of the song as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their 2010 album Opus Eponymous . Marina Prior recorded the song for her 2012 album Both Sides Now . Malaysian singer Yuna recorded her version for the 2012 film Savages . It can be heard in the ending credits . Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato performed the song , as Santana Lopez and Dani respectively , in Glee 's fifth season episode `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' . Their duet version appears on the album Glee Sings the Beatles , released in September 2013 . Writing for MTV , Jocelyn Vena commented that the two singers sang `` in perfect harmony over a plucky guitar . '' Idolator also pointed out `` their beautiful harmonies '' as a highlight . Paul Simon has often performed `` Here Comes the Sun '' in concert , as a tribute to Harrison . In September 2014 , Simon played the song live on the TBS television show Conan as part of the show 's `` George Harrison Week '' initiative . Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , the lineup on the Beatles ' recording was as follows . The Beatles George Harrison -- lead and backing vocals , acoustic and electric guitars , harmonium , Moog synthesizer , handclaps Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , bass , handclaps Ringo Starr -- drums , handclaps Orchestra Uncredited -- four violas , four cellos , double bass , two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes , two clarinets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens : Roots , Freedom , Bob Dylan & The Beatles ! '' . The Immortal Jukebox. 2016 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Rowley , David . All Together Now , the ABC of the Beatles songs and albums . Troubador , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan . `` Notes on ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Lost Solo Discovered '' . andpop.com. 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` New George Harrison guitar solo uncovered '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 297 , 300 . Jump up ^ Woffinden 1981 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 355 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2009 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` The Beatles Songs : ' Here Comes the Sun ' -- The history of this classic Beatles song '' . oldies.about.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sagan et al. 1978 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 28 . ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Paul ; Bixby , Scott ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` ' The greatest asset Trump has ' : Ivanka gets rave reviews for Cleveland speech '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` George Harrison Estate Addresses RNC 's Use Of ' Here Comes The Sun ' To Introduce Ivanka Trump '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Love 's A Prima Donna at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` STEVE HARLEY & COCKNEY REBEL full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Tony ( 24 April 1976 ) . `` Harley blows big chance '' . New Musical Express . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Lavezzoli 2006 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Booker T. & the MG 's McLemore Avenue '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` We Five , Catch the Wind '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens -- Chart history '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes the Sun -- Nina Simone '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Earth ' 90 : Children and the Environment B.A.M. Majestic Theater Brooklyn , NY Jun 2 , 1990 ) : '' . concertvault.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voodoo Glow Skulls , `` Who Is , This Is ? '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kanis , Jon ( December 2012 ) . `` I 'll See You in My Dreams : Looking Back at the Concert for George '' . San Diego Troubadour . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Various Artists A Concert for George ( Video ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Naya Rivera Harmonize On ' Glee ' Duet '' . MTV . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato & Naya Rivera Cover The Beatles ' ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Hear The ' Glee ' Track '' . Idolator . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Erin ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Paul Simon Performs ' Here Comes The Sun ' for George Harrison Week on ' Conan ' '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehr , Bob ( January 2012 ) . `` He 's Going to Graceland '' . Mojo . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Watch Paul Simon Perform the Beatles ' ' Here Comes the Sun ' on ' Conan ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . George Harrison . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Fretbase.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) ( 1980 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5900 - 4 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Lavezzoli , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 6 . Sagan , Carl ; Drake , Frank D. ; Lomberg , Jon ; Sagan , Linda Salzman ; Druyan , Ann ; Ferris , Timothy ( 1978 ) . Murmurs of Earth : The Voyager Interstellar Record . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 41047 - 5 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Woffinden , Bob ( 1981 ) . The Beatles Apart . London : Proteus . ISBN 0 - 906071 - 89 - 5 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3133 - 9171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Abbey Road Review from AllMusic Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles ' official website Abbey Road Songs Side one `` Come Together '' `` Something '' `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' `` Oh ! Darling '' `` Octopus 's Garden '' `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' Side two `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Because '' `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' `` Sun King '' `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' `` Polythene Pam '' `` She Came In Through the Bathroom Window '' `` Golden Slumbers '' `` Carry That Weight '' `` The End '' `` Her Majesty '' Non-album single `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' `` Old Brown Shoe '' Outtakes `` Come and Get It '' `` Ai n't She Sweet '' Related articles Abbey Road , London The Beatles discography Break - up of the Beatles Iain Macmillan McLemore Avenue The Other Side of Abbey Road Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Steve Harley / Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Steve Harley Barry Wickens Robbie Gladwell James Lascelles Kuma Harada Adam Houghton Jean - Paul Crocker Paul Jeffreys Milton Reame - James Jim Cregan George Ford Duncan Mackay Stuart Elliott Lincoln Anderson Studio albums ( Cockney Rebel ) The Human Menagerie ( 1973 ) The Psychomodo ( 1974 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1975 ) Timeless Flight ( 1976 ) Love 's a Prima Donna ( 1976 ) The Quality of Mercy ( 2005 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley ) Hobo with a Grin ( 1978 ) The Candidate ( 1979 ) Yes You Can ( 1992 ) Poetic Justice ( 1996 ) Stranger Comes to Town ( 2010 ) Live albums Face to Face : A Live Recording ( 1977 ) Stripped to the Bare Bones ( 1999 ) Acoustic and Pure : Live ( 2003 ) Anytime ! ( A Live Set ) ( as The Steve Harley Band , 2004 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Compilations A Closer Look ( 1975 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 1980 ) The Collection ( 1983 ) Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) Mr Soft ( 1988 ) Live at the BBC ( 1995 ) More Than Somewhat -- The Very Best of Steve Harley ( 1998 ) The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( 1999 ) Best of the ' 70s ( 2000 ) The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology ( 2006 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 2008 ) Cavaliers : An Anthology 1973 - 1974 ( 2012 ) Original Album Series ( 2014 ) Singles ( Cockney Rebel ) `` Sebastian '' `` Judy Teen '' `` Hideaway '' `` Psychomodo '' `` Mr. Soft '' `` Tumbling Down '' Singles ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' `` Black or White '' `` White , White Dove '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( live ) '' `` I Ca n't Even Touch You '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Last Goodbye '' Singles ( Steve Harley ) `` Big Big Deal '' `` Roll the Dice '' `` Someone 's Coming '' `` Freedom 's Prisoner '' `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( with Sarah Brightman ) `` Whatever You Believe '' ( as Anderson , Harley & Batt ) `` When I 'm with You '' `` Star for a Week ( Dino ) '' `` A Friend for Life '' `` Faith & Virtue '' `` For Sale . Baby Shoes . Never Worn '' `` Ordinary People '' Video Live from London ( 1985 ) The Come Back , All is Forgiven Tour : Live ( 1989 ) Live at the Isle of Wight Festival ( 2005 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography The Alan Parsons Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_the_Sun&oldid=798336168 '' Categories : 1960s ballads Pop ballads Music published by Harrisongs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by George Harrison The Beatles songs Nina Simone songs Steve Harley songs We Five songs 1969 songs 1970 singles 1971 singles 1976 singles Apple Records singles EMI Records singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 09 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what movie has the song here comes the sun

4416701920956377562

Crazy Rap

Crazy Rap - wikipedia Crazy Rap Jump to : navigation , search `` Crazy Rap '' Single by Afroman from the album Sell Your Dope and The Good Times Released September 6 , 2001 Genre Dirty rap , comedy hip hop Length 5 : 53 ( original album version ) 3 : 11 ( radio edit / Now 51 version ) Label T - Bones Songwriter ( s ) Joseph `` Afroman '' Foreman Producer ( s ) Joseph `` Afroman '' Foreman / The Savalas Brothers Afroman singles chronology `` Because I Got High '' ( 2001 ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( 2001 ) `` Because I Got High '' ( 2001 ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( 2001 ) `` Crazy Rap '' , also known as `` Colt 45 and 2 Zig Zags '' or simply `` Colt 45 '' , is a dirty rap single recorded by rapper Afroman . It was featured on his third album , Sell Your Dope , and was later included on his greatest hits album , The Good Times . It is often referred to as `` Colt 45 '' , as the hook states `` Colt 45 and two zig - zags , baby that 's all we need '' . The song failed to replicate the success of its predecessor but it nonetheless still charted across Europe , reaching the top 10 in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Music video 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) `` Crazy Rap '' `` Crazy Rap '' ( Accapella ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( Afrolicious Mix ) `` Outro '' Music video ( edit ) The video takes place in front of a liquor store in Los Angeles , and shows Afroman telling his story to his friends , while dancing and crip walking to the beat with them , and others who join in . It also shows him in the various situations he describes , such as riding in a car , being chased by a klansman , and in the bed with multiple women . The last line is a homage to `` Rapper 's Delight '' . This is a remade version of the song which was first featured on Afroman 's debut album My Fro - losophy , which was released independently without a record label . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 99 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 39 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 52 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 76 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing 11 February 2002 '' ARIA Top 100 Singles . National Library of Australia . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Afroman '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afroman : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Afroman Studio albums The Good Times Independent albums Because I Got High Sell Your Dope Afroholic ... The Even Better Times Jobe Bells 4R0 : 20 The Hungry Hustlerz : Starvation Is Motivation Drunk ' n ' High A Colt 45 Christmas Waiting to Inhale Greatest Hitz Live Frobama : Head of State EPs One Hit Wonder EP Singles `` Crazy Rap '' `` Because I Got High '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Rap&oldid=814403524 '' Categories : 2001 singles Afroman songs Songs about cannabis Dirty rap songs 2000 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australiapandora Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the song colt 45 come out

2327583703543599088

Milan Central railway station

Milan central railway station - wikipedia Milan central railway station Jump to : navigation , search For the district of Milan , see Stazione di Milano Centrale . Milano Centrale Inside the station Location Piazza Duca d'Aosta 20124 Milan Italy Coordinates 45 ° 29 ′ 10 '' N 09 ° 12 ′ 13 '' E  /  45.48611 ° N 9.20361 ° E  / 45.48611 ; 9.20361 Coordinates : 45 ° 29 ′ 10 '' N 09 ° 12 ′ 13 '' E  /  45.48611 ° N 9.20361 ° E  / 45.48611 ; 9.20361 Owned by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana Operated by Grandi Stazioni Line ( s ) Milan -- Bologna ( high - speed ) Milan -- Bologna ( traditional ) Milan -- Turin ( high - speed ) Milan -- Turin ( traditional ) Milan -- Genoa Milan -- Venice Milan -- Chiasso ( -- Zürich ) Milan -- Domodossola ( -- Brig ) Milan -- Lecco Tracks 24 Connections Milan Metro ATM trams ATM buses and trolleybuses Airport buses Construction Architect Ulisse Stacchini History Opened 1 July 1931 ; 86 years ago ( 1931 - 07 - 01 ) Electrified 1938 ( 1938 ) Traffic Passengers 120 million per year Location Milano Centrale Location within Milan Milan Central or Milano Centrale is the main railway station of the city of Milan , Italy and one of the main railway stations in Europe . The station is a terminus and located at the northern end of central Milan . It was officially inaugurated in 1931 to replace the old central station ( built 1864 ) , which was a transit station but with a limited number of tracks and space , so could not handle the increased traffic caused by the opening of the Simplon tunnel in 1906 . Milano Centrale has high speed connections to Turin in the west , Venice via Verona in the east and on the north - south mainline to Bologna , Rome , Naples and Salerno . The Simplon and Gotthard railway lines connect Milano Centrale to Bern and Geneva via Domodossola and Zürich via Chiasso in Switzerland . Destinations of inter-city and regional railways radiate from Milano Centrale to Ventimiglia ( border of France ) , Genova , Turin , Domodossola ( border of Swiss Canton of Valais / Wallis ) , Tirano ( border of Swiss Canton of Graubünden / Grisons ) , Bergamo , Verona , Mantova , Bologna and La Spezia . The Milan suburban railway service , however , does not use Milano Centrale but the other mainline stations : Porta Garibaldi ( northwest ) , Cadorna ( west ) and Rogoredo ( east ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Train services 2.1 Domestic ( High - speed ) 2.2 Domestic 2.3 Cross-border ( Night train ) 2.4 Cross-border 2.5 Platforms 2.6 Unusual track layout 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The first Milano Centrale railway station from Giornale dell'Ingegnere e Architetto , January 1865 , vol. 13 , Annex A view of the arrival hall The roof of the central section Lateral view of the gallery . Photo by Paolo Monti , 1969 The first Milano Centrale station opened in 1864 in the area now occupied by the Piazza della Repubblica , south of the modern station . It was designed by French architect Louis - Jules Bouchot ( 1817 -- 1907 ) and its architectural style was reminiscent of Parisian buildings of that period . The station was designed to replace Porta Tosa station ( opened in 1846 as the terminus of the line to Treviglio and eventually Venice ) and Porta Nuova station ( opened in 1850 as the second terminus on the line to Monza , which was eventually extended to Chiasso ) and was interconnected with all lines , either existing or under construction , surrounding Milan . It remained in operation until 30 June 1931 , when the current station was opened . There is now no trace of the old station left . King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy laid the cornerstone of the new station on April 28 , 1906 , before a blueprint for the station had even been chosen . The last , real , contest for its construction was won in 1912 by architect Ulisse Stacchini , whose design was modeled after Union Station in Washington , DC , and the construction of the new station began . The purported style was an eclectic mix called `` Assyrian - Lombard . '' Due to the Italian economic crisis during World War I , construction proceeded very slowly , and the project , rather simple at the beginning , kept changing and became more and more complex and majestic . This happened especially when Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister , and wanted the station to represent the power of the Fascist regime . The major changes were the new platform types and the introduction of the great steel canopies by Alberto Fava ; 341 m ( 1,119 ft ) long and covering an area of 66,500 square metres ( 716,000 sq ft ) . Construction resumed in earnest in 1925 and on July 1 , 1931 , the station was officially opened in the presence of Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano . Its façade is 200 metres ( 660 ft ) wide and its vault is 72 metres ( 236 ft ) high , a record when it was built . It has 24 platforms . Each day about 330,000 passengers use the station , totaling about 120 million per year . The station has no definite architectural style , but is a blend of many different styles , especially Liberty and Art Deco , but not limited to those . It is adorned with numerous sculptures . `` The ' incongruous envelope of stone ' ( Attilio Pracchi ) of this gigantic and monumental building dominates Piazza Duca d'Aosta . '' On September 25 , 2006 , officials announced a € 100 million project , already in progress , to refurbish the station . Of the total cost , € 20 million has been allocated to restore `` certain areas of high artistic value '' while the remaining € 80 million will be used for more general improvements to the station to make it more functional with the current railway services . The project includes moving the ticket office and installing new elevators and escalators for increased accessibility . There remains unrestored and inaccessible areas to the public within the station including a waiting room with swastikas on the floor designed to receive Hitler . Train services ( edit ) The station has 24 tracks . Every day about 320,000 passengers pass through the station using about 500 trains , for an annual total of 120 million passengers . The station is served by national and international routes , with both long - distance and regional lines . Daily international destinations include Bern , Lugano , Geneva , Zürich , Paris , Vienna , Barcelona and Munich . The station is also connected to Milan - Malpensa Airport through the Malpensa Express airport train . The following services call at the station ( incomplete ) : Domestic ( High - speed ) ( edit ) High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciarossa ) Turin - Salerno : Turin Porta Nuova - Turin Porta Susa - Milan Centrale - Milan Rogoredo - Bologna Centrale - Florence S.M. Novella - Rome Tiburtina - Rome Termini - Naples Centrale - Salerno High speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciarossa ) Milan - Bari : Milan - Bologna - Ancona - Pescara - Foggia -- Bari High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciarossa ) Milan - Venice : Milan - Brescia - Peschiera del Garda - Verona - Vicenza - Padua - Venice High - speed train ( Italo NTV ) Turin - Salerno : Turin - Milan - Bologna - Florence - Rome - Naples - Salerno High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciabianca ) Turin - Venice : Turin - Novara - Milan - Brescia - Verona - Vicenza - Padua - Venice - ( Trieste ) High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciabianca ) Milan - Lecce : Milan - Piacenza - Parma - Reggio d'Emilia - Modena - Bologna - Rimini - Pesaro - Ancona - Pescara - Termoli - Foggia - Bari - Brindisi - Lecce High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciabianca ) Milan - Bari / Taranto : Milan - Modena - Bologna - Rimini - Ancona - Pescara - Foggia - Bari - Taranto Domestic ( edit ) For regional ( Regio ) trains to Monza and Como from Milano Centrale , refer to the ' cross-border ' services . There is no train service of Milan Suburbano at the Centrale station . Airport train ( Trenord Malpensa Express ) Milan - Malpensa Airport : Milan - ( Busto Arsizio ) - Malpensa Airport Intercity train ( Trenitalia Intercity ) Milan - Lecce : Milan - Piacenza - Parma - Modena - Bologna - Rimini - Ancona - Pescara - Foggia - Trani - Bari - Fasano - Brindisi - Lecce Intercity train ( Trenitalia Intercity ) Milan - Taranto : Milan - Lodi - Piacenza - Parma - Reggio Emilia - Modena - Bologna - Faenza - Cesena - Rimini - Riccione - Pesaro - Senigalla - Ancona - Giulianova - Pescara - Termoli - Foggia - Trani - Bisceglie - Bari - Taranto Intercity train ( Trenitalia Intercity ) Milan - Livorno : Milan - Pavia - Tortona - Genova Piazza Principe - Genova Brignole - Santa Margherita Ligure - Portofino - Rapallo - Chiavari - Sestri Levante - Levanto - Monterosso - La Spezia Centrale - Massa Centro - Viareggio - Pisa Centrale - Livorno Centrale Intercity train ( Trenitalia Intercity ) Milan - Ventimiglia : Milan - Pavia - Genova - San Remo - Ventimiglia Night train ( Trenitalia Intercity Notte ) Milan - Lecce : Milan - Piacenza - Parma - Reggio d'Emilia - Modena - Bologna - Cesana - Rimini - Ancona - Pescara - Foggia - Bari - Trani - Brindisi - Lecce Regional train ( Trenitalia Regionale Veloce ) Turin - Milan : Turin - Vercelli - Novara - Milan Regional train ( Trenitalia Regional ) Milan - Alessandria : Milan - Pavia - Voghera - Tortona - Alessandria Regional train ( Trenord Regio ) Milan - Verona : Milan - Brescia - Peschiera del Garda - Verona Regional train ( Trenord Regio ) Milan - Tirano : Milan - Lecco - Sondrio - Tirano Regional train ( Trenord Regio ) Milan - Mantua : Milan - Lodi - Codgono - Cremona - Piadana - Mantova Regional train ( Trenord Regio ) Milan - Bergamo : Milan - Treviglio - Bergamo Historic train ( Fondazione FS / Trenitalia Storico ) Milan - Varallo : Milan - Novara - Varallo Sesia Cross-border ( night train ) ( edit ) ( CH for Switzerland , D for Germany , A for Austria , F for France , MN for Monaco ) On 11 December 2016 , ÖBB will take over Deutsche Bahn 's night trains . The Munich - Milan service will be withdrawn . Night train ( Thello EuroNight ) Paris - Venice : Venice - Padua - Verona - Milan ( Centrale ) - Milan ( Rho - Fiera for Expo 2015 ) - Dijon ( F ) - Paris ( F ) Night train ( DB City Night Line ) Milan - Munich / Vienna : Milan - Brescia - Peschiera del Garda - Verona ^ - ( Rovereto / Rofreit ) - ( Trento / Trient ) - Bolzano / Bozen - ( Brennero / Brenner ) - Innsbruck ( A ) - Jenbach ( A ) - Kufstein ( A ) - Munich ( D ) ^ Train connects at Verona with ÖBB EuroNight Rome - Vienna : DB CityNightLine splits into two trains ( first half couples with ÖBB Rome - Vienna and leaves for Vienna or Rome ; second half continues to Munich or Milan ) . Vienna - Rome splits into two trains ( first half continues to Rome or Vienna ; second half couples with DB CityNightLine for Milan or Munich ) . Cross-border ( edit ) After the opening of Gotthard Base Tunnel , train services between Milan and Switzerland will increase in frequency from 11 December 2016 . All SBB - CFF - FSS Eurocity will save 35 minutes of total journey time between Bellinzona and Arth - Goldau . From December 2017 , a new cross-border service Milan - Frankfurt ( DB - SBB Eurocity ) via Zürich will be operational . Regional train ( TiLo Regio ) Milan - Bellinzona : Milan - Monza - Como ( San Giovanni ) - Chiasso ( CH ) - Lugano ( CH ) - Bellinzona ( CH ) Intercity train ( SBB - CFF - FSS EuroCity ) Geneva - Milan / Venice : Geneva / Genf ( CH ) - Lausanne ( CH ) - Brig ( CH ) - Domodossola - Milan - ( Brescia ) - ( Verona ) - ( Padua ) - ( Venice ) Intercity train ( SBB - CFF - FSS EuroCity ) Basel - Milan : Basel SBB ( CH ) - Bern / Berne ( CH ) - Thun ( CH ) - Brig ( CH ) - Domodossola - Stresa - Busto Arsizio - Milan Intercity train ( SBB - CFF - FSS EuroCity ) Zürich - Milan : Zürich ( CH ) - Zug ( CH ) - Arth - Goldau ( CH ) - Bellinzona ( CH ) - Lugano ( CH ) - Chiasso ( CH ) - Como ( San Giovanni ) - Monza - Milan Intercity train ( SBB - CFF - FSS EuroCity ) Luzern - Milan : Luzern ( CH ) - Arth - Goldau ( CH ) - Bellinzona ( CH ) - Lugano ( CH ) - Chiasso ( CH ) - Como ( San Giovanni ) - Monza - Milan Intercity train ( Thello EuroCity ) Milan - Marseilles : Milan - Genoa - San Remo - Menton ( F ) - Monaco Monte Carlo ( MN ) - Nice ( F ) - Cannes ( F ) - Marseille ( F ) Preceding station Trenitalia Following station Torino Porta Susa toward Torino Porta Nuova Frecciarossa Roma Termini toward Salerno Terminus Frecciarossa Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana toward Bari Centrale Novara toward Turin Porta Nuova Frecciabianca Brescia toward Trieste Centrale Terminus Frecciabianca Brescia toward Udine Terminus Frecciabianca Piacenza toward Lecce Terminus Frecciabianca Piacenza toward Taranto Gallarate toward Basel SBB EuroCity Terminus Gallarate toward Geneva Cornavin EuroCity Brescia toward Venice Santa Lucia Dijon toward Paris - Gare de Lyon Thello Brescia toward Venice Pavia toward Marseille - St - Charles Thello Terminus Terminus Intercity Notte Piacenza toward Lecce Terminus Intercity Notte Bologna Centrale toward Lecce Rho Fiera Milano toward Torino Porta Nuova Treno regionale Terminus Preceding station Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori Following station Torino Porta Susa toward Torino Porta Nuova Italo Milano Rogoredo toward Salerno Preceding station Trenord Following station Milano Porta Garibaldi toward Malpensa Aeroporto Terminal 2 Treno regionale Terminus Terminus Treno regionale Milano Lambrate toward Verona Porta Nuova Terminus Treno regionale Milano Lambrate toward Bergamo Platforms ( edit ) ( hide ) Trenord Malpensa Express Legend Malpensa Aeroporto Terminal 2 Malpensa Aeroporto Terminal 1 Ferno - Lonate Pozzolo Busto Arsizio Nord Castellanza Rescaldina Saronno Milano Nord Bovisa Milano Cadorna Milano Porta Garibaldi Milano Centrale The station , along with Roma Termini and Firenze Santa Maria Novella , has security gates which prevent access to the platforms without a ticket . Each platform is usually dedicated to some particular route . The current organization is as follows , although temporary changes may occur . Platforms 1 - 3 : Chiasso / Domodossola / Milan - Turin ( ES * AV ) Platforms 4 - 6 : Turin / Cisalpino Milan -- Como -- Arth Goldau -- Basel / Zürich Platforms 7 - 13 : Venice / Udine Platforms 14 - 17 : Bologna -- Florence -- Rome -- Naples Platforms 18 - 23 : Genoa - Livorno / Ventimiglia / Parma / Cremona - Mantua / Milan - Treviglio - Bergamo Platform 24 : Operations Unusual track layout ( edit ) On the northern side of the railway yard there used to be a loop curve so that trains could turn around and reverse back into the station . The trains could so be displaced from the left side of the station to the right side and vice versa without crossing all the tracks . The tracks on the loop curve are partially broken up . Gallery ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Trains portal Architecture portal Milan portal History of rail transport in Italy List of railway stations in Lombardy Rail transport in Italy Railway stations in Milan Railway stations in Italy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ see also Milano Repubblica railway station Jump up ^ http://milan.today/en/interesting/milano-centrale-history-across-generations ^ Jump up to : Daverio , Philippe . Lombardy . Milan : RCS Libri , 2015 . p 47 . Jump up ^ http://milan.today/en/interesting/milano-centrale-history-across-generations Jump up ^ Touring Club Guida di Milano , p. 471 Jump up ^ `` 100mln Euros to requalify Milan Railway Central Station '' . AGI. 2006 - 09 - 25 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` International Destinations '' . Ferrovie dello Stato . Archived from the original on 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Can easily be seen on Google Earth and most old maps External links ( edit ) official page at Grandistazioni website Winchester , Clarence , ed. ( 1936 ) , `` Milan Central station '' , Railway Wonders of the World , pp. 546 -- 552 illustrated contemporary description of the station Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milano Centrale railway station . Grandi Stazioni S.p.A. Shareholders Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane Eurostazioni Railway stations in Italy Bari Centrale Bologna Centrale Firenze Santa Maria Novella Genova Brignole Genova Piazza Principe Milano Centrale Napoli Centrale Palermo Centrale Roma Termini Torino Porta Nuova Venezia Mestre Venezia Santa Lucia Verona Porta Nuova Railway stations in Czech Republic Praha hl. n Karlovy Vary hor. n . Mariánské Lázně Railway stations in Milan Grandi Stazioni Centrale Centostazioni Lambrate Porta Garibaldi Rogoredo RFI Certosa Dateo Greco Pirelli Lancetti Porta Genova Porta Romana Porta Venezia Porta Vittoria Repubblica Romolo San Cristoforo Villapizzone FERROVIENORD Affori Bovisa Bruzzano Cadorna Domodossola Quarto Oggiaro Defunct Bovisa FS Bullona ( 2003 ) Centrale vecchia ( 1931 ) Lambrate vecchia ( 1931 ) Porta Nuova I ( 1850 ) Porta Nuova II ( 1864 ) Porta Nuova III `` Varesine '' ( 1963 ) Porta Tosa ( 1864 ) Urban rail transport in Milan Milan Metro List of Milan Metro stations AnsaldoBreda Meneghino Suburban railway List of Milan suburban railway stations Milan Passante railway ATM ( Azienda Trasporti Milanesi ) Trenord Railway stations in Milan Trams in Milan Trolleybuses in Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Central_railway_station&oldid=838941288 '' Categories : Railway stations in Milan Railway stations opened in 1931 Art Nouveau architecture in Milan Art Nouveau railway stations Buildings and structures completed in 1931 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 08 : 02 . 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what is the main train station in milan

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United States Department of the Treasury

United States Department of the Treasury - wikipedia United States Department of the Treasury Jump to : navigation , search `` OFR '' redirects here . For other uses , see OFR ( disambiguation ) . United States Department of the Treasury Seal of the U.S. Department of the Treasury Flag of the U.S. Department of the Treasury Treasury Building Agency overview Formed September 2 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 09 - 02 ) Preceding agency Board of Treasury Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Treasury Building 1500 Pennsylvania Avenue , NW Washington , D.C. , U.S 38 ° 53 ′ 54 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 3 '' W  /  38.89833 ° N 77.03417 ° W  / 38.89833 ; - 77.03417 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 54 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 3 '' W  /  38.89833 ° N 77.03417 ° W  / 38.89833 ; - 77.03417 Employees 86,049 ( 2014 ) Annual budget `` $14 billion ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Agency executives Steven Mnuchin , Secretary Vacant , Deputy Secretary Jovita Carranza , Treasurer Child agencies Internal Revenue Service United States Mint Bureau of Engraving and Printing Several others Website treasury.gov The Department of the Treasury is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government . Established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue , its responsibilities include : producing currency and coinage , collecting taxes and paying bills of the US government , managing the federal finances , supervising banks and thrifts , and advising on fiscal policy . The Department is administered by the Secretary of the Treasury , who is a member of the Cabinet . On February 13 , 2017 , the Senate confirmed Steven Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury . The first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton , who was sworn into office on September 11 , 1789 . Hamilton was asked by President George Washington to serve after first having asked Robert Morris ( who declined , recommending Hamilton instead ) . Hamilton almost single - handedly worked out the nation 's early financial system , and for several years was a major presence in Washington 's administration as well . His portrait is on the obverse of the U.S. ten - dollar bill while the Treasury Department building is shown on the reverse . Besides the Secretary , one of the best - known Treasury officials is the Treasurer of the United States whose signature , along with the Treasury Secretary 's , appears on all Federal Reserve notes . The Treasury prints and mints all paper currency and coins in circulation through the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the United States Mint . The Department also collects all federal taxes through the Internal Revenue Service , and manages U.S. government debt instruments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Revolutionary Period 1.2 Hamilton and the Establishment of the Department of the Treasury 1.3 2003 Reorganization 2 Responsibilities 2.1 Mission 2.2 Basic functions 3 Organization 3.1 Structure 3.2 Bureaus 3.3 Budget and staffing 4 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links History ( edit ) Revolutionary period ( edit ) The history of the Department of the Treasury began in the turmoil of the American Revolution , when the Continental Congress at Philadelphia deliberated the crucial issue of financing a war of independence against Great Britain . The Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes , nor was there a tangible basis for securing funds from foreign investors or governments . The delegates resolved to issue paper money in the form of bills of credit , promising redemption in coin on faith in the revolutionary cause . On June 22 , 1775 -- only a few days after the Battle of Bunker Hill , Congress issued $2 million in bills ; on July 25 , 28 citizens of Philadelphia were employed by the Congress to sign and number the currency . On July 29 , 1775 , the Second Continental Congress assigned the responsibility for the administration of the revolutionary government 's finances to Joint Continental Treasurers , George Clymer and Michael Hillegas . The Congress stipulated that each of the colonies contribute to the Continental government 's funds . To ensure proper and efficient handling of the growing national debt in the face of weak economic and political ties between the colonies , the Congress , on February 17 , 1776 , designated a committee of five to superintend the Treasury , settle the accounts , and report periodically to the Congress . On April 1 , a Treasury Office of Accounts , consisting of an Auditor General and clerks , was established to facilitate the settlement of claims and to keep the public accounts for the government of the United Colonies . With the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 , the new - born republic as a sovereign nation was able to secure loans from abroad . Despite the infusion of foreign and domestic loans to pay for a war of independence , the United Colonies were unable to establish a well - organized agency for financial administration . Michael Hillegas was first called Treasurer of the United States on May 14 , 1777 . The Treasury Office was reorganized three times between 1778 and 1781 . The $241.5 million of paper Continental Dollars devalued rapidly . By May 1781 , the dollar collapsed at a rate of from 500 to 1000 to 1 against hard currency . Protests against the worthless money swept the colonies and angry Americans coined the expression `` not worth a Continental '' . Robert Morris was designated Superintendent of Finance in 1781 and restored stability to the nation 's finances . Morris , a wealthy colonial merchant , was nicknamed `` the Financier '' because of his reputation for procuring funds or goods on a moment 's notice . His staff included a Comptroller , a Treasurer , a Register , and auditors , who managed the country 's finances through 1784 , when Morris resigned because of ill health . The Treasury Board of three Commissioners continued to oversee the finances of the confederation of former colonies until September 1789 . Hamilton and the establishment of the Department of the Treasury ( edit ) The First Congress of the United States was called to convene in New York on March 4 , 1789 , marking the beginning of government under the Constitution . On September 2 , 1789 , Congress created a permanent institution for the management of government finances : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That there shall be a Department of Treasury , in which shall be the following officers , namely : a Secretary of the Treasury , to be deemed head of the department ; a Comptroller , an Auditor , a Treasurer , a Register , and an Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury , which assistant shall be appointed by the said Secretary . Alexander Hamilton took the oath of office as the first Secretary of the Treasury on September 11 , 1789 . Hamilton had served as George Washington 's aide - de-camp during the Revolution , and was of great importance in the ratification of the Constitution . Because of his financial and managerial acumen , Hamilton was a logical choice for solving the problem of the new nation 's heavy war debt . Hamilton 's first official act was to submit a report to Congress in which he laid the foundation for the nation 's financial health . To the surprise of many legislators , he insisted upon federal assumption and dollar - for - dollar repayment of the country 's war debt of $75 million in order to revitalize the public credit : `` ( T ) he debt of the United States ' was the price of liberty . The faith of America has been repeatedly pledged for it , and with solemnities that give peculiar force to the obligation . '' Hamilton foresaw the development of industry and trade in the United States , and suggested that government revenues be based upon customs duties . His sound financial policies also inspired investment in the Bank of the United States , which acted as the government 's fiscal agent . 2003 reorganization ( edit ) Treasury Building Congress transferred several agencies that had previously been under the aegis of the Treasury department to other departments as a consequence of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Effective January 24 , 2003 , the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( ATF ) , which had been a bureau of the Department since 1972 , was extensively reorganized under the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . The law enforcement functions of ATF , including the regulation of legitimate traffic in firearms and explosives , were transferred to the Department of Justice as the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives ( BATFE ) . The regulatory and tax collection functions of ATF related to legitimate traffic in alcohol and tobacco remained with the Treasury at its new Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) . Effective March 1 , 2003 , the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center , the United States Customs Service , and the United States Secret Service were transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security ( `` DHS '' ) . Responsibilities ( edit ) Treasury Department official , surrounded by packages of newly minted currency , counting and wrapping dollar bills . Washington , D.C. , 1907 . Mission ( edit ) The mission of the Department of the Treasury is to `` maintain a strong economy and create economic and job opportunities by promoting the conditions that enable economic growth and stability at home and abroad , strengthen national security by combating threats and protecting the integrity of the financial system , and manage the U.S. Government 's finances and resources effectively '' . Basic functions ( edit ) The basic functions of the Department of the Treasury mainly include : Producing all currency and coinage of the U.S. ; Collecting taxes , duties and money paid to and due to the U.S. : Paying all bills of the U.S. ; Managing the federal finances ; Managing government accounts and the United States public debt ; Supervising national banks and thrift institutions ; Advising on domestic and international financial , monetary , economic , trade and tax policy ( fiscal policy being the sum of these ) ; Enforcing federal finance and tax laws ; Investigating and prosecuting tax evaders ; Publishing statistical reports . With respect to the estimation of revenues for the executive branch , Treasury serves a purpose parallel to that of the Office of Management and Budget for the estimation of spending for the executive branch , the Joint Committee on Taxation for the estimation of revenues for Congress , and the Congressional Budget Office for the estimation of spending for Congress . From 1830 until 1901 , the responsibility of overseeing weights and measures was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures , which was part of the U.S. Treasury Department . After 1901 , the responsibility was assigned to the agency that subsequently became known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Organization of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . The Office of Foreign Assets Control and the main branch of the Treasury Department Federal Credit Union are located in the Freedman 's Bank Building in Washington , D.C. Organization ( edit ) The Department of the Treasury is organized into two major components : the Departmental offices and the operating bureaus . The Departmental Offices are primarily responsible for the formulation of policy and management of the Department as a whole , while the operating bureaus carry out the specific operations assigned to the Department . Structure ( edit ) Seal on United States Department of the Treasury on the Building Secretary of the Treasury Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Treasurer of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing United States Mint Under Secretary for Domestic Finance Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions Office of Financial Institutions Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets Office of Financial Markets Fiscal Assistant Secretary Office of Fiscal Service Bureau of the Fiscal Service Assistant Secretary for Financial Stability Office of Financial Stability Under Secretary for International Affairs Assistant Secretary for International Markets and Development Assistant Secretary for International Affairs Office of Environment and Energy Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence ( Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence ) Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis Office of Intelligence and Analysis Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Office of Foreign Assets Control Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture Assistant Secretary for Management / Chief Financial Officer / Performance Improvement Officer Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs / Director of policy planning Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Commissioner of Internal Revenue Internal Revenue Service Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Office of the General Counsel Office of the Inspector General Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration ( TIGTA ) Bureaus ( edit ) Bureau Description The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) is responsible for enforcing and administering laws covering the production , use , and distribution of alcohol and tobacco products . TTB also collects excise taxes for firearms and ammunition . The Bureau of Engraving & Printing ( BEP ) The Bureau of Engraving & Printing ( BEP ) designs and manufactures U.S. currency , securities , and other official certificates and awards . The Bureau of the Fiscal Service The Bureau of the Fiscal Service was formed from the consolidation of the Financial Management Service and the Bureau of the Public Debt . Its mission is to promote the financial integrity and operational efficiency of the U.S. government through exceptional accounting , financing , collections , payments , and shared services . The Community Development Financial Institution ( CDFI ) Fund The Community Development Financial Institution ( CDFI ) Fund was created to expand the availability of credit , investment capital , and financial services in distressed urban and rural communities . The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ( FinCEN ) The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ( FinCEN ) supports law enforcement investigative efforts and fosters interagency and global cooperation against domestic and international financial crimes . It also provides U.S. policy makers with strategic analyses of domestic and worldwide trends and patterns . The Inspector General The Inspector General conducts independent audits , investigations and reviews to help the Treasury Department accomplish its mission ; improve its programs and operations ; promote economy , efficiency and effectiveness ; and prevent and detect fraud and abuse . The Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration ( TIGTA ) The Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration ( TIGTA ) provides leadership and coordination and recommends policy for activities designed to promote economy , efficiency , and effectiveness in the administration of the internal revenue laws . TIGTA also recommends policies to prevent and detect fraud and abuse in the programs and operations of the IRS and related entities . The Internal Revenue Service The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) is the largest of Treasury 's bureaus . It is responsible for determining , assessing , and collecting internal revenue in the United States . The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) charters , regulates , and supervises national banks to ensure a safe , sound , and competitive banking system that supports the citizens , communities , and economy of the United States . The U.S. Mint The U.S. Mint designs and manufactures domestic , bullion and foreign coins as well as commemorative medals and other numismatic items . The Mint also distributes U.S. coins to the Federal Reserve banks as well as maintains physical custody and protection of the nation 's silver and gold assets . Budget and staffing ( edit ) The Treasury Department was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of $22.6 billion . The budget authorization is broken down as follows : Program Funding ( in millions ) Employees ( in FTEs ) Management and Finance Department Administration $311 1,320 Office of the Inspector General $35 213 Inspector General for Tax Administration $157 837 Special Inspector General for TARP $34 192 Community Development Financial Institutions Fund $225 73 Financial Crimes Enforcement Network $108 346 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau $101 517 Bureau of the Fiscal Services $348 2,350 Tax Administration Internal Revenue Service $12,476 92,009 International Programs International Programs $2,610 0 Non-Appropriated Bureaus Office of Fiscal Stability $184 86 Small Business Lending Programs $17 25 State Small Business Credit Initiative $7 12 Financial Stability Oversight Council $20 26 Office of Financial Research $92 249 Bureau of Engraving and Printing $749 1,944 United States Mint $3,571 1,874 Office of the Comptroller of the Currency $1,104 3,997 TOTAL $22,583 106,080 Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the Treasury earned a D by scoring 68 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Federal Reserve System MicroLoan Program Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 17 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework Treasury Information System Architecture Framework Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Act to Establish the Treasury Department '' ( PDF ) . September 2 , 1789 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Appointment as Secretary of the Treasury '' . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 12 , 1 Statue. 65 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ US Treasury website Organization Jump up ^ Records of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , National Archives website , ( Record Group 167 ) , 1830 -- 1987 . Jump up ^ Treasury Order 101 - 05 , U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . 10 January 2011 . Updated 26 April 2011 . Accessed 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DF Org Chart , `` The Office of Domestic Finance '' . U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . October 2011 . Accessed 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ International Affairs , `` About International Affairs '' . U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . 14 February 2012 . Accessed 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Environment and Energy '' . www.treasury.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Terrorism and Financial Intelligence , `` About Terrorism and Financial Intelligence '' . U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . July 2 , 2012 . Accessed November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2015 Department of the Treasury Budget in Brief , pg 9 , United States Department of the Treasury , Accessed 2015 - 07 - 06 Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 , March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved 21 March 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of the Treasury . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Treasury . Official website Department of the Treasury in the Federal Register Map of Major Foreign Holders Of Treasury Securities 2009 Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of Finances -- These annual reports also contain the reports of the many departments of the Treasury , including the Bureau of the Mint , Bureau of Engraving and Printing , Bureau of Customs , Office of the Comptroller of the Currency , Secret Service , and the Internal Revenue Service . United States Department of the Treasury at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 26 , 1996 ) Act to establish the Treasury Department . 1st Congress , 1st Session , Ch. 12 , 1 Stat. 65 Agencies under the United States Department of the Treasury Headquarters : Treasury Building Steven Mnuchin , Secretary of the Treasury Vacant , Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Community Development Financial Institutions Fund Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Office of Tax Policy Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs Office of East Asia Office of South and Southeast Asia Nations Office of Europe & Eurasia Office of the Western Hemisphere Office of International Monetary Policy Office of Banking and Securities Office of International Debt Policy Office of Development Policy Office of Financing Operations Office of African Nations Office of the Middle East and North Africa Office of International Trade Office of International Investment Office of Trade Finance Office of Technical Assistance Office of Risk and Research Analysis Exchange Stabilization Fund Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance Advanced Counterfeit Deterrence Federal Financing Bank Office of Debt Management Office of Financial Institutions Office of Financial Markets Office of Financial Stability Office of Fiscal Service Bureau of the Fiscal Service Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes Office of Intelligence and Analysis Office of Foreign Assets Control Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture Treasurer of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing United States Mint Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Patriot Act Titles I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- VI -- VII -- VIII -- IX -- X Statute Legislative and Judicial History History of the Patriot Act Acts modified Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act People George W. 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Constantinople

Constantinople - wikipedia Constantinople Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical city from 330 to 1453 . For its predecessor in Greek and early Roman times , see Byzantium . For Constantinople during the Ottoman era and the modern city , see Istanbul . For other uses , see Constantinople ( disambiguation ) . Constantinople Κωνσταντινούπολις or Κωνσταντινούπολη ( in Greek ) Constantinopolis ( in Latin ) Map of Constantinople Shown within Turkey Alternate name Byzantion ( earlier Greek name ) , Miklagard / Miklagarth ( Old Norse ) , Tsarigrad ( Slavic ) , Basileuousa ( `` Queen of Cities '' ) , Megalopolis ( `` the Great City '' ) Location Istanbul , Istanbul Province , Turkey Region Thrace Coordinates 41 ° 00 ′ 49 '' N 28 ° 57 ′ 18 '' E  /  41.01361 ° N 28.95500 ° E  / 41.01361 ; 28.95500 Coordinates : 41 ° 00 ′ 49 '' N 28 ° 57 ′ 18 '' E  /  41.01361 ° N 28.95500 ° E  / 41.01361 ; 28.95500 Type Imperial city Area 6 km ( 2.3 sq mi ) enclosed within Constantinian Walls 14 km ( 5.4 sq mi ) enclosed within Theodosian Walls History Builder Constantine the Great Founded AD 330 Periods Late Antiquity to Late Middle Ages Cultures Roman , Byzantine Timeline of Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire 330 - 1204 AD ; 1261 - 1453 AD 330 AD : Founding of Constantinople ca . 404 / 05 - 413 AD : Construction of the Theodosian Walls 474 AD : Great Fire of Constantinople 532 AD : Nika Riots and Fire of Constantinople 537 AD : Completion of the Hagia Sophia by Justinian I 626 AD : First Siege of Constantinople 674 - 78 AD : First Arab Siege of Constantinople 717 - 18 AD : Great Siege of Constantinople / Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 1204 AD : Sack of Constantinople 1261 AD : Liberation of Constantinople 1453 AD : Fall of Constantinople Constantinople ( Greek : Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis or Κωνσταντινούπολη Konstantinoúpoli ; Latin : Constantinopolis ; Ottoman Turkish : قسطنطینية ‎ , translit . Ḳosṭanṭīnīye ) was the capital city of the Roman / Byzantine ( 330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453 ) , and also of the brief Latin ( 1204 -- 1261 ) , and the later Ottoman ( 1453 -- 1923 ) empires . It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great , after whom it was named , and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD . From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century , Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe and it was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom 's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross . After the final loss of its provinces in the early 15th century , the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs , along with Morea in Greece , and the city eventually fell to the Ottomans after a month - long siege in 1453 . Aerial view of Byzantine Constantinople and the Propontis ( Sea of Marmara ) Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences . Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples , the defences of Constantinople proved invulnerable for nearly nine hundred years before the city was taken in 1204 by the Crusader armies of the Fourth Crusade , and after it was liberated in 1261 by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos , a second and final time in 1453 when it was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II . The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I , and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts . Later , in the 5th century , the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian Walls , which consisted of a double wall lying about 2 km ( 1.2 miles ) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front . This formidable complex of defences was one of the most sophisticated of Antiquity . The city was built intentionally to rival Rome , and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the ' seven hills ' of Rome . Because it was located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara the land area that needed defensive walls was reduced , and this helped it to present an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces , domes , and towers , the result of the prosperity that was engendered by its being the gateway between two continents ( Europe and Asia ) and two seas ( the Mediterranean and the Black Sea ) . The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces , such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia , which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate , the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived , the Galata Tower , the Hippodrome , the Golden Gate of the Land Walls , and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares . The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453 , including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts . Constantinople never truly recovered from the devastation of the Fourth Crusade and the decades of misrule by the Latins . Although the city partially recovered in the early years after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty , the advent of the Ottomans and the subsequent loss of the Imperial territories until it became an enclave inside the fledgling Ottoman Empire rendered the city severely depopulated when it fell to the Ottoman Turks , whereafter it replaced Edirne ( Adrianople ) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 1.1 Before Constantinople 1.2 Names of Constantinople 1.3 Modern names of the city 2 History 2.1 c. 657 BC -- 324 AD : Byzantium and earlier settlements 2.2 324 -- 337 : Foundation of Constantinople 2.3 337 -- 529 : Constantinople during the Migration Period 2.4 527 -- 565 : Constantinople in the Age of Justinian 2.5 Survival , 565 -- 717 : Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages 2.6 717 -- 1025 : Constantinople during the Macedonian Renaissance 2.6. 1 Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople 2.7 1025 -- 1081 : Constantinople after Basil II 2.8 1081 -- 1185 : Constantinople under the Comneni 2.9 1185 -- 1261 : Constantinople during the Imperial Exile 2.10 1261 -- 1453 : Palaiologan Era and the Fall of Constantinople 2.11 1453 -- 1922 : Ottoman Kostantiniyye 3 Importance 3.1 Culture 3.2 International status 3.3 Architecture 3.4 Religion 3.5 Popular culture 4 See also 4.1 People from Constantinople 4.2 Secular buildings and monuments 4.3 Churches , monasteries and mosques 4.4 Miscellaneous 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Names ( edit ) Before Constantinople ( edit ) According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History , the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was Lygos , a settlement of likely Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th century BC . The site , according to the founding myth of the city , was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city - state of Megara founded Byzantium ( Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) in around 657 BC , across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus . The origins of the name of Byzantion , more commonly known by the later Latin Byzantium , are not entirely clear , though some suggest it is of Thraco - Illyrian origin . The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists , Byzas . The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men , Byzas and Antes , though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion . The city was briefly renamed Augusta Antonina in the early 3rd century by the Emperor Septimius Severus ( 193 -- 211 ) , having razed the city to the ground in 196 AD for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt , in honour of his son Antoninus , the later Emperor Caracalla . The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned , and the city reverted to Byzantium / Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or , at the latest , the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235 . Names of Constantinople ( edit ) Main article : Names of Constantinople This huge keystone found in Çemberlitaş , Fatih may have belonged to a triumphal arch at the Forum of Constantine ; the forum was built by Constantine I in the quarter of modern - day Çemberlitaş . The Column of Constantine , built by Constantine I in 330 AD to commemorate the establishment of Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman Empire Byzantium took on the name of Konstantinoupolis ( `` city of Constantine '' , Constantinople ) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I , who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 AD and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma ( Νέα Ῥώμη ) ' New Rome ' . During this time , the city was also called ' Second Rome ' , ' Eastern Rome ' , and Roma Constantinopolitana . As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West , and its wealth , population , and influence grew , the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames . As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th -- 13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin , Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as Basileuousa ( Queen of Cities ) and Megalopolis ( the Great City ) and was , in colloquial speech , commonly referred to as just Polis ( η πόλη ) ' the City ' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike . In the language of other peoples , Constantinople was referred to just as reverently . The medieval Vikings , who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe ( Varangians ) used the Old Norse name Miklagarðr ( from mikill ' big ' and garðr ' city ' ) , and later Miklagard and Miklagarth . In Arabic , the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al - kubra ( Great City of the Romans ) and in Persian as Takht - e Rum ( Throne of the Romans ) . In East and South Slavic languages , including in medieval Russia , Constantinople was referred to as Tsargrad ( Царьград ) or Carigrad , ' City of the Caesar ( Emperor ) ' , from the Slavonic words tsar ( ' Caesar ' or ' King ' ) and grad ( ' city ' ) . This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις ( Vasileos Polis ) , ' the city of the emperor ( king ) ' . Modern names of the city ( edit ) The modern Turkish name for the city , İstanbul , derives from the Greek phrase eis tin polin ( εἰς τὴν πόλιν ) , meaning `` into the city '' or `` to the city '' . This name was used in Turkish alongside Kostantiniyye , the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople , during the period of Ottoman rule , while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century . In 1928 , the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script . After that , as part of the 1920s Turkification movement , Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities , instead of other transliterations to Latin script that had been used in the Ottoman times . In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages . The name `` Constantinople '' is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders , the Orthodox patriarch based in the city , referred to as `` His Most Divine All - Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch . '' In Greece today , the city is still called Konstantinoúpolis / Konstantinoúpoli ( Κωνσταντινούπολη / Κωνσταντινούπολις ) or simply just `` the City '' ( Η Πόλη / Η Πόλις ) . History ( edit ) C. 657 BC -- 324 AD : Byzantium and earlier settlements ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I ( 272 -- 337 AD ) in 324 on the site of an already - existing city , Byzantium , which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion , in around 657 BC , by colonists of the city - state of Megara . This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople , but the first known settlements was that of Lygos , referred to in Pliny 's Natural Histories , Apart from this , little is known about this initial settlement , except that it was abandoned by the time the Megarian colonists settled the site anew . The site , according to the founding myth of the city , was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city - state of Megara founded Byzantium ( Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) in around 657 BC , ( 14 ) across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus . The city maintained independence as a city - state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire , who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait . Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece , a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent , yet subordinate , city under the Athenians , and later to the Spartans after 411 BC . A farsighted treaty with the emergent power of Rome in c. 150 BC which stipulated tribute in exchange for independent status allowed it to enter Roman rule unscathed . This treaty would pay dividends retrospectively as Byzantium would maintain this independent status , and prosper under peace and stability in the Pax Romana , for nearly three centuries until the late 2nd century AD . Byzantium was never a major influential city - state like that of Athens , Corinth , and Sparta , but the city enjoyed relative peace and steady growth as a prosperous trading city lent by its remarkable position . The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean , and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour . Already then , in Greek and early Roman times , Byzantium was famous for its strategic geographic position that made it difficult to besiege and capture , and its position at the crossroads of the Asiatic - European trade route over land and as the gateway between the Mediterranean and Black Seas made it too valuable a settlement to abandon , as Emperor Septimius Severus later realized when he razed the city to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger 's claimancy . It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed `` a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia '' . He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign , in which it would be briefly renamed Augusta Antonina , fortifying it with a new city wall in his name , the Severan Wall . 324 -- 337 : foundation of Constantinople ( edit ) Emperor Constantine I presents a representation of the city of Constantinople as tribute to an enthroned Mary and Christ Child in this church mosaic . Hagia Sophia , c. 1000 Another coin struck by Constantine I in 330 -- 333 AD to commemorate the foundation of Constantinople and to also reaffirm Rome as the traditional centre of the Roman Empire . Coin struck by Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople Constantine had altogether more colourful plans . Having restored the unity of the Empire , and , being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church , he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital . Rome was too far from the frontiers , and hence from the armies and the imperial courts , and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians . Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years , and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location . Nevertheless , Constantine identified the site of Byzantium as the right place : a place where an emperor could sit , readily defended , with easy access to the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers , his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia , his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire . Constantinople was built over 6 years , and consecrated on 11 May 330 . Constantine divided the expanded city , like Rome , into 14 regions , and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis . Yet , at first , Constantine 's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome . It possessed a proconsul , rather than an urban prefect . It had no praetors , tribunes , or quaestors . Although it did have senators , they held the title clarus , not clarissimus , like those of Rome . It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply , police , statues , temples , sewers , aqueducts , or other public works . The new programme of building was carried out in great haste : columns , marbles , doors , and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city . In similar fashion , many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets . The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that , as in Rome , free distributions of food would be made to the citizens . At the time , the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day , doled out from 117 distribution points around the city . Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium , naming it the Augustaeum . The new senate - house ( or Curia ) was housed in a basilica on the east side . On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance , the Chalke , and its ceremonial suite known as the Palace of Daphne . Nearby was the vast Hippodrome for chariot - races , seating over 80,000 spectators , and the famed Baths of Zeuxippus . At the western entrance to the Augustaeum was the Milion , a vaulted monument from which distances were measured across the Eastern Roman Empire . From the Augustaeum led a great street , the Mese ( Greek : Μέση ( Οδός ) lit . `` Middle ( Street ) '' ) , lined with colonnades . As it descended the First Hill of the city and climbed the Second Hill , it passed on the left the Praetorium or law - court . Then it passed through the oval Forum of Constantine where there was a second Senate - house and a high column with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of Helios , crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun . From there , the Mese passed on and through the Forum Tauri and then the Forum Bovis , and finally up the Seventh Hill ( or Xerolophus ) and through to the Golden Gate in the Constantinian Wall . After the construction of the Theodosian Walls in the early 5th century , it was extended to the new Golden Gate , reaching a total length of seven Roman miles . 337 -- 529 : Constantinople during the migration period ( edit ) Theodosius I was the last Roman emperor who ruled over an undivided empire ( detail from the Obelisk at the Hippodrome of Constantinople ) . The importance of Constantinople increased , but it was gradual . From the death of Constantine in 337 to the accession of Theodosius I , emperors had been resident only in the years 337 - 8 , 347 -- 51 , 358 -- 61 , 368 -- 69 . Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus , who held office from 11 December 359 until 361 . The urban prefects had concurrent jurisdiction over three provinces each in the adjacent dioceses of Thrace ( in which the city was located ) , Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100 - mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome . The emperor Valens , who hated the city and spent only one year there , nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate , probably for use when reviewing troops . All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon . Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint ( today preserved at the Topkapı Palace ) , put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus , and turned the ruined temple of Aphrodite into a coach house for the Praetorian Prefect ; Arcadius built a new forum named after himself on the Mese , near the walls of Constantine . After the shock of the Battle of Adrianople in 378 , in which the emperor Valens with the flower of the Roman armies was destroyed by the Visigoths within a few days ' march , the city looked to its defences , and in 413 -- 414 Theodosius II built the 18 - metre ( 60 - foot ) - tall triple - wall fortifications , which were not to be breached until the coming of gunpowder . Theodosius also founded a University near the Forum of Taurus , on 27 February 425 . Uldin , a prince of the Huns , appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace , but he was deserted by many of his followers , who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river . Subsequent to this , new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved . After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire , Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire . Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces . They remained in their palace in the Great City and sent generals to command their armies . The wealth of the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia flowed into Constantinople . 527 -- 565 : Constantinople in the Age of Justinian ( edit ) Map of Constantinople ( 1422 ) by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti is the oldest surviving map of the city , and the only one that predates the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453 The current Hagia Sophia was commissioned by Emperor Justinian I after the previous one was destroyed in the Nika riots of 532 . It was converted into a mosque in 1453 when the Ottoman Empire commenced and became a museum in 1935 The emperor Justinian I ( 527 -- 565 ) was known for his successes in war , for his legal reforms and for his public works . It was from Constantinople that his expedition for the reconquest of the former Diocese of Africa set sail on or about 21 June 533 . Before their departure , the ship of the commander Belisarius was anchored in front of the Imperial palace , and the Patriarch offered prayers for the success of the enterprise . After the victory , in 534 , the Temple treasure of Jerusalem , looted by the Romans in 70 AD and taken to Carthage by the Vandals after their sack of Rome in 455 , was brought to Constantinople and deposited for a time , perhaps in the Church of St. Polyeuctus , before being returned to Jerusalem in either the Church of the Resurrection or the New Church . Chariot - racing had been important in Rome for centuries . In Constantinople , the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance . It was where ( as a shadow of the popular elections of old Rome ) the people by acclamation showed their approval of a new emperor , and also where they openly criticized the government , or clamoured for the removal of unpopular ministers . In the time of Justinian , public order in Constantinople became a critical political issue . Throughout the late Roman and early Byzantine periods , Christianity was resolving fundamental questions of identity , and the dispute between the orthodox and the monophysites became the cause of serious disorder , expressed through allegiance to the horse - racing parties of the Blues and the Greens . The partisans of the Blues and the Greens were said to affect untrimmed facial hair , head hair shaved at the front and grown long at the back , and wide - sleeved tunics tight at the wrist ; and to form gangs to engage in night - time muggings and street violence . At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532 , known as the `` Nika '' riots ( from the battle - cry of `` Victory ! '' of those involved ) . Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine 's basilica of Hagia Sophia ( Holy Wisdom ) , the city 's principal church , which lay to the north of the Augustaeum . Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia . This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church , whose dome was said to be held aloft by God alone , and which was directly connected to the palace so that the imperial family could attend services without passing through the streets . The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor , who exclaimed , `` O Solomon , I have outdone thee ! '' Hagia Sophia was served by 600 people including 80 priests , and cost 20,000 pounds of gold to build . Justinian also had Anthemius and Isidore demolish and replace the original Church of the Holy Apostles built by Constantine with a new church under the same dedication . This was designed in the form of an equal - armed cross with five domes , and ornamented with beautiful mosaics . This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century . When the city fell to the Turks in 1453 , the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror . Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city 's built environment , legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within 100 feet ( 30 m ) of the sea front , in order to protect the view . During Justinian I 's reign , the city 's population reached about 500,000 people . However , the social fabric of Constantinople was also damaged by the onset of the Plague of Justinian between 541 -- 542 AD . It killed perhaps 40 % of the city 's inhabitants . Restored section of the fortifications that protected Constantinople during the medieval period Survival , 565 -- 717 : Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages ( edit ) In the early 7th century , the Avars and later the Bulgars overwhelmed much of the Balkans , threatening Constantinople with attack from the west . Simultaneously , the Persian Sassanids overwhelmed the Prefecture of the East and penetrated deep into Anatolia . Heraclius , son of the exarch of Africa , set sail for the city and assumed the purple . He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage , but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay . The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars : the population fell substantially as a result . While the city withstood a siege by the Sassanids and Avars in 626 , Heraclius campaigned deep into Persian territory and briefly restored the status quo in 628 , when the Persians surrendered all their conquests . However , further sieges followed the Arab conquests , first from 674 to 678 and then in 717 to 718 . The Theodosian Walls kept the city impregnable from the land , while a newly discovered incendiary substance known as Greek Fire allowed the Byzantine navy to destroy the Arab fleets and keep the city supplied . In the second siege , the second ruler of Bulgaria , Khan Tervel , rendered decisive help . He was called Saviour of Europe . 717 -- 1025 : Constantinople during the macedonian Renaissance ( edit ) Emperor Leo VI ( 886 -- 912 ) adoring Jesus Christ . Mosaic above the Imperial Gate in the Hagia Sophia . In the 730s Leo III carried out extensive repairs of the Theodosian walls , which had been damaged by frequent and violent attacks ; this work was financed by a special tax on all the subjects of the Empire . Theodora , widow of the Emperor Theophilus ( died 842 ) , acted as regent during the minority of her son Michael III , who was said to have been introduced to dissolute habits by her brother Bardas . When Michael assumed power in 856 , he became known for excessive drunkenness , appeared in the hippodrome as a charioteer and burlesqued the religious processions of the clergy . He removed Theodora from the Great Palace to the Carian Palace and later to the monastery of Gastria , but , after the death of Bardas , she was released to live in the palace of St Mamas ; she also had a rural residence at the Anthemian Palace , where Michael was assassinated in 867 . In 860 , an attack was made on the city by a new principality set up a few years earlier at Kiev by Askold and Dir , two Varangian chiefs : Two hundred small vessels passed through the Bosporus and plundered the monasteries and other properties on the suburban Prince 's Islands . Oryphas , the admiral of the Byzantine fleet , alerted the emperor Michael , who promptly put the invaders to flight ; but the suddenness and savagery of the onslaught made a deep impression on the citizens . In 980 , the emperor Basil II received an unusual gift from Prince Vladimir of Kiev : 6,000 Varangian warriors , which Basil formed into a new bodyguard known as the Varangian Guard . They were known for their ferocity , honour , and loyalty . It is said that , in 1038 , they were dispersed in winter quarters in the Thracesian theme when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman , but in the struggle she seized his sword and killed him ; instead of taking revenge , however , his comrades applauded her conduct , compensated her with all his possessions , and exposed his body without burial as if he had committed suicide . However , following the death of an Emperor , they became known also for plunder in the Imperial palaces . Later in the 11th Century the Varangian Guard became dominated by Anglo - Saxons who preferred this way of life to subjugation by the new Norman kings of England . The Book of the Eparch , which dates to the 10th century , gives a detailed picture of the city 's commercial life and its organization at that time . The corporations in which the tradesmen of Constantinople were organised were supervised by the Eparch , who regulated such matters as production , prices , import , and export . Each guild had its own monopoly , and tradesmen might not belong to more than one . It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office , then known by the Latin version of its title , had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome . In the 9th and 10th centuries , Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000 . Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople ( edit ) In the 8th and 9th centuries , the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire . The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images , and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke , an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens . Constantine V convoked a church council in 754 , which condemned the worship of images , after which many treasures were broken , burned , or painted over with depictions of trees , birds or animals : One source refers to the church of the Holy Virgin at Blachernae as having been transformed into a `` fruit store and aviary '' . Following the death of her son Leo IV in 780 , the empress Irene restored the veneration of images through the agency of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 . The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century , only to be resolved once more in 843 during the regency of Empress Theodora , who restored the icons . These controversies contributed to the deterioration of relations between the Western and the Eastern Churches . 1025 -- 1081 : Constantinople after Basil II ( edit ) In the late 11th century catastrophe struck with the unexpected and calamitous defeat of the imperial armies at the Battle of Manzikert in Armenia in 1071 . The Emperor Romanus Diogenes was captured . The peace terms demanded by Alp Arslan , sultan of the Seljuk Turks , were not excessive , and Romanus accepted them . On his release , however , Romanus found that enemies had placed their own candidate on the throne in his absence ; he surrendered to them and suffered death by torture , and the new ruler , Michael VII Ducas , refused to honour the treaty . In response , the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073 . The collapse of the old defensive system meant that they met no opposition , and the empire 's resources were distracted and squandered in a series of civil wars . Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia . By 1080 , a huge area had been lost to the Empire , and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople . 1081 -- 1185 : Constantinople under the Comneni ( edit ) The Byzantine Empire under Manuel I , c. 1180 12th century mosaic from the upper gallery of the Hagia Sophia , Constantinople . Emperor John II ( 1118 -- 1143 ) is shown on the left , with the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus in the centre , and John 's consort Empress Irene on the right . Under the Comnenian dynasty ( 1081 -- 1185 ) , Byzantium staged a remarkable recovery . In 1090 -- 91 , the nomadic Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople , where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army . In response to a call for aid from Alexius , the First Crusade assembled at Constantinople in 1096 , but declining to put itself under Byzantine command set out for Jerusalem on its own account . John II built the monastery of the Pantocrator ( Almighty ) with a hospital for the poor of 50 beds . With the restoration of firm central government , the empire became fabulously wealthy . The population was rising ( estimates for Constantinople in the 12th century vary from some 100,000 to 500,000 ) , and towns and cities across the realm flourished . Meanwhile , the volume of money in circulation dramatically increased . This was reflected in Constantinople by the construction of the Blachernae palace , the creation of brilliant new works of art , and general prosperity at this time : an increase in trade , made possible by the growth of the Italian city - states , may have helped the growth of the economy . It is certain that the Venetians and others were active traders in Constantinople , making a living out of shipping goods between the Crusader Kingdoms of Outremer and the West , while also trading extensively with Byzantium and Egypt . The Venetians had factories on the north side of the Golden Horn , and large numbers of westerners were present in the city throughout the 12th century . Toward the end of Manuel I Komnenos 's reign , the number of foreigners in the city reached about 60,000 -- 80,000 people out of a total population of about 400,000 people . In 1171 , Constantinople also contained a small community of 2,500 Jews . In 1182 , all Latin ( Western European ) inhabitants of Constantinople were massacred . In artistic terms , the 12th century was a very productive period . There was a revival in the mosaic art , for example : Mosaics became more realistic and vivid , with an increased emphasis on depicting three - dimensional forms . There was an increased demand for art , with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work . According to N.H. Baynes ( Byzantium , An Introduction to East Roman Civilization ) : `` With its love of luxury and passion for colour , the art of this age delighted in the production of masterpieces that spread the fame of Byzantium throughout the whole of the Christian world . Beautiful silks from the workshops of Constantinople also portrayed in dazzling colour animals -- lions , elephants , eagles , and griffins -- confronting each other , or represented Emperors gorgeously arrayed on horseback or engaged in the chase . '' `` From the tenth to the twelfth century Byzantium was the main source of inspiration for the West . By their style , arrangement , and iconography the mosaics of St. Mark 's at Venice and of the cathedral at Torcello clearly reveal their Byzantine origin . Similarly those of the Palatine Chapel , the Martorana at Palermo , and the cathedral of Cefalù , together with the vast decoration of the cathedral at Monreale , demonstrate the influence of Byzantium on the Norman Court of Sicily in the twelfth century . Hispano - Moorish art was unquestionably derived from the Byzantine . Romanesque art owes much to the East , from which it borrowed not only its decorative forms but the plan of some of its buildings , as is proved , for instance , by the domed churches of south - western France . Princes of Kiev , Venetian doges , abbots of Monte Cassino , merchants of Amalfi , and the kings of Sicily all looked to Byzantium for artists or works of art . Such was the influence of Byzantine art in the twelfth century , that Russia , Venice , southern Italy and Sicily all virtually became provincial centres dedicated to its production . '' 1185 -- 1261 : Constantinople during the Imperial exile ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople , by Eugène Delacroix , 1840 . The Latin Empire , Empire of Nicaea , Empire of Trebizond , and the Despotate of Epirus . The borders are very uncertain On 25 July 1197 , Constantinople was struck by a severe fire which burned the Latin Quarter and the area around the Gate of the Droungarios ( Turkish : Odun Kapısı ) on the Golden Horn . Nevertheless , the destruction wrought by the 1197 fire paled in comparison with that brought by the Crusaders . In the course of a plot between Philip of Swabia , Boniface of Montferrat and the Doge of Venice , the Fourth Crusade was , despite papal excommunication , diverted in 1203 against Constantinople , ostensibly promoting the claims of Alexius , son of the deposed emperor Isaac . The reigning emperor Alexius III had made no preparation . The Crusaders occupied Galata , broke the defensive chain protecting the Golden Horn and entered the harbour , where on 27 July they breached the sea walls : Alexius III fled . But the new Alexius IV found the Treasury inadequate , and was unable to make good the rewards he had promised to his western allies . Tension between the citizens and the Latin soldiers increased . In January 1204 , the protovestiarius Alexius Murzuphlus provoked a riot , it is presumed , to intimidate Alexius IV , but whose only result was the destruction of the great statue of Athena , the work of Phidias , which stood in the principal forum facing west . In February , the people rose again : Alexius IV was imprisoned and executed , and Murzuphlus took the purple as Alexius V. He made some attempt to repair the walls and organise the citizenry , but there had been no opportunity to bring in troops from the provinces and the guards were demoralised by the revolution . An attack by the Crusaders on 6 April failed , but a second from the Golden Horn on 12 April succeeded , and the invaders poured in . Alexius V fled . The Senate met in Hagia Sophia and offered the crown to Theodore Lascaris , who had married into the Angelid family , but it was too late . He came out with the Patriarch to the Golden Milestone before the Great Palace and addressed the Varangian Guard . Then the two of them slipped away with many of the nobility and embarked for Asia . By the next day the Doge and the leading Franks were installed in the Great Palace , and the city was given over to pillage for three days . Sir Steven Runciman , historian of the Crusades , wrote that the sack of Constantinople is `` unparalleled in history '' . `` For nine centuries , '' he goes on , `` the great city had been the capital of Christian civilisation . It was filled with works of art that had survived from ancient Greece and with the masterpieces of its own exquisite craftsmen . The Venetians ... seized treasures and carried them off to adorn ... their town . But the Frenchmen and Flemings were filled with a lust for destruction . They rushed in a howling mob down the streets and through the houses , snatching up everything that glittered and destroying whatever they could not carry , pausing only to murder or to rape , or to break open the wine - cellars ... Neither monasteries nor churches nor libraries were spared . In Hagia Sophia itself , drunken soldiers could be seen tearing down the silken hangings and pulling the great silver iconostasis to pieces , while sacred books and icons were trampled under foot . While they drank merrily from the altar - vessels a prostitute set herself on the Patriarch 's throne and began to sing a ribald French song . Nuns were ravished in their convents . Palaces and hovels alike were entered and wrecked . Wounded women and children lay dying in the streets . For three days the ghastly scenes ... continued , till the huge and beautiful city was a shambles ... When ... order was restored , ... citizens were tortured to make them reveal the goods that they had contrived to hide . For the next half - century , Constantinople was the seat of the Latin Empire . Under the rulers of the Latin Empire , the city declined , both in population and the condition of its buildings . Alice - Mary Talbot cites an estimated population for Constantinople of 400,000 inhabitants ; after the destruction wrought by the Crusaders on the city , about one third were homeless , and numerous courtiers , nobility , and higher clergy , followed various leading personages into exile . `` As a result Constantinople became seriously depopulated , '' Talbot concludes . The Latins took over at least 20 churches and 13 monasteries , most prominently the Hagia Sophia , which became the cathedral of the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople . It is to these that E.H. Swift attributed the construction of a series of flying buttresses to shore up the walls of the church , which had been weakened over the centuries by earthquake tremors . However , this act of maintenance is an exception : for the most part , the Latin occupiers were too few to maintain all of the buildings , either secular and sacred , and many became targets for vandalism or dismantling . Bronze and lead were removed from the roofs of abandoned buildings and melted down and sold to provide money to the chronically under - funded Empire for defense and to support the court ; Deno John Geanokoplos writes that `` it may well be that a division is suggested here : Latin laymen stripped secular buildings , ecclesiastics , the churches . '' Buildings were not the only targets of officials looking to raise funds for the impoverished Latin Empire : the monumental sculptures which adorned the Hippodrome and fora of the city were pulled down and melted for coinage . `` Among the masterpieces destroyed , writes Talbot , `` were a Herakles attributed to the fourth - century B.C. sculptor Lysippos , and monumental figures of Hera , Paris , and Helen . '' The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes reportedly saved several churches from being dismantled for their valuable building materials ; by sending money to the Latins `` to buy them off '' ( exonesamenos ) , he prevented the destruction of several churches . According to Talbot , these included the churches of Blachernae , Rouphinianai , and St. Michael at Anaplous . He also granted funds for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Apostles , which had been seriously damaged in an earthquake . The Byzantine nobility scattered , many going to Nicaea , where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court , or to Epirus , where Theodore Angelus did the same ; others fled to Trebizond , where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire . Nicaea and Epirus both vied for the imperial title , and tried to recover Constantinople . In 1261 , Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler , Baldwin II , by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos . 1261 -- 1453 : palaiologan era and the fall of Constantinople ( edit ) See also : Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty and Fall of Constantinople Mehmed the Conqueror enters Constantinople , painting by Fausto Zonaro Although Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII Palaiologos , the Empire had lost many of its key economic resources , and struggled to survive . The palace of Blachernae in the north - west of the city became the main Imperial residence , with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline . When Michael VIII captured the city , its population was 35,000 people , but , by the end of his reign , he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people . The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it , and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital . In 1347 , the Black Death spread to Constantinople . In 1453 , when the Ottoman Turks captured the city , it contained approximately 50,000 people . Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 . The Ottomans were commanded by 22 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II . The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven - week siege that had begun on 6 April 1453 . 1453 -- 1922 : Ottoman Kostantiniyye ( edit ) Main article : Constantinople during the Ottoman era The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control . When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate , he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia , where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and ' be satisfied with the booty and captives ; as for all the buildings , they belonged to him ' . He ordered that an imam meet him there in order to chant the adhan thus transforming the Orthodox cathedral into a Muslim mosque , solidifying Islamic rule in Constantinople . Mehmed 's main concern with Constantinople had to do with rebuilding the city 's defenses and population . Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest , which included the repair of the walls , construction of the citadel , and building a new palace . Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims , Christians , and Jews should resettle the city ; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September . From all over the Islamic empire , prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city : these people were called `` Sürgün '' in Turkish ( Greek : σουργούνιδες ) . Two centuries later , Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins . Even today , many quarters of Istanbul , such as Aksaray , Çarşamba , bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants . However , many people escaped again from the city , and there were several outbreaks of plague , so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city . Importance ( edit ) Eagle and Snake , 6th century mosaic flooring Constantinople , Grand Imperial Palace . Culture ( edit ) Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire , mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea . It would remain the capital of the eastern , Greek - speaking empire for over a thousand years . At its peak , roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages , it was the richest and largest European city , exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean . Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city , in particular , Hagia Sophia , or the Church of Holy Wisdom : A Russian 14th - century traveler , Stephen of Novgorod , wrote , `` As for Hagia Sophia , the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it . '' It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass - destruction in western Europe and north Africa : On the city 's fall , thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy , and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance , and the transition to the modern world . The cumulative influence of the city on the west , over the many centuries of its existence , is incalculable . In terms of technology , art and culture , as well as sheer size , Constantinople was without parallel anywhere in Europe for a thousand years . Armenians , Syrians , Slavs and Georgians were part of the Byzantine social hierarchy . International status ( edit ) Constantinople 's monumental center . The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century . The 18 - meter - tall walls built by Theodosius II were , in essence , impregnable to the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river , who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia . From the 5th century , the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall , a 60 - kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula . Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed . Constantinople 's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories , the Old and New Book of Tang , which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man . The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Byzantine architecture Interior view of the Hagia Sophia , currently a museum . The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture . The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in the copies taken from it throughout Europe . Particular examples include St Mark 's Basilica in Venice , the basilicas of Ravenna , and many churches throughout the Slavic East . Also , alone in Europe until the 13th - century Italian florin , the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage , the solidus of Diocletian becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages . Its city walls were much imitated ( for example , see Caernarfon Castle ) and its urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages , keeping alive the art , skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire . In the Ottoman period Islamic architecture and symbolism were used . Religion ( edit ) Constantine 's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople , who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch , and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome . This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards . Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam , as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam . Popular culture ( edit ) Page depicting Constantinople in the Nuremberg Chronicle published in 1493 , forty years after the city 's fall to the Muslims Constantinople appears as a city of wondrous majesty , beauty , remoteness , and nostalgia in William Butler Yeats ' 1928 poem `` Sailing to Byzantium . '' Constantinople , as seen under the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II , makes several on - screen appearances in the television miniseries `` Attila '' as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire . Finnish author Mika Waltari wrote one of his most - acclaimed historical novels , Johannes Angelos ( published in English by name `` The Dark Angel '' ) on the fall of Constantinople . Robert Graves , author of I , Claudius , also wrote Count Belisarius , a historical novel about Belisarius . Graves set much of the novel in the Constantinople of Justinian I . Constantinople provides the setting of much of the action in Umberto Eco 's 2000 novel Baudolino . The name Constantinople was made easy to spell thanks to a novelty song , `` C-O-N-S-T-A-N-T-I-N-O-P-L-E , '' written by Harry Carlton and performed by Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra , in the 1920s . Constantinople 's change of name was the theme for a song made famous by The Four Lads and later covered by They Might Be Giants and many others , titled `` Istanbul ( Not Constantinople ) . '' `` Constantinople '' was one of the `` big words '' the Father knows toward the end of Dr. Seuss 's book , Hop on Pop . ( The other was Timbuktu . ) `` Constantinople '' was also the title of the opening edit of The Residents ' EP Duck Stab ! , released in 1978 . Queen 's Roger Meddows Taylor included the track `` Interlude in Constantinople '' on Side 2 of his debut album Fun in Space . A Montreal - based folk / classical / fusion band calls itself `` Constantinople . '' Constantinople under Justinian is the scene of the book A Flame in Byzantium ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 93026 - 7 ) by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro , released in 1987 . `` Constantinople '' is the title of a song by The Decemberists . Stephen Lawhead 's novel Byzantium ( 1996 ) is set in 9th - century Constantinople . Folk Metal band Turisas makes multiple references to Constantinople in their song `` Miklagard Overture , '' referring to it as `` Konstantinopolis , '' `` Tsargrad , '' and `` Miklagard . '' Constantinople makes an appearance in the MMORPG game Silkroad as a major capital , along with a major Chinese capital . Constantinople makes an appearance in the `` Rome Total War '' expansion `` Barbarian Invasion '' belonging to the Eastern Roman Empire . It would reappear in the same role for the spiritual sequel , Total War : Attila . Constantinople also makes an appearance in `` Medieval Total War . '' It is a starting province and city of the Byzantines . Constantinople makes an appearance in the game `` Age of Empires II : The Age of Kings '' in the fifth scenario of the Barbarossa campaign and again in the third scenario of the Attila the Hun campaign in the expansion pack `` Age of Empires II : The Conquerors Expansion . '' Constantinople is the main setting of the game `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , '' the fourth major title in the best - selling `` Assassin 's Creed '' series . Constantinople is also a setting of the Vampire : The Dark Ages role playing game by White Wolf . Constantinople is one of the territories featured in the Board Game Diplomacy . It is one of the default territories of Turkey . See also ( edit ) Constantinople apple quinces People from Constantinople ( edit ) List of people from Constantinople A fragment of the Milion ( Greek : Μίλ ( λ ) ιον ) , a mile - marker monument Secular buildings and monuments ( edit ) The final siege of Constantinople , contemporary 15th - century French miniature Augustaion Column of Justinian Basilica Cistern Baths of Zeuxippus Column of Marcian Forum of Constantine Column of Constantine Great Palace of Constantinople Bucoleon Palace Hippodrome of Constantinople Horses of Saint Mark Obelisk of Theodosius Serpent Column Walled Obelisk Milion Palace of Lausus Cistern of Philoxenos Palace of Blachernae Palace of the Porphyrogenitus Prison of Anemas Valens Aqueduct Walls of Constantinople Churches , monasteries and mosques ( edit ) Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque Bodrum Mosque Chora Church Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church of St. Polyeuctus Church of the Holy Apostles Eski Imaret Mosque Fenari Isa Mosque Gül Mosque Hagia Irene Hagia Sophia Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque Kalenderhane Mosque Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque Nea Ekklesia Pammakaristos Church Stoudios Monastery Vefa Kilise Mosque Zeyrek Mosque Unnamed Mosque established during Byzantine times for visiting Muslim dignitaries . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Ahmed Bican Yazıcıoğlu Byzantine calendar Byzantine silk Byzantium Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Eparch of Constantinople ( List of eparchs ) Fall of Constantinople Golden Horn Istanbul List of people from Constantinople Massacre of the Latins Nika riots Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae Sieges of Constantinople Third Rome Timeline of Istanbul history University of Constantinople Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Croke , Brian ( 2001 ) . Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle , p. 103 . University Press , Oxford . ISBN 0198150016 . Jump up ^ Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of John Malalas , '' Bk 18.86 Translated by E. Jeffreys , M. Jeffreys , and R. Scott . Australian Association of Byzantine Studies , 1986 vol 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of Theophones Confessor : Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284 - 813 . '' Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott . AM 6030 pg 316 , with this note : Theophanes ' precise date should be accepted . ^ Jump up to : `` Constantinople '' in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1991 , p. 508 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504652 - 8 Jump up ^ Pounds , Norman John Greville . An Historical Geography of Europe , 1500 -- 1840 , p. 124 . CUP Archive , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22379 - 2 . Jump up ^ Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of Byzantine State and Society . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Janin ( 1964 ) , passim Jump up ^ `` Preserving The Intellectual Heritage -- Preface '' . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt . `` Largest cities through history . '' About.com . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , book IV , chapter XI : Archived 2017 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . `` On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes , ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn , on which is the town of Byzantium , a free state , formerly called Lygos ; it is 711 miles from Durazzo , ... '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vailhé , S. ( 1908 ) . `` Constantinople '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . 4 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Room , Adrian ( 2006 ) . Placenames of the World : Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries , Cities , Territories , Natural Features , and Historic Sites ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 7 . Jump up ^ Janin , Raymond ( 1964 ) . Constantinople byzantine . Paris : Institut Français d'Études Byzantines . p. 10f . Jump up ^ Georgacas , Demetrius John ( 1947 ) . `` The Names of Constantinople '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association ( The Johns Hopkins University Press ) 78 : 347 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 283503 . JSTOR 283503 . Jump up ^ Harris , Johnathan ( 2007 ) . Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . New York : Continuum USA . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu ( 1993 / 94a ) : `` İstanbul'un adları '' ( `` The names of Istanbul '' ) . In : ' Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi ' , ed . Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı , Istanbul . Jump up ^ `` Augusta Antonina Turkey '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Georgacas , Demetrius John ( 1947 ) . `` The Names of Constantinople '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association ( The Johns Hopkins University Press ) 78 : 347 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 283503 . JSTOR 283503 . http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/articles/Georgacas_The_Names_of_Constantinople.pdf Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Istanbul '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Stanford and Ezel Shaw ( 1977 ) : History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Vol II , p. 386 ; Robinson ( 1965 ) , The First Turkish Republic , p. 298 Jump up ^ Tom Burham , The Dictionary of Misinformation , Ballantine , 1977 . Jump up ^ Room , Adrian , ( 1993 ) , Place Name changes 1900 -- 1991 , Metuchen , N.J. , & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2600 - 3 pp. 46 , 86 . Jump up ^ Britannica , Istanbul . Jump up ^ Pliny , IV , xi Jump up ^ Thucydides , I , 94 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , ix , p. 195 Jump up ^ Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis ( see , e.g. , Michael Grant , The climax of Rome ( London 1968 ) , p. 133 ) , or `` Constantine 's City '' . According to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum , vol. 164 ( Stuttgart 2005 ) , column 442 , there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city `` New Rome '' ( Nova Roma ) . It is possible that the Emperor called the city `` Second Rome '' ( Greek : Δευτέρα Ῥώμη , Deutéra Rhōmē ) by official decree , as reported by the 5th - century church historian Socrates of Constantinople : See Names of Constantinople . Jump up ^ A description can be found in the Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae . Jump up ^ Socrates II. 13 , cited by JB Bury , History of the Later Roman Empire , p. 74 . Jump up ^ JB Bury , History of the Later Roman Empire , p. 75 . et seqq . Jump up ^ Liber insularum Archipelagi , Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . Jump up ^ Margaret Barker , Times Literary Supplement 4 May 2007 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Procopius ' Secret History : see P Neville - Ure , Justinian and his Age , 1951 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of the city , and is now a museum . Jump up ^ Source for quote : Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum , ed T Preger I 105 ( see A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire , 1952 , vol I , p. 188 ) . Jump up ^ T. Madden , Crusades : The Illustrated History , 114 . Jump up ^ Justinian , Novellae 63 and 165 . Jump up ^ Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization : Constantine to Crusades Archived August 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Dr. Kenneth W. Harl . Jump up ^ Past pandemics that ravaged Europe , BBC News , November 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Possibly from the largest city in the world with 500,000 inhabitants to just 40,000 -- 70,000 : The Inheritance of Rome , Chris Wickham , Penguin Books Ltd. 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02098 - 0 ( p. 260 ) Jump up ^ `` Exposition , Dedicated to Khan Tervel '' . Programata . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ George Finlay , History of the Byzantine Empire , Dent , London , 1906 , pp. 156 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Finlay , 1906 , pp. 174 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Finlay , 1906 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Enoksen , Lars Magnar. ( 1998 ) . Runor : historia , tydning , tolkning . Historiska Media , Falun . ISBN 91 - 88930 - 32 - 7 p. 135 . Jump up ^ JM Hussey , The Byzantine World , Hutchinson , London , 1967 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , pp. 343 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Silk Road Seattle -- Constantinople , Daniel C. Waugh . Jump up ^ The officer given the task was killed by the crowd , and in the end the image was removed rather than destroyed : It was to be restored by Irene and removed again by Leo V : Finlay 1906 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ `` The Pechenegs '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . , Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy . Jump up ^ There is an excellent source for these events : the writer and historian Anna Comnena in her work The Alexiad . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 472 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips , The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople , 144 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips , The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople , 155 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages : 950 -- 1250 . Cambridge University Press . 1986 . pp. 506 -- 508 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26645 - 1 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stilbes , Constantine ; Johannes M. Diethart ; Wolfram Hörandner ( 2005 ) . Constantinus Stilbes Poemata . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 16 line 184 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 71235 - 7 . Jump up ^ Diethart and Hörandner ( 2005 ) . p. 24 , line 387 Jump up ^ Steven Runciman , A History of the Crusades , Cambridge 1966 ( 1954 ) , vol 3 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Talbot , `` The Restoration of Constantinople under Michael VIII '' , Dumbarton Oaks Papers , 47 ( 1993 ) , p. 246 Jump up ^ Talbot , `` Restoration of Constantinople '' , p. 247 Jump up ^ Geanakoplos , Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West ( Harvard University Press , 1959 ) , p. 124 n . 26 ^ Jump up to : Talbot , `` Restoration of Constantinople '' , p. 248 Jump up ^ Geanakoplos , Emperor Michael , p. 124 Jump up ^ Hussey 1967 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ T. Madden , Crusades : The Illustrated History , 113 . Jump up ^ J. Norwich , Byzantium : The Decline and Fall , 217 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Death '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Channel 4 -- History . Jump up ^ D. Nicolle , Constantinople 1453 : The end of Byzantium , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Mansel , Philip . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire . Penguin History Travel , ISBN 0 - 14 - 026246 - 6 . Page 1 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard . Istanbul and the Civilization if the Ottoman Empire . 1 , University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Inalcik , Halil . `` The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City . '' Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23 , ( 1969 ) : 229 -- 249 . p. 236 Jump up ^ Meyendorff 1996 , pp. 29 . Jump up ^ Ball ( 2016 ) , pp 152 -- 153 ; see also endnote # 114 . ^ Jump up to : Hirth ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) , East Asian History Sourcebook . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , 46 -- 48 ; see also footnote # 1 on p. 49 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , 46 -- 49 ; see footnote # 1 on p. 49 for discussion about the Byzantine diplomat sent to Damascus who was named in Chinese sources . Jump up ^ `` Game Informer 218 details ( Assassin 's Creed , Rayman Origins ) '' . NeoGAF . Jump up ^ Constantinople by Night by p . Boulle , J. Mosqueria - Asheim and L. Soulban , Copyright 1997 White Wolf Publishing , Inc . Jump up ^ ISLAMIC RITUAL PREACHING ( KHUTBAS ) IN A CONTESTED ARENA : SHI'IS AND SUNNIS , FATIMIDS AND ABBASIDS PAUL E. WALKER . University of Chicago . ANUARIO DE ESTUDIOS MEDIEVALES ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` AZIZ ( 365 - 386 / 975 - 996 ) , 15TH IMAM -- Ismaili.NET -- Heritage F.I.E.L.D '' . Jump up ^ `` Μεγάλη διαδικτυακή εγκυκλοπαίδεια της Κωνσταντινούπολης '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Borrut 2011 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ eds . Jeffreys & Haarer 2006 , p. 36 . References ( edit ) Ball , Warwick ( 2016 ) . Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition . London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 . Bury , J.B. ( 1958 ) . History of the Later Roman Empire : From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian . Dover Publications . Crowley , Roger ( 2005 ) . Constantinople : Their Last Great Siege , 1453 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22185 - 1 . Freely , John ( 1998 ) . Istanbul : The Imperial City . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 024461 - 8 . Freely , John ; Ahmet S. Cakmak ( 2004 ) . The Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77257 - 0 . Gibbon , Edward ( 2005 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Phoenix Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 1881 - 7 . Hanna - Riitta , Toivanen ( 2007 ) . The Influence of Constantinople on Middle Byzantine Architecture ( 843 -- 1204 ) . A typological and morphological approach at the provincial level . Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia 202 ( Publications of the Finnish Society of Church History No. 202 ) . ISBN 978 - 952 - 5031 - 41 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan . Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Bloomsbury , 2nd edition , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4742 - 5465 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan . Byzantium and the Crusades . Bloomsbury , 2nd edition , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78093 - 767 - 0 . Herrin , Judith ( 2008 ) . Byzantium : The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13151 - 1 . Hirth , Friedrich ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) . Jerome S. Arkenberg , ed . `` East Asian History Sourcebook : Chinese Accounts of Rome , Byzantium and the Middle East , c. 91 B.C.E. -- 1643 C.E '' . Fordham.edu . Fordham University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Janin , Raymond ( 1964 ) . Constantinople Byzantine ( in French ) ( 2 ed . ) . Paris : Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines . Korolija Fontana - Giusti , Gordana ' The Urban Language of Early Constantinople : The Changing Roles of the Arts and Architecture in the Formation of the New Capital and the New Consciousness ' in Intercultural Transmission in the Medieval Mediterranean , ( 2012 ) , Stephanie L. Hathaway and David W. Kim ( eds ) , London : Continuum , pp 164 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 3908 - 5 . Mamboury , Ernest ( 1953 ) . The Tourists ' Istanbul . Istanbul : Çituri Biraderler Basımevi . Mansel , Philip ( 1998 ) . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire , 1453 -- 1924 . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 18708 - 8 . Meyendorff , John ( 1996 ) . Rome , Constantinople , Moscow : Historical and Theological Studies . Crestwood , NY : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 9780881411348 . Müller - Wiener , Wolfgang ( 1977 ) . Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls : Byzantion , Konstantinupolis , Istanbul bis zum Beginn d . 17 Jh ( in German ) . Tübingen : Wasmuth . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8030 - 1022 - 3 . Phillips , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople . Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 080 - 1 . Runciman , Steven ( 1990 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 080 - 1 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 6 . Yule , Henry ( 1915 ) . Henri Cordier ( ed . ) , Cathay and the Way Thither : Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China , Vol I : Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route . London : Hakluyt Society . Accessed 21 September 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Evans , Helen C. ; Wixom , William D ( 1997 ) . The glory of Byzantium : art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era , A.D. 843 -- 1261 . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 6507 - 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constantinople . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Constantinople . Constantinople , from History of the Later Roman Empire , by J.B. Bury History of Constantinople from the `` New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia . '' Monuments of Byzantium -- Pantokrator Monastery of Constantinople Constantinoupolis on the web Select internet resources on the history and culture Info on the name change from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture Welcome to Constantinople at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 15 , 2006 ) , documenting the monuments of Byzantine Constantinople Byzantium 1200 , a project aimed at creating computer reconstructions of the Byzantine monuments located in Istanbul in 1200 AD . Constantine and Constantinople How and why Constantinople was founded Hagia Sophia Mosaics The Deesis and other Mosaics of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian dynasty Valentinian dynasty Theodosian dynasty Leonid dynasty Justinian dynasty Heraclian dynasty Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian dynasty Nikephorian dynasty Amorian dynasty Macedonian dynasty Doukas dynasty Komnenos dynasty Angelos dynasty ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Latin Empire / Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond / others Palaiologos dynasty Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Muslims Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal VIAF : 152797039 GND : 4073697 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantinople&oldid=816029449 '' Categories : Constantinople Holy cities Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Greek - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Greek - language external links Articles with Latin - language external links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Turkish - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Limburgs La . lojban . 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Day of the Dead

Day of the Dead - wikipedia Day of the Dead Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . Day of the Dead Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF Observed by Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations Type Cultural Syncretic Christian Significance Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died Celebrations Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for Day of the Dead Begins October 31 Ends November 2 Date October 31 Next time 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to All Saints ' Day The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observance in Mexico 1.1 Origins 1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Food 2 Observances outside Mexico 2.1 Americas 2.1. 1 Belize 2.1. 2 Bolivia 2.1. 3 Brazil 2.1. 4 Guatemala 2.1. 5 Ecuador 2.1. 6 Peru 2.1. 7 United States 2.1. 7.1 California 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 Goa , India 2.2. 2 The Philippines 2.3 Europe 2.4 Oceania 3 Similar traditions 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading Observance in Mexico Origins Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . Beliefs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : `` On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . '' -- Frances Ann Day , Latina and Latino Voices in Literature People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . Modern representations of La Catrina José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . Food During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . Observances outside Mexico See also : Festival of the Dead Americas Belize In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . Bolivia Día de las Ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . Brazil The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . Guatemala Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . Ecuador In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . Perú Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . Asia Goa , india The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 . The Almacho Dis ( Souls Day ) is commemorated on Nov 2 , following all Saints Day ( Nov. 1 ) . On this day , the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls . Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch ( bikareanchem jevonn ) where the poor are invited for lunch , from the village and treated with dignity and respect . The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls . Following mass on all souls day , the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves . The philippines While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture , the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands ( as part of the Spanish East Indies ) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . During the holiday ( observed every November 1 ) , Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves , which they repair and clean . Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones ' tombs , passing time with card games , eating , drinking , singing and dancing . Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased , who are normally offered candles , flowers , food , and even liquor . Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead , and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival . Europe In Christian Europe , Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions . All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead . Over many centuries , rites which had occurred in cultivated fields , where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest , to cemeteries . In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage , All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work , go to cemeteries with candles and flowers , and give presents to children , usually sweets and toys . In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) are made on this day . In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed . In Belgium , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain , people bring flowers ( typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe ) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead . In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins . In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper . Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors . Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions . As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . Oceania Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . Similar traditions Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members . Often included in these traditions are celebrations , food , and beverages , in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed . In some African cultures , visits to ancestors ' graves , the leaving of food and gifts , and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals . One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season . The Qingming Festival ( simplified Chinese : 清明 节 ; traditional Chinese : 清明 節 ; pinyin : qīng míng jié ) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar . Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar , it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones . In addition , in the Chinese tradition , the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month ( 鬼 月 ) , in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth . The Bon Festival ( O - bon ( お盆 ) , or only Bon ( 盆 ) ) , is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors . It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month , and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays . In Korea , Chuseok ( 추석 , 秋 夕 ; also called Hangawi ) is a major traditional holiday . People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined , and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning . They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants , clean the area around the tomb , and offer food , drink , and crops to their ancestors . During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ( `` Cow Pilgrimage '' ) , every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches , cloth , and paper decorations , in which are placed portraits of the deceased . As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife , an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom . The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween , with popular subjects including political commentary and satire . In popular culture Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot . See also Literary Calaverita Danse Macabre Samhain Skull art Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night References Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Frances Ann ( 2003 ) . Latina and Latino Voices in Literature . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0313323942 . Jump up ^ Lumaban , Weely A. ( October -- November 2008 ) . `` All Soul 's Day '' . The Bread Basket . Vol . V no . 3 . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 23 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Lee , Stacy ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 . Jump up ^ Cazares , Eduardo ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Día de Muertos en Nuevo León '' . Diario Cultura . Diario Cultura.mx . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Gustavo . `` Hasta en el velorio , las penas con pan son menos '' . Milenio . ^ Jump up to : `` Dia de Todos los Santos : All Saints ' Day in Spain '' . don Quijote . Ideal Education Group S.L . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Carlos ( 2005 ) . `` History : Indigenous people would n't let ' Day of the Dead ' die '' . The Arizona Republic . Day of the Dead -- Día De Los Muertos . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , R.J. ( 2003 ) . John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani , ed . Death and Bereavement Around the World : Death and Bereavement in the Americas . Death , Value and Meaning Series , Vol. II . Amityville , New York : Baywood Publishing Company . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 89503 - 232 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Palfrey , Dale Hoyt ( 1995 ) . `` The Day of the Dead '' . Día de los Muertos Index . Access Mexico Connect . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Turim , Gayle ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats '' . History Stories . History Channel . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Godoy , Maria . `` Sugar Skulls , Tamales And More : Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar ? '' . NPR . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castella , Krystina ( October 2010 ) . `` Pan de Muerto Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica iced tea '' . Cooking in Mexico . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guidi , Ruxandra ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Las Natitas '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Bolivians Honor Skull - Toting Tradition '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Saints day in Bolivia -- `` The skull festival '' `` . Bolivia Line ( May 2005 ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Betsy ; Wood , Joshua . `` Visit to cemetery in Guatemala '' . Expatexchange.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Gonzalo ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` Diversity in Remembering the Dead '' . InterPress Service News Agency . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perú : así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima '' . Peru . peru.com . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Danno. `` Port Isabel 's Day of the Dead Celebration '' . Texas Travel . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy . `` Day of the Dead '' . Phoenix . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Erin ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` All Souls Procession '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Town San Diego 's Dia de los Muertos '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saroff , Steve S. ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Missoula Day of the Dead Parade , November 2nd 2006 , 6pm . Intersection of Higgins and Broadway '' . Saroff Photography . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead ( Version 1.2 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum '' . Ustream . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers '' ( GIF ) , UCAnews , Union of Catholic Asian News ( UCAN ) , November 2011 Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day celebrations in Italy '' . ITALY Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Igor ( 1971 ) . `` Ancestors as Elders '' . Africa . Cambridge University Press . 41 : 129 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 1159423 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Martin , Caroline ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Nepali Day of the Dead : An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival '' . OhmyNews . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . Andrade , Mary J. Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . doi : 10.2307 / 483058 . Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 Conklin , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 66 : 38 -- 41 . Garcia - Rivera , Alex ( 1997 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 62 : 50 . Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . Roy , Ann ( 1995 ) . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . Commonwealth . 122 : 13 -- 16 . UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage : representative list Africa Aka music Chopi timbila Garifuna culture Afounkaha Gbofe Gelede Gule Wamkulu Ifá Ijele Masquerade Kamablon re-roofing Kankurang Manden Charter Mbende Jerusarema Sosso Bala Ugandan barkcloth making Vimbuza healing dance Yaaral & Degal Zafimaniry woodcrafting Zambian Makishi Festival Arab States Ahellil Al - Sirah Al - Hilaliyyah Bedu culture at Petra and Wadi Rum Iraqi maqam Jemaa el - Fnaa Palestinian Hikaye Shashmaqam Song of Sana'a Taghribat Bani Hilal Tan - Tan Moussem Asia & Pacific Acupuncture & Moxibustion Ainu dance Akiu no Taue Odori Akyn Angklung `` Arirang '' Bakhshi music Batik Baul Beijing opera Boysun District Bunraku Cantonese opera Ca trù Chakkirako Cheoyongmu Chhau dance Chinese architecture Chinese block printing Chinese calligraphy Chinese paper cutting Chinese seal engraving Chinese shadow puppetry Daemokjang Daimokutate Dainichido Bugaku Darangen Epic Dragon Boat Festival Drametse Ngacham Epic of King Gesar Gagaku Gagok Ganggangsullae Gangneung Danoje Festival Gimjang Gióng Festival Gong culture Grand Song Guqin Guqin music Hayachine Kagura Hitachi Furyumono Hua'er Hudhud Chant Indonesian kris Jamdani Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut Jultagi Kabuki Kalbelia Kashan rug Katta Ashula Khoomei Koshikijima no Toshidon Kumiodori Kunqu Kutiyattam Ladakh chant Lakalaka Lenj boats Lhamo Longquan celadon Mak yong Mangal Shobhajatra Mazu belief Meshrep Mibu no Hana Taue Morin khuur Mosie ramie Mudiyett Muqam Naadam Namsadang Nori Nanyin Naqqāli Nhã nhạc Noh Oku - noto no Aenokoto Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals Pansori Pungmul Quan họ Radif Ramlila Ramman Royal Ballet of Cambodia Regong arts Royal Ancestral Ritual Sada Shin Noh Saman dance Sand drawing Sbek Toch Sekishu - Banshi Shiraz rug Taekkyeon Ta'zīye Urtiin Duu Vedic chanting Wayang Xi'an ensemble Xuan paper Yamahoko Yeongsanjae Yūki - tsumugi Yunjin Europe & N. 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List of backward compatible games for Xbox One

List of backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2017 . The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often / all the time 16xAF texture filtering will be automatically applied . Forced v - sync Variable refresh rate ( VRR ) compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles ( edit ) Title Publisher ( s ) Format Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 North America only . Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Black Electronic Arts XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 BloodRayne 2 Majesco Entertainment XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars : Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead to Rights Namco XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via free downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters Neowave , The The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded PomPom Games XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 North America only . Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Red Faction II THQ XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Ultimate Sith Edition DLC not available . Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` 4 Xbox 360 Games Getting Xbox One X Enhancements '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three more Xbox 360 classics will be enhanced for Xbox One X '' . Xbox Live 's Major Nelson . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stephany Nunneley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed 1 and 2 now backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . vg247.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . 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Twilight (2008 film)

Twilight ( 2008 film ) - wikipedia Twilight ( 2008 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Twilight Theatrical release poster Directed by Catherine Hardwicke Produced by Wyck Godfrey Greg Mooradian Mark Morgan Screenplay by Melissa Rosenberg Based on Twilight by Stephenie Meyer Starring Kristen Stewart Robert Pattinson Billy Burke Peter Facinelli Taylor Lautner Music by Carter Burwell Cinematography Elliot Davis Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Temple Hill Entertainment Maverick Films Imprint Entertainment DMG Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date November 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) ( Los Angeles premiere ) November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes 126 minutes ( Extended cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $37 million Box office $393.6 million Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's novel of the same name . Directed by Catherine Hardwicke , the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson . It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series . This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan ( a teenage girl ) and Edward Cullen ( a vampire ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires . The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written . Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project 's stagnant development . Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel 's storyline . Principal photography took 44 days and completed on May 2 , 2008 ; the film was primarily shot in Oregon . Twilight was theatrically released on November 21 , 2008 ; it grossed over US $ 393 million worldwide . It was released on DVD March 21 , 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year . The soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 . Following the film 's success , New Moon and Eclipse , the next two novels in the series , were produced as films the following year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation from source material 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming and post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 4.4 Video game 4.5 Accolades 5 Sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Bella Swan , a seventeen - year - old outcast , moves to Forks , a small town located by Washington 's Olympic Peninsula , to live with her father , Charlie , who is the police chief of town . Her mother , Renée , is remarried to a minor league baseball player , and they travel often to attend games . At her new high school , Bella makes several new friends , but she is also intrigued by the mysterious and aloof Cullen siblings . Bella sits next to Edward Cullen in biology class on her first day of school , but he seems to be repulsed by her . After a week of absence from school , Edward returns to school , and begins socializing with Bella normally . A few days later , Bella is nearly struck by a van in the school parking lot . Edward saves her by instantaneously covering a distance of over thirty feet , and putting himself between Bella and the van , stopping it with only his hand , and making a conspicuous dent on the van . He subsequently refuses to explain his actions to Bella , and warns her against befriending him . After much research , Bella concludes that Edward is seemingly human , but has mysterious powers resembling to a vampire . He eventually confirms this , but says he and the other Cullens only consume animal blood . The pair fall in love , and Edward introduces Bella to his vampire family . Carlisle Cullen , the family patriarch , is a doctor working at the hospital in Forks . His wife is Esme . Alice , Jasper , Emmett , and Rosalie , are their informally adopted children . Edward and Bella 's relationship is soon put in jeopardy , when three nomadic vampires -- James , Victoria , and Laurent -- arrive at Forks . James , a tracker vampire with incredible hunting instincts , is instantly intrigued by Edward 's protectiveness over a human , which incites him to hunt Bella for sport . Edward and the other Cullens put their lives on the line in an effort to protect Bella , but James tracks her to Phoenix , where she is hiding with Jasper and Alice . James lures Bella into a trap by falsely claiming that he is holding her mother hostage . James attacks Bella by biting her wrist , infecting her with vampire venom . After a ferocious battle , Edward subdues James just as the other members of the Cullen family arrive . Alice , Emmett , and Jasper kill James , decapitating and burning him , as Edward removes the venom from Bella 's wrist , preventing her from turning into a vampire . In the aftermath of the battle , Bella has suffered a broken leg , and ends up in the hospital , but her mother comes in to visit . Upon returning to Forks , Edward accompanies Bella to the high school prom , where he refuses to grant her request that he would transform her into a vampire . As the couple dance , they are unaware that James ' mate , Victoria , is secretly watching , plotting revenge for her lover 's death . Cast See also : List of Twilight cast members Main cast Kristen Stewart as Bella Swan , a seventeen - year - old girl who moves to the small town of Forks , Washington from Phoenix , Arizona and falls in love with Edward Cullen , a vampire . Her life is endangered after James , a sadistic vampire , decides to hunt her . Robert Pattinson as Edward Cullen , a 108 - year - old vampire who was changed in 1918 and still appears to be seventeen . He is Bella 's love interest and eventually falls in love with her . He has the ability to read minds , with the exception of Bella 's , along with superhuman speed . Secondary cast Peter Facinelli as Carlisle Cullen , a compassionate 300 - plus - year - old vampire who looks to be in his early 30s . He serves as the town 's physician and is the Cullen family patriarch . Elizabeth Reaser as Esme Cullen , Carlisle 's vampire wife and the matriarch of the Cullen family . Ashley Greene as Alice Cullen , Jasper Hale 's mate , a vampire who can see the future based on decisions that people make . Kellan Lutz as Emmett Cullen , physically the strongest vampire of the family . Nikki Reed as Rosalie Hale , Emmett Cullen 's mate , a vampire described as the most beautiful person in the world . She is hostile toward Bella throughout the film , worried that Edward 's relationship with a human puts their clan at risk . Jackson Rathbone as Jasper Hale , a Cullen family member who can manipulate emotions . He is the newest member of the Cullen family , and thus has the most difficulty maintaining their `` vegetarian '' diet of feeding only on animal rather than human blood . Billy Burke as Charlie Swan , Bella 's father and Forks ' Chief of Police . Cam Gigandet as James Witherdale , the leader of a group of nomadic vampires that intends to kill Bella . He is Victoria 's mate and a gifted tracker , due to his unparalleled senses . Rachelle Lefèvre as Victoria Sutherland , James ' mate who assists him in hunting Bella . Edi Gathegi as Laurent Da Revin , the most civilized member of James ' coven . Sarah Clarke as Renée Dwyer , Bella 's mother who lives in Arizona with her new husband , Phil . Taylor Lautner as Jacob Black , an old childhood friend of Bella and a member of the Quileute tribe . Christian Serratos as Angela Weber , one of Bella 's new friends in Forks . Michael Welch as Mike Newton , one of Bella 's new friends who vies for her attention . Anna Kendrick as Jessica Stanley , Bella 's first friend in Forks . Gregory Tyree Boyce as Tyler Crowley , another one of Bella 's classmates , also vying for Bella 's attention . He nearly hits Bella with his van . Justin Chon as Eric Yorkie , another one of Bella 's classmates who vies for her attention . Solomon Trimble as Sam Uley . Solomon Trimble was credited as `` Jacob 's friend '' in the film , but was widely recognized as playing the part of Sam . Krys Hyatt as Embry Call . She was recognized as playing the part of Embry in the Twilight film , though his role was uncredited . Gil Birmingham as Billy Black Matt Bushell as Phil Dwyer José Zúñiga as Mr. Molina Ned Bellamy as Waylon Forge Ayanna Berkshire as Cora Katie Powers as Waitress Trish Egan as Ms. Cope Production Development Stephenie Meyer 's paranormal romance novel Twilight was originally optioned by Paramount Pictures ' MTV Films in April 2004 , but the screenplay that was subsequently developed was substantially different from its source material . When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full - service studio in April 2007 , it began development of a film adaptation anew , having picked up the rights from Paramount ( who coincidentally had made an unrelated film with the same title in 1998 ) in a turnaround . The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer 's book and its sequels . Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg was hired to write the script in mid-2007 . Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August , and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month . Rosenberg said Hardwicke `` was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas ... I 'd finish off scenes and send them to her , and get back her notes . '' Due to the impending Writers Guild of America strike , Rosenberg worked full - time to finish the screenplay before October 31 . In adapting the novel , she `` had to condense a great deal . '' Some characters from the novel were not featured in the screenplay , whereas some characters were combined into others . `` ( O ) ur intent all along was to stay true to the book '' , Rosenberg explained , `` and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters ' arcs and emotional journeys are the same . '' Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey Bella 's internal dialogue -- since the novel is told from her point of view -- and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production . Edward and Bella in the meadow Adaptation from source material The filmmakers behind Twilight worked to create a film that was as faithful to the novel as they thought possible when converting the story to another medium , with producer Greg Mooradian saying , `` It 's very important to distinguish that we 're making a separate piece of art that obviously is going to remain very , very faithful to the book ... But at the same time , we have a separate responsibility to make the best movie you can make . '' To ensure a faithful adaptation , Meyer was kept very involved in the production process , having been invited to visit the set during filming and even asked to give notes on the script and on a rough cut of the film . Of this process , she said , `` It was a really pleasant exchange ( between me and the filmmakers ) from the beginning , which I think is not very typical . They were really interested in my ideas '' , and , `` ... they kept me in the loop and with the script , they let me see it and said , ' What are your thoughts ? ' ... They let me have input on it and I think they took 90 percent of what I said and just incorporated it right in to the script . '' Meyer fought for one line in particular , one of the most well - known from the book about `` the lion and the lamb '' , to be kept verbatim in the film : `` I actually think the way Melissa ( Rosenberg ) wrote it sounded better for the movie ( ... ) but the problem is that line is actually tattooed on peoples ' bodies ( ... ) But I said , ' You know , if you take that one and change it , that 's a potential backlash situation . ' '' Meyer was even invited to create a written list of things that could not be changed for the film , such as giving the vampires fangs or killing characters who do not die in the book , that the studio agreed to follow . The consensus among critics is that the filmmakers succeeded in making a film that is very faithful to its source material , with one reviewer stating that , with a few exceptions , `` Twilight the movie is unerringly faithful to the source without being hamstrung by it . '' They could have filmed ( the script developed when the project was at Paramount ) and not called it Twilight because it had nothing to do with the book ... When Summit ( Entertainment ) came into the picture , they were so open to letting us make rules for them , like `` Okay , Bella can not be a track star . Bella can not have a gun or night vision goggles . And , no jet skis ... '' Twilight author Stephenie Meyer However , as is most often the case with film adaptations , differences do exist between the film and source material . Certain scenes from the book were cut from the film , such as a biology room scene where Bella 's class does blood typing . Hardwicke explains , `` Well ( the book is ) almost 500 pages -- you do have to do the sweetened condensed milk version of that ... We already have two scenes in biology : the first time they 're in there and then the second time when they connect . For a film , when you condense , you do n't want to keep going back to the same setting over and over . So that 's not in there . '' The settings of certain conversations in the book were also changed to make the scenes more `` visually dynamic '' on - screen , such as Bella 's revelation that she knows Edward is a vampire -- this happens in a meadow in the film instead of in Edward 's car as in the novel . A biology field trip scene is added to the film to condense the moments of Bella 's frustration at trying to explain how Edward saved her from being crushed by a van . The villainous vampires are introduced earlier in the film than in the novel . Rosenberg said that `` you do n't really see James and the other villains until to the last quarter of the book , which really wo n't work for a movie . You need that ominous tension right off the bat . We needed to see them and that impending danger from the start . And so I had to create back story for them , what they were up to , to flesh them out a bit as characters . '' Rosenberg also combined some of the human high school students , with Lauren Mallory and Jessica Stanley in the novel becoming the character of Jessica in the film , and a `` compilation of a couple of different human characters '' becoming Eric Yorkie . About these variances from the book , Mooradian stated , `` I think we did a really judicious job of distilling ( the book ) . Our greatest critic , Stephenie Meyer , loves the screenplay , and that tells me that we made all the right choices in terms of what to keep and what to lose . Invariably , you 're going to lose bits and pieces that certain members of the audience are going to desperately want to see , but there 's just a reality that we 're not making ' Twilight : The Book ' the movie . '' Casting When they told me Rob was probably the one , I looked him up and thought , `` Yeah , he can do a version of Edward . He 's definitely got that vampire thing going on . '' And then , when I was on set and I got to watch him go from being Rob to shifting into being Edward , and he actually looked like the Edward in my head , it was a really bizarre experience . ( ... ) He really had it nailed . Twilight author Stephenie Meyer Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test that `` captivated '' the director . Hardwicke had trouble finding an actor otherworldly enough to play vampire Edward Cullen . Then she got a call about a guy in London . `` I looked at a couple pictures and was like , ' I 'm not sure , ' ? '' Hardwicke says . `` He had been fired from his last job , he was unemployed , he was in debt . '' Pattinson flew to Los Angeles on his own dime to read with Stewart . Shiloh Fernandez , Jackson Rathbone , Ben Barnes , and Robert Pattinson were the final four up for the role of Edward . Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen , but after an audition at her home with Stewart , he was selected . Hardwicke said , `` Kristen was like , ' It 's got to be Rob ! ' She felt connected to him from the first moment . That electricity , or love at first sight , or whatever it is . '' Hardwicke gave him the part , but he had to make a promise . `` You 've got to realize that Kristen is 17 years old , '' Hardwicke told him , `` She 's underage . You 've got to focus , dude , or you 're going to be arrested . I made him swear on a stack of Bibles . '' Pattinson was unfamiliar with the novel series prior to his screen test but read the books later on . Meyer allowed him to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun , which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward 's point of view . Fan reaction to Pattinson 's casting as Edward was initially negative ; Rachelle Lefèvre remarked that `` ( e ) very woman had their own Edward ( that ) they had to let go of before they could open up to ( him ) , which they did . '' Meyer was `` excited '' and `` ecstatic '' in response to the casting of the two main characters . She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward , respectively , prior to pre-production . Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen . `` ( Hardwicke ) liked me , but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for '' , Facinelli said . For unknown reasons , that actor was not able to play the part and Facinelli was selected in his place . The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was the subject of fan criticism due to Greene being 7 inches ( 18 cm ) taller than her character as described in the novel . Meyer had also stated that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice . Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on Thirteen , which they wrote together , and Lords of Dogtown . Reed commented , `` I do n't want to say it 's a coincidence , because we do work well together , and we have a great history . I think we make good work , but it 's more that the people that hire ( Hardwicke ) to direct a film of theirs ( have ) most likely seen her other work . '' Kellan Lutz was in Africa shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted . The role had already been cast by the time that production ended in December 2007 , but the actor who had been selected `` fell through '' ; Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon , where Hardwicke personally chose him . Rachelle Lefèvre was interested in pursuing a role in the film because Hardwicke was attached to the project as director ; there was also `` the potential to explore a character , hopefully , over three films '' ; and she wanted to portray a vampire . She `` thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive . '' Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley , but she `` fell totally in love with Angela '' after reading the novels and successfully took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber . The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick , who got the part after two mix - and - match auditions with various actors . Filming and post-production On a bed in Catherine Hardwicke 's house is where Pattinson kissed Stewart for the first time for the Twilight screen test . `` That bed made Pattinson who he is right now , '' says Reed . That 's also where Hardwicke auditioned Evan Rachel Wood , when she had her get into her bed with Nikki Reed for the film Thirteen . When asked about her lair , Hardwicke says , `` MTV came and did an episode in my house filming the bed . It 's legendary . '' Principal photography took 44 days , after more than a week of rehearsals , and completed on May 2 , 2008 . Similar to her directorial debut Thirteen , Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand - held cinematography to make the film `` feel real '' . Meyer visited the production set three times and was consulted on different aspects of the story ; she also has a brief cameo in the film . Cast members who portrayed vampires avoided sunlight to make their skin pale , though makeup was also applied for that effect , and wore contact lenses : `` We did the golden color because the Cullens have those golden eyes . And then , when we 're hungry , we have to pop the black ones in , '' Facinelli explained . They also participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera to make their bodily movements more elegant . Scenes were filmed primarily in Portland , Oregon . Stunt work was done mainly by the cast . The fight sequence between Gigandet and Pattinson 's characters in a ballet studio , which was filmed during the first week of production , involved a substantial amount of wire work because the vampires in the story have superhuman strength and speed . Gigandet incorporated mixed martial arts fighting moves in this sequence , which involved chicken and honey as substitutes for flesh . Bella , the protagonist , is unconscious during these events , and since the novel is told from her point of view , such action sequences are illustrative and unique to the film . Pattinson noted that maintaining one 's center of gravity is difficult when doing wire work `` because you have to really fight against it as well as letting it do what it needs to do . '' Lefèvre found the experience disorienting since forward motion was out of her control . Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself , scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School and Madison High School . Other scenes were filmed in St. Helens , and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena , California , in August . Twilight was originally scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on December 12 , 2008 , but its release date was changed to November 21 after Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was rescheduled for an opening in July 2009 . Two teaser trailers , as well as some additional scenes , were released for the film , as well as a final trailer , which was released on October 9 . A 15 - minute excerpt of Twilight was presented during the International Rome Film Festival in Italy . The film received a rating of PG - 13 from the Motion Picture Association of America for `` some violence and a scene of sensuality '' . Music Main article : Twilight ( soundtrack ) The score for Twilight was composed by Carter Burwell , with the rest of the soundtrack chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas . Meyer was consulted on the soundtrack , which includes music by Muse and Linkin Park , bands she listened to while writing the novels . The original soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 , by Chop Shop Records in conjunction with Atlantic Records . It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 . Release Box Office Twilight grossed over $7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21 , 2008 . The film is fifth overall on Fandango 's list of top advance ticket sales , outranked only by its sequel the following year , Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , and Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) . It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day . For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , Twilight accumulated $69.6 million from 3,419 theaters at an average of $20,368 per theater . The film grossed $192,769,854 in the United States and Canada , and $199,846,771 in international territories for a total of $392,616,625 . Its opening weekend gross was the highest ever of a female - directed film , surpassing that of Deep Impact ( 1998 ) . Critical reception Twilight received mixed reviews from critics . Based on 209 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 48 % , with a weighted average score of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Having lost much of its bite transitioning to the big screen , Twilight will please its devoted fans , but do little for the uninitiated . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , it has an average score of 56 from the 37 reviews . New York Press critic Armond White called the film `` a genuine pop classic '' , and praised Hardwicke for turning `` Meyer 's book series into a Brontë-esque vision . '' Roger Ebert gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four and wrote , `` I saw it at a sneak preview . Last time I saw a movie in that same theater , the audience welcomed it as an opportunity to catch up on gossip , texting , and laughing at private jokes . This time the audience was rapt with attention '' . In his review for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan wrote , `` Twilight is unabashedly a romance . All the story 's inherent silliness aside , it is intent on conveying the magic of meeting that one special person you 've been waiting for . Maybe it is possible to be 13 and female for a few hours after all '' . USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote , `` Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight , but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' rating and Owen Gleiberman praised Hardwicke 's direction : `` She has reconjured Meyer 's novel as a cloudburst mood piece filled with stormy skies , rippling hormones , and understated visual effects '' . Home Media Wikinews has related news : `` Twilight '' DVD sells 3 million copies in first day The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21 , 2009 , through midnight release parties , and sold over 3 million units in its first day . It was released on April 6 , 2009 in the UK . Bonus features include about 10 to 12 extended or deleted scenes , montages and music videos , behind - the - scenes interviews , a `` making - of '' segment , and commentary featuring Hardwicke , Stewart , and Pattinson . The Blu - ray disc edition of the film was released on March 21 , 2009 , in select locations , but was made more widely available at further retailers on May 5 , 2009 . As of July 2012 , the film has sold 11,242,519 units , earning $201,190,019 . The film and the next two installments of the Twilight Saga will be rereleased as a triple feature with extended cuts on January 13 , 2015 . Video game Main article : Scene it ? Twilight A movie trivia video game developed by Screenlife and published by Konami for the Wii , Nintendo DS , PC and iPhone was released alongside the second film . Accolades Since its release , Twilight has received numerous nominations and awards . In January 2009 , Carter Burwell was nominated for Film Composer of the Year by the International Film Music Critics Association . Robert Pattinson won Bravo TV 's A-List Award for A-List Breakout . At the 2009 MTV Movie Awards , Pattinson , who was nominated alongside Taylor Lautner , also won an award for Male Breakthrough Performance , `` Decode '' was nominated for Best Song from a Movie , Twilight won an award for Best Movie , Kristen Stewart won for Best Female performance , Stewart and Pattinson were awarded Best Kiss , and Pattinson and Cam Gigandet won an award for Best Fight . Christian Serratos won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film : Supporting Young Actress . For the 2009 Teen Choice Awards , held on August 9 , the film and its actors received a combined total of 12 nominations , nine of which the film won . At the 2009 Scream Awards , the film was nominated for nine awards , four of which it won . The film won two ALMA Awards for makeup and hairstyling . It also won the Public Choice Award at the World Soundtrack Awards , where Carter Burwell was also nominated for Composer of the Year . Catherine Hardwicke received a Young Hollywood Award for her directing . In addition , the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film at the 35th Saturn Awards and two Grammy Awards . Sequel Main article : The Twilight Saga : New Moon MTV reported in February 2008 that Summit Entertainment intended to create a series of at least three films based on Meyer 's books . The studio had optioned New Moon , the second book in the series , by October 2008 , and confirmed their plans to make a film based on it November 22 , 2008 . Because Catherine Hardwicke had wanted more preparation time than Summit 's schedule for the production and release of the sequel would provide , Chris Weitz was selected to direct it in December 2008 . See also Twilight portal Film portal Apotamkin , Bella 's Google hit for the cold ones Vampire film References Jump up ^ bbfc ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` TWILIGHT rated 12A by the BBFC '' . bbfc . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) . `` ' Twilight ' : Inside the First Stephenie Meyer Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` ' Twilight ' reshoots : Why is Catherine Hardwicke filming again ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Graham ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Twilight Finishes Principle ( sic ) Photography '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Finds Its Latest Victims : Nikki Reed , Rachelle Lefevre Added To Cast '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2009 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Exclusive : Paramore To Contribute Two New Songs To Film 's Soundtrack '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Gives The Green Light To Anna Kendrick , Justin Chon For Book - Turned - Movie '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gregory Ellwood ( 2008 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Set Visit : ' Twilight ' Shines on Pattinson '' . MSN . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Sona Charaipotra . `` Exclusive Interview : Peter Facinelli on ' Twilight ' '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 19 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Film 's First Family Revealed : Peter Facinelli , Elizabeth Reaser Lead Cullen Clan '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck & Stacy Jenel Smith ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Tyson Beckford Enjoying Men 's `` Supermodel '' Success / `` Reno 911 's Lennon Delivers the State of the State '' . Creators . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Full Cast & Crew '' . Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Twilight ' to film one or two days in LaPush '' . Peninusula Daily News . 2008 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Role in Twilight lets student shine '' . Daily Vanguard . 2008 - 03 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Premiere : Robert Pattinson Loses His Hearing , Taylor Lautner Gets an Indecent Proposal '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray . `` Twilight : Taylor Lautner and Solomon Trimble Interviews '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Solomon Trimble Keeps His Possibilities Open '' . Media Blvd . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hardwicke , Catherine ( 2009 ) . Twilight : Director 's Notebook . New York : Little , Brown and Company . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 07052 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Christina Radish ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Twilight 's Author and Director Talk About Bringing The Film To Life '' . MediaBlvd Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 2007 - 06 - 07 ) . `` New Summit unveils new projects '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik ( 2007 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Pattinson bites into ' Twilight ' role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ; Borys Kit ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Stewart enters ' Twilight ' zone '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Hardwicke to direct Meyer 's ' Twilight ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Sona Charaipotra . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Twilight ' Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 09 - 16 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg Was Inspired By ' Brokeback Mountain ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ryan Rotten ( 2008 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Twilight 's Melissa Rosenberg '' . ShockTillYouDrop.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Catherine Hardwicke Gets Swept Up By Bella And Edward 's ' Obsessive Love ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 06 - 17 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : How Faithful Will The Movie Be To The Book ? We Visit The Set To Find Out '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Murray ( 2008 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Interview with ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer '' . About.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer Recalls Robert Pattinson Spat , Seeing Movie The First Time '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` The Love That Dare Not Bare Its Fangs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Twilight Review : Swooningly True to the Book '' . Time . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ty Burr ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Undying love '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Twilight ' Countdown : Catherine Hardwicke talks about the meadow and making Robert Pattinson ' dazzle ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 2008 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( 27 February 2011 ) . `` Not Your Grandma 's ' Red Riding Hood ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ben , Jackson & Shiloh all auditioned for Robert Pattinson 's Edward Cullen role '' . OK !. 20 August 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela Chelin . `` ' Twilight 's Robert Pattinson and Rachelle Lefevre '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Set Visit Confirms Edward And Bella 's Chemistry , Offers A ' Midnight Sun ' Preview '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stephenie Meyer . `` Twilight the Movie '' . StephenieMeyer.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Emily Browning Addresses Her ' Twilight ' Notoriety '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 03 - 19 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Star Ashley Greene Responds To Books ' Fans Who Think She And Her Hair Are n't Short Enough '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Nikki Reed Hopes To Make Us Understand What 's Beneath Rosalie 's Beautiful , Hard Exterior '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Kellan Lutz Recalls How He Almost Was n't Cast As Belligerent ' Goofball ' Emmett '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 28 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Star Rachelle Lefevre Addresses ' OMG ! ' Fans , Blog Haters From Book - Turned - Movie 's Set '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Christian Serratos Says Playing Angela Was A Day At The Beach '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Anna Kendrick Says It Was ' Easy To Get Googly Eyed ' At Robert Pattinson '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Kellan Lutz And His High Profile Projects '' . MediaBlvd Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mike Russell ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) . `` ' Twilight ' taps teen - vampire romance '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pamela Chelin ( July 2008 ) . `` The ' Twilight ' Phenomenon : The Director and Author at Comic - Con 2008 '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer 's Cameo : More Details Emerge From Book - Turned - Movie 's Set '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela Chelin . `` ' Twilight 's Bad Boy Vampire : Cam Gigandet '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filippachi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Erin Cadwallader ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` It 's TWILIGHT at Comic - Con ! '' . IESB.net . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 07 - 29 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : 10 Things Comic - Con Taught Us About ' Twilight ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Paige Dickerson ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) . `` ' Twilight ' to film one or two days in LaPush '' . Peninsula Daily News . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sarah Skidmore ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Teen vampire - love story ` Twilight ' being filmed in Oregon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Darryl Swan ( 2008 - 04 - 02 ) . `` ' Twilight ' descends on St. Helens '' . South Country Spotlight . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sabrina Rojas Weiss ( 2008 - 08 - 25 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Cast Heads Back To The Set To Shoot New Scenes '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) . `` ' Twilight ' moves into ' Potter 's ' place '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Twilight Trailer Tonight '' . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Final ' Twilight ' Trailer , Shot By Shot : Romance , Violence ... And Prom ! '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Sneak Peek To Premiere At International Rome Film Festival '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MPAA Rating for Twilight '' . ShockTillYouDrop.com. 2008 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mikael Carlsson ( 2008 - 06 - 10 ) . `` '' Twilight '' Assigned to Carter Burwell `` . Film Music Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Carter Burwell . `` Projects - Twilight '' . carterburwell.com/ CarterBurwell.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( 2008 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Are Pop - Punks Paramore A Good Fit For ' Twilight ' ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Erica Futterman ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) . `` '' Twilight '' Author Stephenie Meyer on Her Musical Muses , Upcoming Movie and Mermaid Dreams `` . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Soundtrack To Include Muse , Linkin Park And , Of Course , Robert Pattinson '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Katie Hasty ( 2008 - 11 - 12 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Bumps AC / DC From Atop Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` ' Twilight ' shining bright at box office '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Day Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight ( 2008 ) Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 24 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday Finale : Director Catherine Hardwicke Raves About Film 's Success -- ' Unbelievable ! ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ White , Armond ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Twilight : Bronte Never Dies '' , New York Press . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ White , Armond ( 2008 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Better - Than List 2008 '' , New York Press . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2008 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Twilight '' , Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Twilight '' , Los Angeles Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Archived February 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Twilight '' , USA Today . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Twilight '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Home Entertainment 's Saturday Release of Twilight Unleashes With Over 3 Million Units Sold '' ( Press release ) . Summit Entertainment . 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight DVD Date , Art '' . Shock Till You Drop. 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight - 2 Disc Special Edition '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Reveals DVD Details '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 12 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Talks About Edward And Bella 's Chemistry , Potential Sequels '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ HD Room ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Twilight Blu - ray Mystery Solved '' . The HD Room . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2008 winners for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . 2009 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A-List Award Nominess '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . FilmoFilia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 30th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Young Artist Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Right Celebrity. `` 2009 Teen Choice Awards Nominations , Winners ! '' . Right Celebrity . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` SCREAM 2009 Awards Nominees and Winners - Star Trek , True Blood Earn SCREAM Awards Nominations '' . Movies.about.com. 2010 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 ALMA Awards Winners '' . Awards-Night.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` World Soundtrack Awards for 2009 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Young Hollywood Awards for 2009 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards for 2009 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2010 : Twilight , Slumdog Millionaire , Up '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Summit 's ' Twilight ' a franchise with bite '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Denise Martin ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` ' Twilight ' sequel ' New Moon ' gets the greenlight from Summit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Summit announces ' Twilight ' sequel '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Josh Horowitz ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Will Not Direct ' New Moon ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) . `` No Hardwicke for ' Twilight ' sequel '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 13 ) . `` BREAKING : Chris Weitz Named ' New Moon ' Director , While Taylor Lautner Comes Up Short '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Who Is ' New Moon ' Director Chris Weitz ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . 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Evil Queen (Disney)

Evil Queen ( Disney ) - wikipedia Evil Queen ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Evil Queen Disney 's Hollywood Studios ' artwork Reflection of Evil showing the character in both of her forms from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs First appearance Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant ( design ) Art Babbit ( animation ) Brothers Grimm ( original fairy tale ) Portrayed by Anne Francine ( musical ) Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) Various ( Disney 's World on Ice ) Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) Voiced by Lucille La Verne ( original film ) Eleanor Audley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) June Foray ( Disney on Parade ) Janet Waldo ( 1974 ) Eda Reiss Merin ( 1990 ) Louise Chamis ( 1992 -- 2001 ) Susanne Blakeslee ( 2001 -- present ) Information Aliases Evil Queen , Wicked Queen , Queen Grimhilde , Witch , Wicked Witch , Old Witch , Witch Queen , Queen - witch , Old Hag , Snow White 's stepmother Occupation Sorceress / witch Queen dowager / regnant Spouse ( s ) The King ( deceased ) Children Snow White ( stepdaughter ) Evie ( daughter ; in Descendants only ) Nationality Bavarian The Evil Queen , also known as the Wicked Queen or just the Queen , and sometimes instead identified by her given name as Queen Grimhilde , is the primary antagonist in Disney 's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and a villain character in the extended Disney 's Snow White franchise . She is based on the Evil Queen character from the European fairy tale `` Snow White '' . In the film , similar to the Brothers Grimm story , the Evil Queen is cold , cruel , and extremely vain , and obsessively desires to remain the `` fairest in the land '' . She becomes madly envious over the beauty of her stepdaughter , Princess Snow White , as well as the attentions of the Prince from another land ; such love triangle element is one of Disney 's changes to the story . This leads her to plot the death of Snow White and ultimately on the path to her own demise , which in the film is indirectly caused by the Seven Dwarfs . The film 's version of the Queen character uses her dark magic powers to actually transform herself into an old woman instead of just taking a disguise like in the Grimms ' story ; this appearance of hers is commonly referred to as the Wicked Witch or alternatively as the Old Hag or just the Witch . The Queen dies in the film , but lives on in a variety of non-canonical Disney works . The film 's version of the Queen was created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant , and originally animated by Art Babbit and voiced by Lucille La Verne . Inspiration for her design came from the characters of Queen Hash - a-Motep from She and Princess Kriemhild from Die Nibelungen . The Queen has since been voiced by Eleanor Audley , June Foray , Janet Waldo , Eda Reiss Merin , Louise Chamis and Susanne Blakeslee , and was portrayed live by Anne Francine ( musical ) , Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) , and Olivia Wilde ( Disney Dream Portraits ) , Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) , and in an alternative version , by Lana Parrilla ( Once Upon a Time ) . This version of the classic fairy tale character has been very well received by film critics and the public , and is considered one of Disney 's most iconic and menacing villains . Besides in the film , the Evil Queen has made numerous appearances in Disney attractions and productions , including not only these directly related to the tale of Snow White , such as Fantasmic ! , The Kingdom Keepers and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , sometimes appearing in them alongside Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . The film 's version of the Queen has also become a popular archetype that influenced a number of artists and non-Disney works . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1.1 Storyline 1.2 Conception , design and portrayal 1.3 Abandoned concepts 2 Other appearances 2.1 Attractions 2.2 Film and television 2.3 Books 2.4 Theatrical shows 2.5 Games 2.6 Comics 2.7 Merchandise 3 In Once Upon a Time 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception and popularity 4.2 Cultural impact 4.3 Homage cameos and parodies 5 See also 6 References In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( edit ) Main article : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) Storyline ( edit ) The Queen in her secret lair in an illustration by the Brothers Hildebrandt In `` another land , far away , '' `` many , many years ago , '' about the time of fairy tales of castles , knights , fair maidens , romance , magic and witches , '' a mysterious and icily beautiful woman with magical powers ( a 1938 promotional brochure suggests she is able to work her witchcraft having sold `` herself body and soul to the bad spirits '' of the Harz mountains ) has gained her royal position by seducing and marrying the widowed King , giving her rule over his kingdom before he died . `` From that time on the cruel Queen ruled all alone , her every word was law , and all trembled in mortal fear of her anger . '' The vain Queen owned a magical mirror with which she could look upon whatever she wished . The Magic Mirror shows a haunted , smokey face of her familiar demon which replies to the Queen 's requests . She regularly asks the mirror who is the fairest in the realm ( `` Magic mirror on the wall , who is the fairest one of all ? '' which is often misquoted as `` Mirror mirror on the wall , who is the fairest of them all '' ) , and the mirror would always reply that she is . One day , however , the mirror tells her that there is a new fairest woman in the land , her 14 - year - old stepdaughter , Princess Snow White . She became obsessively jealous of the princess ' emerging beauty , therefore turning her into a scullery maid in her own home . After observing the handsome Prince from another kingdom singing a love song to Snow White , the proud Queen , in a jealous rage , commands her faithful Huntsman , Humbert , to take the princess deep into the forest and kill her . He is ordered to bring back her heart in a box to prove that he had done so . But Humbert can not bear to kill the young princess upon realizing that she is impervious to harm , so he tells Snow White of the Queen 's plot and tells her to run away and never to come back . To escape the penalty , he comes back with a pig 's heart and gives it to the Queen . When she questions her mirror , it again replies that Snow White is the fairest in the land , and that she is living at the cottage of the Seven Dwarfs , revealing that the box contains the heart of a pig . The Dwarfs are fearful of the Queen 's black magic but decide to take in Snow White anyway . The Witch ( right ) offering a poisoned apple to Snow White in Gustaf Tenggren 's inspirational art for the film Furious that Humbert tricked her , the Queen decides that first Snow White shall die by her own hand and at any cost . She goes down the dungeon to her secret room where she practices her dark magic , complete with a pet raven that `` knows all her secrets , '' and in desperation uses her spellbook and cauldron to mix a potion that transforms her into a hag . Her beauty is shrouded in ugliness and age , though presumably reversible . She then conjures a poison apple , which will cause `` the Sleeping Death '' , and proceeds to leave the castle via a moat boat . She is sure that no one would know or perform the counter-curse to her spell , and believes the Dwarfs would bury her rival alive , thinking her dead . The Queen comes to the cottage , followed by two vicious vultures , and finds Snow White baking a pie for Grumpy the dwarf . Somehow Snow White 's animal friends realize that the old hag is the Queen . After an unsuccessful attempt to warn Snow White by attacking the Queen , they go to warn the Dwarfs of the Queen 's arrival . The Queen tricks the princess into letting her inside the cottage and eating the bewitched apple , telling her that it is a magic wishing apple . Snow White takes a bite and falls to the floor , apparently dead . The Queen rejoices in her victory , but is soon discovered by the angry Seven Dwarfs , who grab pickaxes and chase her deep into the forest as a great storm begins . She climbs up into the mountains , where she gets trapped upon a precipice that overlooks a seemingly bottomless canyon . She tries to push down a large boulder to crush the approaching Dwarfs . Before she can do so , a lightning bolt strikes between her and the boulder , destroying the precipice and sending the Queen ( along with the boulder ) down the cliff to her death , screaming while she falls to the jagged rocks below ( this scream was reused in Sleeping Beauty when Maleficent is stabbed in the heart by the Sword of Truth ) . As the Dwarfs look wide - eyed over the cliff 's edge , they can not see her , but the vultures descend into the chasm . The Queen 's dark reign is over , and her castle is then taken over and the revived Snow White and the Prince who broke the spell . ( A 1936 pre-release Good Housekeeping novelization by Dorothy Ann Blank , a member of the film 's story team , affirms that the Queen in fact dies : `` Far below , in a chasm as dark as her own wicked soul , lay the body of the hateful Queen . No magic would ever bring her to life again . '' ) Conception , design and portrayal ( edit ) Early concepts for the film called for a `` fat , batty , cartoon type , self - satisfied '' Queen . However , Walt Disney became concerned that such an approach would make the character seem less plausible . Sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen , he advised that attention be paid exclusively to `` scenes in which only Snow White , the Dwarfs , and their bird and animal friends appear . '' Disney further developed the main plot himself ( Ollie Johnston said the film 's story was based on the idea that the Queen 's character was going to murder `` another drawing '' and Disney decided to make it appear believable ) , finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen , whom he envisioned as a mixture of Lady Macbeth and the Big Bad Wolf , and decided to set on `` a high collar stately beautiful type '' whose `` beauty is sinister , mature , plenty of curves -- she becomes ugly and menacing when scheming . '' According to the 1993 Disney Classics series of trading cards , `` she is really two characters , the beautiful evil Queen and the grotesquely evil witch . '' Statue of Uta von Ballenstedt at the Naumburg Cathedral in Naumburg Joan Crawford c. 1930 The Queen 's appearance was inspired by the `` ageless ice goddess '' character of Queen Ayesha ( `` She who must be obeyed '' ) from the 1935 film She , played by Helen Gahagan . The Queen was originally to be named Grimhilde ( but who is never actually named in the film ) , was also modeled in part on Princess Kriemhild in the 1924 film Die Nibelungen . It is also possible that the Queen 's looks may have been inspired by the faces of Joan Crawford and Gale Sondergaard ; her costume and figure may have been inspired by a column statue at the Naumburg Cathedral depicting Uta von Ballenstedt , the wife of Eckard II , Margrave of Meissen who was widely regarded as the most beautiful woman of Medieval Germany . Also noted was her resemblance to two 1930s American movie stars from Europe , Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich . The Queen and Snow White were refined by Grim Natwick and Norm Ferguson , who would often override Walt Disney 's instructions . As in the case of other characters for the film , the Queen 's appearance had to be approved by Albert Hurter before being finalised . One pre-final version of the queen had her wear a looser hood and a different crown and the edge of her cape was fur trimmed , as it can be seen in Gustaf Tenggren 's pictures . None of Art Babbit 's lead animation work on the character was rotoscoped and the animators were noted to prefer to draw the Queen over Snow White `` because she was more real and complex as a woman , more erotic , and driven to desperate acts by her magic mirror . '' The character , however , turned out to be especially problematic for the animators , as she had to be `` regally beautiful , with confined but graceful movements , '' and `` the experiments on her lovely cruel mouth and eyes alone represent drawings enough to fill a paper house . '' The sequence of her transformation in particular was the film 's toughest to visualise using trick effects , especially since Disney insisted on showing how the Queen felt as she changed . Alcázar of Segovia in 2011 According to a description in her card in the Disney Villains set , `` the Witch 's ugliness symbolises the evil disguised by the Queen 's beauty . '' Her castle might have been inspired by Spain 's Alcázar of Segovia and the throne she is uses has a peacock motif to symbolise her extreme vanity . The Queen is clad mostly in black and other `` negative '' dark colors , providing a contrast to Snow White 's bright colorful wardrobe , and has `` shiny black hair '' under her hood . Her royal costume was painted with specially developed paints made to look like satin for her collar and like velvet for her robe . The Queen 's music tracks were created with low celio notes , basses , and bassoons ; the scribblings in her book of spells were written in Italian . Notably , the Queen was the first character to ever speak in an animated feature film . She was voiced by Lucille La Verne , who achieved her voice change for the role of the Witch by removing her false teeth . Joe Grant , who contributed the design for her Witch form , noticed La Verne 's changing attitude and posture when voicing the Queen and Witch , and sketched these poses and her body language down for animation reference . He also said he based the Witch 's concept art on a woman who lived across the street from him . The character 's foreign dubbing voice actresses included Jiřina Petrovická in Czechoslovakia , Clara Pontoppidan , Kirsten Rolffes , Lise Ringheim in Denmark , Rauni Luoma and Seela Sella in Finland , Claude Gensac in France , Dagny Servaes in Germany , Ilus Vay in Hungary , Tina Lattanzi and Dina Romano in Italy , Tanie Kitabayashi in Japan , Blanca de Castejón and Cristina Montt in Mexico , Zinaida Sharko in Russia , and Helena Brodin , Hjördis Petterson and Lil Terselius in Sweden . The Queen was also the first character to meet death in a Disney film . As part of elimination of the original story 's more gruesome aspects , and to make Snow White seem more a `` nice girl '' , the Wicked Queen is no longer cannibalistic and her destruction was made `` just as certain but more merciful '' than in the original story , where she is forced to dance to her death in red - hot iron shoes on her feet as an invited guest at Snow White 's wedding . Snow White 's role in the Queen 's demise is removed , and the Queen `` dies more neatly and quickly , '' as justice is served without resorting to killing or torture . She also invites her own downfall while pushing the boulder , and her fate is only suggested rather than shown . One of the Witch 's animators was Ward Kimball , whom Walt Disney also let to draw the two vultures watching her fall `` to make it a little easier '' for him , as Kimball has been reassigned after his own sequence was cut from the film , since Disney thought these additional dwarfs gag scenes would distract from `` the real drama '' of the tension between Snow White and her wicked stepmother that was supposed to drive the film . Abandoned concepts ( edit ) A gargoyle ornament in the Queen 's dungeon in Snow White 's Scary Adventures The original outline of the story featured the Queen 's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb , an element taken from the Grimms ' version of the tale ( the Dwarfs would arrive in time to remove it ) . The envious Queen would also decide to take possession of Snow White 's attractive young suitor , the 18 - year - old Prince ( described in a press kit as `` every woman 's dream man '' ) for herself , offering him an opportunity to share the throne with her through a marriage . With the Prince refusing to marry her , the Queen would have him captured by her guards and taken to her dungeon to be suspended in chains in a torture chamber . She would later visit him there and used her sorcery to taunt him by bringing the dungeon 's skeletons ( also chained to the walls ) to life and making them dance , identifying one skeleton as `` Prince Oswald '' , only for the Prince to defy her again . She then has him given to the torturers , described as `` the Nubians '' , and `` exits with a dirty laugh . '' According to production story - meeting notes from October 1934 , `` Queen wants to marry Prince , but he refuses to acknowledge ' that she is the fairest in the land , ' since he has seen Snow White . '' It is written in story notes that the Queen has magical power only over her own domain , which is the castle . Another note states about their meeting in the dungeon : `` This is a sequence of gruesome comedy ― of dancing skeletons ― fantastic shadows ― witchcraft and deviltry . '' The name Prince Oswald was an inside joke reference to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . The Queen was originally intended to have seven black panthers guarding the entrance to her secret room with the Mirror ; a concept art of the Queen walking a pet panther can be seen in The Walt Disney Family Museum and at Disney California Adventure . The books Snow White : Magic Mirror Book and The Complete Story of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs reveal that the Huntsman was afraid to disobey a command to kill Snow White because the Queen 's might feed him to her panthers or shrink him magically `` to the size of a walnut '' . In one 1937 novelization , the Queen vows the Huntsman would pay dearly for allowing her stepdaughter to escape , but first she would deal with Snow White herself . In another version , the Huntsman would too be dragged to the dungeon when the Queen finds out that he has betrayed her , and the Queen might smash her own Mirror in anger . Later , after transforming herself , she decides to punish the Prince for having scorned her . She informs the Prince of her plan to have the Dwarfs bury Snow White alive and then leaves him to his death , still chained and trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water to slowly drown . She then makes her way to the Dwarfs ' cottage with the poisoned apple , while birds and forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen 's minions and find his horse as would race to try and save Snow White . This plotline described above was not used in the final film , although it was carried out to the drawing and cel stage , and several inspirational sketch pictures of the dungeon scenes were drawn by Ferdinand Hovarth . It is said that Disney `` knew that the Queen would have to look scary without being too scary . '' Some skeletons are briefly featured in the finished film in the other parts of the dungeon , except in Australia 's censored original theatrical release version . Similar motifs and scenes were later used in Sleeping Beauty and Aladdin . Elements of this sub-plot have also made their way into some other Disney 's Snow White fiction and visitor attractions . Other appearances ( edit ) Attractions ( edit ) The Queen 's castle at Fantasyland The Queen is a primary character in the Disneyland rides Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( first opened in 1955 ) , where she is seen more than any other character in all four versions of the ride , recreating a number of scenes from the film , sometimes including the torture chamber from an abandoned concept , with `` a few skeletons of her past victims . '' In one new scene , she turns into a hag while standing in front of the mirror ( back to the visitors ) and intoning : `` Magic Mirror on the wall , with this disguise I 'll fool them all ! '' She also appears in her hag form at the roller coaster Seven Dwarfs Mine Train , first opened in 2014 . The Evil Queen scowling by the light of an apple during Hong Kong Disneyland 's , Villains Night Out ! parade , premiering in 2016 . The Evil Queen with the wizard Jafar from Aladdin during Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party in 2012 The Queen in her lair with magic books and a figure of the demon Chernabog from Fantasia at Share A Dream Come True Parade in 2008 In the Disney Villains Mix and Mingle and Mickey 's Boo - to - You Halloween Parade shows during Magic Kingdom 's Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party , the Queen is one of the villains led by Maleficent that appear during the Cinderella Castle Forecourt Stage . Susanne Blakeslee voiced the Queen at 2001 's Share A Dream Come True Parade , where she could be seen transform herself into a hag . The Wicked Queen is one of the `` favourite '' villains included in Magic Kingdom Park 's special pre-parade procession `` It 's Good to be Bad '' a night before the annual Main Street Electrical Parade . One event featured a giant interactive mirror and included the Queen and two other `` Divas of Evil '' , Maleficent and Cruella de Vil . She also prominently appears at Villains Unleashed party , a separately ticketed event at Disney 's Hollywood Studios that was introduced in 2014 . In the interactive gallery Walt Disney : One Man 's Dream , the Queen appears alongside Maleficent and Judge Frollo in the villains ' act of the show , where she seems to be the leader of the trio . On the cruise ship Disney Fantasy , the Queen , appearing with her raven , is one of the seven suspects ( and sometimes the culprit ) in the interactive gallery Midship Detective Agency 's story `` The Case of The Plundered Paintings '' . Film and television ( edit ) The Queen is featured in some Disney television specials like Our Unsung Villains ( 1956 ) and Disney 's Greatest Villains ( 1977 ) . Segments of the Queen 's appearance are also shown in Disney 's Halloween Treat ( 1982 ) and in A Disney Halloween ( 1983 ) . She makes small cameo appearances in the animated series Disney 's House of Mouse , voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ( where she is seen sitting with Lady Tremaine in her queen form , and with Madam Mim and Witch Hazel in her witch form ) and in the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) and Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) , shown there in her witch form . In the live - action television special Disney 's Golden Anniversary of Snow White ( 1987 ) , the Queen is played by Jane Curtin in a parodic scenario . She casts a spell on Grumpy in an attempt to get him to persuade the other Dwarfs to retire and destroy the original film after the 50 years . After the failure of this , her Mirror convinces her to finally quit `` this whole curse business '' and focus on her current career as a television horror host . The Queen ( voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ) is the main villain in the 2005 direct - to - video animated film Once Upon a Halloween , but appears only in the Witch version despite misleading cover art ( furthermore , only her shadow is shown ) . In it , the Queen plots to conquer Halloween and asks her cauldron to show several villains to which one of them helps her in her plan . The cauldron also explains its origins as it is one of the cauldrons formerly owned by the three witches from The Black Cauldron . Eventually , the cauldron turns against the Wicked Queen and makes her vanish into nothingness . In Mike Disa 's and Evan Spiliotopoulos ' abandoned pitch for the DisneyToons ' Snow White prequel film The Seven Dwarfs , a beautiful girl named Narcissa appears to aid the dwarfs against an evil wizard , who would be eventually revealed as her father whom she would betray and trap him inside a mirror . Narcissa steals the ancient magic secrets of the Olden Dwarfs , marries and then murders Snow White 's father , and `` begins her reign as the Evil Queen , with the damned soul of her own father forever encased in the Magic Mirror as her slave . Thus , the dwarfs must live in hiding to protect their families from the Queen 's vengeance . '' Three computer - animated sequels to The Seven Dwarfs `` were to follow the title characters return home to families and friends after the Evil Queen 's death in Snow White . '' In a 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie titled Descendants , the aged Evil Queen ( played by Kathy Najimy ) is among a host of other villains who have been imprisoned on a forbidden Isle of the Lost , and her daughter Evie ( played by Sofia Carson ) is among their offspring who are allowed to return into the kingdom to attend school alongside the offspring of iconic Disney heroes ( Evie 's father is unidentified . ) . The Evil Queen is portrayed as Maleficent 's closest confident and best friend . Its title image features the iconic red apple of the Evil Queen , which was also prominently featured in a teaser trailer . Carson was cast to return as Evie in Descendants 2 . In Justin Merz 's and Evan Daugherty 's script for the live - action spin - off Rose Red , currently in development , Snow White 's sister Rose Red is going to `` join Grumpy and the fellow Dwarves on a journey to find the Evil Queen and break her curse . '' Books ( edit ) In the 1949 audiobook release , the Queen ( voiced by Eleanor Audley ) wears a yellow dress and a red cape . She tells the Huntsman to take Snow White to the forest and leave her there to die . In the end of the book , after being chased by the dwarfs , the Queen dies when she slips while climbing the mountain and falls into the sea . The novel Fairest of All : A Tale of the Wicked Queen by Serena Valentino , published by Disney Press in 2009 , tells a story much more sympathetic to the Queen than most other Disney media . The book shows how the Queen became the villain from the film , much in the style of The Killing Joke , with the Magic Mirror , here possessed by the spirit of her abusive father , having been a corrupting influence . According to the book , her mother was a witch and the King died in a war against another kingdom prior to the events of the film . After her husband 's death , the Queen slowly descends into madness . By the end of novel , Snow White gets the mirror and the Queen becomes the spirit inside the mirror after her death in the film . The Queen is one of the Overtakers , villains of The Kingdom Keepers novel series . She was introduced in 2011 in the fourth book of the saga , Power Play , alongside Cruella De Vil . Like Maleficent , she is very powerful and is able to cast almost any spell with a flick of her finger ; she can also transform herself and other characters . In Power Play , when Maleficent and Chernabog are captured by the Keepers , the Queen becomes the new leader of the Overtakers . One chapter in Todd Strasser 's 1993 Disney 's the Villains Collection / Stories from the Films is dedicated to Snow White and the Queen . She is also a subject of one of the illustrated books in the Disney Princess series My Side of the Story , titled Snow White / The Queen ( 2004 ) , which portrays her as a misunderstood positive character . Melissa de la Cruz wrote the Descendants prequel novel Isle of the Lost . In that book , it is revealed that the Evil Queen once tried to overthrow Maleficent as the ruler of the Isle . Theatrical shows ( edit ) The Queen with her magic cauldron during Fantasmic ! show in 2013 As in the film , the Queen character is featured in 1979 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs musical version , played by Anne Francine . In the Disney on Ice reenactment of the movie in 1986 - 1987 , and then in 1994 -- 1997 and again in 2000 -- 2001 , she was voiced by Louise Chamis and played by various skaters beginning with Melanie Scott in 1986 - 1987 , and including Elena Koteneva , who was substituted by Davina Lee - Gooding in 1995 . Francine also played her in the 1980 stage play and television program Snow White Live and Chamis voiced her in Disneyland 's Snow White -- An Enchanting Musical in 2004 and 2006 . The Evil Queen was also featured in Disney Live 's Three Classic Fairy Tales in the section based on the film . In the night - time fireworks and visual hydrotechnic show Fantasmic ! , first played in 1992 , the Queen , voiced by Louise Chamis , is the main villain and the leader of all the Disney Villains . She is introduced in the second act , when her Magic Mirror ( voiced by Tony Jay ) tells her that there are now three princesses ( Snow White , Ariel and Belle ) fairer than her . Enraged , the Queen transforms herself into a hag and uses the Mirror and her cauldron to summon various `` all the forces of evil '' in the form of a collection of Disney villains to come to her aid . They include Maleficent , who transforms into a dragon . ( In the Tokyo DisneySea version , she also traps Mickey inside her mirror . ) At the climax of the show , Mickey is able to defeat the dragon and vanquish all the villains with a magic sword . The Witch is the last to die , transforming back into the Queen before she is destroyed . In the Disney Dream cruise ship show Villains Tonight ! , first played in 2010 , Hades calls forth Disney 's most powerful villains for help to regain his evil . The Queen , changing from the Witch form , denies his invitation since Hades also invited Maleficent , her rival for Hades ' affections and for the status of `` the most evil in the land '' . The Queen claims not to be Hades ' girlfriend , but they just had `` an interesting weekend '' on Castaway Cay . In the end , the Queen and Maleficent put their differences aside as all villains should stick together and advise Hades to find evil within himself , and not from others . Games ( edit ) The Witch is an antagonist in the unreleased Snow White game for the Atari 2600 . In 2001 's Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs for the Game Boy Color , the players need to solve a puzzle minigame for the Queen to consult her mirror , and later guide a deer to warn the Dwarfs and then lead the Dwarfs in pursuit of the Witch before he can go to her castle . The Queen is one of the four Disney Villains that appear in 1999 video game Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , voiced by Louise Chamis . Jiminy Cricket and the player venture into the worlds of the stories to restore the happy endings . In the altered ( and game 's final ) story , where there is no Prince , the Queen ( appearing in both of her forms ) has built a lair resembling her poisoned apple inside the scary wood , and has put Snow White to eternal sleep in her dungeon and intends to do the same to the Seven Dwarfs . The player needs to correctly mix ingredients for several potions including the True Love Potion to magically summon the Prince and save the day . It is followed by the fight with the Queen where she tries to get away and the player has to reflect her magic ball spells , until she retreats to her lair . There , while asking her mirror , she suddenly transforms into a hag and the mirror breaks . In 2010 's video game Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep , the Queen ( voiced by Kyoko Satomi in Japanese and Susanne Blakeslee in English ) appears in the Dwarf Woodlands world . She recruits the protagonist Terra to kill Snow White and bring back her heart in return for allowing him to use the Magic Mirror to locate Master Xehanort . Terra , like the huntsman , ultimately does not go through with this , and the Queen , learning of his betrayal , forces the Mirror to consume him , but Terra manages to fight the Mirror off and the Queen reluctantly gives him the information he looks for . She later appears briefly in Ventus 's scenario , where she crosses paths with him on her way to poison Snow White . She drops the poisoned apple , which Ventus returns to her . She notices Ventus 's Keyblade and muses that Terra threatened her with a similar weapon . She is then only briefly mentioned in Aqua 's storyline , when the Magic Mirror tells Aqua that the Queen is dead and he is no longer under her control . In 2013 's free - to - play mobile game Snow White : Queen 's Return ( also known as Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return ) , an uncanonical continuation of the film , the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film because there was a lake at the bottom of the abbyss . She then reverted to her youthful form and , seeking revenge , cast an evil curse on Snow White as well as the dwarfs and their entire forest . The game 's updates were supposed to allow the players to `` meet ( and defeat ) '' the Queen , adding quests involving a search for her hideout to `` help the Dwarfs rid the enchanted forest of the evil queen , '' but the story was ultimately left unresolved as the game was discontinued in May 2014 . A 2014 weekly challenge in Disney Infinity : Toy Box included `` Mirror Mirror '' obstacle course that pit Snow White against the Evil Queen in a race for the poisonous apple . Downloadable Queen - themed avatar costumes were made available for the users of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles . A webcam browser game Become Your Inner Villain hosted on Disneyland Resort 's Facebook page enables the player turn into one of four villains including the Evil Queen . Her dungeon and laboratory ( complete with the Mirror ) are featured in the online game Aaah - Choo . In the 1990 video game Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse , an old witch named Mizrabel takes the of the Evil Queen after draining the youth from Minnie Mouse . In 2012 's Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion , the previously defeated Mizrabel returns to transform into various Disney villains , including the Queen , before setting on Maleficent . In 2013 's HD remake of Castle of Illusion , Mizrabel looks like a cross between the Queen and Maleficent in her youthful form and professes her ambition to be `` the fairest of them all '' . The Evil Queen is also featured in a number of traditional games , albeit usually as a mere obstacle for the players . She is , however , playable in some of them , such as Snow White and the Severn Dwarfs Game in the Disneykins franchise and Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly . Jim Razzi 's 1985 children 's gamebook Snow White in the Enchanted Forest ( Choose Your Own Adventure : Walt Disney # 1 ) features the Prince - like character 's confrontations with evil Queen as she is searching for Snow White , who is hiding with the Dwarfs , to `` put an end to her , once and for all ! '' In it , she has much greater powers than in the film , including being able to instantly change between her hag and queen forms at will , magically disappear in a cloud of smoke , change herself into an animal and back , and turn others into animals with magic beams from her hands . Comics ( edit ) The 1937 -- 1938 film tie - in serial comic strip `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' written by Merrill De Maris , one of the writers of the film , is centred primarily around the relationship between Snow White and the Queen . It further explores the source of the Queen 's descent into a murderous envy , as she learns that the Prince came to her castle seeking the most beautiful woman in all the world and is shocked when he says he meant Snow White . Like in the abandoned film concept , the Queen ( here actually named Grimhilde ) has the Prince arrested . In her Witch form , she later tells the captive Prince that she is going to get rid of Snow White and make him hers , while the Prince is defiant and calls her a `` miserable hag '' . This scene is followed by his escape from prison , in much less dramatic circumstances than the film 's drowning concept . The film was also adapted into an other comics including in 1969 , 1983 , and 1991 . There is a number of comics set in the film 's world . One early comic Pamuk Prenses ile Sevimli Prens ( 1942 ) tells of the further adventures of Snow White and Prince Charming , the Witch returns to put a spell on the latter . In one American 1944 sequel comic , the dead Queen 's castle is taken over by her brother , the Wicked Prince . Later comics usually feature the Queen in her Witch incarnation , often with her still trying to eliminate either Snow White ( `` The Seven Dwarfs and Thumper '' , `` No Ritmo Da Bruxa '' , `` A Maçã Superenfeitiçada '' , `` Kerstverhaal '' ) or the dwarfs ( `` The Enchanted Mountain '' , `` Halloween '' ) . Such stories include Jack Bradbury 's stand - alone 1958 comics Mystery of the Missing Magic and A New Adventure of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . In the comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - Queen '' , the Witch shrinks all the dwarfs except of Dopey who manages to save his brothers . In `` A Pirate 's Tale '' ( aka `` The Pirate '' ) , the greedy old Witch transforms herself into a rat as she plans to steal a treasure and turn the dwarfs into cheese and eat them , but Dopey destroys her with a cat . Usually under the alias the Witch , she often comes back to interact ( usually to antagonize , but sometimes also to occasionally cooperating with protagonistic characters ) with other Disney characters . She has appeared in the comics of April , May and June , the Beagle Boys , Br'er Rabbit , Chip ' n Dale , Donald Duck & Mickey Mouse , Goofy , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , Jiminy Cricket , José Carioca , Mickey & Minnie Mouse , Li'l Bad Wolf , Tinker Bell , the Three Little Pigs , and the fellow witches such as Madam Mim from The Sword in the Stone , Witch Hazel from Trick or Treat , and Magica De Spell ( especially in Brazilian comics ) . She also starred in the 1970s - 1980 's comic book series The Big Bad Wolf & The Wicked Witch , including `` Mirror Mirror '' , `` Witch Switch '' , `` The Apple Caper '' , `` The High - Hopping Wolf '' , `` Double Trouble '' , and `` Getting the Boot '' . Several comics include the Witch kidnapping another Disney character , either to be her slave or to exchange them for something , until they are rescued . Example of this include her abducting , besides Snow White ( `` Diamond Dust Dilemma '' , `` The Weather Witch '' ) , such characters as Chip ' n ' Dale ( `` Witch Convention '' , ) , Tinker Bell ( `` Pixie Dust Dilemma '' `` The Big Bust - out '' ) , and Dumbo characters ( `` Dumbo '' . `` The Chips Are Flying '' , `` A Witch in Time '' ) . The Witch also captures Dumbo in `` Dumbo l'échappe belle '' , but is defeated by Mickey and Br'er Bear and imprisoned by the Dwarfs . In `` The Gingerbread House '' , the Witch captures the Wicked Witch of the West 's children Witch Child and Warlock whom Magica De Spell was tasked to look after . Another recurring motif is the Witch 's attempts to turn characters into gold , for example Pinocchio ( `` The Magic Brew '' ) or all the forest animals ( `` Get Rich Witch '' ) . She may also simply try to steal the treasures , from either the Dwarfs ( `` Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs '' , `` Verjongingsdrank '' ) or other characters ( `` Black Magic Menace '' , `` Pursuit of Plunder '' ) . In the prequel story Battle of Wits and Witches , the Queen turns into the hag to steal a diamond from the Dwarfs but is foile by Mickey and Goofy . She also repeatedly attempts to ruin Christmas , like in `` The Golden Christmas Tree '' , where she lures Huey , Dewey and Louie to her lair use their tear drops in a magic potion to destroy all the Christmas trees in the world , and in `` Delivery Problems '' where she plots to put Santa Claus ' reindeer to sleep . In the Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories parody of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , `` The Wizard of Bahs '' by Vic Lockman and Strobl , the Witch is unexpectedly turned into an old tree trunk by Daisy Duck while her castle turns to sand . In `` The Captured Castle '' , the Witch captures Cinderella 's castle , and in `` It 's Snow Joke '' she turns Dale 's snow dragon alive . In `` The Magic Spell '' Chip ' n ' Dale steal her flying powder . The Witch 's Magic Wand is obtained by Goofy in `` Magic - Mender '' and stolen by the Big Bad Wolf in `` The Magic Wand '' . In `` The Haunted House Caper '' , the Witch turns Donald Duck 's into a haunted one , a story continued in `` 13 Blackcat Road '' . In O Sindicato Das Bruxas , José Carioca fights against her syndicate of witches . In `` The Washed - up Witch '' , where she ends up deprived of her powers and accepting Scrooge McDuck 's offer to become his private secretary . In `` The Sitter Solution '' , Mickey hires the Witch as a babysitter for Morty and Ferdie . Many stories , notably usually featuring the Queen in her youthful form , have been first published in Italian Disney digest comic series , in particular in Topolino . They include `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Witch '' ( I Sette Nani e la Strega Malvagia ) , `` Snow White and the Broken Mirror '' ( Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Spell of the Queen '' ( I Sette Nani e l'incantesimo della regina ) , `` Snow White and the Castle of Four Winds '' ( Biancaneve al castello dei quattro venti ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Heroic Antieve '' ( I Sette Nani e l'eroica antivigilia ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Brew of Seven Herbs '' ( I Sette Nani e l'infuso delle sette erbe aka `` The Seven Herbs Spell ! '' ) , `` Snow White and the Silver Rose '' ( Biancaneve e la rosa d'argento ) , and `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Joker Wizard '' ( I Sette Nani e il mago burlone ) , among others . For instance , `` Snow White and the Shattered Mirror '' ( Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto ) , has the old Witch , terminally ill , discover she has only one day to live , but she refuses to accept her destiny and finds a way to conquer death . In `` Goofy the Magician and the Seven Dwarfs '' ( Pippo mago ei Sette Nani ) , the Queen 's four goon henchmen attack the dwarfs and steal their treasure but then decide to keep it for themselves and Grimhilde seeks help from the wizard Abracadabro to stop their run ; eventually , it is the Prince who defeats the robbers . `` Donald Fracasse : ( Paperin Fracassa ) is a parody of the adventure film Captain Fracasse in which Snow White is blinded by the Queen and Donald Duck needs to heal her . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and Christmas in Danger '' ( I Sette Nani e il Natale in pericolo ) the Queen goes to steal a comet stardust as the last ingredient for her spell to destroy Snow White . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Covenant of the Queen '' ( I Sette Nani e il patto della regina ) , she conjures the demon Shadow Lord Oren and makes a pact with him to take the soul of Snow White . She once again attempts to eliminate Snow White with the help of seven evil dwarfs , but in doing so she burns ends up burning all of her vital energy and Oren takes her with him . `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Christmas Fairy '' ( I Sette Nani e la fatina di Natale ) presents a scenario in which the Queen successfully casts a forever - sleep enchantement on Snow White , but while trying to zap Dopey she accidentally falls victim of her own witchcraft and the Christmas fairy , freed from her prison , saves Snow White . In Italian comics , the Queen is usually wearing a red robe . She is also often shown using a crystal ball to spy on the good characters . Many of the Topolino Snow White comics were the works of Romano Scarpa . His 1986 comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and King Arbor 's Crystal '' ( I Sette Nani e il cristallo di Re Arbor ) provides explanation how the Queen would have survived her apparent death in the film ( as some branches and bushes eased the fall and she was rescued by her loyal guards ) and why she could not change back to her normal self ( as her castle was burned down by the Huntsman and her book of magic is gone ) . In this story , Grimhilde ( Grimilde ) enlists the aid of her great admirer and past suitor , the evil King Arbor of Vegetalia , in a plot to use a magic crystal device to swap her old body with Snow White 's . The intrigue is foiled by the dwarves who destroy the crystal , and the resigned Arbor allows the Witch to live with her , saying he will try to remember she was `` the most beautiful among queens '' . The uneasy relationship between Grimhilde and Abor continued in the comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Fountainhead '' ( I Sette nani e la fonte meravigliosa ) , in which she desperately attempts to regain her youth , but instead only turns into a childlike version of her Witch form for a short time . Other comics by Romano Scarpa have the Queen in her youthful form . In the three - part `` Snow White and the Green Flame '' ( Biancaneve e verde fiamma ) , the Queen flies on a broom to the great gathering of witches , who declare that her inability to deal with just a little girl and few dwarfs has disgraced them all and she should be punished for this according to the laws of Hell . The Queen begs the High Witch for mercy and is given a magic wand with the power of transformation , but if she would not succeed this time she will be turned into a magic broom for a more `` honorable '' witch to fly . The Queen uses the wand to gain trust of Snow White and turn her a figurine , than takes the princess ' form to ambush the dwarfs and do the same with them , and waits for the Prince 's arrival to kill him . Only Dopey escapes and eventually manages to outwit the Queen , using her want to restore his friends and transform her into a figurine , which later turns into a broom when her sentence is carried over . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Throne of Diamonds '' ( I Sette Nani e il trono di diamanti ) , Jiminy Cricket is deeply enamored by the Queen 's beauty and attempts to convince her to become good , but the Queen refuses to be redeemed and orders her soldiers to steal the throne the Dwarfs make for Snow White in a plot to turn her rival into an old woman . Eventually , the Queen is defeated by another witch Tardona and Snow White is saved . `` Snow White and the Chained Fairy '' ( I Sette Nani e la fata incatenata ) , sees the dwarfs struggle to free the fairy Fawn who was captured by the Queen in an underground cavern for saving Snow White when Grimhilde flew to strike down the princess with a thunderbolt . She takes on many forms trying to thwart them in various ways , and one - by - one the dwarfs sacrifice their lives , until only Dopey remains but he manages to get hold of magical water that brings back all of them to life . The freed fairy 's magic makes the cavern collapse down on the helpless Queen to make sure she will never hurt anyone again . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Birtch Ring '' ( I Sette Nani e l'anello di betulla by Romano Scarpa ) , the Queen learns about the eight Dwarf named Ginger ( Zenzero ) , who has left the his companions to go in search of fortune traveling the world , and transforms into a pixie named Fagottina to send him home and sow discord among his brothers . The Queen also transforms into a pixie , named Fogliolina , in `` Snow White and Easter in the Woods '' ( Biancaneve e la Pasqua nel bosco ) , where , after her attempt to kill Snow White with magic is foiled by woodland creatures , she is so enraged that she calls upon the infernal powers to `` take her '' and her castle burns into flames and crumbles around her . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Wolf 's Cliff '' ( I Sette Nani e la balza del lupo ) , she sends three of her bandit minions ( Bragia , Sghembo and Schidione ) to kidnap Snow White . `` Snow White and the Bewitched Dress '' ( Biancaneve e l'abito stregato ) has the Queen magically disguise herself as an old gypsy to give Snow White a cursed dress and capture her , then start her work on the spell to rid of the dwarfs and all the forest creatures . But Dopey infiltrates her castle , frees Snow White , and locks up the Queen in her laboratory set ablaze , after which the whole castle is consumed by fire and explodes after the dwarf and the princess escape . The Queen also appears as one of the villains in the 2005 Disney manga series Kilala Princess by Rika Tanaka and Nao Kodaka , where the protagonists Rei and Kilala Reno find themselves in the world of Snow White , and meet and befriend the princess . They go the Queen 's castle to ask the Magic Mirror how to find Kilala 's friend Erika , but discover the Queen is still alive ( and even commanding the two vultures , as well as wolves ) as she appears and demands Kilala 's magical tiara . The children try to flee but are attacked by wolves and locked up in the dungeon , where the Queen transforms into the Witch and prepares to turn Kilala into an ugly creature . Snow White appears and agrees to sacrifice herself to save them , but Kilala stops her at last moment before she can eat a poison apple ; Rei then attacks the Queen , who falls into her cauldron , turns into a vulture , and flies away in a defeat . Merchandise ( edit ) The character was also featured in a wide variety of Disney merchandise , such as in the Designer Villains `` stylized and fashion - forward '' series of limited edition dolls and make - up products , or the Wickedly Beautiful entry in the Beautifully Disney collection of cosmetic products . Various other such merchandise include many dolls , figurines / statuettes , costumes , clothing items , watches / clocks / mirrors , key chains / blanks , mugs , other tableware , bags / purses / suitcases , containers , prints / posters / cards / stickers , pins / buttons / magnets , holiday ornaments , plush toys , puzzles , other beauty products , and so forth . In one issue of Disney Adventures in 1997 , the Evil Queen appeared on the cover attempting to woo Will Smith . One hand - made figure costing $2,000 was the most expensive out of 200,000 items being sold at the Disney World shopping village in 1985 . During an auction in 1988 , an animation cel from the iconic scene of the Queen holding her heart box sold for a record - setting price of $30,000 . In 1997 , another cel from the same scene sold for $21,275 and a cel of the Witch offering an apple to Snow White realized $13,800 . Another cel showing the Queen reading her spellbook sold for $8,050 in an earlier in auction in 1995 . In 2015 , a Hag cell was sold on an aution for $48,000 . In Once Upon a Time ( edit ) Main article : Regina Mills An almost entirely alternate take on the character of the Evil Queen is Regina Mills , the main antagonist in the first season of the 2011 ABC live - action TV series Once Upon a Time where she is played by Lana Parrilla . Regina is the mayor of the idyllic town of Storybrooke , Maine , but is secretly the Evil Queen of legend , having cursed many beloved fairytale characters to live in a land without magic , where they will never get their happy endings . The show is not directly based on the Disney animated films , but is inspired by them and makes many references to them . One of its episodes is titled `` The Evil Queen '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception and popularity ( edit ) The Disney version of the character was very well received by film critics , even as some were disturbed ( columnist Dorothy Kilgallen for instance urged Disney to not make future villains as scary as the Witch ) . Stephen Hunter included her being `` cool '' among the `` wonderful truths about Snow White . '' Janet Maslin wrote the film 's Snow White `` exists only to be victimized by her wicked stepmother - a far more interesting character . The image of the wicked Queen ( initially conceived as a raven - haired glamour girl , and the epitome of late - 1930s sophistication ) who drinks an aging potion and then shrivels , sprouting warts and claws , turning before our eyes from a sexy , voluptous creature into a freightening old crone , must leave as powerful an impression on the audience as Snow White 's chirpy feminity . '' Similarly , Roger Ebert wrote Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was `` not so much about Snow White as it was about the Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Queen , '' opining this was the reason it has remained `` the ultimate animated masterpiece '' by 2001 instead of having been forgotten soon after its premiere in 1937 . Morgan McMichaels dressed as the Queen in 2015 Feminism academic Camille Paglia said that she used to be transfixed by this `` temperamental diva bitch '' , due to the contrast with the ideal of womanhood that she had been presented to as a child : `` Mary , this silent mother ; and here was the witch queen who has this weird dialogue in the mirror and it did n't have to be charitable and it did n't have to be nice . I thought she was fabulous . '' Likewise , Lana Parrilla , who later herself played the Evil Queen in Once Upon A Time , said that whenever she watched Disney 's Snow White as a young girl she rooted for and `` loved the evil queen ― every time the evil queen came on , I was like ' OK ! ' She was just so fascinating to me . '' Author Deborah Lipp wrote : `` As I 've said before and will doubtless say again , given a choice of being Snow White ( helpless , sweet , voiceless ) and the Wicked Queen , with the cool castle and the magic and the minions , give me my Magic Mirror now ! '' Film director John Waters said he too rooted for the evil queen to win , and Chay Yew said that if he were a Disney character , he would be the evil queen from Snow White . Once Upon the Time co-creator Adam Horowitz said that his earliest Disney memory was seeing a re-release of Disney 's Snow White when he was `` terrified by the Evil Queen while also being unable to look away and that stuck with me through the years . '' Similarly , fashion designer and Angelina Jolie 's Maleficent collaborator Stella McCartney said : `` My favorite Disney film was Snow White . I remember growing up watching ( it ) and being completely freaked out by that scene where the evil queen becomes the old witch and she makes the poison apple . '' Film maker and actor Terry Gilliam listed the film 's Queen among his eight favourite villains , commenting how `` truly strange '' is that `` vanity and beauty are what she 's all about , yet the identity she assumes when she becomes the old beggar woman is practically the ugliest in all the kingdom . '' Fairy tale lecturer Jack Zipes alike noted that `` it is somewhat strange that the queen believes the mirror , for the picture of Snow White reveals that she is a pretty pubescent red - cheeked ordinary girl while the queen is a stunning beautiful mature woman who might easily win a beauty contest . '' Jim Lentz , Director of Animation Art at Heritage Auctions , said in 2015 : `` The Evil Queen is , to this day , one of the great villains of cinema , and she was at her terrifying best when she became the Old Hag and set off to destroy Snow White . '' According to film maker and actor Brad Bird , back in 1937 `` they had to re-upholster the seats in a very large movie palace in New York because little kids were peeing on the seats when the witch came on in Snow White . '' The Queen ranked as tenth in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time , being the highest - ranked animated villain . When Walt Disney Parks and Resorts held their 2011 Disney Villains popularity poll for Wicked Gooey Apple Awards ( named after the Queen 's poison apple ) , the Evil Queen came first and won in three out of five categories : `` Sinister Stylings '' ( for the most fashionable villain ) , `` Curses ! Foiled Again ! '' ( for the villain who received the best comeuppance ) , and the ultimate `` Unfairest of Them All '' ( for the most evil villain ) . Jeff Kurtti 's 2005 book Disney Villains : The Top Secret Files ranks her as `` the greatest villain of them all '' . In 2013 , the Queen was among the 20 terrifying kids ' movie characters by Digital Spy , commenting that `` Julia Roberts and Charlize Theron may have taken a stab at this role in two competing 2012 blockbusters , but they did n't get anywhere near the kind of creepiness of Disney 's evil Queen , '' as well as among ten scariest Disney villains of all time by entertainment.ie . In 2014 , E ! ranked `` the original head bitch in charge '' as the seventh top Disney Villain , while WatchMojo.com ranked her as the ninth top Disney animated villain and the fifth greatest female movie villain of all time . Nerdist put the Disney Villainesses `` starting in 1937 with the Evil Queen '' at top spot in a 2015 ranking of `` most bad ass '' female villains in pop culture , while Gay Times ranked her third among the `` top five wicked women of Disney '' and MTV listed her as one of the nine Disney Villains who were `` way better than the good guys . '' That same year , Moviepilot included her among the seven most terryfying and evil Disney Villains as `` she may be the prettiest woman in the list , but sadly , that beautiful facade covers an ugly and wicked soul , '' while Gulf News , ranking her as the second greatest Disney Villain , commented she `` still stands today - 78 years after the release of the first movie , '' as the most evil personality that Disney has ever created . Moviepilot also proposed `` Disney could give Snow White the Maleficent treatment and make a version telling the story through the Evil Queen 's perspective , '' suggesting she should be played by Megan Fox . In 2016 , The Frisky described her and Maleficent as `` two of the best - realized female villains in movie history . '' Cultural impact ( edit ) French model and TV host Solweig Rediger - Lizlow dressed as the Queen at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival According to Maria Tatar , an academic specializing in children 's literature , the film turned `` the evil queen into a figure of gripping narrative energy and makes Snow White ( the character ) so dull that she requires a supporting cast of seven to enliven her scenes . Ultimately it is the stepmother 's disruptive , disturbing , and divisive presence that invests the film with a degree of fascination that has facilitated its widespread circulation and that has allowed it to take such powerful hold in our own culture . '' Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peter credited the Queen 's character 's influence in changing the popular visual image of witches in film and other fiction as specifically female , more often young and attractive than old and ugly , and dressed in a characteristically defining costume . A part of Maila Nurmi 's inspiration for her character of Vampira came from Nurmi being fascinated by the Queen after watching Disney 's Snow White at the age of 14 . When she was cast for the 1939 's The Wizard of Oz as the Wicked Witch of the West , Gale Sondergaard ( who herself has earlier served as one of inspirations for Disney ) insisted on playing a glamorous vision of the character , similar to the Disney 's interpretation of the Queen from Snow White ; when Sondergaard 's idea was rejected by producers Mervyn LeRoy and Arthur Freed in favor of making the Wicked Witch ugly , she withdrew from the project and Margaret Hamilton was cast instead . Still , the similarities between the two films , including the porteayals on their respective witch characters , were such that The Wizard of Oz was at one point advertised as `` Snow White with live actors . '' The Queen inspired main antagonist characters in the otherwise unrelated titles , such as the stepmother queen in the Russian animated film The Wild Swans ( 1962 ) , the Witch Queen in the Spanish film Tom Thumb and Little Red Riding Hood ( 1962 ) , the goddess Venus in the anime version of Unico , Queen Admira in the American film The Hugga Bunch ( 1985 ) , and the queen of the witches in the video game Curse of Enchantia ( 1992 ) . Lady Macbeth in Orson Welles ' 1948 Macbeth resembles the Queen in her costume , make - up , and even the manner of her death ; Lady Macbeth was also visually based on the Queen in a 1982 comic book adaptation . The evil Queen Bavmorda from 1988 's film Willow bears a resemblance too , so much that Cinefantastique editor Frederick S. Clarke described her as `` simply Snow White 's Wicked Queen , right down to her hooded costume . '' Robin Wood has drawn a connection between the looks of the Witch and of the Emperor in the Star Wars franchise ( which eventually also became a Disney property ) . According to the designer Steve Brown , the Queen 's old Witch form served as an inspiration for the main character Witch Queen in his 1985 video game Cauldron . Brigitte Nielsen said she has also based her role as the Black Witch ( who also kidnaps a prince character out of jealously for a princess ) in the 1992 Italian film Fantaghirò 2 on Disney 's `` Grimilde '' ( an Italian name for the Queen in the comics ) . The Wicked Queen with several other Disney villains , including Maleficent and the Queen of Hearts An official Disney.com blog Oh My Disney stated the Evil Queen has been `` the original Disney villain , and we 're really not exaggerating . '' According to The Daily Telegraph , La Verne 's role as the Queen `` was credited as the model for such future villains as Ursula in The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and Scar in The Lion King ( 1994 ) . '' Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty inherited a number of characteristics from the Queen , including the cowl , high collar , billowing cloak , arched eyebrows , cruel lips , and raven familiar . An abandoned concept from Snow White was that the Queen kidnap the Prince and lock him in her dungeon ; similarly , in Sleeping Beauty , Maleficent kidnaps Prince Philip . Lady Bane , a vain evil sorceress from Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears , too bears a similarity to the Evil Queen in her costume and character . Four wicked witches of the East , West , North and South , resembling the Witch from Disney 's Snow White , are also the villains Mickey has to kill to save Disneyland in 1988 's Mickey Mouse : The Computer Game . The first names for the magic - wielding antagonist couple The Glooms in Disney XD 's own series The 7D ( 2014 ) ― set in a timeframe before the Seven Dwarfs first met Snow White ― might have been inspired by the Evil Queen character 's alternate name `` Grimhilde '' , with the bumbling warlock husband named `` Grim '' and the determined witch wife named `` Hildy '' . The Queen 's character design from the film was also used in some other Snow White adaptations , such as for the Queen in the Turkish film Pamuk Prenses ve Yedi Cüceler ( 1970 ) . Queen Naga in Italian erotic comic books Biancaneve was at first loosely based on the Disney version , as was its Snow White 's character . Susan Sarandon 's character of Queen Narissa in Disney 's own Enchanted ( 2007 ) , had her characteristics , powers , and physical features were inspired by the Queen from the film and by Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . Early on into the project , Enchanted was actually supposed to be a direct - to - video animated sequel to Disney 's Snow White ( with a working title of `` Snow White 2 '' ) in which Narissa ( back then often misspelled as `` Noriss '' ) was the evil Queen 's sister who would kidnap six of the dwarfs to lure Snow White , the Prince , and their 13 - year - old daughter Rose aided by Dopey , into a trap . When Filmation announced their own animated sequel to the fairy tale , the studio was sued by Disney until Filmation promised their characters would not resemble the ones from the Disney film ; the settlement stated there could not be a `` wicked witch '' character in the film which instead was made to feature the Queen 's brother in a vendetta to avenge her death ( the title was also changed , from Snow White in the Land of Doom to Happily Ever After ) . The Queen 's castle was used prominently in the advertising of the film ( acting as the backdrop of the film 's poster ) . Later Disney fairy tales , including Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , The Little Mermaid , Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin , feature similarly fantastical castles and palaces , and often these buildings act as centrepieces or backdrops for the movies ' posters . A fairy tale castle stands at the centre of each Disney theme park , and the image of the castle is used in the logo for Buena Vista International . Homage cameos and parodies ( edit ) The `` Disney Villainess Squad '' cosplayers at WonderCon 2010 The character has also made several parodic cameo and homage appearances in non-Disney media . In the 1945 radio program This Is My Best , the Queen uttered a curse so dreadful that the Magic Mirror shattered into a thousand pieces and where the Queen once stood was nothing but a heap of ashes from which black spiders crawled and scuffled off into the night . In Woody Allen 's live - action film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) , Alvy mentions that when he saw Disney 's Snow White , he was attracted to the Queen while all the other children had a crush on Snow White . This is followed by an animated sequence of the Wicked Queen , resembling Annie and voiced by Diane Keaton , talking to the cartoon version of the daydreaming Alvy , but turns out that even the Queen scolds him ; Alvy attributes it to her having her period mood , to which the Queen reminds him she is just a cartoon character . The Queen was referenced when she appeared as a villain in an issue of Italian horror comic book series Dylan Dog in 1988 . In The Simpsons episode `` Four Great Women and a Manicure '' ( 2009 ) , the Queen escapes the dwarves after poisoning Snow White , only to be lynched by a mob of angry woodland creatures . In the U.S. Acres two - part cartoon `` Snow Wade and the 77 Dwarves '' , Lanolin appears as the Wicked Queen with a costume is based off the Disney version . In the Family Guy 2009 episode `` Road to the Multiverse '' , Herbert appears as the disguised Queen . The Muppet Show character Miss Piggy is the Queen in the 2010 parody comic book miniseries Muppet Snow White . Cassie Scerbo played the Evil Queen in the 2013 YouTube parody music video Cell Block Tango . The Queen also appears in Counting Scars , Oh My Disney 's Halloween 2014 parody music video of OneRepublic 's `` Counting Stars '' . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to the Evil Queen . The Queen from `` Snow White '' in the original fairy tale , and in other derivative works Disney portal Cartoon portal Fictional characters portal Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reflection of Evil Ink & Paint Cel Release at Disney 's Hollywood Studios `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jim Razzi , Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , page 41 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's animated characters . Hyperion Books . p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villain Resumes Oh My Disney '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snow White Archive ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Vintage Snow White `` Collector Print Primer Cards '' `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 UK Snow White Pressbook '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : The Good Housekeeping Serial '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 Film Misquotes '' . Listverse . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Villain Stories Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Barrier , Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age , page 128 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonderful World of WALT : Walt Disney and the Villain Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains : Queen '' . Disney.go.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` D23 ′ s Dateline Disney : 1935 ( Evil Queen ) `` Disney D23 '' . D23.disney.go.com . December 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Well Do You Know ... Snow White ? Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Golden Anniversary : Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Gladstone 1987 . Jump up ^ Ryan Gilbey , Jonathan Ross , The Ultimate Film : The UK 's 100 Most Popular Films , page 19 . ^ Jump up to : Axel Nissen , Actresses of a Certain Character : Forty Familiar Hollywood Faces from the Thirties to the Fifties , page 197 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Peter . `` Naumburg : Cathedral immortalizes'most beautiful woman of the Middle Ages ' -- Travel '' . Stripes . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Naumburg Founder Statues on Stamps '' . Stamporama . September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas Brode , Multiculturalism and the Mouse , page 172 . Jump up ^ Biggest opening day in film history is coming up , Beaver County Times , April 15 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 `` Popular Science '' Snow White Article `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Gladstone Comic Book ( 50th Anniversary - 1987 ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruno Girveau ( editor ) , Once Upon a Time ― Walt Disney : The Sources of inspiration for the Disney Studios ( Prestel , London , 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 3 - 7913 - 3770 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Mayerson . `` Mayerson on Animation '' . Mayersononanimation.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Zipes , The Enchanted Screen : The Unknown History of Fairy - Tale Films , pages 115 , 122 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Photoplay Snow White Article '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1958 Buena Vista Snow White Pressbook '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Stokstad , Medieval Castles , page 92 . Jump up ^ Patricia Schultz , 1,000 Places to See Before You Die , page 270 . Jump up ^ Anna Ruiz , Vibrant Andalusia : The Spice of Life in Southern Spain , page 148 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guest Contributor ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` The Evolution of Snow White Racialicious -- the intersection of race and pop culture '' . Racialicious . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1987 Animator Magazine No. 20 '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ From Screen to Theme : A Guide to Disney Animated Film References Found ... -- Brent Dodge -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . February 2010 . ISBN 9781608444083 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Mind - Blowing Facts About Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Oh My Disney '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : John Canemaker , Before the Animation Begins : The Life and Times of Disney inspirational Sketch Artists ( Hyperion , New York , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6152 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney cast an evil end for the voice of Snow White '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Not Just Your Average Joe : Disney Legend Joe Grant '' . Awn.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1944 RKO Radio Pictures Snow White pressbook , page 5 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White '' Ready Xmas , The Pittsburgh Press , October 13 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Feminists decry fairy tale films , The Tuscaloosa News , August 6 , 1980 . Jump up ^ ' Snow White ' as young as ever , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , July 17 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Starlog 's CineMagic Magazine ( 50th Annivesary - 1987 ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fairest ... And The Scariest Of Them All : A Doomed Love Triangle '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : David Koenig , Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks , page 28 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Disney 's fabulous folly -- Page 5 Animator Mag -- Library '' . Animatormag.com . August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : Dark Secrets of the Dungeon '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Holliss , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and the Making of the Classic Film , page 14 . Jump up ^ Ollie Johnston , Frank Thomas , The Disney Villain , age 54 . Jump up ^ Rudy Behlmer , America 's Favorite Movies : Behind the Scenes , page 44 . Jump up ^ 1937 Fan . `` Whistle While We Blog '' . 1937fan.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White book page '' ( JPG ) . 4.bp.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : The Rescue of the Prince '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Complete Story of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( Harry N. Abrams , New York , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1515 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kay Stone , Some Day Your Witch Will Come , page 71 . Jump up ^ Laurence A. Rickels , The Devil Notebooks , page 274 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains ' Lairs Are Creepy and Impressive Oh My Disney '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maureen Furniss , Art in Motion : Animation Aesthetics , page 119 . Jump up ^ Eurodisney Pocket Guide , page 64 . Jump up ^ Tison Pugh , The Disney Middle Ages : A Fairy - Tale and Fantasy Past , page 64 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : Disney 's new Seven Dwarfs Mine Train '' . Azcentral.com. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World Halloween Party changes '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big thrills , little chills at Disney Halloween bash USA Travel '' . Toronto Sun . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney celebrates 100 years of magic '' . Deseret News . October 28 , 2001 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Side `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Creating Your Dream with Disney Event Group `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mauney , Matt ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Villain - themed event coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney guests enjoy Chiquita Apple Bites '' . Freshplaza.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Sneak Peek at the ' Villains Unleashed ' Guest List at Disney 's Hollywood Studios `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Andrea ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` I Dream of Disney '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent Terrace , Television Specials : 5,336 Entertainment Programs , 1936 -- 2012 , 2d ed. , page 132 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Disa and The Seven Dwarfs : How the Snow White prequel became a Dopey movie Animated Views '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs prequel once planned by Disney Metro News '' . Metro.co.uk. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy to Play Evil Queen in Disney Channel 's ' Descendants ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Disneys Lost The Plot With Descendants Angsty Teen Children Of Classic Villains '' . Hitfix.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Descendants ' Casts Newcomer Sofia Carson as Evil Queen 's Daughter ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap. April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Creating Original Live - Action Movie About Offspring of Disneys Villains '' . GeekNation . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E Releases '' . Disneychannelmedianet.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Descendants Teaser Trailer '' . Disney.com.au . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney To Develop Live - Action Film About Snow White 's Sister Rose Red '' . Geeksofdoom.com. April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fairest of All Disney Publishing Worldwide '' . Books.disney.com . August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Disney Princess : My Side of the Story -- Snow White / The Queen -- Book # 2 : Daphne Skinner , Atelier Philippe Harchy , John Kurtz : 0725961034641 : Amazon.com : Books . Amazon.com . ASIN 0786834641 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Descendants News : Melissa De La Cruz Writing PREQUEL , Get A SNEAK PEEK Of Kristen Chenoweth as Maleficent ( SEE PIC ) : The Eye : Fashion & Style '' . Fashionnstyle.com . July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radio City back on track with live fairy tales , The Spokesman - Review , October 25 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Snow White on Ice '' . The Montreal Gazette . September 6 , 1986 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glenmont Native A Prince in Fine ' Snow White on Ice ' '' . Schenectady Gazette . September 10 , 1986 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White , 7 Dwarfs Deliver a Magical Show '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . January 22 , 1987 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Evil Queen wicked on Ice '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . February 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent Terrace , Television Specials : 5,336 Entertainment Programs , 1936 -- 2012 , 2d ed. , page 337 . Jump up ^ `` Parent Reviews - fayettevillekidsguide.com - Your resource for Parenting , Kids , Birthday party ideas , Family vacations , Events , Family Event , Activities for kids , Summer camps , Kids restaurants , Child care , Day care in Fayetteville , Arkansas '' . Fayettevillekidsguide.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Live ! Three Classic Fairy Tales - Muscogee Moms '' . Muscogee Moms . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Disney Villains You Can See at Walt Disney World Resort `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Children Under Construction : Critical Essays on Play as Curriculum -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 2010 . ISBN 9781433106231 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Atari 2600 - Snow White ( Atari ) '' . AtariAge . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Disney iOS Games '' . Arcadesushi.com . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White : The Queen 's Return -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming update : What to expect ? Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile game '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring Witch Rock Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . `` Finding and Restoring Queen 's Alchemy Lab Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tijdlijnfoto 's -- Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return '' . Facebook . April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity '' . Infinity.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Interactive Support -- Disney Universe -- Downloadable Costumes : Villains Pack ( PlayStation ® 3 , Xbox 360 ® ) '' . Help.disney.com . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Snow White Evil Queen : Home & Kitchen '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Become your Inner Villain ! `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Aaah Choo ! Disney Games '' . Games.disney.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion - Test Nintendo 3DS - Nintendo Master '' . Nintendo-master.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Tek Toothbrush ' Snow White ' Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 Parker Brothers Snow White Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 Milton Bradley Snow White Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Game Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Délivrez Minnie ! '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 21 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Castle Labyrinth '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Name the Characters Word Puzzle '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` En nu naar het kasteel ! '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Disneykin Snow White Game from Royal Gelatin '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly ® Game Board Games '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG001 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG018 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG019 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG020 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : The 1937 Merrill De Maris Comic Book '' . Kennetti.fi . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Branca de Neve '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1969 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blanche Neige et les sept nains '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pamuk Prenses ile Sevimli Prens '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 30 , 1942 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EsquiloScans '' . EsquiloScans . December 20 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The wicked prince '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1944 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Snow White 's Christmas Surprise '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Christmas Spell '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Snow White 's Sinister Christmas Gift '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1944 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No Ritmo Da Bruxa '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1974 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Maçã Superenfeitiçada '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1977 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kerstverhaal '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Enchanted Mountain '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery of the Missing Magic '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A New Adventure of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - queen '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - Queen '' 1958 Sunday Comic `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirate '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Seven Dwarfs 1949 Four Color Comic ( A Pirate 's Tale ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasyland '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Castle for Christmas '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Enchanted Forest '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Matter of Luck '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Snake Skin Belt '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Mal Me Quer , Bem Me Quer '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Assalto Cheio De História '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 23 , 1986 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Le cauchemard de Halloween '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` 75 jaar '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bad Deed Club 's Annual Picnic '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bewitched Dolls '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Wee Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Undercover Candy Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Crime Convention '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 9 , 1968 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Seven Dwarfs ' Diamond Mine Job '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1973 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bad Guys At The Ball '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 27 , 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Kite Tail '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Hoodwinked Helper '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Ranchin ' Rabbit '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1969 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House Guests '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Too Few Clues '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Too Many Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Dull Kinda Danger '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Shock Treatment '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1953 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Magic Beanstalk '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The House Guest '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Outwitting the Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1979 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Bewitched Tree '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Fly Guys '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Vacationland '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Lost Jingle - Jangle '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1981 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Witch Tricks '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` L'incredibile avventura di Topolino '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 25 , 1985 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e l'incredibile naniversario '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 7 , 1988 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Hotel Transylvania '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 15 , 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Party Monsters '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 4 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` La voce del popolo '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e la saga burocratica '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` February Foolery '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1957 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Pickpocket '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Case of the Weird Web '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Black Pearl Ring '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Spaghetti and Goofballs '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He Went Thataway '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Qui , Quo , Qua e il `` meeting '' dei miti `` . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` La buona stella di Paperino '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 16 , 1989 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Paperino in : `` La storia ( in ) finita '' `` . Coa.inducks.org . December 29 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glitter Bug '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e la dimensione F '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 17 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Inimiga Do Natal '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 12 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Youth Machine '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e l'enigma di Cartunia '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 19 , 1995 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Haunting '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1956 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ( ( cite web url = https://coa.inducks.org/story.php?c=W+WDC+269-04 title = A Wolf at the Door publisher = Coa.inducks.org date = February 1 , 1963 accessdate = August 27 , 2016 ) ) Jump up ^ `` The Grounded Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Guardian Pixie '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1976 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonderful Magic Lamp '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Broom Boom '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Clan Bake '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Bait '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` As Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1972 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Presidente Das Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 13 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Feitiço Virou Contra A Feiticeira '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 16 , 1973 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bruxo Não Entra '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1976 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` As Feiticeiras '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1977 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Má Magali '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Organized Grime '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1964 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Toimituksen noitanurkka '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 2 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Um Amor De Presente '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Feitiço Das Manchas Na Cara '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Paramales A Você '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1983 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Bandido Do Ano '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1983 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Tremendo Som '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1985 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror Mirror '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Switch '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1979 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The High - Hopping Wolf '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Double Trouble '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting the Boot '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dust Dilemma '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Weather Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Convention '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1959 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixie Dust Dilemma '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bust - out '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1945 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chips Are Flying '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Witch in Time '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbo l'échappe belle '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 70.049 Dumbo E'Lchappe Belle '' . DisneylandRecords.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Gingerbread House '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Get Rich Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Verjongingsdrank '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Magic Menace '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1967 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Wits and Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1967 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Christmas Tree '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 30 , 1948 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delivery Problems '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 13 , 1990 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Bahs '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Snow ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Wizard of Bahs '' - Walt Disney Comic , April 1966 `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Captured Castle '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Snow Joke '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Spell '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magic - Mender '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Wand '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Haunted House Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1967 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Blackcat Road '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1968 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` O Sindicato Das Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 23 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Washed - up Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1957 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Alex . `` Why The 7 Dwarfs Were Slaves Of Scrooge McDuck '' . Cracked.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James E. Daniels ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` J.E. Daniels ' Animated Topics & Headlines : Disney Comics Crossover '' . Jedaniels-adventures.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sitter Solution '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The evil queen '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 25 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'incantesimo della regina '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve al castello dei quattro venti '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'eroica antivigilia '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 7 nani e l'infuso delle 7 erbe '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biancaneve e la rosa d'argento '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il mago burlone '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 15 , 1967 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pippo mago ei Sette Nani '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il Natale in pericolo '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 17 , 1989 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il patto della regina '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il patto della Regina '' . Digilander.iol.it . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la Fatina di Natale '' . Digilander.iol.it . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la fatina di Natale '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Snow White and the Green Flame Ruby '' by Romano Scarpa ( 1953 ) `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 Nani e il cristallo di Re Arbor '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il cristallo di re Arbor '' . Artnet.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luca Boschi . `` Sul set di Romano Scarpa '' . Lo Spazio Bianco . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 Nani e la fonte meravigliosa '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Overview of Romano Scarpa 's Snow White Comics '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e verde fiamma '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 14 , 1994 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e verde fiamma , l'esordio di Romano Scarpa su Topolino '' . Fumettologica . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il trono di diamanti '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la fata incatenata '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'anello di betulla '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 nani e l'anello di betulla Archives - Romano Scarpa '' . Romano Scarpa . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e la Pasqua nel bosco '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la balza del lupo '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e l'abito stregato '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 29 , 1964 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellman , Victoria ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Little Mermaid 's Ursula gets new tiny waistline Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beautifully Disney Collections By Disney '' . Disneyparksmerchandise.com . 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Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . line feed character in title = at position 34 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Horrors ! Disney 's wicked queen reigns supreme on a collector 's a Bradford Exchange Recommendation '' . Lawrence Journal - World . July 11 , 1993 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Limited Edition Disney Villains Porcelain Evil Queen Art Plate Le 1000 : Commemorative Plates : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Hallmark Disney Especially Evil DYG9716 Evil Queen -- Queen of Goblet : Mugs : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Store Exclusive Designer Villains Mug Set of 6 ; Queen of Hearts , Maleficent , Ursula , Mother Gothel , Evil Queen , Cruella De Vil Graphic Design : Ariel Mug : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and Evil Queen Carriage Ring Tote by Harveys Bags & Totes '' . Disney Store . 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Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney + 90s Star Power ! ! '' . Imagineering Disney . April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prepare bash for Mickey 's 57th , The Lewiston Journal , November 16 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Snow White Collectibles Are Gold Mine , Toledo Blade , January 26 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Cartoon charm : Snow White sells well in auction of animated items , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , January 31 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Animation Art : New book lists prices of the fairest of the fair , The Free Lance - Star , January 20 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and Seven Dwarfs cartoon sells for amazing £ 35,000 Weird News Daily Express '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Snow White ' still a four star movie : Truths , tidbits and magic , Bangor Daily News , July 5 , 1993 . Jump up ^ ' Snow White ' launched an art , Star - News , July 19 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Disney 's ' Snow White ' is the ultimate animated masterpiece , The Victoria Advocate , October 14 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Mark Nation and Samuel Wells , Faithfulness and Fortitude : Conversations with the Theological Ethics of Stanley Hauerwas , page 280 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Lee ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon A Time ' Star Lana Parrilla Reveals Her Favorite Fairy Tale Characters '' . Latina . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deborah Lipp , The Study of Witchcraft : A Guidebook to Advanced Wicca , page 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin . `` John Waters talks ( and talks ) about his subversive career '' . PopMatters . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mapa on the spot '' , The Advocate , February 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` A Chat with the Creators of Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stella McCartney on Disney Villains and Angelina Jolie -- The Cut '' . Nymag.com . 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Jump up ^ Jack Zipes ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Enchanted Screen : The Unknown History of Fairy - Tale Films '' . Books.google.com . p. 96 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Traumas Infantiles . `` Caperucita y Pulgarcito contra los monstruos ( 1962 ) '' . Cinecutre.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Magic and the Supernatural in the Modern Visual and Performing Arts '' . Books.google.com. April 23 , 2015 . p. 181 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hugga Bunch Movie '' . Crowncombo.com . March 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raya & Redondo . `` DeLaC Aventuras - Curse of Enchantia '' . Delac.es . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deborah Cartmell , Imelda Whelehan , Adaptations : From Text to Screen , Screen to Text , page 32 . Jump up ^ ' Macbeth ' now a comic , The Bulletin , September 16 , 1982 . Jump up ^ ' Willow ' packed with special effects , The Nevada Daily Mail , July 15 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Cinefantastique 19 , page 109 . Jump up ^ Robin Wood , Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan ... and Beyond : A Revised and Expanded Edition of the Classic Text ( New York : Columbia University Press , 2003 ) , p. 154 , ISBN 0 - 231 - 12966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Retro Gamer 35 , page 50 . Jump up ^ `` la cattiva : inseguo sempre la TV '' . Archiviostorico.corriere.it . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Villain Spotlight Series : Evil Queen '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robin Allan , Walt Disney and Europe ( Indiana University Press , Indiana , 1999 ) . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21353 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse : The Computer Game -- Commodore Amiga -- Manual '' . gamesdbase.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sinemanın gerçek cadısı -- Radikal Radikal İki '' . Radikal.com.tr . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve '' . Elvifrance.fr . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Groovy Age of Horror -- BIANCANEVE , Pt. 3 '' . Groovyageofhorror.tumblr.com . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` Enchanted princess steps out of cartoon , into Manhattan '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Olivier Mouroux . `` Animated Movies '' . Famillemouroux.free.fr . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Did Snow White Live ' Happily Ever After ' ? , The Daily Gazette , January 1 , 1990 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE REVISITED : THE QUEEN 'S DEAD , BUT CONFLICT ISN 'T BANISHED '' . Dayton Daily News , May 28 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Hall script by Woody Allen '' . Dailyscript.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.comics.org/issue/44258/ Jump up ^ `` May is Massive on Fox '' . FoxFlash . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Snider on `` Muppet Snow White '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . 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( hide ) Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Disney franchise Gold - Tree and Silver - Tree Snow - White - Fire - Red The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights Standalone films Snow White ( 1902 ) Snow White ( 1916 ) Betty Boop in Snow - White ( 1933 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs ( 1943 ) The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue ( 1951 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1955 ) Snow White and the Three Stooges ( 1961 ) Snow White ( 1962 ) A Snow White Christmas ( 1980 ) Neberte nám princeznú ( 1981 ) Snow White ( 1987 ) Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) Snow White ( 1995 ) Snow White : A Tale of Terror ( 1997 ) Snow White : The Fairest of Them All ( 2001 ) 7 Dwarves -- Men Alone in the Wood ( 2004 ) Snow White : The Sequel ( 2007 ) Sydney White ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) Blanche Neige ( 2009 ) Grimm 's Snow White ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Blancanieves ( 2012 ) Charming ( 2017 ) The Huntsman film series Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) Television series The 10th Kingdom ( miniseries ) The Charmings ( sitcom ) The Legend of Snow White ( anime series ) Prétear ( anime series ) Once Upon a Time ( drama series ) Sofia the First ( TV series ) ( `` The Enchanted Feast '' ) ( Season 2 , Episode 27 ) The 7D ( TV series ) Stage Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1912 play ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( musical ) A Snow White Christmas ( musical ) Other media Fables ( comics ) Mira , Mirror ( novel ) Mirror Mirror ( novel ) Red as Blood ( short story ) Schneewittchen ( opera ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ( attraction ) Snow White ( comic strip ) Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( attraction ) Snow White Grotto ( attraction ) Snow White : Happily Ever After ( video game ) `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' ( short story ) The Serpent 's Shadow ( novel ) Fairest ( novel ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( short story collection ) Amada Anime Series : Super Mario Bros. ( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evil_Queen_(Disney)&oldid=801009686 '' Categories : Animated human characters Disney animated characters Disney comics characters Disney 's Snow White Female characters in animation Fictional alchemists Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Fictional German people Fictional murderers Fictional shapeshifters Fictional queens Fictional witches Kingdom Hearts characters Narcissism in fiction Queen ( Snow White ) Video game bosses Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN CS1 errors : invisible characters Good articles Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 03 : 24 . 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East India Company

East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . The company eventually came to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies , primarily composed of Indian sepoys , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , in 1623 the company closed their factory . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Macaulayism and the British education system have been blamed for producing a generation of Indians not proud of their distinct heritage . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and ( ( ship Ocean 1788 EIC ship 2 ) ) , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Christophe Jaffrelot , Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics : 1925 to the 1990s . New York : Viking Press , 1996 ; page 343 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company ( sv ) Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=800630076 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 18 : 50 . 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List of popes

List of popes - wikipedia List of popes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Catholic Church . For popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church , see List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria . For popes of the Legio Maria , see List of Legio Maria Popes . For Palmarian popes , see Palmarian Catholic Church § Popes . For a graphical representation of this list , see List of Popes ( graphical ) . Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St Peter 's ( their names in Latin and the year of their burial ) This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading `` I Sommi Pontefici Romani '' ( The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome ) , excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes . Published every year by the Roman Curia , the Annuario Pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes , stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession , in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII , Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th - century popes . The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced `` almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes , from St Peter to John Paul II '' . The corrections concerned dates , especially in the first two centuries , birthplaces and the family name of one pope . The term pope ( Latin : papa `` father '' ) is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( for example Coptic Pope ) . This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church . The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition , including Summus Pontifex , Pontifex Maximus , and Servus servorum Dei . Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives , is not incapable of modification . Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously . His list ends in 1049 with Pope Leo IX as number 154 . Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century . Antipope Christopher was considered legitimate for a long time . Pope - elect Stephen was considered legitimate under the name Stephen II until the 1961 edition , when his name was erased . Although these changes are no longer controversial , a number of modern lists still include this `` first Pope Stephen II '' . It is probable that this is because they are based on the 1913 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia , which is in the public domain . A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints , including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes , and others are in the sainthood process . Of the first 31 popes , 28 died as martyrs ( see List of murdered popes ) . Contents 1 Chronological list 1.1 1st millennium 1.1. 1 1st century 1.1. 2 2nd century 1.1. 3 3rd century 1.1. 4 4th century 1.1. 5 5th century 1.1. 6 6th century 1.1. 7 7th century 1.1. 8 8th century 1.1. 9 9th century 1.1. 10 10th century 1.2 2nd millennium 1.2. 1 11th century 1.2. 2 12th century 1.2. 3 13th century 1.2. 4 14th century 1.2. 5 15th century 1.2. 6 16th century 1.2. 7 17th century 1.2. 8 18th century 1.2. 9 19th century 1.2. 10 20th century 1.3 3rd millennium 1.3. 1 21st century 1.4 Religious orders 2 Notes on numbering of popes 3 See also 3.1 Lists 3.2 Related topics 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 General 5 External links Chronological list 1st millennium 1st century Popes of the 1st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 1 April 30 -- 29 June 67 ( 7004136030000000000 ♠ 37 years , 89 days ) St Peter PETRUS Šimʻōn Kêpâ ( Simon Peter ) AD 1 Bethsaida , Galilea , Roman Empire 29 / 66 Jew . Apostle of Jesus from whom he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven , according to Matthew 16 : 18 -- 19 . Executed by crucifixion upside - down ; feast day ( Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ) 29 June , ( Chair of Saint Peter ) 22 February . He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ . Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 29 June . The St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him . 29 June 67 -- 23 September 76 ( 7003337400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 86 days ) St Linus Papa LINUS Linus ( Lin ) 10 AD Volterra , Italia , Roman Empire 57 / 66 First Roman pope . Feast day 23 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 23 September 76 -- 26 April 88 ( 7003423300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 216 days ) St Anacletus ( Cletus ) Papa ANACLETUS ( Cletus ) Anákletos ( Klétos ) ( Anaclet or Clet ) 25 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 51 / 63 First Greek pope . Martyred ; feast day 26 April . Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus . 26 April 88 -- 23 November 99 ( 7003422800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 211 days ) St Clement I Papa CLEMENS Clemens ( Clement ) ca . 35 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 64 ( † 66 ) Roman . Feast day 23 November . Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 November . First Pope to abdicate 5 23 November 99 -- 27 October 105 ( 7003216400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 338 days ) St Evaristus Papa EVARISTUS Eváristos ( Evarist ) ca . 30 AD Bethlehem , Judea , Roman Empire 69 / 75 Jew . Said to have divided Rome into parishes , assigning a priest to each . Feast day of 26 October . 2nd century Popes of the 2nd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 6 27 October 105 -- 3 May 115 ( 7003347500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 188 days ) St Alexander I Papa ALEXANDER Alexander ca . 75 AD Rome , Roman Empire 30 / 40 Roman . Inaugurated the custom of blessing houses with holy water . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 March . 7 3 May 115 -- 3 April 125 ( 7003362300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 335 days ) St Sixtus I Papa XYSTUS Xystus ( Sixt ) 42 AD Rome , Roman Empire 73 / 83 Roman . Feast day of 6 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 8 3 April 125 -- 5 January 136 ( 7003392900000000000 ♠ 10 years , 277 days ) St Telesphorus Papa TELESPHORUS Telesfóros ( Telesfore ) ca . 67 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 58 / 69 Greek . Feast day of 5 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 22 February . Church Father St. Irenaeus called him a great martyr . 9 5 January 136 -- 11 January 140 ( 7003146700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 6 days ) St Hyginus Papa HYGINUS Ygínos ( Hygin ) ca 74 Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 58 / 62 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 11 January . 10 11 January 140 -- 11 July 155 ( 7003566000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 181 days ) St Pius I Papa PIUS Pius ( Pie ) ca . 81 AD Aquileia , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 74 Roman . Martyred by sword ; feast day 11 July . Decreed that Easter should only be celebrated on a Sunday . 11 11 July 155 -- 20 April 166 ( 7003393600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 283 days ) St Anicetus Papa ANICETUS Aníketos ( Anicet ) ca . 92 AD Emesa , Syria , Roman Empire 63 / 74 Greek . First pope from Syria . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 17 April . Decreed that priests are not allowed to have long hair . 12 20 April 166 -- 22 April 174 ( 7003292400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 2 days ) St Soter Papa SOTERIUS Soterius ( Soter ) ca . 119 AD Fondi , Aquileia , Roman Empire 46 / 55 Roman . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 22 April . Declared that marriage was valid as a sacrament blessed by a priest ; formally inaugurated Easter as an annual festival in Rome . 13 22 April 174 -- 26 May 189 ( 7003551300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 34 days ) St Eleuterus Papa ELEUTHERIUS Eléutheros ( Eleutery ) ca . 130 AD Nicopolis , Epirus , Roman Empire 45 / 59 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 6 May . 14 26 May 189 -- 28 July 199 ( 7003371500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 63 days ) St Victor I Papa VICTOR Victor ca . 120 AD Africa , Roman Empire 34 / 44 Roman . Known for excommunicating Theodotus of Byzantium . Quartodecimanism controversy . 15 28 July 199 -- 20 December 217 ( 7003671900000000000 ♠ 18 years , 145 days ) St Zephyrinus Papa ZEPHYRINUS Zephyrinus ( Zefyrin ) ca . 160 AD Rome , Roman Empire 39 / 57 Roman . Combated against the adoptionist heresies of the followers of Theodotus the Byzantium who were ruled by Theodotus , the Money Changer and Asclepiodotus . Although not physically martyred ( murdered ) , he is called a martyr for the suffering he endured . - c. 199 -- c. 200 ( 7002365000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 0 days ) Natalius Antipapa NATALIUS Natalius ( Natale ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to pope Zephyrinus . Later reconciled ( see above ) . 3rd century Popes of the 3rd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 16 20 December 217 -- 14 October 222 ( 7003175900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 298 days ) St Callixtus I Papa CALLIXTUS Callixtus ( Callixt ) ca . 155 AD Rome , Roman Empire 62 / 67 Roman . Martyred ; feast day 14 October . - 217 -- 235 ( 7003657400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 0 days ) St Hippolytus Antipapa HIPPOLYTUS Ippólytos ( Hippolyt ) ca 170 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 65 Roman Greek . In opposition to Pope Callistus I , Urban I and Pontian . Later reconciled with Pope Pontian ( see above ) . 17 14 October 222 -- 23 May 230 ( 7003277800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 221 days ) St Urban I Papa URBANUS Urbanus ( Urban ) ca . 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 55 Roman . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 May . 18 21 August 230 -- 28 September 235 ( 7003186400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 38 days ) St Pontian Papa PONTIANUS Pontianus ( Pontian ) ca . 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 55 / 60 Roman . First to abdicate after exile to Sardinia by Emperor Maximinus Thrax . The Liberian Catalogue records his death on 28 September 235 , the earliest exact date in papal history . 19 21 November 235 -- 3 January 236 ( 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 days ) St Anterus Papa ANTERUS Antherós ( Anter ) ca . 180 AD Petilia , Italia , Roman Empire 55 / 56 Greek . Feast day 3 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 20 10 January 236 -- 20 January 250 ( 7003512400000000000 ♠ 14 years , 10 days ) St Fabian Papa FABIANUS Fabianus ( Fabian ) ca . 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 36 / 50 Roman . Divided the communities of Rome into seven districts , each supervised by a deacon . Feast day 20 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 21 6 March 251 -- 25 June 253 ( 7002842000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 111 days ) St Cornelius Papa CORNELIUS Cornelius ( Cornelly ) ca . 180 AD Rome , Roman Empire 71 / 73 Roman . Died as a martyr through extreme hardship ; feast day 16 September . - March 251 -- 258 ( 7003255700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 0 days ) Novatian Antipapa NOVATIANUS Novatianus ( Novatian ) ca . 200 / 20 AD Rome , Roman Empire 31 ( 51 ) / 38 ( 58 ) Roman . Founder of Novatianism . In opposition to Pope Cornelius , Lucius I , Stephen I and Sixtus II . 22 25 June 253 -- 5 March 254 ( 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days ) St Lucius I Papa LUCIUS Lucius ( Luces ) ca . 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 48 / 49 Roman . Feast day 5 March . 23 12 March 254 -- 2 August 257 ( 7003123900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 143 days ) St Stephen I Papa STEPHANUS Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 205 AD Rome , Roman Empire 54 / 57 Greek Roman . Martyred by beheading ; feast day 2 August . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with the same feast day . 24 30 August 257 -- 6 August 258 ( 7002341000000000000 ♠ 341 days ) St Sixtus II Papa XYSTUS Secundus Síxtos ( Sixt ) ca . 215 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 42 / 43 Greek . Martyred by beheading . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 25 22 July 259 -- 26 December 268 ( 7003344500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 157 days ) St Dionysius Papa DIONYSIUS Dionýsios ( Dennis ) ca . 200 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 68 Greek . Feast day 26 December . 26 5 January 269 -- 30 December 274 ( 7003218500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 359 days ) St Felix I Papa FELIX Felix ca . 206 AD Rome , Roman Empire 63 / 68 Roman . 27 4 January 275 -- 7 December 283 ( 7003325900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 337 days ) St Eutychian Papa EUTYCHIANUS Eutychianus ( Eutychian ) ca . 240 AD Luni , Italia , Roman Empire 35 / 43 Roman . 28 17 December 283 -- 22 April 296 ( 7003451000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 127 days ) St Caius Papa CAIUS Gaíos ( Cay or Gay ) ca . 245 AD Salona , Dalmatia , Roman Empire 38 / 51 Greek . First pope from Croatia . Martyred by beheading ( according to legend ) . Feast day 22 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 11 August . 29 30 June 296 -- 26 April 304 ( 7003285600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 301 days ) St Marcellinus Papa MARCELLINUS Marcellinus ( Marcellin ) ca . 250 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 54 Roman . Feast day 26 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 4th century Popes of the 4th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 30 27 May 308 -- 16 January 309 ( 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 days ) St Marcellus I Papa MARCELLUS Marcellus ( Marcel ) ca . 255 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 54 Roman . Banished from Rome under Maxentius ( 309 ) . 31 18 April 309 -- 17 August 309 ( 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121 days ) St Eusebius Papa EUSEBIUS Eusébios ( Eusebe ) ca . 255 AD Sardinia , Roman Empire 54 / 54 ( † 55 ) Greek . Banished by the emperor Maxentius , and died in exile . 32 2 July 311 -- 10 January 314 ( 7002923000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 192 days ) St Miltiades ( Melchiades ) Papa MILTIADES Miltiades ( or Melchiades ) ( Miltiade or Melchiade ) ca . 270 AD Africa , Roman Empire 41 / 44 Roman . First pope after the end of the persecution of Christians through the Edict of Milan ( 313 AD ) issued by Constantine the Great . Presided over the Lateran council of 313 . 33 31 January 314 -- 31 December 335 ( 7003800400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 334 days ) St Sylvester I Papa SILVESTER Silvester ( Sylvester ) ca . 285 AD Sant'Angelo a Scala , Apulia et Calabria , Roman Empire 29 / 50 Roman . Feast day 31 December . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 2 January . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) . Under him was built : the Basilica of St. John Lateran , Santa Croce in Gerusalemme and Old St. Peter 's Basilica . Donation of Constantine . 34 18 January 336 -- 7 October 336 ( 7002263000000000000 ♠ 263 days ) ( 290 - 7 October 336 ) St Mark Papa MARCUS Marcus ( Mark ) ca . 290 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 46 Roman . One of Mark 's undertakings was to compile stories of the lives of martyrs and bishops before his time . There is some reason to believe he founded two churches in the area of Rome . One of them is still known to this day as the Church of San Marco , although it is greatly changed since his time . The other church was at the Catacomb of Balbina , a cemetery . Emperor Constantine gave gifts of land and furnishing for both buildings . Feast day 7 October . 35 6 February 337 -- 12 April 352 ( 7003554400000000000 ♠ 15 years , 66 days ) St Julius I Papa IULIUS Iulius ( Jules ) ca . 280 AD Rome , Roman Empire 57 / 72 Roman . Arian controversy . Credited with splitting the birth of Christ into two distinct celebrations : The Epiphany stayed on the traditional date , and the Nativity was added on 25 December . 36 17 May 352 -- 24 September 366 ( 7003524300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 130 days ) Liberius Papa LIBERIUS Liberius ( Libery ) ca . 310 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 56 Roman . Earliest pope not canonized by the Roman Catholic Church . Revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 27 August . - 355 -- 22 November 365 ( 7003365300000000000 ♠ 10 years , 0 days ) St Felix II Antipapa FELIX secundus Felix Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Liberius . Installed by Roman Emperor Constantius II . 37 1 October 366 -- 11 December 384 ( 7003664600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 71 days ) St Damasus I Papa DAMASUS Damasus ( Damas ) ca . 305 AD Egitania , Lusitania , Roman Empire 60 / 78 Roman . And the first pope from Portugal . Patron of Jerome , commissioned the Vulgate translation of the Bible . Council of Rome ( 382 ) . - 1 October 366 -- 16 November 367 ( 7002411000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 46 days ) Ursicinus Antipapa URSICINUS Ursinus ( or Ursicinus ) ( Ursin or Ursicin ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Damasus I. Banished to Gallia by the emperor Valentinian II after a war between two sects and died after 384 . 38 17 December 384 -- 26 November 399 ( 7003545700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 344 days ) St Siricius Papa SIRICIUS Sicirius ( Sirice ) ca . 334 AD Rome , Roman Empire 50 / 65 Roman . His famous letters -- the earliest surviving texts of papal decretals -- focus particularly on religious discipline and include decisions on baptism , consecration , ordination , penance , and continence . Siricius ' important decretal of 386 ( written to Bishop Himerius of Tarragona ) , commanding celibacy for priests , was the first decree on this subject . 39 27 November 399 -- 19 December 401 ( 7002753000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 22 days ) St Anastasius I Papa ANASTASIUS Anastasius ( Anastase ) ca . 340 AD Rome , Roman Empire 59 / 61 Roman . Instructed priests to stand and bow their heads as they read from the Gospels . 5th century Popes of the 5th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 40 21 December 401 -- 12 March 417 ( 7003556000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 81 days ) St Innocent I Papa INNOCENTIUS Innocentius ( Innocent ) ca . 378 AD Albano , Latium et Campania , Roman Empire 41 / 57 Roman . Visigoth Sack of Rome ( 410 ) under Alaric . 41 18 March 417 -- 26 December 418 ( 7002648000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 283 days ) St Zosimus Papa ZOSIMUS Zósimos ( Zosim ) ca . 370 AD Mesoraca , Lucania et Bruttii , Roman Empire 47 / 48 Greek . - 27 December 418 -- 3 April 419 ( 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 days ) Eulalius Antipapa EULALIUS Eulalius ( Eulale ) ca . 380 AD Rome , Roman Empire 38 / 39 ( † 42 ) Roman . In opposition to Pope Boniface I. Elected on the eve of the election of Boniface , first benefited from the support of the emperor Honorius , but lost it quickly . Exiled in Campania , and died in 423 . 42 28 December 418 -- 4 September 422 ( 7003134600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 250 days ) St Boniface I Papa BONIFACIUS Bonifacius ( Boniface ) ca . 377 AD Rome , Roman Empire 43 / 47 Roman . 43 10 September 422 -- 27 July 432 ( 7003360800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 321 days ) St Celestine I Papa COELESTINUS Kelestínos ( Celestine ) ca . 380 AD Campania , Roman Empire 42 / 52 Greek . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 8 April . 44 31 July 432 -- 18 August 440 ( 7003294000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 18 days ) St Sixtus III Papa XYXTUS Tertius Xystus ( Sixt ) ca . 390 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 50 Roman . 45 29 September 440 -- 10 November 461 ( 7003771200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 42 days ) St Leo I ( Leo the Great ) Papa LEO MAGNUS Leo ( Leon ) ca . 390 AD Etruria , Roman Empire 50 / 71 Roman . Convinced Attila the Hun to turn back his invasion of Italy . Wrote the Tome which was instrumental in the Council of Chalcedon and in defining the hypostatic union . Feast day 10 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 February . 46 19 November 461 -- 29 February 468 ( 7003229300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 102 days ) St Hilarius Papa HILARIUS Ilários ( Hilary ) ca . 400 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 46 / 53 Greek . 47 3 March 468 -- 10 March 483 ( 7003548500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 7 days ) St Simplicius Papa SIMPLICIUS Simplicius ( Simplice ) ca . 430 AD Tivoli , Western Roman Empire 38 / 53 Roman . Papacy during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent overtaking of Rome and Italy in general by Odoacer . 48 13 March 483 -- 1 March 492 ( 7003327600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 354 days ) St Felix III ( Felix II ) Papa FELIX Tertius ( Secundus ) Felix Anicius ( Felix ) ca . 440 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 43 / 52 Roman . Sometimes called Felix II . Great - great - grandfather of pope Gregory I . 49 1 March 492 -- 21 November 496 ( 7003172600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 265 days ) St Gelasius I Papa GELASIUS Gelásios ( Gelase ) ca . 410 AD Kabylie , Africa , Western Roman Empire 82 / 86 Greek . The last pope to have been born on the continent of Africa . The first pope called the `` Vicar of Christ '' . 50 24 November 496 -- 19 November 498 ( 7002725000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 360 days ) Anastasius II Papa ANASTASIUS Secundus Anastasius ( Anastase ) ca . 445 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 51 / 53 Roman . Tried to end the Acacian schism but it resulted in the Laurentian schism . 51 22 November 498 -- 19 July 514 ( 7003571700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 239 days ) St Symmachus Papa SYMMACHUS Sýmmakhos ( Symmack ) ca . 460 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 38 / 54 Greek . - 22 November 498 -- August 506 / 8 ( 7003280800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 252 days ) Laurence Antipapa LAURENTIUS Laurentius ( Laurence ) ca . 460 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 38 / 46 ( † 48 ) Roman . In opposition to Pope Symmachus . Elected on the same day as Symachus , King Theodoric settled in favor of his adversary . Took control of Rome in 501 and remained pope in fact until 506 / 08 , year of his death . 6th century Popes of the 6th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 52 20 July 514 -- 6 August 523 ( 7003330400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 17 days ) St Hormisdas Papa HORMISDAS Hormisdas ( Hormisda ) ca . 450 AD Frosinone , Latium et Campania , Western Roman Empire 39 / 48 Roman . Father of Pope Silverius . Acacian schism . 53 13 August 523 -- 18 May 526 ( 7003100900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 278 days ) St John I Papa IOANNES Ioannes ( John ) ca . 470 AD Siena , Etruria , Western Roman Empire 53 / 56 Roman . 54 12 July 526 -- 22 September 530 ( 7003153300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 72 days ) St Felix IV ( Felix III ) Papa FELIX Quartus ( Tertius ) Felix ca . 490 AD Samnium , Kingdom of Odoacer 36 / 40 Roman . Sometimes called Felix III . Built Santi Cosma e Damiano . 55 22 September 530 -- 17 October 532 ( 7002756000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 25 days ) Boniface II Papa BONIFACIUS Secundus Bonifacius ( Boniface ) ca . 490 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 40 / 42 Roman . Changed the numbering of the years in the Julian Calendar from Ab Urbe Condita to Anno Domini . - 22 September 530 -- 14 October 530 ( 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days ) Dioscorus Antipapa DIOSCORUS Dióskoros ( Dioscore ) Alexandria , Aégyptos , Eastern Roman Empire - Greek . In opposition to Pope Boniface II . Candidate of the Byzantine party , elected by the majority of the cardinals and recognized by Constantinople , he died less than a month after his election . 56 2 January 533 -- 8 May 535 ( 7002856000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 126 days ) John II Papa IOANNES Secundus Mercurius ( Mercury ) Rome , Western Roman Empire 63 / 65 Roman . First pope not to use his personal name . This was because of the Roman god , Mercury . 57 13 May 535 -- 22 April 536 ( 7002356000000000000 ♠ 356 days ) St Agapetus I Papa AGAPITUS Agapitus ( Agapet ) ca . 570 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 45 / 46 Roman . Feast days 22 April and 20 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 17 April . 58 8 June 536 -- 11 March 537 ( 7002276000000000000 ♠ 276 days ) St Silverius Papa SILVERIUS Silverius ( Silvery ) ca . 480 AD Ceccano , Ostrogothic Kingdom 56 / 57 Roman . Exiled ; feast day 20 June , son of Pope Hormisdas . 59 29 March 537 -- 7 June 555 ( 7003664400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 70 days ) Vigilius Papa VIGILIUS Vigilius ( Vigile ) ca . 500 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 37 / 55 Roman . 60 16 April 556 -- 4 March 561 ( 7003178300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 322 days ) Pelagius I Papa PELAGIUS Pelagius ( Pelage ) ca . 505 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 51 / 56 Roman . Credited with the construction of the basilica of Santi Apostoli . 61 17 July 561 -- 13 July 574 ( 7003474400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 361 days ) John III Papa IOANNES Tertius Catelinus ( Catelin ) ca 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 41 / 54 Roman . 62 2 June 575 -- 30 July 579 ( 7003151900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 58 days ) Benedict I Papa BENEDICTUS Benedictus ( Benedict ) ca . 525 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 50 / 54 Roman . 63 26 November 579 -- 7 February 590 ( 7003372600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 73 days ) Pelagius II Papa PELAGIUS Secundus Pelagius ( Pelage ) ca . 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 59 / 70 Roman . Ordered the construction of the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura . 64 3 September 590 -- 12 March 604 ( 7003493800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 191 days ) St Gregory I ( Gregory the Great ) Papa GREGORIUS MAGNUS Gegorius Anicius ( Gregory ) O.S.B. ca. , 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 64 Last imperial Roman Pope . Great - great - grandson of pope Felix III . The first formally to employ the titles Servus servorum Dei and Pontifex Maximus . Established the Gregorian chant . Feast day 3 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 12 March . Known as `` the Father of Christian Worship '' . Known as `` St. Gregory the Dialogist '' in Eastern Orthodoxy . 7th century Popes of the 7th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 65 13 September 604 -- 22 February 606 ( 7002527000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 162 days ) Sabinian Papa SABINIANUS Sabinianós ( Sabinian ) ca . 530 AD Blera , Eastern Roman Empire 74 / 76 Greek . For the next two centuries the Roman popes were all controlled by the Eastern Roman Empire . 66 19 February 607 -- 12 November 607 ( 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 days ) Boniface III Papa BONIFACIUS Tertius Bonifátios ( Boniface ) ca. , 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 67 / 67 Greek ( actually Hellenistic Roman ) . 67 15 September 608 -- 8 May 615 ( 7003242600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 235 days ) St Boniface IV Papa BONIFACIUS Quartus Bonifátios ( Boniface ) O.S.B. ca . 570 AD Marsica , Eastern Roman Empire 48 / 55 Greek . First pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 68 13 November 615 -- 8 November 618 ( 7003109100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 360 days ) St Adeodatus I ( Deusdedit ) Papa ADEODATUS sive DEUSDEDIT Adeodátos ( or Theódotos ) ( Adeodat or Deusdedit ) ca . 575 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 45 / 48 Greek . Sometimes called Deusdedit , as a result Pope Adeodatus II is sometimes called Pope Adeodatus without a number . The first pope to use lead seals on papal documents , which in time came to be called Papal bulls . 69 23 December 619 -- 25 October 625 ( 7003213300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 306 days ) Boniface V Papa BONIFACIUS Quintus Bonifátios ( Boniface ) ca . 575 AD Naples , Eastern Roman Empire 44 / 50 Greek . 70 27 October 625 -- 12 October 638 ( 7003473300000000000 ♠ 12 years , 350 days ) Honorius I Papa HONORIUS Onórios ( Honory ) ca . 585 AD Campania , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 53 Greek . Named a heretic and anathematized by the Third Council of Constantinople. ( 680 ) 71 28 May 640 -- 2 August 640 ( 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 days ) Severinus Papa SEVERINUS Severínos ( Severin ) ca . 585 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 55 Greek . 72 24 December 640 -- 12 October 642 ( 7002657000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 292 days ) John IV Papa IOANNES Quartus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 587 AD Zadar , Dalmatia , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 42 Greek . Second pope from Croatia . 73 24 November 642 -- 14 May 649 ( 7003236300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 171 days ) Theodore I Papa THEODORUS Theódoros ( Theodore ) ca . 610 AD Jerusalem , Eastern Roman Empire 32 / 39 Greek . The last pope from Palestine . Planned the Lateran Council of 649 , but died before it could open . 74 5 July 649 -- 12 November 655 ( 7003232100000000000 ♠ 6 years , 130 days ) St Martin I Papa MARTINUS Martínos ( Martin ) ca . 590 AD Near Todi , Umbria , Eastern Roman Empire 59 / 65 Greek . Last pope recognized as a martyr . Feast day of 12 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 14 April . 75 10 August 654 -- 2 June 657 ( 7003102700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 296 days ) St Eugene I Papa EUGENIUS Eugénios ( Eugene ) ca . 615 AD Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 39 / 42 Greek . 76 30 July 657 -- 27 January 672 ( 7003529400000000000 ♠ 14 years , 181 days ) St Vitalian Papa VITALIANUS Vitalianós ( Vitalian ) ca . 600 Segni , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 72 Greek . 77 11 April 672 -- 17 June 676 ( 7003152800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 67 days ) Adeodatus II Papa ADEODATUS Secundus Adeodátos ( Adeodat ) O.S.B. ca . 621 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 51 / 55 Greek . Sometimes called Pope Adeodatus ( without a number ) in reference to Pope Adeodatus I sometimes being called Pope Deusdedit . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 78 2 November 676 -- 11 April 678 ( 7002525000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 160 days ) Donus Papa DONUS Dónos ( Don ) ca . 610 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 66 / 68 Greek . 79 27 June 678 -- 10 January 681 ( 7002928000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 197 days ) St Agatho Papa AGATHO Agáthon ( Agaton ) ca . 577 Palermo , Eastern Roman Empire 101 / 104 Greek . The oldest pope in history . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 20 February . 80 17 August 682 -- 3 July 683 ( 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 days ) St Leo II Papa LEO Secundus Léon ( Leon ) ca . 611 Aidone , Eastern Roman Empire 71 / 72 Greek . Feast day 3 July . 81 26 June 684 -- 8 May 685 ( 7002316000000000000 ♠ 316 days ) St Benedict II Papa BENEDICTUS Secundus Benédiktos Sávellis ( Benedict ) ca . 635Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 49 / 50 Greek . Feast day 7 May . 82 23 July 685 -- 2 August 686 ( 7002375000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 10 days ) John V Papa IOANNES Quintus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 635 Syria , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 51 Greek . 83 21 October 686 -- 21 September 687 ( 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 days ) Conon Papa CONON Kónon ( Conon ) ca . 630 Thrace , Eastern Roman Empire 56 / 57 Greek . 84 15 December 687 -- 8 September 701 ( 7003501500000000000 ♠ 13 years , 267 days ) St Sergius I Papa SERGIUS Sérgios ( Serge ) ca . 650 Palermo , Eastern Roman Empire 37 / 51 Greek . Introduced the singing of the Lamb of God at mass . 8th century Popes of the 8th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 85 30 October 701 -- 11 January 705 ( 7003116900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 73 days ) John VI Papa IOANNES Sextus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 650 Ephesus , Eastern Roman Empire 46 / 50 Greek . The only pope came from Asia Minor . 86 1 March 705 -- 18 October 707 ( 7002961000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 231 days ) John VII Papa IOANNES Septimus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 655 Rossano , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 57 Greek. The second pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . 87 15 January 708 -- 4 February 708 ( 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days ) Sisinnius Papa SISINNIUS Sisínios ( Sisinny ) ca . 650 Syria , Rashidun Caliphate 58 / 58 Greek . 88 25 March 708 -- 9 April 715 ( 7003257100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 15 days ) Constantine Papa COSTANTINUS sive CONSTANTINUS Konstantínos ( Constantine ) ca . 664 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 44 / 51 Greek . Last pope to visit Greece while in office , until John Paul II in 2001 . 89 19 May 715 -- 11 February 731 ( 7003574700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 268 days ) St Gregory II Papa GREGORIUS Secundus Grigórios ( Gregory ) ca . 669 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 46 / 62 Greek . Feast day 11 February . Held the Synod of Rome ( 721 ) . 90 18 March 731 -- 28 November 741 ( 7003390800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 255 days ) St Gregory III Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Grigórios ( Gregory ) ca . 669 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 41 / 51 Greek . The last pope from Syria . The third pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Was previously the last pope to have been born outside Europe until the election of Francis in 2013 . 91 3 December 741 -- 22 March 752 ( 7003376200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 110 days ) St Zachary Papa ZACHARIAS Zacharías ( Zachary ) ca . 679 Santa Severina , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 62 / 73 Greek . Feast day 15 March . Built the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva . ( never con - secrated ) 22 March 752 -- 25 March 752 ( 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 days ) ( Never took office as pope ) Pope - elect Stephen ( Stephen II ) Papa Electus STEPHANUS ( STEPHANUS Secundus ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 52 / 52 Greek . Sometimes known as Stephen II . Died three days after his election ; never receiving episcopal consecration . Some lists still include him . The Vatican sanctioned his addition in the sixteenth century ; removed in 1961 . He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church . 92 26 March 752 -- 26 April 757 ( 7003185700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 31 days ) Stephen II ( Stephen III ) Papa STEPHANUS Secundus ( Tertius ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 714 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 38 / 43 Greek . Sometimes called Stephen III . The Donation of Pepin . Brother of Paul I . 93 29 May 757 -- 28 June 767 ( 7003368200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 30 days ) St Paul I Papa PAULUS Pávlos ( Paul ) ca . 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 67 Greek . Brother of Stephen II . 94 7 August 768 -- 24 January 772 ( 7003126500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 170 days ) Stephen III ( Stephen IV ) Papa STEPHANUS Tertius ( Quartus ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 723 Syracuse , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 45 / 49 Greek . Sometimes called Stephen IV . The Lateran Council ( 769 ) . 95 1 February 772 -- 26 December 795 ( 7003872900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 328 days ) Adrian I Papa HADRIANUS Adriános ( Adrian ) a . 700 / 12 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 60 ( 72 ) / 83 ( 95 ) Greek . 96 26 December 795 -- 12 June 816 ( 7003747400000000000 ♠ 20 years , 169 days ) St Leo III Papa LEO Tertius Léon ca . 750 Rome , Papal States 45 / 66 Greek . Crowned Charlemagne Imperator Augustus on Christmas Day , 800 , thereby initiating what would become the office of Holy Roman Emperor requiring the imprimatur of the pope for its legitimacy . 9th century Popes of the 9th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 97 22 June 816 -- 24 January 817 ( 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 days ) Stephen IV ( Stephen V ) Papa STEPHANUS Quartus ( Quintus ) Stefanos ca . 770 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Early Italian . Sometimes called Stephen V . 98 25 January 817 -- 11 February 824 ( 7003257300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days ) St Paschal I Papa PASCHALIS Paschális ca . 775 Rome , Papal States 42 / 49 Italian . Credited with finding the body of Saint Cecilia in the Catacomb of Callixtus , building the basilica of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and the church of Santa Maria in Domnica . 99 8 May 824 -- 27 August 827 ( 7003120600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 111 days ) Eugene II Papa EUGENIUS Secundus Evgénios ( sometimes `` Evgénios '' ) ca . 780 Rome , Papal States 44 / 47 Italian . 100 31 August 827 -- 10 October 827 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 days ) Valentine Papa VALENTINUS Valentínos ca . 780 Rome , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 101 20 December 827 -- 25 January 844 ( 7003588000000000000 ♠ 16 years , 36 days ) Gregory IV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Gregorio ca. / 790 Rome , Papal States 37 / 54 Italian . Rebuilt the atrium of St. Peter 's Basilica and in the newly decorated chapel transferred the body of Gregory I . 102 25 January 844 -- 27 January 847 ( 7003109800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 2 days ) Sergius II Papa SERGIUS Secundus Sergorio ca . 790 Rome , Papal States 54 / 57 Italian . 103 10 April 847 -- 17 July 855 ( 7003302000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 98 days ) St Leo IV Papa LEO Quartus Leone O.S.B. ca . 790 Rome , Papal States 57 / 65 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 104 29 September 855 -- 7 April 858 ( 7002921000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 190 days ) Benedict III Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Benedetto ca . 810 Rome , Papal States 45 / 48 Italian . 105 24 April 858 -- 13 November 867 ( 7003349000000000000 ♠ 9 years , 203 days ) St Nicholas I ( Nicholas the Great ) Papa NICOLAUS MAGNUS Niccolò ca . 800 Rome , Papal States 39 / 48 Italian . Encouraged missionary activity . 106 14 December 867 -- 14 December 872 ( 7003182700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days ) Adrian II Papa HADRIANUS Secundus Adriano ca . 792 Rome , Papal States 75 / 80 Italian . 107 14 December 872 -- 16 December 882 ( 7003365400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 2 days ) John VIII Papa IOANNES Octavus Giovanni ca . 820 Rome , Papal States 52 / 62 Italian . First pope to be assassinated . 108 16 December 882 -- 15 May 884 ( 7002516000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 151 days ) Marinus I Papa MARINUS Marino ca . 830 Gallese , Papal States 52 / 54 Italian . Sometimes also known as and called `` Martin II . '' 109 17 May 884 -- 15 September 885 ( 7002486000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 121 days ) St Adrian III Papa HADRIANUS Tertius Adriano ca . 830 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Feast day 8 July . Maybe the pope Adrian I was his ancestor . 110 14 September 885 -- 4 September 891 ( 7003218100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days ) Stephen V ( Stephen VI ) Papa STEPHANUS Quintus ( Sextus ) Stefano ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 45 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VI . 111 6 October 891 -- 4 April 896 ( 7003164200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 181 days ) Formosus Papa FORMOSUS Formoso ca . 805 / 16 Ostia , Papal States 75 ( 85 ) / 80 ( 91 ) Italian . Posthumously ritually executed following the Cadaver Synod . 112 11 April 896 -- 26 April 896 ( 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 days ) Boniface VI Papa BONIFATIUS Sextus Bonifacio ca . 806 Rome , Papal States 90 / 90 Italian . 113 22 May 896 -- 14 August 897 ( 7002449000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 84 days ) Stephen VI ( Stephen VII ) Papa STEPHANUS Sextus ( Septimus ) Stefano ca . 850 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VII . Held the infamous Cadaver Synod . 114 14 August 897 -- November 897 ( 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 days ) Romanus Papa ROMANUS Romano ca . 850 Gallese , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 115 December 897 - 20 December 897 ( 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 days ) Theodore II Papa THEODORUS Secundus Teodoro ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 57 / 57 Italian . 116 18 January 898 -- 5 January 900 ( 7002717000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 352 days ) John IX Papa IOANNES Nonus Giovanni O.S.B. ca . 840 Tivoli , Papal States 58 / 60 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 117 1 February 900 -- 30 July 903 ( 7003127400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 179 days ) Benedict IV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Benedetto ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 60 / 63 Italian . 10th century Popes of the 10th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 118 30 July 903 -- December 903 ( 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 days ) Leo V Papa LEO Quintus Leone ca . 845 Ardea , Papal States 58 / 58 ( † 59 ) Italian . Deposed and murdered . 119 29 January 904 -- 14 April 911 ( 7003263200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 75 days ) Sergius III Papa SERGIUS Tertius Sergio c. 860 Rome , Papal States 44 / 51 Italian . `` Saeculum obscurum '' begins . The first pope to be depicted with the Papal Tiara . 120 14 April 911 -- June 913 ( 7002779000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 48 days ) Anastasius III Papa ANASTASIUS Tertius Anastasio ca . 865 Rome , Papal States 46 / 48 Italian . 121 7 July 913 -- 5 February 914 ( 7002213000000000000 ♠ 213 days ) Lando Papa LANDO Lando ca . 865 Sabina , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . 122 March 914 -- 28 May 928 ( 7003520200000000000 ♠ 14 years , 88 days ) John X Papa IOANNES Decimus Giovanni ca . 860 Tossignano , Romagna ( formally part of the Papal States ) 54 / 68 Italian . 123 28 May 928 -- December 928 ( 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 days ) Leo VI Papa LEO Sextus Leone ca . 880 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 124 3 February 929 -- 13 February 931 ( 7002740000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 10 days ) Stephen VII ( Stephen VIII ) Papa STEPHANUS Septimus ( Octavus ) Stefano ca . 880 Rome , Papal States 49 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VIII . 125 15 March 931 -- December 935 ( 7003172200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 261 days ) John XI Papa IOANNES Undecimus Giovanni ca . 910 Rome , Papal States 21 / 25 Italian . Probably , according to the Liber Pontificalis and Liutprand of Cremona , the son of Pope Sergius III , and not of Alberic I of Spoleto , who was Marozia 's husband . 126 3 January 936 -- 13 July 939 ( 7003128700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 191 days ) Leo VII Papa LEO Septimus Leone O.S.B. ca . 885 Rome , Papal States 41 / 44 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 127 14 July 939 -- 30 October 942 ( 7003120400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 108 days ) Stephen VIII ( Stephen IX ) Papa STEPHANUS Octavus ( Nonus ) Stefano ca . 900 Rome , Papal States 39 / 42 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen IX . 128 30 October 942 -- 1 May 946 ( 7003127900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 183 days ) Marinus II Papa MARINUS Secundus Marino ca . 900 Rome , Papal States 42 / 46 Italian . 129 10 May 946 -- 8 November 955 ( 7003346900000000000 ♠ 9 years , 182 days ) Agapetus II Papa AGAPITUS Secundus Agapito ca . 905 Rome , Papal States 41 / 50 Italian . 130 16 December 955 -- 6 December 963 ( 7003327800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 356 days ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 18 / 26 Italian . Third Pope not to use his personal name , after John II and John III . Deposed in 963 by Emperor Otto invalidly ; end of the `` Saeculum obscurum '' . - 6 December 963 -- 26 February 964 ( 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 days ) Leo VIII Antipapa LEO Octavus Leone ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V. He became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed . ) ) 130 26 February 964 -- 14 May 964 ( 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 days ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 937 Rome , Papal States 27 / 27 Italian . Murdered in 964 . 131 22 May 964 -- 23 June 964 ( 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 days ) Benedict V Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Benedetto ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 49 ( † 50 ) Italian . Elected by the people of Rome , in opposition to the Antipope Leo VIII who was appointed by Emperor Otto ; he accepted his own deposition in 964 leaving Leo VIII as the sole pope . 132 23 June 964 -- 1 March 965 ( 7002251000000000000 ♠ 251 days ) Leo VIII Papa LEO Octavus Leone ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed , after being antipope from 963 to 964 , in opposition to Pope John XII and Pope Benedict V. An appointee of the Holy Roman Emperor , Otto I , his pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum . 133 1 October 965 -- 6 September 972 ( 7003253200000000000 ♠ 6 years , 341 days ) John XIII Papa IOANNES Tertius Decimus Giovanni dei Crescenzi ca . 930 Rome , Papal States 45 / 52 Italian . Chronicled after his death as `` the Good '' . 134 19 January 973 -- 8 June 974 ( 7002505000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 140 days ) Benedict VI Papa BENEDICTUS Sextus Benedetto ca . 925 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . Deposed and murdered . 135 October 974 -- 10 July 983 ( 7003320400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 282 days ) Benedict VII Papa BENEDICTUS Septimus Benedetto ca . 930 Rome , Papal States 44 / 53 Italian . 136 December 983 -- 20 August 984 ( 7002263000000000000 ♠ 263 days ) John XIV Papa IOANNES Quartus Decimus Pietro Canepanova ca . 940 Pavia , Kingdom of Italy , Holy Roman Empire 43 / 44 Italian . Fourth Pope not to use his personal name , after John II , John III and John XII . 137 20 August 985 -- 1 April 996 ( 7003387700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 225 days ) John XV Papa IOANNES Quintus Decimus Giovanni di Gallina Alba ca . 950 Rome , Papal States 35 / 46 Italian . The first pope to formally canonize a saint . 138 3 May 996 -- 18 February 999 ( 7003102100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 291 days ) Gregory V Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Bruno von Kärnten ( Bruno of Carinthia ) ca . 972 Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 24 / 27 The first German Pope and fifth not to use his personal name . Henceforth , this decision became tradition among future popes . 139 2 April 999 -- 12 May 1003 ( 7003150000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 40 days ) Sylvester II Papa SILVESTER Secundus Gerbert d'Aurillac ca . 940 / 42 Belliac , France 52 ( 54 ) / 56 ( 58 ) The first French pope . 2nd millennium 11th century Popes of the 11th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 140 16 May 1003 -- 6 November 1003 ( 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 days ) John XVII Papa IOANNES Septimus Decimus Siccone Secchi ca . 955 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 141 25 December 1003 -- 18 July 1009 ( 7003203200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 205 days ) John XVIII Papa IOANNES Duodevi - cesimus Giovanni Fasano ca . 965 Rapagnano , Papal States 43 / 49 Italian . 142 31 July 1009 -- 12 May 1012 ( 7003101600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 286 days ) Sergius IV Papa SERGIUS Quartus Pietro Boccadiporco , O.S.B. Rome , Papal States 44 / 47 Italian . 143 18 May 1012 -- 9 April 1024 ( 7003434400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 327 days ) Benedict VIII Papa BENEDICTUS Octavus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 980 Rome , Papal States 32 / 44 Italian . 144 14 May 1024 -- 6 October 1032 ( 7003306700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 145 days ) John XIX Papa IOANNES Undevices - imus Romano dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 975 Rome , Papal States 49 / 57 Italian . Brother of Benedict VIII . 145 21 October 1032 -- 31 December 1044 ( 7003445400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 71 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 20 / 32 ( † 43 ) Italian ; 1st Term . 146 13 January 1045 -- 10 March 1045 ( 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 days ) Sylvester III Papa SILVESTER Tertius Giovanni dei Crescenzi Ottaviani ca . 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 45 ( † 63 ) Italian . Validity of election questioned ; considered Anti-Pope ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 147 10 March 1045 -- 1 May 1045 ( 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 33 / 33 ( † 43 ) Italian . 2nd Term ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 148 5 May 1045 -- 20 December 1046 ( 7002594000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 229 days ) Gregory VI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Giovanni Graziano Pierleoni ca . 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 46 ( † 48 ) Italian . Deposed at the Council of Sutri . 149 24 December 1046 -- 9 October 1047 ( 7002289000000000000 ♠ 289 days ) Clement II Papa CLEMENS Secundus Suidger von Morsleben - Hornburg ca . 967 Hornburg , Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 79 / 80 German . Appointed by Henry III at the Council of Sutri ; crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor . 150 8 November 1047 -- 17 July 1048 ( 7002252000000000000 ♠ 252 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 35 / 36 ( † 43 ) Italian . 3rd Term ; deposed and excommunicated . 151 16 July 1048 -- 9 August 1048 ( 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 days ) Damasus II Papa DAMASUS Secundus Poppo de ' Curagnoni ca . 1000 Pildenau , Duchy of Bavaria , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 48 German . 152 12 February 1049 -- 19 April 1054 ( 7003189200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 66 days ) St Leo IX Papa LEO Nonus Bruno von Count of Dagsbourg 21 July 1002 Eguisheim , Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 47 / 51 German . In 1054 , mutual excommunications of Leo IX and Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius began the East -- West Schism . The anathematizations were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras in 1965 . 153 13 April 1055 -- 28 July 1057 ( 7002837000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 106 days ) Victor II Papa VICTOR Secundus Gebhard II von Calw - Dollnstein - Hirschberg ca . 1018 Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 39 German . 154 2 August 1057 -- 29 March 1058 ( 7002239000000000000 ♠ 239 days ) Stephen IX ( Stephen X ) Papa STEPHANUS Nonus ( Decimus ) Frederich , Herzog von Lothringen , O.S.B. ca . 1020 Duchy of Lorraine , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 38 German . Sometimes called Stephen X . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 155 6 December 1058 -- 27 July 1061 ( 7002964000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 233 days ) Nicholas II Papa NICOLAUS Secundus Gerard de Bourgogne ca . 980 Château de Chevron , County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 78 / 81 French . In 1059 the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of pope electors in the document In nomine Domini . ( Papal conclave ) . 156 30 September 1061 -- 21 April 1073 ( 7003422100000000000 ♠ 11 years , 203 days ) Alexander II Papa ALEXANDER Secundus Anselmo da Baggio ca . 1018 Baggio , Milan , Holy Roman Empire 46 / 58 Italian . Authorised the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . 157 22 April 1073 -- 25 May 1085 ( 7003441600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 33 days ) St Gregory VII Papa GREGORIUS Septimus Ildebrando Aldo - brandeschi di Soana O.S.B. ca . 1015 Sovana , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Initiated the Gregorian Reforms . Restricted the use of the title `` Papa '' to the Bishop of Rome . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Political struggle with German Emperor Henry IV , who had to go to Canossa ( 1077 ) . 158 24 May 1086 -- 16 September 1087 ( 7002480000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 115 days ) Bl . Victor III Papa VICTOR Tertius Dauferio o Desiderio O.S.B. ca . 1026 Benevento , Duchy of Benevento 60 / 61 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Called the Synod of Benevento ( 1087 ) condemning lay investiture . 159 12 March 1088 -- 29 July 1099 ( 7003415600000000000 ♠ 11 years , 139 days ) Bl . Urban II Papa URBANUS Secundus Odon de Lagery , O.S.B. ca . 1042 Châtillon - sur - Marne , County of Champagne , France 46 / 57 French . Preached and started the First Crusade . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 160 13 August 1099 -- 21 January 1118 ( 7003673500000000000 ♠ 18 years , 161 days ) Paschal II Papa PASCHALIS Secundus Raniero Ranieri O.S.B. ca . 1050 Bleda , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 68 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Ordered the building of the basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati . 12th century Popes of the 12th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 161 24 January 1118 -- 29 January 1119 ( 7002370000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 5 days ) Gelasius II Papa GELASIUS Secundus Giovanni dei Caetani , O.S.B. ca . 1061 Gaeta , Duchy of Gaeta 57 / 58 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 162 2 February 1119 -- 13 December 1124 ( 7003214100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 315 days ) Callixtus II Papa CALLISTUS Secundus Gui de Bourgogne , Comte de Bourgogne c. 1060 Quingey , Franche - Comté 59 / 64 French . Opened the First Council of the Lateran in 1123 163 21 December 1124 -- 13 February 1130 ( 7003188000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 54 days ) Honorius II Papa HONORIUS Secundus Lamberto Scannabecchi da Fiagnano , Can. Reg . 9 February 1060 Fiagnano , Romagna , Holy Roman Empire 64 / 70 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Maria di San Reno . Approved the new military order of the Knights Templar in 1128 . 164 14 February 1130 -- 24 September 1143 ( 7003497000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 222 days ) Innocent II Papa INNOCENTIUS Secundus Gregorio Papareschi , Can. Reg . ca . 1082 Rome , Papal States 48 / 61 Italian . Canon Regular of Lateran ; Convened the Second Council of the Lateran , 1139 165 26 September 1143 -- 8 March 1144 ( 7002164000000000000 ♠ 164 days ) Celestine II Papa COELESTINUS Secundus Guido da Castello ca . 1085 Città di Castello , Papal States 58 / 59 Italian . 166 12 March 1144 -- 15 February 1145 ( 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 days ) Lucius II Papa LUCIUS Secundus Gherardo Caccianemici dall'Orso , Can. Reg . ca . 1095 Bologna , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 50 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Frediano di Lucca . 167 15 February 1145 -- 8 July 1153 ( 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days ) Bl . Eugene III Papa EUGENIUS Tertius Pietro dei Paganelli di Montemagno , O. Cist . ca . 1080 Montemagno , Republic of Pisa 44 / 52 Italian . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Announced the Second Crusade . 168 12 July 1153 -- 3 December 1154 ( 7002509000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 144 days ) Anastasius IV Papa ANASTASIUS Quartus Corrado della Suburra ca . 1073 Rome , Papal States 80 / 81 Italian . 169 4 December 1154 -- 1 September 1159 ( 7003173200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 271 days ) Adrian IV Papa HADRIANUS Quartus Nicholas Breakspear , Can. Reg . ca . 1100 Abbots Langley , Hertfordshire , Kingdom of England 54 / 59 First and only English pope ; purportedly granted Ireland to Henry II , King of England . Canon Regular of St. Rufus Monastery . 170 7 September 1159 -- 30 August 1181 ( 7003802800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 357 days ) Alexander III Papa ALEXANDER Tertius Rolando Bandinelli ca . 1100 Siena , Republic of Siena 59 / 81 Italian . Convened the Third Council of the Lateran , 1179 . 171 1 September 1181 -- 25 November 1185 ( 7003154600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 85 days ) Lucius III Papa LUCIUS Tertius Ubaldo Allucignoli ca . 1097 Lucca , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 84 / 88 Italian . 172 25 November 1185 -- 20 October 1187 ( 7002694000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 329 days ) Urban III Papa URBANUS Tertius Uberto Crivelli ca . 1100 / 05 Cuggiono , Holy Roman Empire 67 / 67 Italian . 173 21 October 1187 -- 17 December 1187 ( 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 days ) Gregory VIII Papa GREGORIUS Octavus Alberto de Morra , Can. Reg . ca . 1105 / 08 Benevento , Papal States 79 ( 82 ) / 79 ( 82 ) Italian . Canon Regular Premostratense . Proposed the Third Crusade . 174 19 December 1187 -- 20 March 1191 ( 7003118700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 91 days ) Clement III Papa CLEMENS Tertius Paolo Scolari ca . 1130 Rome , Papal States 57 / 61 Italian . 175 30 March 1191 -- 8 January 1198 ( 7003247600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 284 days ) Celestine III Papa COELESTINUS Tertius Giacinto Bobone Orsini ca . 1106 Rome , Papal States 85 / 92 Motto : Perfice gressus meos in semitis tuis ( `` Going in Thy path '' ) 176 8 January 1198 -- 16 July 1216 ( 7003676400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 190 days ) Innocent III Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Lotario dei Conti di Segni 1161 Gavignano , Papal States 37 / 55 Italian . Convened the Fourth Council of the Lateran , 1215 . Initiated the Fourth Crusade but later distanced himself from it and threatened participants with excommunication when it became clear that the leadership abandoned a focus on conquest of the Holy Land and instead intended to sack Christian cities. Endorsed the Franciscan Order . 13th century Popes of the 13th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 177 18 July 1216 -- 18 March 1227 ( 7003389500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 243 days ) Honorius III Papa HONORIUS Tertius Cencio Savelli ca . 1148 / 50 Rome , Papal States 66 ( 68 ) / 77 ( 79 ) Italian . Initiated the Fifth Crusade . Approved several religious and tertiary orders . 178 19 March 1227 -- 22 August 1241 ( 7003527000000000000 ♠ 14 years , 156 days ) Gregory IX Papa GREGORIUS Nonus Ugolino dei Conti di Segni , O.F.S ca . 1145 / 70 Anagni , Papal States 57 ( 82 ) / 71 ( 96 ) Italian . Canonized Elisabeth of Hungary ( 1235 ) . Initiated the Inquisition in France and endorsed the Northern Crusades . 179 25 October 1241 -- 10 November 1241 ( 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 days ) Celestine IV Papa COELESTINUS Quartus Goffredo Castiglioni ca . 1180 / 87 Milan , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 54 ( 61 ) / 54 ( 61 ) Italian . Died before coronation . 180 25 June 1243 -- 7 December 1254 ( 7003418300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 165 days ) Innocent IV Papa INNOCENTIUS Quartus Sinibaldo Fieschi c. 1195 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Convened the First Council of Lyons ( 1245 ) . Issued the bull Ad extirpanda that permitted the torture of heretics ( 1252 ) . 181 12 December 1254 -- 25 May 1261 ( 7003235600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 164 days ) Alexander IV Papa ALEXANDER Quartus Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne c. 1199 Jenne , Papal States 55 / 62 Italian . Established an Inquisition in France . 182 29 August 1261 -- 2 October 1264 ( 7003113000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 34 days ) Urban IV Papa URBANUS Quartus Jacques Pantaléon c. 1195 Troyes , County of Champagne , France 66 / 69 French . Instituted the feast of Corpus Christi ( 1264 ) . 183 5 February 1265 -- 29 November 1268 ( 7003139300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 298 days ) Clement IV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Gui Faucoi 23 November 1190 Saint - Gilles , Languedoc , France 62 / 66 French . -- 29 November 1268 -- 1 September 1271 ( 2 years , 90 days ) Interregnum Almost three - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 184 1 September 1271 -- 10 January 1276 ( 7003159200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 131 days ) Bl . Gregory X Papa GREGORIUS Decimus Tebaldo Visconti , O.F.S ca . 1210 Piacenza , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 51 / 66 Italian . Convened the Second Council of Lyons ( 1274 ) . Responsible for regulation all papal conclaves until the 20th century . 185 21 January 1276 -- 22 June 1276 ( 7002153000000000000 ♠ 153 days ) Bl . Innocent V Papa INNOCENTIUS Quintus Pierre de Tarentaise , O.P. c. 1224 / 5 County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 52 / 52 French . Member of the Dominican Order . 186 11 July 1276 -- 18 August 1276 ( 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 days ) Adrian V Papa HADRIANUS Quintus Ottobuono Fieschi c. 1216 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 60 / 60 Italian . Annulled Gregory X 's papal bull on the regulations of papal conclaves . 187 8 September 1276 -- 20 May 1277 ( 7002254000000000000 ♠ 254 days ) John XXI Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Primus Pedro Julião ( a.k.a. Petrus Hispanus and Pedro Hispano ) ca . 1215 Lisbon , Portugal 60 / 70 Portuguese . Due to a confusion over the numbering of popes named John in the 13th century , there was no John XX . There has never been a John XX , because the 20th pope of this name formerly when elected , decided to skip the number XX and be counted as John XXI instead . He wanted to correct what in his time was believed to be an error in the counting of his predecessors John XV to XIX 188 25 November 1277 -- 22 August 1280 ( 7003100100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 271 days ) Nicholas III Papa NICOLAUS Tertius Giovanni Gaetano Orsini ca . 1216 Rome , Papal States 61 / 64 Italian . Planned the Sicilian Vespers . 189 22 February 1281 -- 28 March 1285 ( 7003149500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 34 days ) Martin IV Papa MARTINUS Quartus Simon de Brion ca . 1210 Meinpicien , Touraine , France 71 / 75 Italian . 190 2 April 1285 -- 3 April 1287 ( 7002731000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 1 day ) Honorius IV Papa HONORIUS Quartus Giacomo Savelli ca . 1210 Rome , Papal States 75 / 77 Italian . 191 22 February 1288 -- 4 April 1292 ( 7003150300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 42 days ) Nicholas IV Papa NICOLAUS Quartus Girolamo Masci , O.F.M. 30 September 1227 Lisciano , Papal States 60 / 64 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . -- 4 April 1292 -- 5 July 1294 ( 2 years , 94 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 192 5 July 1294 -- 13 December 1294 ( 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 days ) St Celestine V Papa COELESTINUS Quintus Pietro Angelerio , O.S.B. ca . 1207 / 09 Sant'Angelo Limosano , Kingdom of Sicily 85 ( 87 ) / ( 85 ) 87 ( † 87 / 9 ) Italian . One of the few popes who resigned voluntarily . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Founded the Celestines . Resigned from office and rumored to have been murdered in prison by Boniface VIII . 193 24 December 1294 -- 11 October 1303 ( 7003321200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 291 days ) Boniface VIII Papa BONIFATIUS Octavus Benedetto Caetani c. 1230 / 36 Anagni , Papal States 59 ( 64 ) / 68 ( 73 ) Italian . Formalized the Jubilee in 1300 . Issued Unam Sanctam ( 1302 ) which proclaimed papal supremacy and pushing it to its historical extreme . 14th century Popes of the 14th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 194 22 October 1303 -- 7 July 1304 ( 7002259000000000000 ♠ 259 days ) Bl . Benedict XI Papa BENEDICTUS Undecimus Niccolò Boccasini , O.P. ca . 1240 Treviso 63 / 64 Motto : Illustra faciem Tuam super servum Tuum ( `` Let Your Face shine upon Your servant '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Reverted Boniface VIII 's Unam Sanctam . 195 5 June 1305 -- 20 April 1314 ( 7003324100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 319 days ) Clement V Papa CLEMENS Quintus Raymond Bertrand de Gouth / de Goth / de Got ca . 1264 Villandraut , Gascony , France 41 / 50 French . Pope at Avignon . Convened the Council of Vienne ( 1311 -- 1312 ) . Initiated the persecution of the Knights Templar with the bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae under pressure from King Philip IV of France . -- 20 April 1314 -- 7 August 1316 ( 2 years , 111 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 196 7 August 1316 -- 4 December 1334 ( 7003669300000000000 ♠ 18 years , 119 days ) John XXII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Secundus Jacques d'Euse ; Jacques Duèse ca . 1244 / 49 Cahors , Quercy , France 67 ( 72 ) / 85 ( 90 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Controversial for his views on the Beatific Vision . 197 20 December 1334 -- 25 April 1342 ( 7003268300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 126 days ) Benedict XII Papa BENEDICTUS Duodecimus Jacques Fournier , O. Cist . ca . 1280 / 85 Saverdun , County of Foix , France 49 ( 54 ) / 57 ( 62 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Known for issuing the Apostolic constitution Benedictus Deus ( 1336 ) . 198 7 May 1342 -- 6 December 1352 ( 7003386600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 213 days ) Clement VI Papa CLEMENS Sextus Pierre Roger , O.S.B. ca . 1291 Maumont , Limousin , France 51 / 61 French . Pope at Avignon . Reigned during the Black Death and absolved those who died of it of their sins . 199 18 December 1352 -- 12 September 1362 ( 7003355500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 268 days ) Innocent VI Papa INNOCENTIUS Sextus Étienne Aubert ca . 1282 Les Monts , Limousin , France 70 / 80 French . Pope at Avignon . Through his exertions the Treaty of Brétigny ( 1360 ) was brought about . 200 28 September 1362 -- 19 December 1370 ( 7003300400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 82 days ) Bl . Urban V Papa URBANUS Quintus Guillaume ( de ) Grimoard , O.S.B. ca . 1309 / 10 Grizac , Languedoc , France 52 ( 53 ) / 60 ( 61 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Reformed areas of education and sent missionary movements across Europe and Asia . His pontificate witnessed the Alexandrian and Savoyard crusades . 201 30 December 1370 -- 27 March 1378 ( 7003264400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 87 days ) Gregory XI Papa GREGORIUS Undecimus Pierre Roger de Beaufort c. 1329 Maumont , Limousin , France 41 / 49 French . Pope at Avignon ; returns to Rome . The last French pope . 202 8 April 1378 -- 15 October 1389 ( 7003420800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 190 days ) Urban VI Papa URBANUS Sextus Bartolomeo Prignano ca . 1318 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 60 / 71 Italian . Western Schism . Last pontiff to be elected outside the College of Cardinals . 203 2 November 1389 -- 1 October 1404 ( 7003544600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 334 days ) Boniface IX Papa BONIFATIUS Nonus Pietro Cybo Tomacelli ca . 1348 / 50 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 33 ( 35 ) / 48 ( 50 ) Italian . Western Schism . 15th century This pope resigned his office . The exact birth date of Innocent VIII and almost all popes prior to Eugene IV is unknown , therefore the lowest probable age has been assumed for this table . Popes of the 15th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 204 17 October 1404 -- 6 November 1406 ( 7002750000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 20 days ) Innocent VII Papa INNOCENTIUS Septimus Cosimo Gentile Migliorati 1336 / 39 Sulmona , Kingdom of Naples 65 ( 68 ) / 67 ( 71 ) Italian . Western Schism . 205 30 November 1406 -- 4 July 1415 ( 7003313800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 216 days ) Gregory XII Papa GREGORIUS Duodecimus Angelo Correr 13 May 1324 Venice , Republic of Venice 82 / 91 ( † 93 ) Italian . Western Schism ; abdicated during the Council of Constance , which had been called by his opponent John XXIII . Last pope to resign until Pope Benedict XVI . -- 4 July 1415 -- 11 November 1417 ( 2 years , 161 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . 206 11 November 1417 -- 20 February 1431 ( 7003484900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 101 days ) Martin V Papa MARTINUS Quintus Oddone Colonna , O.F.S January / February 1369 Genazzano , Papal States 48 / 62 Italian . Convened the Council of Basel ( 1431 ) . Initiated the Hussite Wars . 207 3 March 1431 -- 23 February 1447 ( 7003583600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 357 days ) Eugene IV Papa EUGENIUS Quartus Gabriele Condulmer , O.S.A. 1383 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 63 Italian . Member of the Augustinian Order . Nephew of Martin V. Crowned Sigismund emperor at Rome in 1433 . Transferred the Council of Basel to Ferrara . It was later transferred again , to Florence , because of the Bubonic plague . 208 6 March 1447 -- 24 March 1455 ( 7003294000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 18 days ) Nicholas V Papa NICOLAUS Quintus Tommaso Parentucelli , O.P. 13 November 1397 Sarzana , Republic of Genoa 49 / 57 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Held the Jubilee of 1450 . Crowned Frederick III emperor at Rome ( 1452 ) . Issued the Papal Bull Dum Diversas allowing Portugal 's right to conquer and subjugate Saracens and pagans ( 1452 ) . Created a library in the Vatican which would eventually become the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana . 209 8 April 1455 -- 6 August 1458 ( 7003121600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 120 days ) Callixtus III Papa CALLISTUS Tertius Alfonso de Borja 31 December 1378 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 76 / 79 The first Spanish pope . Ordered the Feast of the Transfiguration to be celebrated on 6 August . Ordered the retrial of Joan of Arc , in which she was vindicated . 210 19 August 1458 -- 15 August 1464 ( 7003218800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 362 days ) Pius II Papa PIUS Secundus Enea Silvio Piccolomini 18 October 1405Corsignano , Republic of Siena 52 / 58 Italian . Displayed a great interest in urban planning . Founded Pienza near Siena as the ideal city in 1462 . Known for his work on the Commentaries . 211 30 August 1464 -- 26 July 1471 ( 7003252100000000000 ♠ 6 years , 330 days ) Paul II Papa PAULUS Secundus Pietro Barbo 23 February 1417 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 54 Italian . The nephew of Eugene IV . Built the Palazzo San Marco ( now Palazzo Venezia ) . Approved the introduction of printing in the Papal States . 212 9 August 1471 -- 12 August 1484 ( 7003475200000000000 ♠ 13 years , 3 days ) Sixtus IV Papa XYSTUS Quartus Francesco della Rovere , O.F.M. 21 July 1414 Celle Ligure , Republic of Genoa 57 / 70 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . Commissioned the Sistine Chapel . Authorized an Inquisition targeting converted Jewish Christians in Spain at the request of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand . 213 29 August 1484 -- 25 July 1492 ( 7003288700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 331 days ) Innocent VIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Octavus Giovanni Battista Cybo 1432 Genoa , Republic of Genoa 51 / 59 Italian . Appointed Tomás de Torquemada . Endorsed the prosecution of witchcraft in the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus ( 1484 ) . 214 11 August 1492 -- 18 August 1503 ( 7003402300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 7 days ) Alexander VI Papa ALEXANDER Sextus Roderic Llançol i de Borja 1 January 1431 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 61 / 72 Spanish ; Nephew of Callixtus III ; father to Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia . Divided the extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the bull Inter caetera ( 1493 ) . No Alexander V due to the antipope . 16th century Popes of the 16th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 215 22 September 1503 -- 18 October 1503 ( 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 days ) Pius III Papa PIUS Tertius Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini 29 May 1439 Siena , Republic of Siena 64 / 64 Italian . Nephew of Pius II . Founded the Piccolomini Library adjoining the Siena Cathedral . 216 31 October 1503 -- 21 February 1513 ( 7003340100000000000 ♠ 9 years , 113 days ) Julius II Papa IULIUS Secundus Giuliano della Rovere , O.F.M. 5 December 1443 Albisola , Republic of Genoa 59 / 69 Italian . Nephew of Sixtus IV ; convened the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( 1512 ) . Took control of all the Papal States for the first time . Commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling . Proposed plans for rebuilding St Peter 's Basilica . 217 9 March 1513 -- 1 December 1521 ( 7003318900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 267 days ) Leo X Papa LEO Decimus Giovanni di Lorenzo de ' Medici 11 December 1475 Florence , Republic of Florence 37 / 45 Italian . Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent . Closed the Fifth Council of the Lateran . Remembered for granting indulgences to those who donated to rebuild St. Peter 's Basilica ; excommunicated Martin Luther ( 1521 ) . Extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal . 218 9 January 1522 -- 14 September 1523 ( 7002613000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 248 days ) Adrian VI Papa HADRIANUS Sextus Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens 2 March 1459 Utrecht , Bishopric of Utrecht , Holy Roman Empire ( now Netherlands ) 62 / 64 Motto : Patere et sustine ( `` Respect and wait '' ) The only Dutch pope ; last non-Italian to be elected pope until John Paul II in 1978 . Tutor of Emperor Charles V. Retained his baptismal name as his regnal name . 219 26 November 1523 -- 25 September 1534 ( 7003395600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 303 days ) Clement VII Papa CLEMENS Septimus Giulio di Giuliano de ' Medici 26 May 1478 Florence , Republic of Florence 45 / 56 Motto : Candor illæsus ( `` Unharmed candor '' ) Italian ; Cousin of Leo X . Rome plundered by imperial troops ( 1527 ) . Forbade the divorce of Henry VIII ; crowned Charles V as emperor at Bologna ( 1530 ) . His niece was married to the future Henry II of France . Ordered Michelangelo 's painting of The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel . 220 13 October 1534 -- 10 November 1549 ( 7003550700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 28 days ) Paul III Papa PAULUS Tertius Alessandro Farnese 29 February 1468 Canino , Lazio , Papal States 66 / 81 Italian . Opened the Council of Trent ( 1545 ) . His illegitimate son became the first Duke of Parma . Decreed the second and final excommunication of Henry VIII . Appointed Michelangelo to supervise construction of St. Peter 's Basilica ( 1546 ) . 221 7 February 1550 -- 29 March 1555 ( 7003187600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 50 days ) Julius III Papa IULIUS Tertius Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte 10 September 1487 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 62 / 67 Italian . Established the Collegium Germanicum ( 1552 ) . Reconvened the Council of Trent . The Innocenzo Scandal . 222 9 April 1555 -- 1 May 1555 ( 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days ) Marcellus II Papa MARCELLUS Secundus Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi 6 May 1501 Montefano , Marche , Papal States 53 / 53 Italian . The last to use his birth name as the regnal name . Instituted immediate economies in Vatican expenditures . The Missa Papae Marcelli composed in his honour . 223 23 May 1555 -- 18 August 1559 ( 7003154800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 87 days ) Paul IV Papa PAULUS Quartus Giovanni Pietro Carafa , C.R. 28 June 1476 Capriglia Irpina , Campania , Kingdom of Naples 78 / 83 Motto : Dominus mihi adjutor ( `` The Lord is my helper '' ) Italian . Member of the Theatines . Established the Roman Ghetto in Cum Nimis Absurdum ( 1555 ) and established the Index of Forbidden Books . Ordered Michelangelo to repaint the nudes of The Last Judgment modestly . 224 26 December 1559 -- 9 December 1565 ( 7003217500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 348 days ) Pius IV Papa PIUS Quartus Giovanni Angelo Medici 31 March 1499 Milan , Duchy of Milan 60 / 66 Italian . Reopened and closed the Council of Trent . Ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome . Instituted the Tridentine Creed . 225 7 January 1566 -- 1 May 1572 ( 7003230600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 115 days ) St Pius V Papa PIUS Quintus Antonio Ghislieri , O.P. 17 January 1504 Bosco , Piedmont , Duchy of Milan 61 / 68 Motto : Utinam dirigantur viæ meæ ad custodiendas ( `` It binds us to keep '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Excommunicated Elizabeth I ( 1570 ) . Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) ; instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory . Issued the 1570 Roman Missal . 226 13 May 1572 -- 10 April 1585 ( 7003471500000000000 ♠ 12 years , 332 days ) Gregory XIII Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Decimus Ugo Boncompagni 7 January 1502 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 70 / 83 Motto : Aperuit et clausit ( `` Opened and closed '' ) Italian . Reformed the calendar ( 1582 ) ; built the Gregorian Chapel in the Vatican . The first pope to bestow the Immaculate Conception as Patroness to the Philippine Islands through the bull Ilius Fulti Præsido ( 1579 ) . Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations . 227 24 April 1585 -- 27 August 1590 ( 7003195100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 125 days ) Sixtus V Papa XYSTUS Quintus Felice Peretti di Montalto , O.F.M. Conv . 13 December 1521 Grottammare , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Known for fixing and completing building works to major basilicas in Rome . Limited the College of Cardinals to 70 in number ; doubled the number of curial congregations . 228 15 September 1590 -- 27 September 1590 ( 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 days ) Urban VII Papa URBANUS Septimus Giovanni Battista Castagna 4 August 1521 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 69 / 69 Italian ; Supported by the Spanish . Shortest - reigning pope ; died before coronation . Set the first known worldwide smoking ban , banning smoking in and near all churches . 229 5 December 1590 -- 16 October 1591 ( 7002315000000000000 ♠ 315 days ) Gregory XIV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Decimus Niccolò Sfondrati 11 February 1535 Somma Lombardo , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 55 / 56 Italian . Modified the constitution Effraenatam of Sixtus V so that the penalty for abortion did not apply until the foetus became animated ( 1591 ) . Made gambling on papal elections punishable by excommunication . 230 29 October 1591 -- 30 December 1591 ( 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 days ) Innocent IX Papa INNOCENTIUS Nonus Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti 20 July 1519 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 72 / 72 Italian . Supported the cause of Philip II and the Catholic League against Henry IV in the French Wars of Religion . Prohibited the alienation of church property . 231 30 January 1592 -- 3 March 1605 ( 7003478100000000000 ♠ 13 years , 32 days ) Clement VIII Papa CLEMENS Octavus Ippolito Aldobrandini 24 February 1536 Fano , Marche , Papal States 55 / 69 Italian . Initiated an alliance of European Christian powers to partake in the war with the Ottoman Empire known as The Long War ( 1595 ) . Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis which addressed doctrinal disputes between the Dominicans and Jesuits regarding free will and divine grace . 17th century Popes of the 17th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 232 1 April 1605 -- 27 April 1605 ( 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 days ) Leo XI Papa LEO Undecimus Alessandro Ottaviano de ' Medici 2 June 1535 Florence , Duchy of Florence 69 / 69 Italian . The nephew of Leo X . Called `` Papa Lampo '' ( Lightning Pope ) for his brief pontificate . 233 16 May 1605 -- 28 January 1621 ( 7003573600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 257 days ) Paul V Papa PAULUS Quintus Camillo Borghese 17 September 1550 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 52 / 68 Motto : Absit nisi in te gloriari ( `` May it be absent , except to glory in you '' ) Italian . Known for various building projects which included the facade of St Peter 's Basilica . Established the Bank of the Holy Spirit ( 1605 ) ; restored the Aqua Traiana . 234 9 February 1621 -- 8 July 1623 ( 7002879000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 149 days ) Gregory XV Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Decimus Alessandro Ludovisi 9 January 1554 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Established the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ( 1622 ) . Issued the bull Aeterni Patris ( 1621 ) which imposed conclaves to be by secret ballot . Issued the constitution Omnipotentis Dei against magicians and witches ( 1623 ) . 235 6 August 1623 -- 29 July 1644 ( 7003766300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 358 days ) Urban VIII Papa URBANUS Octavus Maffeo Barberini 5 April 1568 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 55 / 76 Italian . Trial against Galileo Galilei . The last pope to expand papal territory by force of arms . Issued a 1624 bull that made the use of tobacco in holy places punishable by excommunication . 236 15 September 1644 -- 7 January 1655 ( 7003376600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 114 days ) Innocent X Papa INNOCENTIUS Decimus Giovanni Battista Pamphilj 6 May 1574 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 70 / 80 Motto : Alleviatæ sunt aquæ super terram ( `` Water on earth '' ) Italian . The great - great - great - grandson of Alexander VI . Erected the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona . Promulgated the apostolic constitution Cum occasione ( 1653 ) which condemned five doctrines of Jansenism as heresy . 237 7 April 1655 -- 22 May 1667 ( 7003442800000000000 ♠ 12 years , 45 days ) Alexander VII Papa ALEXANDER Septimus Fabio Chigi 13 February 1599 Siena , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 56 / 68 Italian . Great - nephew of Paul V. Commissioned St. Peter 's Square . Issued the constitution Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum that set the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception almost identical to that of Pius IX centuries later . 238 20 June 1667 -- 9 December 1669 ( 7002903000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 172 days ) Clement IX Papa CLEMENS Nonus Giulio Rospigliosi 28 January 1600 Pistoia , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 67 / 69 Motto : Aliis non sibi Clemens ( `` Clement to others , not to himself '' ) Italian . Commissioned the colonnade of St. Peter 's Square . Mediated in the peace of Aachen ( 1668 ) . 239 29 April 1670 -- 22 July 1676 ( 7003227600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 84 days ) Clement X Papa CLEMENS Decimus Emilio Bonaventura Altieri 13 July 1590 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 79 / 86 Bonum auget malum minuit ( `` He increases good and diminishes evil '' ) Italian . Canonized the first saint from the Americas : St. Rose of Lima ( 1671 ) . Decorated the bridge of Sant ' Angelo with the ten statues of angels and the two fountains that adorn the piazza of St. Peter 's . Established regulations for the removal of relics of saints from cemeteries . 240 21 September 1676 -- 12 August 1689 ( 12 years , 325 days ) Bl . Innocent XI Papa INNOCENTIUS Undecimus Benedetto Odescalchi 16 May 1611 Como , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 65 / 78 Motto : Avarus non Implebitur ( `` The covetous man is not satisfied '' ) Italian . Condemned the doctrine of mental reservation ( 1679 ) and initiated the Holy League . Extended the Holy Name of Mary as a universal feast ( 1684 ) . Admired for positive contributions to catechesis . 241 6 October 1689 -- 1 February 1691 ( 7002483000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 118 days ) Alexander VIII Papa ALEXANDER Octavus Pietro Vito Ottoboni 22 April 1610 Venice , Republic of Venice 79 / 80 Italian . Condemned the so - called philosophical sin ( 1690 ) . 242 12 July 1691 -- 27 September 1700 ( 7003336400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 77 days ) Innocent XII Papa INNOCENTIUS Duodecimus Antonio Pignatelli , O.F.S 13 March 1615 Spinazzola , Apulia , Kingdom of Naples 76 / 85 Italian . Issued the bull Romanum decet Pontificem to stop nepotism ( 1692 ) . Erected various charitable and educational institutions . 243 23 November 1700 -- 19 March 1721 ( 7003742100000000000 ♠ 20 years , 116 days ) Clement XI Papa CLEMENS Undecimus Giovanni Francesco Albani 23 July 1649 Urbino , Marche , Papal States 51 / 71 Italian . The `` Chinese Rites '' controversy . Patronized the first archaeological excavations in the Roman catacombs and made the feast of the Immaculate Conception universal . 18th century Popes of the 18th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 244 8 May 1721 -- 7 March 1724 ( 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 304 days ) Innocent XIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Decimus Michelangelo dei Conti 13 May 1655 Poli , Lazio , Papal States 65 / 68 Italian . Prohibited the Jesuits from prosecuting their mission in China ordering that no new members should be received into the order . 245 29 May 1724 -- 21 February 1730 ( 7003209400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 268 days ) S.D. Benedict XIII Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Decimus Pietro Francesco Orsini , O.P. 2 February 1649 Gravina in Puglia , Bari , Kingdom of Naples 75 / 81 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order ; third and last member of the Orsini family to be pope . Originally called Benedict XIV due to the antipope but reverted to XIII . Repealed the worldwide tobacco smoking ban set by Urban VII and Urban VIII . 246 12 July 1730 -- 6 February 1740 ( 7003349600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 209 days ) Clement XII Papa CLEMENS Duodecimus Lorenzo Corsini , O.F.S 7 April 1652 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 78 / 87 Motto : Dabis discernere inter malum et bonum ( `` You shall deign to distinguish between good and evil '' ) Italian . ( Completed the new façade of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran ( 1735 ) . Commissioned the Trevi Fountain in Rome ( 1732 ) . Condemned Freemasonry in In eminenti apostolatus ( 1738 ) . Last pope to be elected at an old age until Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 . 247 17 August 1740 -- 3 May 1758 ( 7003646800000000000 ♠ 17 years , 259 days ) Benedict XIV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Decimus Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini 31 March 1675 Bologna , Papal States 65 / 83 Motto : Curabuntur omnes ( `` All will be healed '' ) Italian . Reformed the education of priests and the calendar of feasts . Completed the Trevi Fountain and affirmed the teachings of Thomas Aquinas ; founded academies of art , religion and science . 248 6 July 1758 -- 2 February 1769 ( 7003386400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 211 days ) Clement XIII Papa CLEMENS Tertius Decimus Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico 7 March 1693 Venice , Republic of Venice 65 / 75 Italian . Provided the famous fig leaves on nude male statues in the Vatican . Defended the Society of Jesus in `` Apostolicum pascendi '' ( 1765 ) . 249 19 May 1769 -- 22 September 1774 ( 7003195200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 126 days ) Clement XIV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Decimus Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli , O.F.M. Conv . 31 October 1705 Sant ' Arcangelo di Romagna , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Suppressed the Society of Jesus in the brief `` Dominus ac Redemptor '' ( 1773 ) . 250 15 February 1775 -- 29 August 1799 ( 7003896100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 195 days ) Pius VI Papa PIUS Sextus Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi 25 December 1717 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Motto : Floret in domo domini ( `` It blossoms in the house of God '' ) Italian . Condemned the French Revolution ; expelled from the Papal States by French troops from 1798 until his death . The last pope to be a patron of Renaissance art . -- 29 August 1799 -- 14 March 1800 ( 228 days ) Interregnum Six - month period without a valid pope elected . This was due to unique logistical problems ( the old pope died a prisoner and the conclave was in Venice ) and a deadlock among cardinals voting . 251 14 March 1800 -- 20 August 1823 ( 7003855900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 159 days ) S.D. Pius VII Papa PIUS Septimus Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti , O.S.B. 14 August 1742 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Present at Napoleon 's coronation as Emperor of the French . Briefly expelled from the Papal States by the French between 1809 and 1814 . 19th century Popes of the 19th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 252 28 September 1823 -- 10 February 1829 ( 7003196200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 135 days ) Leo XII Papa LEO Duodecimus Count Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga 22 August 1760 Genga , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Placed the Catholic educational system under the control of the Jesuits through Quod divina sapientia ( 1824 ) . Condemned the Bible societies . 253 31 March 1829 -- 30 November 1830 ( 7002609000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 244 days ) Pius VIII Papa PIUS Octavus Francesco Saverio Castiglioni 20 November 1761 Cingoli , Marche , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Accepted Louis Philippe I as King of the French . Condemned the masonic secret societies and modernist biblical translations in the brief Litteris altero ( 1830 ) . 254 2 February 1831 -- 1 June 1846 ( 7003559800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 119 days ) Gregory XVI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Decimus Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari , O.S.B. Cam . 18 September 1765 Belluno , Veneto , Republic of Venice 65 / 80 Italian . Member of the Camaldolese Order ; last non-bishop to be elected to the papacy . Opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States . 255 16 June 1846 -- 7 February 1878 ( 7004115590000000000 ♠ 31 years , 236 days ) Bl . Pius IX Papa PIUS Nonus Count Giovanni Maria Mastai - Ferretti , O.F.S. 13 May 1792 Senigallia , Marche , Papal States 54 / 85 Italian . Opened the First Vatican Council ; lost the Papal States to Italy . Defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and defined papal infallibility . Issued the controversial Syllabus of Errors . Second longest serving pope in history after Saint Peter . 256 20 February 1878 -- 20 July 1903 ( 7003928000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 150 days ) Leo XIII Papa LEO Tertius Decimus Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci , O.F.S. 2 March 1810 Carpineto Romano , Lazio , Italy 67 / 93 Italian . Issued the encyclical Rerum novarum ; supported Christian democracy against Communism . Had the fourth - longest reign after Pius IX , Saint Peter and John Paul II . Promoted the rosary and the scapular and approved two new Marian scapulars ; first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix . 20th century Popes of the 20th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 257 4 August 1903 -- 20 August 1914 ( 7003403400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 16 days ) St Pius X Papa PIUS Decimus Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto , O.F.S. 2 June 1835 Riese , Treviso , Italy 68 / 79 Motto : Instaurare Omnia in Christo ( `` Restore all things in Christ '' ) Italian . Encouraged and expanded reception of the Eucharist . Combatted Modernism ; issued the oath against it . Advocated the Gregorian Chant and reformed the Roman Breviary . 258 3 September 1914 -- 22 January 1922 ( 7003269800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 141 days ) Benedict XV Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Decimus Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista Della Chiesa , O.F.S. 21 November 1854 Pegli , Genoa , Italy 59 / 67 Motto : In te , Domine , speravi : non confundar in aeternum . ( `` In thee , o Lord , have I trusted : let me not be confounded for evermore . '' ) Italian . Credited for intervening for peace during World War I. Issued the 1917 Code of Canon Law ; supported the missionaries in Maximum Illud . Remembered by Benedict XVI as a `` prophet of peace '' . 259 6 February 1922 -- 10 February 1939 ( 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days ) Pius XI Papa PIUS Undecimus Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti , O.F.S. 31 May 1857 Desio , Milan , Italy 64 / 81 Motto : Pax Christi in Regno Christi ( `` The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ '' ) Italian . Signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy ( 1929 ) establishing Vatican City as a sovereign state . Inaugurated Vatican Radio ( 1931 ) . Re-founded the Pontifical Academy of Sciences ( 1936 ) . Created the feast of Christ the King . Opposed Communism and Nazism . 260 2 March 1939 -- 9 October 1958 ( 7003716100000000000 ♠ 19 years , 221 days ) Ven . Pius XII Papa PIUS Duodecimus Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli , O.F.S. 2 March 1876 Rome , Italy 63 / 82 Motto : Opus Justitiae Pax ( `` The work of justice ( shall be ) peace '' ) Italian . Invoked papal infallibility in the encyclical Munificentissimus Deus ; defined the dogma of the Assumption . Eliminated the Italian majority of cardinals . Credited with intervening for peace during World War II ; controversial for his reactions to the Holocaust . 261 28 October 1958 -- 3 June 1963 ( 7003167900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 218 days ) St John XXIII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Tertius Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , O.F.S. 25 November 1881 Sotto il Monte , Bergamo , Italy 76 / 81 Motto : Obedientia et Pax ( `` Obedience and peace '' ) Italian . Opened the Second Vatican Council ; called `` Good Pope John '' . Issued the encyclical Pacem in terris ( 1963 ) on peace and nuclear disarmament ; intervened for peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) . 262 21 June 1963 -- 6 August 1978 ( 7003552500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 46 days ) Bl . Paul VI Papa PAULUS Sextus Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini 26 September 1897 Concesio , Brescia , Italy 65 / 80 Motto : Cum Ipso in Monte ( `` With Him on the mount '' ) Italian . Last pope to be crowned in a coronation with the tiara . First pope to travel to the United States and Australia ; first pope since 1809 to travel outside Italy . Closed the Second Vatican Council . Issued the encyclical Humanae vitae ( 1968 ) condemning artificial contraception . 263 26 August 1978 -- 28 September 1978 ( 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 days ) S.D. John Paul I Papa IOANNES PAULUS Primus Albino Luciani 17 October 1912 Forno di Canale , Belluno , Italy 65 / 65 Motto : Humilitas ( `` Humility '' ) Italian . Abolished the coronation opting for the Papal Inauguration . First pope to use ' the First ' in papal name ; first with two names for two immediate predecessors . Last pope to use the Sedia Gestatoria . 264 16 October 1978 -- 2 April 2005 ( 7003966500000000000 ♠ 26 years , 168 days ) St John Paul II ( John Paul the Great ) Papa IOANNES PAULUS Secundus Karol Józef Wojtyła 20 May 1920 Wadowice , 2nd Polish Republic 58 / 84 Motto : Totus Tuus ( `` Totally yours '' ) First Polish pope and first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI ( 1522 -- 1523 ) . Traveled extensively , visiting 129 countries during his pontificate . Third longest reign after Pius IX and Saint Peter . Founded World Youth Day ( 1984 ) and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ( 1994 ) . Canonized more saints than all his predecessors . Youngest individual to start his papacy since Pius IX ( 1846 ) . 3rd millennium 21st century Popes of the 21st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 265 19 April 2005 -- 28 February 2013 ( 7003287200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 315 days ) Benedict XVI Papa BENEDICTUS Decimus Sextus Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger 16 April 1927 ( age 90 ) Marktl am Inn , Bavaria , Germany 78 / 85 Motto : Cooperatores Veritatis ( `` Cooperators of the truth '' ) German . Oldest to become pope since Clement XII ( 1730 ) . Elevated the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position and promoted the use of Latin ; re-introduced several disused papal garments . Established the Anglican Ordinariate ( 2009 ) . First pope to renounce the papacy on his own initiative since Celestine V ( 1294 ) , retaining regnal name with title of Pope Emeritus . 266 13 March 2013 -- present ( 7003166600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 205 days ) Francis Papa FRANCISCUS Jorge Mario Bergoglio , S.J. 17 December 1936 ( age 80 ) Flores , Buenos Aires , Argentina 76 / - Motto : Miserando atque Eligendo ( `` Lowly but chosen '' , literally ' by having mercy , by choosing him ' ) Italian Argentinian . First pope to be born outside Europe since Gregory III ( 731 -- 741 ) and the first from the Americas ; first pope from the Southern Hemisphere . First pope from a religious institute since Gregory XVI ( 1831 -- 1846 ) ; first Jesuit pope . First to use a new and non-composed regnal name since Lando ( 913 -- 914 ) . Religious orders 38 popes have been members of religious orders . These have included : Benedictines ( 18 ) : Gregory I , Boniface IV , Adeodatus II , Leo IV , John IX , Leo VII , Sergius IV , Stephen IX , Gregory VII , Victor III , Urban II , Paschal II , Gelasius II , Celestine V , Clement VI , Urban V , Pius VII and including Camaldolese ( 1 ) : Gregory XVI Augustinians ( 6 ) : Eugene IV and including Canons Regular ( 5 ) : Honorius II , Innocent II , Lucius II , Gregory VIII , Adrian IV Dominicans ( 5 ) : Innocent V , Benedict XI , Nicholas V , Pius V , Benedict XIII Franciscans ( 5 ) : Nicholas IV , Sixtus IV , Julius II and including Conventual Franciscans ( 2 ) : Sixtus V , Clement XIV Cistercians ( 2 ) : Eugene III , Benedict XII Theatines ( 1 ) : Paul IV Jesuits ( 1 ) : Francis 12 popes have been members of third orders , also called `` tertiaries '' or `` Third Order Secular , '' and all of them of the Secular Franciscans : Gregory IX , Gregory X , Martin V , Innocent XII , Clement XII , Pius IX , Leo XIII , Pius X , Benedict XV , Pius XI , Pius XII , John XXIII Notes on numbering of popes A number of anomalies in the list given above need further explanation : Felix II ( 356 -- 357 ) , Boniface VII ( 974 , 984 -- 985 ) , John XVI ( 997 -- 998 ) , Benedict X ( 1058 -- 1059 ) and Alexander V ( 1409 -- 1410 ) are not listed because they are all considered antipopes . The numbering of popes named Felix has been amended to omit antipope Felix II ; however , most lists still call the last two Felixes Felix III and Felix IV . Additionally , there was an antipope Felix V . There has never been a pope John XX as a result of confusion of the numbering system in the 11th century . Pope - elect Stephen , who died before being consecrated , has not been on the Vatican 's official list of popes since 1961 , but appears on lists dating from before 1960 . The numbering of following popes called Stephen are nowadays given as Pope Stephen II ( 752 -- 757 ) to Pope Stephen IX ( 1057 -- 1058 ) , rather than Stephen III to Stephen X . When Simon de Brion became pope in 1281 , he chose to be called Martin . At that time , Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and Martin III respectively , and so , erroneously , Simon de Brion became Pope Martin IV . Pope Donus II , said to have reigned about 974 , never existed . The belief resulted from the confusion of the title dominus ( lord ) with a proper name . Pope Joan also never existed ; however , legends about her may have originated from stories about the pornocracy . The status of Antipope John XXIII was uncertain for hundreds of years , and was finally settled in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli announced his own name as John XXIII . Baldassare Cossa , who was Antipope John XXIII , served as a Cardinal of the reunited church before his death in 1419 and his remains are found in the Florence Baptistery . Those who believe in Sedevacantism say that there have been no legitimate popes since Pius XII . This is because they consider all popes since the Second Vatican Council to be heretics . See also Lists List of canonised popes List of murdered popes List of popes by length of reign List of popes by nationality List of popes from the Borgia family List of popes from the Conti family List of popes from the Medici family List of popes sorted alphabetically List of sexually active popes List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State Related topics Annuario Pontificio History of the papacy Index of Vatican City - related articles Legends surrounding the papacy Liber Pontificalis Oldest popes Papal name Pope John ( numbering ) Prophecy of the Popes Book : Popes Pope portal Catholicism portal Christianity portal References Specific ^ Annuario Pontificio 2012 ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 ) , p. 12 * ^ `` Corrections Made to Official List of Popes '' . ZENIT. 5 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . ^ `` Papal Primacy of honour : titles and insignia '' . Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ( et al . ) ; Bromiley ( English translation ) , Geoffrey William , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Pope , Papacy '' . Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon ( The encyclopedia of Christianity ) . 4 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 272 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . ^ The fourth pope Discussed in the article on Clement I ^ Mcbrien , Richard P. ( 31 October 2006 ) . The Pocket Guide to the Popes . HarperCollins . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113773 - 0 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` The Chronography of 354 AD . Part 13 : Bishops of Rome '' . pp. from Theosodr Mommsen , MGH Chronica Minora I ( 1892 ) , pp. 73 -- 6 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` OCA - St Liberius the Pope of Rome '' . Ocafs.oca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ `` Saint Siricius '' . ^ `` Papal Timeline '' . 2005 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Deno John Geanakoplos ( 15 September 1989 ) . Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine ( Palaeologan ) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 263 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11884 - 6 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . ^ `` Blessed Eugene III '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . ^ For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken : Zu Wahl , Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III . Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985 , pp. 203 -- 211 ^ Philip Hughes , `` Innocent III & the Latin East , '' History of the Church , vol. 2 , p. 371 , Sheed & Ward , 1948 . ^ `` Pope Adrian VI ( 1522 - 1523 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement VII ( 1523 - 1534 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Paul IV ( 1555 - 1559 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Pius V ( 1566 - 1572 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Gregory XIII ( 1572 - 1585 ) '' . 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Retrieved 1 January 2009 . ^ Brown , Andrew ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Benedict , the placeholder pope who leaves a battered , weakened church '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Pianigiani , Gaia ; Povoledo , Elisabetta ( 27 February 2013 ) . `` Benedict XVI to Keep His Name and Become Pope Emeritus '' . The New York Times . ^ Scarisbrick , Veronica ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` Pope Francis : `` Miserando atque eligendo '' ... `` . Vatican Radio . The Holy See . Vatican Radio . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Antipope '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Chronological Lists of Popes '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Pope Martin IV '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Popess Joan '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Weaver , MJ. , and Appleby , RS. , Being Right : Conservative Catholics in America , Indiana University Press , 1 Jan 1995 , p. 257 . ^ Flinn , FK. , Encyclopedia of Catholicism , 2007 , p. 566 . General The Early Papacy : To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451 , Adrian Fortescue , Ignatius Press , 2008 . The Oxford Dictionary of Popes , John N.D. Kelly , Oxford University Press , 1986 . Catholicism , Henri de Lubac , Ignatius Press , 1988 . Rome and the Eastern Churches , Aidan Nichols , Ignatius Press , 2010 . I Papi . Venti secoli di storia , Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo , Libreria Editrice Vaticana , 2002 . Rome Sweet Home , Scott Hahn , Ignatius Press , 1993 . Enciclopedia dei Papi , AA. VV. , Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana , 2000 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Popes . 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Red River of the South

Red River of the south - wikipedia Red River of the south Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Red River . Red River Red River looking east , north of Bonham , Texas : Texas is to the right , Oklahoma is on the left , and the border between the two states runs along the south ( right ) bank of the river . Map of the Red River watershed Native name Bah'hatteno Other name ( s ) Rivière Rouge ( former French name ) Country United States States Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas and Louisiana Physical characteristics Main source Harmon County , Oklahoma 1,535 ft ( 468 m ) 34 ° 34 ′ 35 '' N 99 ° 57 ′ 54 '' W  /  34.57639 ° N 99.96500 ° W  / 34.57639 ; - 99.96500 River mouth Atchafalaya River 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Coordinates : 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Length 1,360 mi ( 2,190 km ) Discharge Location : mouth ; max and min at Alexandria , LA Minimum rate : 1,472 cu ft / s ( 41.7 m / s ) Average rate : 57,000 cu ft / s ( 1,600 m / s ) Maximum rate : 233,000 cu ft / s ( 6,600 m / s ) Basin features Basin size 65,595 sq mi ( 169,890 km ) The Red River , or sometimes the Red River of the South , is a major river in the southern United States of America . The river was named for the red - bed country of its watershed . It is one of several rivers with that name . Although it was once a tributary of the Mississippi River , the Red River is now a tributary of the Atchafalaya River , a distributary of the Mississippi that flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico . It is connected to the Mississippi River by the Old River Control Structure . The south bank of the Red River formed part of the US - Mexico border from the Adams - Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The Red River is the second - largest river basin in the southern Great Plains . It rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east , where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma . It forms a short border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas , turning south near Fulton , Arkansas , and flowing into Louisiana , where it flows into the Atchafalaya River . The total length of the river is 1,360 miles ( 2,190 km ) , with a mean flow of over 57,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,600 m / s ) at the mouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Course 1.2 Tributaries 2 Watershed 3 History 3.1 Native Americans 3.2 European - American exploration and settlement 3.3 Great Raft 3.4 Greer County debate 3.5 2015 Louisiana flood 4 Recreation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Course ( edit ) The Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma . The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas - Oklahoma border . The southern fork , which is about 120 miles ( 190 km ) long , is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork . It is formed in Randall County , Texas , near the county seat of Canyon , by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek . ( The names mean `` Hard Wood '' and `` White Land '' , respectively , in Spanish . ) State Highway No. 78 Bridge at the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas , photographed on the Oklahoma side Crossing the Red River at the Texas - Oklahoma border from I - 35 The Red River took a new channel near Natchitoches , Louisiana , and left behind Cane River Lake . The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet ( 1,050 m ) , then past Newlin , Texas , to meet the Oklahoma state line . Past that point , it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River . Near Elmer , Oklahoma , the North Fork finally joins , and the river proceeds to follow a winding course east through one of the most arid parts of the Great Plains , receiving the Wichita River as it passes the city of Wichita Falls . Near Denison , the river exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma , a reservoir formed by the Denison Dam . The lake is also fed by the Washita River from the north . Point bars , abandoned meander loops , oxbow lakes in Lafayette and Miller counties , Arkansas After the river flows out of the southeastern end of the lake , it runs generally east towards Arkansas and receives Muddy Boggy Creek before turning southward near Texarkana . Soon after , the river crosses south into Louisiana . The sister cities of Shreveport and Bossier City were developed on either bank of the river , as were the downriver cities of Alexandria and Pineville . Where it is joined by the Ouachita River , its largest tributary , the river later broadens into a complex network of marshlands surrounding the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers . Its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico . In 1946 , the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height and strength . However , the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria . Willie E. Kees Jr. , the newly elected mayor of Pineville , worked to gain support for the Corps of Engineers to increase the height of the levee on the eastern side of the river to equal that in Alexandria . Tributaries ( edit ) Tributaries include the Little Red River , Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River , Salt Fork Red River , North Fork Red River , Pease River , Washita River , Kiamichi River , Little Wichita River , Little River , Sulphur River , Loggy Bayou ( through Lake Bistineau and Dorcheat Bayou ) as well as the Ouachita River ( also known as the Black River at that point ) not far ( at Acme , Louisiana ) from the mouth . Watershed ( edit ) The Red River 's watershed covers 65,590 square miles ( 169,900 km ) and is the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains . Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma , but also covers parts of Arkansas and Louisiana . Its basin is characterized by flat , fertile agricultural land , with only a few major cities . The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation . As a result , much of the river above the Texas - Oklahoma border is intermittent , and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas , the flow varies widely . Most of the agriculture in the basin is sustained by groundwater , which is recharged with rainfall and riverflow . The lower course of the river flows through a series of marshes and swamps , where its flow is dramatically moderated . History ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Native American cultures along the river were diverse , developing specialized adaptations to the many different environments . By the time of European contact , the eastern Piney Woods were dominated by the numerous historic tribes of the Caddoan Confederacy . They found plentiful game and fish , and also had good land for cultivating staple crops . The middle part of the Red River was dominated by Wichita and Tonkawa . This area was prairie , where Native Americans constructed portable and temporary tepees for housing . They practiced limited farming and followed game in seasonal , nomadic hunting cycles . The Plains division of the Lipan Apache dominated the western Red River area until the 18th century , when they were displaced by invading Comanche from the north . European - American Exploration and settlement ( edit ) Crossing the Red River near Granite , Oklahoma , 1921 . In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Red River Expedition to explore parts of the new lands of the Louisiana Purchase by traveling up the Red River . He said it was `` in truth , next to the Missouri , the most interesting water of the Mississippi '' , in a letter to William Dunbar . Having threaded the maze of bayous at the river 's confluence , and the `` Great Raft '' of lodged driftwood , the expedition , was stopped by the Spanish near what is now New Boston , Texas . In 1806 , Lieutenant Zebulon Pike , under orders to ascertain the source of the Red River , ascended the Arkansas River , made his way downstream on what turned out to be the Rio Grande , and was sent home by the Spanish authorities . A more successful exploration of the river 's upper reaches to both its sources was the 1852 expedition under Capt . Randolph Barnes Marcy , assisted by Brevet Capt . George B. McClellan . The latter was important as a general in the American Civil War . In April 1815 , Captain Henry Miller Shreve was the first person to bring a steamboat , the Enterprise , up the Red River . Fulton and Livingston , who claimed the exclusive right to navigate Louisiana waters by steamboat , sued Shreve in the District Court of New Orleans . The judge ruled that the monopoly claimed by the plaintiffs was illegal . That decision , along with a similar outcome in Gibbons v. Ogden freed navigation on every river , lake or harbor in the United States from interference by monopolies . When John Quincy Adams became Secretary of State in 1817 , one of his highest priorities was to negotiate the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase with Spain . He negotiated with the Spanish Minister to the United States , Luis de Onis , and finally concluded Adams - Onis Treaty , also known as the Treaty of 1819 . The treaty defined the south bank of the river as the boundary between the United States and Spain . That boundary continued to be recognized when Mexico gained its independence from Spain , then again when Texas became independent from Mexico . It remained so until the United States Congress consented to the Red River Boundary Compact adopted by the states of Oklahoma and Texas , which set the jurisdictional boundary between Texas and Oklahoma at the vegetation line on the south bank , but left title of adjacent property owners at the south bank . In Louisiana , the area of present - day Natchitoches Parish was settled by French Creole and mixed - race Louisiana Creole people , starting before 1800 . The Cane River National Heritage Area marks this area of influence , with plantations and churches founded by Louisiana Creoles . Some of the sites are designated as destinations on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail , designed in the 21st century . For nearly 100 years after the American Civil War , some of the plantations were the center of a large African American and Creole community life , whose people lived and worked in this area for generations . The area along the lower Red River of Grant Parish , Louisiana , and neighboring parishes were a mixture of hill country and cotton plantations , with white planters and subsistence farmers , and numerous African American slaves working the plantations in the ante bellum years . It was an area of heated social tensions and insurgency during and after the Reconstruction era . Grant was a new parish created by the Reconstruction legislature , which was trying to increase Republican Party representation . In 1873 , Grant Parish was the site of the Colfax massacre , caused by the political tension and violence arising from the disputed 1872 gubernatorial election and efforts by local whites to keep white supremacy . White militias , organized from nearby parishes , killed more than 100 freedmen , some of whom had surrendered as prisoners . In 1874 , such militias organized as the White League in Grant Parish , and other chapters were soon founded across the state . The Coushatta Massacre was attributed to the White League , which attacked Republican officeholders to run them out of office . The paramilitary groups intimidated and terrorized freedmen to keep them from the polls , and by the late 1870s , conservative Democrats had retaken political control of the state . Great Raft ( edit ) Main article : Great Raft Red River , Texas In the early 19th century , settlers found that much of the river 's length in Louisiana was unnavigable because of a collection of fallen trees that formed a `` Great Raft '' over 160 miles ( 260 km ) long . Captain Henry Miller Shreve began clearing the log jam in 1839 . The log jam was not completely cleared until the 1870s , when dynamite became available . The river was thereafter navigable , but north of Natchitoches it was restricted to small craft . Removal of the raft further connected the Red and Atchafalaya rivers , accelerating the development of the Atchafalaya River channel . In the 20th century , the interest group known as the Red River Valley Association was formed to lobby the United States Congress to make the river fully navigable between Alexandria and Shreveport , Louisiana . Leading supporters of the longstanding project were Louisiana Democratic senators Allen J. Ellender , J. Bennett Johnston and Russell B. Long , the Fourth District Congressman Joe Waggonner , and the late Shreveport Mayor Calhoun Allen . With the completion of the project , a lock system constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers allowed navigation of barge traffic as far north as Shreveport . Greer County debate ( edit ) Specialists debate whether the North Fork or the Prairie Dog Town Fork is the true stem . Because of a cartographic error , the land between the north and south forks was claimed by both the state of Texas and the United States federal government . Randolph B. Marcy 's expedition followed the Prairie Dog Town Fork in 1852 . Originally called Greer County , Texas , the US Supreme Court ruled that it belonged to the United States , which at the time oversaw the Oklahoma Territory . That territory was later incorporated into the state of Oklahoma , whose southern border now follows the south fork . Today , the southern Prairie Dog Town Fork is considered the main fork , though the North Fork is as long and normally has a greater water flow . 2015 Louisiana flood ( edit ) In June 2015 , the Red River flooded parts of northeast Texas , southwest Arkansas , and Louisiana , from New Boston , Texas , to just south of Alexandria , Louisiana . Recreation ( edit ) Red River LA 2 Bridge , not the Jimmie Davis Bridge , atop the Red River between Bossier and Caddo parishes near Shreveport Popular pedestrian walkway along the Red River in Alexandria , Louisiana In 1943 , Denison Dam was built on the Red River to form Lake Texoma , a large reservoir of 89,000 acres ( 360 km ) , some 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Dallas . Other reservoirs on the river 's tributaries serve as flood control . See also ( edit ) List of Arkansas rivers List of longest main - stem rivers in the United States List of Louisiana rivers List of Oklahoma rivers List of Texas rivers Great Raft North Fork Red River Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River Red River Bridge War Red River Campaign , 1864 , during the American Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 Adams -- Onís Treaty Red River Shootout , the annual college football game between the University of Texas Longhorns and the University of Oklahoma Sooners . Little Red River ( Texas ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caddo name . Meredith , Howard . `` Caddo ( Kadohadacho ) . '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma Historical Society 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved 9 Sept 2012 ) Jump up ^ Tyson , Carl N. The Red River in Southwestern History . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1659 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Benke , Arthur ; Colbert Cushing ( 2005 ) . River of North America . Academic Press . p. 1144 . ISBN 9780120882533 . Jump up ^ John Miller Morris , El Llano Estacado : Exploration and Imagination on the High Plains , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Piazza , Bryan P ( 2014 ) . The Atchafalaya River Basin : History and Ecology of an American Wetland . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 039 - 3 . Jump up ^ Frederick Marcel Spletstoser ( 2005 ) . Talk of the Town : The Rise of Alexandria , Louisiana , and the Daily Town Talk . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2934 - 8 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jefferson to Dunbar , 25 May 1805 , quoted in T. Lindsay Baker , ed. , The Texas Red River country : the official surveys of the headwaters , 1876 , 1998 : `` Foreword '' , v , and in D.L. Flores , `` The Ecology of the Red River in 1806 : Peter Custis and Early '' The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 88 ,. 1 , ( July 1984 ) . Jump up ^ R.B. Marcy , Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana : in the year 1852 ... with Reports on the Natural History of the Country , Washington , 1853 . ^ Jump up to : Harbour , Emma Estill . `` A Brief History of the Red River County since 1803 . Chronicles of Oklahoma . Vol. 16 . No. 1 . March 1938 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/with-homes-underwater-in-louisiana-recovery-teams-head-out/ar-BBkYtRO?ocid=mailsignout Jump up ^ `` Bridgehunter.com Red River of the South '' . bridgehunter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Red River of the South . Randolph Marcy , Exploration of the Red River , 1852 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History Red River from the Handbook of Texas Online U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Red River Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Red River Compact Commission . `` U.S. Supreme Court Ruling Leaves Texas High And Dry . '' Geology Red River Valley - Engineering Geology Mapping Program PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Red River Valley Autin , W.J. , and C.E. Pearson , 1993 , Quaternary Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Lower Red River Valley : Friends of the Pleistocene South Central Cell 11 th Annual Field Conference Alexandria , Louisiana March 26 - 28 , 1993 . Friends of the Pleistocene South Central Cell and Louisiana Geological Survey , Baton Rouge , Louisiana . 183 p . VIAF : 247749245 GND : 4267240 - 5 BNF : cb12011209j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_of_the_South&oldid=815139038 '' Categories : Red River of the South Tributaries of the Mississippi River Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Louisiana Rivers of Oklahoma Rivers of Texas Borders of Texas Borders of Oklahoma Borders of Arkansas Rivers of Desha County , Arkansas Rivers of Arkansas County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Lincoln County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Jefferson County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Pulaski County , Arkansas Rivers of Perry County , Arkansas Rivers of Faulkner County , Arkansas Rivers of Conway County , Arkansas Rivers of Yell County , Arkansas Rivers of Logan County , Arkansas Rivers of Pope County , Arkansas Rivers of Johnson County , Arkansas Rivers of Franklin County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Sebastian County , Arkansas Rivers of Crawford County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Randall County , Texas Bodies of water of Wichita County , Texas Bodies of water of Red River County , Texas Bodies of water of Avoyelles Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Bossier Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Caddo Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Concordia Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Grant Parish , Louisiana Rivers of Natchitoches Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Rapides Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Red River Parish , Louisiana Cane River National Heritage Area Natchitoches , Louisiana Shreveport , Louisiana Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 07 . 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where does the red river begin and end

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Sachin Tendulkar

Sachin Tendulkar - Wikipedia Sachin Tendulkar Jump to : navigation , search `` Tendulkar '' redirects here . For other people with the same surname , see Tendulkar ( surname ) . For the film based on the life of Sachin Tendulkar , see Sachin : A Billion Dreams . Sachin Tendulkar M , BR , AC Tendulkar with the ICC Cricket World Cup Full name Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( 1973 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1973 ( age 44 ) Bombay ( now Mumbai ) , Maharashtra Nickname God of Cricket , Little Master , Master Blaster Height 5 ft 5 in ( 165 cm ) Batting Right - handed Bowling Right - arm medium , leg break , off break Role Batsman International information National side India ( 1989 -- 2013 ) Test debut ( cap 187 ) 15 November 1989 v Pakistan Last Test 14 November 2013 v West Indies ODI debut ( cap 74 ) 18 December 1989 v Pakistan Last ODI 18 March 2012 v Pakistan ODI shirt no . 10 Only T20I ( cap 11 ) 1 December 2006 v South Africa Domestic team information Years Team Cricket Club of India 1988 -- 2013 Mumbai 1992 Yorkshire 2008 -- 2013 Mumbai Indians ( squad no . 10 ) 2014 Marylebone Cricket Club Career statistics Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 200 463 310 551 Runs scored 15,921 18,426 25,396 21,999 Batting average 53.78 44.83 57.84 45.54 100s / 50s 51 / 68 49 / 96 81 / 116 60 / 114 Top score 248 * 200 * 248 * 200 * Balls bowled 4,240 8,054 7,605 10,230 Wickets 46 154 71 201 Bowling average 54.17 44.48 61.74 42.17 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 n / a 0 n / a Best bowling 3 / 10 5 / 32 3 / 10 5 / 32 Catches / stumpings 115 / -- 140 / -- 186 / -- 175 / -- Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha ( nominated ) In office 27 April 2012 -- Source : ESPNcricinfo , 15 November 2013 Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( / ˌsətʃɪn tɛnˈduːlkər / ( listen ) ; born 24 April 1973 ) is a former Indian cricketer and a former captain , widely regarded as the greatest batsman of all time . The highest run scorer of all time in International cricket , Tendulkar took up cricket at the age of eleven , made his Test debut on 15 November 1989 against Pakistan in Karachi at the age of sixteen , and went on to represent Mumbai domestically and India internationally for close to twenty - four years . He is the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries , the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International , the holder of the record for the most number of runs in both ODI and Test cricket , and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in international cricket . In 2002 , halfway through his career , Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time , behind Don Bradman , and the second greatest ODI batsman of all time , behind Viv Richards . Later in his career , Tendulkar was a part of the Indian team that won the 2011 World Cup , his first win in six World Cup appearances for India . He had previously been named `` Player of the Tournament '' at the 2003 edition of the tournament , held in South Africa . In 2013 , he was the only Indian cricketer included in an all - time Test World XI named to mark the 150th anniversary of Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . Tendulkar received the Arjuna Award in 1994 for his outstanding sporting achievement , the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in 1997 , India 's highest sporting honour , and the Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan awards in 1999 and 2008 , respectively , India 's fourth and second highest civilian awards . After a few hours of his final match on 16 November 2013 , the Prime Minister 's Office announced the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian award . He is the youngest recipient to date and the first ever sportsperson to receive the award . He also won the 2010 Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for cricketer of the year at the ICC awards . In 2012 , Tendulkar was nominated to the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . He was also the first sportsperson and the first person without an aviation background to be awarded the honorary rank of group captain by the Indian Air Force . In 2012 , he was named an Honorary Member of the Order of Australia . In December 2012 , Tendulkar announced his retirement from ODIs . He retired from Twenty20 cricket in October 2013 and subsequently retired from all forms of cricket on 16 November 2013 after playing his 200th Test match , against the West Indies in Mumbai 's Wankhede Stadium . Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in total , scoring 34,357 runs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Early domestic career 2.1 Yorkshire 3 International career 3.1 Early career 3.2 Rise through the ranks 3.3 Captaincy 3.4 Mike Denness incident 3.5 Injuries and decline amid surpassing Bradman 's haul 3.6 Decline phase of career 3.7 2003 Cricket World Cup 3.8 2003 Tour of Australia 3.9 2007 Cricket World Cup 3.10 Return to old form and consistency 3.11 2007 -- 08 tour of Australia 3.12 Home series against South Africa 3.13 Sri Lanka Series 3.14 Return to form and breaking Brian Lara 's record 3.15 ODI and Test Series against England 3.16 2009 -- 2010 3.17 2011 World Cup and after 3.17. 1 100th international century 3.17. 2 Return To Ranji Trophy 3.18 Retirement 4 Indian Premier League and Champions League 5 Playing style 6 Fan following 7 Achievements and awards 7.1 National honours 7.2 Other honours 8 Personal life 8.1 Family 8.2 Beliefs 8.3 Business interests 8.4 Commercial endorsements 8.5 Rajya Sabha nomination 8.6 Philanthropy 8.7 Autobiography 9 Biographies 9.1 Books 9.2 Films 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Early years Tendulkar was born at Nirmal Nursing Home in Dadar , Bombay on 24 April 1973 . His father , Ramesh Tendulkar , was a well - known Marathi novelist and his mother , Rajni , worked in the insurance industry . Ramesh named Tendulkar after his favourite music director , Sachin Dev Burman . Tendulkar has three elder siblings : two half - brothers Nitin and Ajit , and a half - sister Savita . They were Ramesh 's children from his first marriage . Tendulkar played as a youngster with his brother , Ajit , for Sahitya Sahawas society 's cricket team at Bandra East . Ajit is credited by Sachin for playing a pivotal role in his life . Ramakant Achrekar was impressed with Tendulkar 's talent and advised him to shift his schooling to Sharadashram Vidyamandir ( English ) High School , a school at Dadar which had a dominant cricket team and had produced many notable cricketers . Prior to this , Tendulkar had attended the Indian Education Society 's New English School in Bandra ( East ) . He was also coached under the guidance of Achrekar at Shivaji Park in the mornings and evenings . Tendulkar would practice for hours on end in the nets . If he became exhausted , Achrekar would put a one - rupee coin on the top of the stumps , and the bowler who dismissed Tendulkar would get the coin . If Tendulkar passed the whole session without getting dismissed , the coach would give him the coin . Tendulkar now considers the 13 coins he won then as some of his most prized possessions . He moved in with his aunt and uncle , who lived near Shivaji Park , during this period , due to his hectic schedule . Sachin Tendulkar and his wife Anjali Meanwhile , at school , he developed a reputation as a child prodigy . He had become a common conversation point in local cricketing circles , where there were suggestions already that he would become one of the greats . Sachin consistently featured in the school team in the Matunga Gujarati Seva Mandal ( MGSM ) Shield . Besides school cricket , he also played club cricket , initially representing John Bright Cricket Club in Bombay 's premier club cricket tournament , the Kanga League , and later went on to play for the Cricket Club of India . In 1987 , at the age of 14 , he attended the MRF Pace Foundation in Madras ( now Chennai ) to train as a fast bowler , but Australian fast bowler Dennis Lillee , who took a world record 355 Test wickets , was unimpressed , suggesting that Tendulkar focus on his batting instead . On 20 January 1987 , he also turned out as substitute for Imran Khan 's side in an exhibition game at Brabourne Stadium in Bombay , to mark the golden jubilee of Cricket Club of India . A couple of months later , former Indian batsman Sunil Gavaskar gave him a pair of his own ultra light pads and consoled him to not get disheartened for not getting the Bombay Cricket Association 's `` Best junior cricket award '' ( He was 14 years that time ) . `` It was the greatest source of encouragement for me , '' Tendulkar said nearly 20 years later after surpassing Gavaskar 's world record of 34 Test centuries . Sachin served as a ball boy in the 1987 Cricket World Cup when India played against England in the semifinal in Bombay . In his season in 1988 , Tendulkar scored a century in every innings he played . He was involved in an unbroken 664 - run partnership in a Lord Harris Shield inter-school game against St. Xavier 's High School in 1988 with his friend and teammate Vinod Kambli , who would also go on to represent India . The destructive pair reduced one bowler to tears and made the rest of the opposition unwilling to continue the game . Tendulkar scored 326 ( not out ) in this innings and scored over a thousand runs in the tournament . This was a record partnership in any form of cricket until 2006 , when it was broken by two under - 13 batsmen in a match held at Hyderabad in India . Early domestic career On 14 November 1987 , Tendulkar was selected to represent Bombay in the Ranji Trophy , India 's premier domestic First - class cricket tournament , for the 1987 -- 88 season . However , he was not selected for the final eleven in any of the matches , though he was often used as a substitute fielder . He narrowly missed out on playing alongside his idol Gavaskar , who had retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup . A year later , on 11 December 1988 , aged 15 years and 232 days , Tendulkar made his debut for Bombay against Gujarat at home and scored 100 not out in that match , making him the youngest Indian to score a century on debut in first - class cricket . He was handpicked to play for the team by the then Bombay captain Dilip Vengsarkar after watching him easily negotiating India 's best fast bowler at the time , Kapil Dev , in the Wankhede Stadium nets , where the Indian team had come to play against the touring New Zealand team . He followed this by scoring a century in his first Deodhar and Duleep Trophies , which are also Indian domestic tournaments . Tendulkar ( left ) with former Vice president of BCCI , late Dnyaneshwar Agashe ( center ) and Sourav Ganguly ( right ) Tendulkar finished the 1988 -- 89 season as Bombay 's highest run - scorer . He scored 583 runs at an average of 67.77 , and was the sixth highest run - scorer overall He also made an unbeaten century in the Irani Trophy match against Delhi at the start of the 1989 -- 90 season , playing for the Rest of India . Sachin was picked for a young Indian team to tour England twice , under the Star Cricket Club banner in 1988 and 1989 . In the famous 1990 -- 91 Ranji Trophy final , in which Haryana defeated Bombay by two runs after leading in the first innings , Tendulkar 's 96 from 75 deliveries was a key to giving Bombay a chance of victory as it attempted to chase 355 from only 70 overs on the final day . His first double century ( 204 * ) was for Mumbai while playing against the visiting Australian team at the Brabourne Stadium in 1998 . He is the only player to score a century on debut in all three of his domestic first - class tournaments ( the Ranji , Irani , and Duleep Trophies ) . Another double century was an innings of 233 * against Tamil Nadu in the semi-finals of the 2000 Ranji Trophy , which he regards as one of the best innings of his career . Yorkshire In 1992 , at the age of 19 , Tendulkar became the first overseas - born player to represent Yorkshire , which prior to Tendulkar joining the team , never selected players even from other English counties . Selected for Yorkshire as a replacement for the injured Australian fast bowler Craig McDermott , Tendulkar played 16 first - class matches for the county and scored 1070 runs at an average of 46.52 . International career Early career Raj Singh Dungarpur is credited for the selection of Tendulkar for the Indian tour of Pakistan in late 1989 , after one first class season . The Indian selection committee had shown interest in selecting Tendulkar for the tour of the West Indies held earlier that year , but eventually did not select him , as they did not want him to be exposed to the dominant fast bowlers of the West Indies so early in his career . Tendulkar made his Test debut against Pakistan in Karachi in November 1989 aged 16 years and 205 days . He made 15 runs , being bowled by Waqar Younis , who also made his debut in that match , but was noted for how he handled numerous blows to his body at the hands of the Pakistani pace attack . In the fourth and final Test in Sialkot , he was hit on the nose by a bouncer bowled by Younis , but he declined medical assistance and continued to bat even as he gushed blood from it . In a 20 - over exhibition game in Peshawar , held in parallel with the bilateral series , Tendulkar made 53 runs off 18 balls , including an over in which he scored 27 runs ( 6 , 4 , 0 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) off leg - spinner Abdul Qadir . This was later called `` one of the best innings I have seen '' by the then Indian captain Krishnamachari Srikkanth . In all , he scored 215 runs at an average of 35.83 in the Test series , and was dismissed without scoring a run in the only One Day International ( ODI ) he played . Thus Sachin Tendulkar became the youngest player to debut for India in Tests at the age of 16 years and 205 days and also the youngest player to debut for India in ODIs at the age of 16 years and 238 days . The series was followed by a tour of New Zealand in which he scored 117 runs at an average of 29.25 in Tests including an innings of 88 in the second Test . He was dismissed without scoring in one of the two one - day games he played , and scored 36 in the other . On his next tour , a summer tour to England of 1990 , on 14 August , he became the second youngest cricketer to score a Test century as he made 119 not out in the second Test at Old Trafford in Manchester , an innings which contributed to a draw and saved India from certain defeat in the match . Wisden described his innings as `` a disciplined display of immense maturity '' and also wrote : He looked the embodiment of India 's famous opener , Gavaskar , and indeed was wearing a pair of his pads . While he displayed a full repertoire of strokes in compiling his maiden Test hundred , most remarkable were his off - side shots from the back foot . Though only 5ft 5in tall , he was still able to control without difficulty short deliveries from the English pacemen . Tendulkar further enhanced his reputation as a future great during the 1991 -- 92 tour of Australia held before the 1992 Cricket World Cup , that included an unbeaten 148 in the third Test at Sydney , making him the youngest batsman to score a century in Australia . He then scored 114 on a fast , bouncing pitch in the final Test at Perth against a pace attack comprising Merv Hughes , Bruce Reid and Craig McDermott . Hughes commented to Allan Border at the time that `` This little prick 's going to get more runs than you , AB . '' Rise through the ranks Tendulkar 's performance through the years 1994 -- 1999 coincided with his physical peak , in his early twenties . He opened the batting at Auckland against New Zealand in 1994 , making 82 runs off 49 balls . He scored his first ODI century on 9 September 1994 against Australia in Sri Lanka at Colombo . It took him 78 ODIs to score his first century . Tendulkar waits at the bowler 's end . Tendulkar 's rise continued when he was the leading run scorer at the 1996 World Cup , scoring two centuries . He was the only Indian batsman to perform well in the semi-final against Sri Lanka . Tendulkar fell amid a batting collapse and the match referee , Clive Lloyd , awarded Sri Lanka the match after the crowd began rioting and throwing litter onto the field . After the World Cup , in the same year against Pakistan at Sharjah , Indian captain Mohammed Azharuddin was going through a lean patch . Tendulkar and Navjot Singh Sidhu both made centuries to set a then record partnership for the second wicket . After getting out , Tendulkar found Azharuddin in two minds about whether he should bat . Tendulkar convinced Azharuddin to bat and Azharuddin subsequently unleashed 24 runs off one over . India went on to win that match . It enabled India to post a score in excess of 300 runs for the first time in an ODI . This was the beginning of a period at the top of the batting world , culminating in the Australian tour of India in early 1998 , with Tendulkar scoring three consecutive centuries . The focus was on the clash between Tendulkar , the world 's most dominating batsman and Shane Warne , the world 's leading spinner , both at the peak of their careers , clashing in a Test series . In the lead - up to the series , Tendulkar simulated scenarios in the nets with Laxman Sivaramakrishnan , the former India leg spinner , donning the role of Warne . In their tour opener , Australia faced the then Ranji Champions Mumbai at the Brabourne Stadium in a three - day first class match . Tendulkar made an unbeaten 204 as Shane Warne conceded 111 runs in 16 overs and Australia lost the match within three days . He also had a role with the ball in the five - match ODI series in India following the Tests , including a five wicket haul in an ODI in Kochi . Set 310 runs to win , Australia were cruising at 203 for 3 in the 31st over when Tendulkar turned the match for India , taking the wickets of Michael Bevan , Steve Waugh , Darren Lehmann , Tom Moody and Damien Martyn for 32 runs in 10 overs . The Test match success was followed by two consecutive centuries in April 1998 in a Triangular cricket tournament in Sharjah -- the first in a must - win game to take India to the finals and then again in the finals , both against Australia . These twin knocks were also known as the Desert Storm innings . Following the series , Warne ruefully joked that he was having nightmares about his Indian nemesis . Tendulkar 's contribution in the ICC 1998 quarterfinal at Dhaka paved the way for India 's entry into the semifinals , when he took four Australian wickets after scoring 141 runs in 128 balls . The inaugural Asian Test Championship took place in February and March 1999 , involving India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . In the first match , between India and Pakistan in Eden Gardens , Tendulkar was run out for nine after colliding with Pakistan bowler Shoaib Akhtar . Around 100,000 people came to support India during the initial four days of the tournament , breaking a 63 - year - old record for aggregate Test attendance record . The crowd 's reaction to Tendulkar 's dismissal was to throw objects at Akhtar , and the players were taken off the field . The match resumed after Tendulkar and the president of the ICC appealed to the crowd ; however , further rioting meant that the match was finished in front of a crowd of 200 people . Tendulkar scored his 19th Test century in the second Test and the match resulted in a draw with Sri Lanka . India did not progress to the final , which was won by Pakistan , and refused to participate the next time the championship was held due to increasing political tensions between India and Pakistan . In the Test against Pakistan at Chepauk in 1999 , the first of a two - Test series , Sachin scored 136 in the fourth innings with India chasing 271 for victory . However , he was out when India needed 17 more runs to win , triggering a batting collapse , and India lost the match by 12 runs . The worst was yet to come as Professor Ramesh Tendulkar , Sachin 's father , died in the middle of the 1999 Cricket World Cup . Tendulkar flew back to India to attend the final rituals of his father , missing the match against Zimbabwe . However , he returned to the World Cup scoring a century ( 140 not out off 101 balls ) in his very next match against Kenya in Bristol . He dedicated this century to his father . Captaincy Tendulkar 's record as captain Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Win % Test 25 9 12 0 -- 16 % ODI 73 23 43 -- 6 31.50 % Tendulkar 's two tenures as captain of the Indian cricket team were not very successful . When Tendulkar took over as captain in 1996 , it was with huge hopes and expectations . However , by 1997 the team was performing poorly . Azharuddin was credited with saying `` Nahin jeetega ! Chote ki naseeb main jeet nahin hai ! '' , which translates into : `` He wo n't win ! It 's not in the small one 's destiny ! '' . Tendulkar , succeeding Azharuddin as captain for his second term , led India on a tour of Australia , where the visitors were beaten 3 -- 0 by the newly crowned world champions . Tendulkar , however , won the player of the series award as well as player of the match in one of the games . After another Test series defeat , this time by a 0 -- 2 margin at home against South Africa , Tendulkar resigned , and Sourav Ganguly took over as captain in 2000 . During the Indian team 's 2007 tour of England , the desire of Rahul Dravid to resign from the captaincy became known . The BCCI President Sharad Pawar offered the captaincy to Tendulkar , who instead recommended Mahendra Singh Dhoni to take over the reins . Pawar later revealed this conversation , crediting Tendulkar for first forwarding the name of Dhoni , who since achieved much success as captain . Mike Denness incident Main article : Mike Denness and Indian cricket team incident In India 's 2001 tour of South Africa in the second test match between India and South Africa at St George 's Park , Port Elizabeth , match referee Mike Denness fined four Indian players for excessive appealing , as well as fined the Indian captain Sourav Ganguly for not controlling his team . Tendulkar was given a suspended ban of one game by Denness in light of alleged ball tampering . Television cameras picked up images that suggested Tendulkar may have been involved in cleaning the seam of the cricket ball . This can , under some conditions , amount to altering the condition of the ball . Denness found Sachin Tendulkar guilty of ball tampering charges and handed him a one Test match ban . The incident escalated to include sports journalists accusing Denness of racism , and led to Denness being barred from entering the venue of the third Test match . The ICC revoked the status of the match as a Test as the teams rejected the appointed referee . The charges against Tendulkar and Sehwag 's ban for excessive appealing triggered a massive backlash from the Indian public . Injuries and decline amid surpassing Bradman 's haul Sachin Tendulkar continued performing well in Test cricket in 2001 and 2002 , with some pivotal performances with both bat and ball . Tendulkar took three wickets on the final day of the famous Kolkata Test against Australia in 2001 . Tendulkar took the key wickets of Matthew Hayden and Adam Gilchrist , who were centurions in the previous Test. He also take a wicket of Shane Warne. This three wicket change the result of test match from draw to win of India . In the five - match ODI series that followed , he took his 100th wicket in ODIs , claiming the wicket of then Australian captain Steve Waugh in the final match at the Fatorda Stadium in Goa . In the 2002 series in the West Indies , Tendulkar started well , scoring 79 in the first Test . In the second Test at Port of Spain , Sachin Tendulkar scored 117 in the first innings , his 29th Test century in his 93rd Test match , to equal Sir Donald Bradman 's record of 29 Test hundreds. He was awarded by Sports car `` Ferrari '' by Michael Schumacher for achieving this feat . Decline phase of career Then , in a hitherto unprecedented sequence , he scored 0 , 0 , 8 and 0 in the next four innings . He returned to form in the last Test scoring 41 and 86 , one half century . However , India lost the series . In this period , in the third Test match against England in August 2002 , Sachin scored his 30th Test century to surpass Bradman 's haul , in his 99th Test match . 2003 cricket World Cup Tendulkar made 673 runs in 11 matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup , helping India reach the final . While Australia retained the trophy that they had won in 1999 , Tendulkar was given the Man of the Tournament award . He continued to score heavily in ODI cricket that year , with two hundreds in a tri-series involving New Zealand and Australia . As a part - time bowler , he dismissed an exhausted centurion , Matthew Hayden in the tri-series final . 2003 tour of Australia The drawn series as India toured Australia in 2003 -- 04 saw Tendulkar making his mark in the last Test of the series , with 241 not out from 436 ball by 33 four at strike rate of 55.27 in Sydney , putting India in a virtually unbeatable position. He spend 613 minut at crease. India have a first inning score of 705 / 7 . He followed up the innings with an unbeaten 60 in the second innings of the Test . Prior to this Test match , he had had an unusually horrible run of form , failing in all six innings in the preceding three Tests . It was no aberration that 2003 was his worst year in Test cricket , with an average of 17.25 and just one fifty . Tendulkar scored an unbeaten 194 against Pakistan at Multan in the following series . Indian captain Rahul Dravid declared before Tendulkar reached 200 ; had he done so it would have been the fourth time he had passed the landmark in Tests . Tendulkar said that he was disappointed and that the declaration had taken him by surprise . Many former cricketers commented that Dravid 's declaration was in bad taste . After the match , which India won , Dravid said that the matter had been discussed internally and put to rest . A tennis elbow injury then took its toll on Tendulkar , leaving him out of the side for most of the year , coming back only for the last two Tests when Australia toured India in 2004 . He played a part in India 's victory in Mumbai in that series with a fast 55 , though Australia took the series 2 -- 1 . On 10 December 2005 at Feroz Shah Kotla , Tendulkar scored his record - breaking 35th Test century , against the Sri Lankans . After this , Tendulkar endured the longest spell of his career without a Test century : 17 innings elapsed before he scored 101 against Bangladesh in May 2007 . Tendulkar scored his 39th ODI hundred on 6 February 2006 in a match against Pakistan . He followed with a 42 in the second One - Day International against Pakistan on 11 February 2006 , and then a 95 in hostile , seaming conditions on 13 February 2006 in Lahore , which set up an Indian victory . On 19 March 2006 , after being dismissed for only one run against England in the first innings of the third Test in his home ground , Wankhede , Tendulkar was booed off the ground by a section of the crowd , the first time that he had ever faced such flak . Tendulkar ended the three - Test series without a half - century to his credit , and the need for a shoulder operation raised more questions about his longevity . Tendulkar 's comeback came in the DLF cup in Malaysia and he was the only Indian batsman to shine . In his comeback match , against West Indies on 14 September 2006 , Tendulkar responded to his critics who believed that his career was inexorably sliding with his 40th ODI century . Though he scored 141 not out , West Indies won the rain - affected match by the D / L method . 2007 cricket World Cup During the preparation for the 2007 World Cup , Tendulkar 's attitude was criticised by Indian team coach Greg Chappell . Chappell reportedly felt that Tendulkar would be more useful down the order , while the latter felt that he would be better off opening the innings , the role he had played for most of his career . Chappell also believed that Tendulkar 's repeated failures were hurting the team 's chances . In a rare show of emotion , Tendulkar hit out at the comments attributed to Chappell by pointing out that no coach had ever suggested his attitude towards cricket was incorrect . On 7 April 2007 , the Board of Control for Cricket in India issued a notice to Tendulkar asking for an explanation for his comments made to the media . Chappell subsequently resigned as coach but said that this affair had no bearing on his decision and that he and Tendulkar were on good terms . At the World Cup in the West Indies , Tendulkar and the Indian cricket team led by Rahul Dravid had a dismal campaign . Tendulkar , who was pushed to bat lower down the order had scores of 7 against Bangladesh , 57 not out against Bermuda and 0 against Sri Lanka . As a result , former Australian captain Ian Chappell , brother of Greg , called for Tendulkar to retire in his newspaper column . Return to old form and consistency See also : List of batsmen who have scored over 10000 One Day International cricket runs In the subsequent Test series against Bangladesh , Tendulkar returned to his opening slot and was chosen as the Man of the Series . He continued by scoring 99 and 93 in the first two matches of the Future Cup against South Africa . During the second match , he also became the first to score 15,000 runs in ODIs . He was the leading run scorer and was adjudged the Man of the Series . Tendulkar celebrates upon reaching his 38th Test century against Australia in the 2nd Test at the SCG in 2008 , where he finished not out on 154 On the second day of the Nottingham Test on 28 July 2007 , Tendulkar became the third cricketer to complete 11,000 Test runs . In the subsequent one - day series against England , Tendulkar was the leading run scorer from India with an average of 53.42 . In the ODI Series against Australia in October 2007 Tendulkar was the leading Indian run scorer with 278 runs . Tendulkar was dismissed seven times in 2007 between 90 and 100 , including three times at 99 , leading some to suggestions that he struggles to cope with nervousness in this phase of his innings . Tendulkar has got out 27 times in the 90s during his international career . In a five - ODI series against Pakistan , he was caught by Kamran Akmal off the bowling of Umar Gul for 99 in the second match at Mohali , and in the fourth match of that series , he got out in the 90s for a second time , scoring 97 before dragging a delivery from Gul on to his stumps . 2007 -- 08 tour of Australia In the Border - Gavaskar Trophy , 2007 -- 08 , Tendulkar showed exceptional form , becoming the leading run scorer with 493 runs in four Tests , despite consistently failing in the second innings . Sachin scored 62 runs in the first innings of the first Test at the MCG in Melbourne , but could not prevent a heavy 337 - run win for Australia . In the controversial New Years ' Test at Sydney , Tendulkar scored an unbeaten 154 , even though India lost the Test . This was his third century at the SCG and his 38th Test century overall , earning him an average of 326 at the ground at the time of completing the innings . In the third Test at the WACA cricket ground in Perth , Sachin was instrumental in India 's first innings score of 330 , scoring a well - compiled 71 . India went on to record a historic triumph at the WACA , ending Australia 's run of 16 consecutive wins . In the fourth Test at the Adelaide Oval , which ended in a draw , he scored 153 in the first innings , being involved in a crucial 126 run stand with V.V.S. Laxman for the fifth wicket to lead India to a score of 282 for 5 from 156 for 4 . He secured the Man of the Match award . In the One - Day International Commonwealth Bank Tri-Series involving India , Sri Lanka and Australia , Tendulkar became the only batsman to complete 16,000 runs in ODIs . He achieved this feat against Sri Lanka on 5 February 2008 at the Gabba in Brisbane . He started the series wth scores of 10 , 35 , 44 and 32 . His form dipped a bit in the middle of the tournament , but Tendulkar came back strongly in India 's must - win game against Sri Lanka at the Bellerive Oval in Hobart , scoring 63 off 54 balls . He finished the series with a match winning 117 not out off 120 balls in the first final , and 91 runs in the second final . Home series against South Africa Sachin Tendulkar 's Test cricket record Matches Runs Best Average 100s 50s Home 94 7216 217 52.67 22 32 Away 106 8705 248 * 54.74 29 36 South Africa toured in March and April 2008 for a three - Test series . Tendulkar scored a five - ball duck in his only innings of the series ; he sustained a groin strain in the match and as a result was forced not only to miss the second and third Tests , but also the tri-series involving Bangladesh , the 2008 Asia Cup , and the first half of the inaugural season of the IPL . Sri Lanka series Before the Indian cricket team 's tour of Sri Lanka in July 2008 , Tendulkar needed 177 runs to go past Brian Lara 's record of Test 11,953 runs . However , he failed in all six innings , scoring a total of 95 runs . India lost the series and his average of 15.83 was his worst in a Test series with at least three matches . Return to form and breaking Brian Lara 's record In the following ODI series against Sri Lanka , Tendulkar was sidelined due to injury . However , during the following Australia tour of India , he returned to fitness and form , scoring 13 and 49 in the first Test before making 88 in the first innings of the second Test , breaking the record for most number of Test runs held by Brian Lara . He also reached the 12,000 run mark when he was on 61 . He described the achievement as the biggest in 19 years of his career on the day he achieved the record . He made a fifty in the third Test and 109 in the fourth , as India won the series 2 -- 0 and regained the Border - Gavaskar Trophy . ODI and Test series against England Tendulkar was again out of the first three ODIs of a seven - match ODI series at home against England due to an injury , but he made 11 in the fourth ODI and 50 in the fifth , before the series was called off due to the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks , the scoreline being 5 -- 0 to India . England returned for a two - match Test series in December 2008 , and the first Test , which was originally planned to be held in Mumbai , was shifted to Chennai following the terror attacks . Chasing 387 for victory in that match , Tendulkar scored 103 not out and shared a 163 - run unbroken fifth wicket partnership with Yuvraj Singh . This was his third century in the fourth innings of a Test match , and the first which resulted in a win . He dedicated this century to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks . Tendulkar scored poorly in the second Test at Mohali , which ended in a draw . India won the series 1 -- 0 . 2009 -- 2010 See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs In early 2009 , India revisited Sri Lanka for five ODIs , as the Pakistan series had been cancelled due to the security situation in Pakistan and the attacks in Mumbai . Tendulkar scored 5 , 6 and 7 in the first three matches , being dismissed leg before wicket in all of them , and did not play in the remaining two matches . India 's next assignment was an away series against New Zealand , consisting of three Tests and five ODIs . In the ODI series , Tendulkar made an unbeaten 163 in the third match before stomach cramps forced him to end his innings . India made 392 , won the match and eventually won the series 3 -- 1 . Tendulkar made 160 in the first Test , his 42nd Test century , and India won . He made 49 and 64 in the second Test and 62 and 9 in the third , in which play was halted on the last day due to rain with India needing only two wickets to win . India won the series 1 -- 0 . Tendulkar rested himself for the ODI tour of West Indies , but was back for the Compaq Cup Tri Series between India , Sri Lanka and New Zealand in early September 2009 . He made 46 and 27 in the league matches before notching up 138 in the final , as India made 319 and won by 46 runs . This was Tendulkar 's sixth century in a final of an ODI tournament and his third consecutive score of over 50 in such finals . Tendulkar played only one innings in the ICC Champions trophy in South Africa , scoring 8 against Pakistan as India lost . The next match against Australia was abandoned due to rain and he was out with a stomach infection in the third match against the West Indies , as India were eliminated . Australia returned for a seven - match ODI series in India in October , and Tendulkar made 14 , 4 , 32 and 40 in the first four games . In the fifth match , with the series tied at 2 -- 2 , Australia amassed 350 / 4 in 50 overs . Tendulkar made his 45th ODI hundred , a 175 off 141 balls . Just when it seemed that he would steer India to the large victory target , he tried to scoop a slower delivery from debutant bowler Clint McKay over short fine leg only to be caught by Nathan Hauritz , with India needing 19 runs to win with 18 balls and four wickets left . The Indian tail collapsed , and Australia won the match by three runs . During this match , Tendulkar also became the first player to reach 17,000 ODI runs , and achieved his personal best against Australia , as well as the third highest score in a defeat . In the five - match ODI series against Sri Lanka in 2009 -- 10 , Tendulkar scored 69 , 43 , 96 not out and 8 in the first four matches , with the fifth match being abandoned as the pitch was deemed unfit and potentially dangerous . India won the series 3 -- 1 . In the Test series that followed , he scored a 100 not out in the first Test , which was drawn , and 40 and 53 in the second and third Tests respectively as India clinched innings victories in both the Tests , to win the series 2 -- 0 . Sachin rested himself for the ODI tri-series in Bangladesh in 2010 , but played in the subsequent Test series . He made 105 not out and 16 in the first Test , and 143 in the second . India won both the Tests . In the two - Test Series against South Africa , Tendulkar made 7 and 100 in the first Test . He then scored 106 in the first innings of the second Test , which was his 47th hundred in Test cricket . It was also his fourth hundred in successive Tests , and he was the fourth Indian to achieve this feat . In the second match of the subsequent ODI series , Tendulkar scored 200 not out , becoming the world 's first batsman to score a double century in ODI cricket and breaking the previous highest score of 194 jointly held by Pakistan 's Saeed Anwar and Zimbabwe 's Charles Coventry . Tendulkar 's shot to reach 14,000 Test runs . He was batting against Australia in October 2010 . 2011 World Cup and after From February to April , Bangladesh , India , and Sri Lanka hosted the 2011 World Cup . Amassing 482 runs at an average of 53.55 including two centuries , Tendulkar was India 's leading run - scorer for the tournament ; only Tillakaratne Dilshan of Sri Lanka scored more runs in the 2011 tournament . India defeated Sri Lanka in the final . Shortly after the victory , Tendulkar commented that `` Winning the World Cup is the proudest moment of my life ... I could n't control my tears of joy . '' Tendulkar 's results in international matches Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Test 200 72 56 72 0 -- ODI 463 234 200 -- 5 24 T20I -- -- -- -- India were due to tour the West Indies in June , although Tendulkar chose not to participate . He returned to the squad in July for India 's tour of England . Throughout the tour there was much hype in the media about whether Tendulkar would reach his 100th century in international cricket ( Test and ODIs combined ) . However his highest score in the Tests was 91 ; Tendulkar averaged 34.12 in the series as England won 4 -- 0 as they deposed India as the No. 1 ranked Test side . The injury Tendulkar sustained to his right foot in 2001 flared up and as a result he was ruled out of the ODI series that followed . Tendulkar created another record on 8 November 2011 when he became the first cricketer to score 15,000 runs in Test cricket , during the opening Test match against the West Indies at the Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium in New Delhi . Ian Chappell was not happy with Sachin 's performance after India 's tour of Australia . He says that Sachin 's quest for his 100th hundred has proved to be a hurdle for the entire team and has hampered their performance on the Tour of Australia . Former India World Cup winning captain and all - rounder Kapil Dev has also voiced his opinion that Sachin should have retired from ODI 's after the World Cup . Former Australian fast bowler , Geoff Lawson , has said that Sachin has the right to decide when to quit although he adds that Tendulkar should not delay it for too long . The selection committee of BCCI expectedly included Sachin in the national Test squad for the upcoming series against New Zealand commencing in August 2012 . 100th international century Tendulkar scored his 100th international hundred on 16 March 2012 , at Mirpur against Bangladesh in the Asia Cup . He became the first person in history to achieve this feat , which was also his first ODI hundred against Bangladesh . He said `` It 's been a tough phase for me ... I was not thinking about the milestone , the media started all this , wherever I went , the restaurant , room service , everyone was talking about the 100th hundred . Nobody talked about my 99 hundreds . It became mentally tough for me because nobody talked about my 99 hundreds . '' Despite Tendulkar 's century , India failed to win the match against Bangladesh , losing by 5 wickets . Return to Ranji Trophy After being bowled out in three similar instances against New Zealand and hitting a slump in form , Tendulkar returned to the Ranji Trophy to get back some form ahead of the England Series at home , in a match for Mumbai against Railways on 2 November 2012 . This was his first Ranji Trophy match since 2009 . He scored 137 off 136 balls , with 21 fours and 3 sixes , to take his team to 344 for 4 at stumps on day one . However , because of a poor form in the first two Tests in the series against England , and India being humiliated in the second match of that series by 10 wickets on 26 November 2012 , some people have started to question his place in the Indian team . A report by The Hindustan Times said that Tendulkar had a discussion with the national chief selector Sandeep Patil , in which he said that he would leave it to the selectors to decide on his future as he is not getting any runs . This speculation , however , was later considered to be false . Then he decided to play in the knockout stage of the 2012 - 13 Ranji Trophy . He scored 108 in the quarter final against Baroda before being bowled by Murtuja Vahora , where Sachin was involved in a 234 - run partnership with opener Wasim Jaffer ( 150 ) for the 3rd wicket at Wankhede Stadium . Mumbai eventually piled on 645 / 9 and won on 1st innings lead . In the semi final against Services at Palam A Ground , with Mumbai reeling at 23 / 3 , Sachin scored 56 from 75 balls and had an 81 - run 4th wicket partnership with Abhishek Nayar ( 70 ) , and Mumbai eventually won on 1st innings lead after the match went into the sixth day due to rain delays . In the final against Saurashtra , he was run out for 22 following a misunderstanding with Wasim Jaffer . Mumbai eventually won the Ranji Trophy 2012 -- 13 . He also played in the Irani Trophy for Mumbai , where he scored 140 * against Rest of India and helped Mumbai to score 409 in reply to Rest of India 's 526 . This was also his 81st hundred in first - class cricket , equalling Sunil Gavaskar 's Indian record for most first - class hundreds . Retirement Sachin fielding at 199th Test match in Eden Gardens ( he is seen wearing a hat ) For more details on 200th and final Test match , see West Indian cricket team in India in 2013 -- 14 . Following poor performance in the 2012 series against England , Tendulkar announced his retirement from One Day Internationals on 23 December 2012 , while noting that he will be available for Test cricket . In response to the news , former India captain Sourav Ganguly noted that Tendulkar could have played the up - coming series against Pakistan , while Anil Kumble said it would be `` tough to see an Indian ( ODI ) team list without Tendulkar 's name in it '' , and Javagal Srinath mentioned that Tendulkar `` changed the way ODIs were played right from the time he opened in New Zealand in 1994 '' . After playing a Twenty20 International in 2006 against South Africa , he said that he would not play the format again . He announced his retirement from the IPL after his team , Mumbai Indians , beat Chennai Super Kings by 23 runs at the Eden Gardens in Kolkata on 26 May to win the Indian Premier League 2013 . He retired from Twenty20 cricket and limited - overs cricket , after playing the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 in September -- October 2013 in India for Mumbai Indians . On 10 October 2013 Tendulkar announced that he would retire from all cricket after the two - Test series against West Indies in November . On his request , the BCCI arranged that the two matches were played at Kolkata and Mumbai so that the farewell happened at his home ground . He scored 74 runs in his last Test innings against West Indies , thus failing short by 79 runs to complete 16,000 runs in Test cricket . The Cricket Association of Bengal and the Mumbai Cricket Association organised events to mark his retirement from the sport . Various national and international figures from cricket , politics , Bollywood and other fields spoke about him in a day - long Salaam Sachin Conclave organised by India Today . In July 2014 , he captained the MCC side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord 's . In December 2014 , he was announced ambassador of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 event . It is his second term as he has already held the ambassador of the previous ICC Cricket world cup 2011 . So he is heading the ambassador position of the ICC Cricket world cup in consecutive terms of the cricket world cup ( 2011 and 2015 ) . Indian Premier League and Champions League IPL Batting Statics of Sachin Tendulkar Season Team Match Inning Run HS Ave SR 100 50 Four Six 2008 Mumbai Indians 7 7 188 65 31.33 106.21 0 26 2009 13 13 364 68 33.09 120.13 0 39 10 15 15 618 89 47.54 132.62 0 5 86 2011 16 16 553 100 42.54 113.32 67 5 2012 13 13 324 74 29.45 114.49 0 39 2013 14 14 287 54 22.08 124.24 0 38 5 Total 78 78 2334 100 34.84 119.82 13 295 29 Tendulkar 's record in Twenty20 matches Matches Runs HS 100s 50s Avg . T20I 10 10 0 0 10.00 IPL 78 2334 100 * 13 34.83 CLT20 13 265 69 0 20.38 Tendulkar was made the icon player and captain for his home side , the Mumbai Indians in the inaugural Indian Premier League Twenty20 competition in 2008 . As an icon player , he was signed for a sum of US $1,121,250 , 15 % more than the second - highest paid player in the team , Sanath Jayasuriya . In 2010 edition of Indian Premier League , Mumbai Indians reached the final of the tournament . Tendulkar made 618 runs in 14 innings during the tournament , breaking Shaun Marsh 's record of most runs in an IPL season . He was declared player of the tournament for his performance during the season . He also won Best Batsman and Best Captain awards at 2010 IPL Awards ceremony . Sachin has scored more than 500 runs in IPL in two different seasons as a captain . Sachin Tendulkar captained Mumbai Indians in 4 league matches of second edition of the league . He scored 68 in the first match and 48 against Guyana . But Mumbai Indians failed to qualify for semifinals after losing the initial two matches . Tendulkar scored 135 runs . In the 2011 IPL , against Kochi Tuskers Kerala , Tendulkar scored his maiden Twenty20 hundred . He scored 100 not out off 66 balls . In 51 matches in the IPL Tendulkar has scored 1,723 runs , making him the second - highest run - scorer in the competition 's history . In 2013 , Sachin retired from Indian Premier League and currently in 2014 he is appointed as the Mumbai Indian Team 's ' Icon ' . Playing style Tendulkar plays a wristy leg - side flick Tendulkar is cross-dominant : he bats , bowls and throws with his right hand , but writes with his left hand . He also practices left - handed throws at the nets on a regular basis . Cricinfo columnist Sambit Bal has described him as the `` most wholesome batsman of his time '' . His batting is based on complete balance and poise while limiting unnecessary movements and flourishes . He appears to show little preference for the slow and low wickets which are typical in India , and has scored many centuries on the hard , bouncy pitches in South Africa and Australia . He is known for his unique punch style of hitting the ball over square . He is also renowned for his picture - perfect straight drive , often completed with no follow - through . The straight drive is often said to be his favourite shot . In 2008 , Sunil Gavaskar , in an article he wrote in the AFP , remarked that `` it is hard to imagine any player in the history of the game who combines classical technique with raw aggression like the little champion does '' . Sir Donald Bradman , considered by many as the greatest batsman of all time , considered Tendulkar to have a batting style similar to his . In his biography , it is stated that `` Bradman was most taken by Tendulkar 's technique , compactness and shot production , and had asked his wife to have a look at Tendulkar , having felt that Tendulkar played like him . Bradman 's wife , Jessie , agreed that they did appear similar . '' Tendulkar at the crease , getting ready to face a delivery Former Australian cricket team coach John Buchanan voiced his opinion that Tendulkar had become susceptible to the short ball early in his innings because of a lack of footwork. Buchanan also believes Tendulkar has a weakness while playing left - arm pace . He was affected by a series of injuries since 2004 . Since then Tendulkar 's batting has tended to be less attacking . Explaining this change in his batting style , he has acknowledged that he is batting differently because , firstly , no batsman can bat the same way for the entire length of a long career and , secondly , he is a senior member of the team now and thus has more responsibility . During the early part of his career , he was a more attacking batsman and frequently scored centuries at close to a run a ball . Ian Chappell , former Australian player , remarked in 2007 that `` Tendulkar now , is nothing like the player he was when he was a young bloke '' . Tendulkar has incorporated several modern and unorthodox strokes into his repertoire , including the paddle sweep , the scoop over short fine leg and the slash to third man over the slips ' heads , over the last seven or eight years . He is often praised for his ability to adapt to the needs of his body and yet keep scoring consistently . Tendulkar has taken 201 wickets across all three formats of the international game . While Tendulkar is not a regular bowler , he can bowl medium pace , leg spin , and off spin . He often bowls when two batsmen of the opposite team have been batting together for a long period , as he can often be a useful partnership breaker . With his bowling , he has helped secure an Indian victory on more than one occasion . He has taken 201 international wickets -- 46 in Tests , 154 in ODIs where he is India 's tenth highest wicket taker , and one wicket in Twenty20 Internationals . Fan following Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary , a fan of Tendulkar who earned the privilege of tickets to all of India 's home games Tendulkar 's consistent performances earned him a fan following across the globe , including amongst Australian crowds , where Tendulkar has consistently scored centuries . One of the most popular sayings by his fans is `` Cricket is my religion and Sachin is my God '' . Cricinfo mentions in his profile that `` ... Tendulkar remains , by a distance , the most worshipped cricketer in the world . '' During the Australian tour of India in 1998 Matthew Hayden said `` I have seen God . He bats at no . 4 in India in Tests . '' However , on God , Tendulkar himself is reported to have said `` I am not God of cricket . I make mistakes , God does n't . '' Tendulkar made a special appearance in the Bollywood film Stumped in 2003 , appearing as himself . There have been many instances when Tendulkar 's fans have undertaken extreme activities over his dismissal in the game . As reported by many Indian newspapers , a person hanged himself due to distress over Tendulkar 's failure to reach his 100th century . At home in Mumbai , Tendulkar 's fan following has caused him to lead a different lifestyle . Ian Chappell has said that he would be unable to cope with the lifestyle Tendulkar was forced to lead , having to `` wear a wig and go out and watch a movie only at night '' . In an interview with Tim Sheridan , Tendulkar admitted that he sometimes went for quiet drives in the streets of Mumbai late at night when he would be able to enjoy some peace and silence . Tendulkar has a presence in the popular social networking site Twitter with the user name sachin_rt , since May 2010 . Achievements and Awards Main articles : Achievements of Sachin Tendulkar and List of ODI Awards for Sachin Tendulkar See also : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) Tendulkar 's Wax Statue in Madame Tussauds , London Centuries against different nations Test ODI Australia 11 9 Sri Lanka 9 8 South Africa 7 5 England 7 New Zealand 5 West Indies Zimbabwe 5 Pakistan 5 Bangladesh 5 Kenya NA Namibia NA Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run scorer in Tests , with 15,921 runs , as well as in One - Day Internationals , with 18,426 runs . He is the only player to score more than 30,000 runs in all forms of international cricket ( Tests , ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals ) . He is the 16th player and the first Indian to score 50,000 runs in all forms of domestic and international recognised cricket ( First - class , List A and Twenty20 ) . He achieved this feat on 5 October 2013 , during a Champions League Twenty20 match for his IPL team Mumbai Indians against Trinidad and Tobago . He also holds the record of the highest number of centuries in both Tests ( 51 ) and ODIs ( 49 ) as well as in Tests and ODIs combined ( 100 ) . On 16 March 2012 , Tendulkar scored his 100th international hundred . It came against Bangladesh in the league matches of Asia Cup 2012 . He is also the only player to score fifty centuries in Test cricket , and the first to score fifty centuries in all international cricket combined . He also holds the world record for playing the highest number of Test matches ( 200 ) and ODI matches ( 463 ) . Tendulkar has been part of most wins by an Indian in both Test cricket with 72 wins and ODIs with 234 wins and is third in the world in ODI victories after Ricky Ponting ( 262 wins ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( 241 wins ) . Tendulkar has scored over 1000 runs in a calendar year in ODIs 7 times , and in 1998 he scored 1,894 runs , the record for the highest number of runs scored by any player in a single calendar year for One - Day Internationals . He is the first male cricketer to score a double - century in one - day cricket . He has been Man of the Match 13 times in Test matches and Man of the Series four times , out of them twice in the Border - Gavaskar Trophy against Australia . The performances earned him respect from Australian cricket fans and players . Similarly he has been Man of the Match 62 times in One day International matches and Man of the Series 15 times . He became the first batsman to score 12,000 , 13,000 , 14,000 and 15,000 runs in Test cricket , having also been the third batsman and the first Indian to pass 11,000 runs in that form of the game . He was also the first player to score 10,000 runs in one - day internationals , and also the first player to cross every subsequent 1000 - run mark that has been crossed in ODI cricket history . In the fourth Test of the 2008 -- 09 Border - Gavaskar Trophy against Australia at Nagpur on 6 November 2008 , Tendulkar surpassed Australia 's Allan Border to become the player to cross the 50 - run mark the most number of times in Test cricket history , and also the second ever player to score 11 Test centuries against Australia , tying with Sir Jack Hobbs of England more than 70 years previously . On 8 November 2011 , Tendulkar became the first batsman to score 15,000 runs in Test Cricket . Tendulkar has consistently done well in Cricket World Cups . He was the highest run scorer of the 1996 Cricket World Cup with a total of 523 runs and also of the 2003 Cricket World Cup with 673 runs . After his century against England during group stages of 2011 Cricket World Cup , he became the player to hit most number of centuries in Cricket World Cups with six centuries and the first player to score 2000 runs in World Cup cricket . An innings - by - innings breakdown of Tendulkar 's Test match batting career showing runs scored ( red and green bars ) and the average of the last ten innings ( blue line ) National honours 1994 -- Arjuna Award , by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports . 1997 -- 98 -- Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , India 's highest honour given for achievement in sports . 1999 -- Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian award . 2001 -- Maharashtra Bhushan Award , Maharashtra State 's highest Civilian Award . 2008 -- Padma Vibhushan , India 's second highest civilian award . 2014 -- Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian award . Other honours 1997 -- Wisden Cricketer of the Year . 2002 -- In commemorating Tendulkar 's feat of equalling Don Bradman 's 29 centuries in Test Cricket , automotive company Ferrari invited him to its paddock in Silverstone on the eve of the British Grand Prix on 23 July , to receive a Ferrari 360 Modena from the F1 world champion Michael Schumacher . 2003 -- Player of the tournament in 2003 Cricket World Cup . 2004 , 2007 , 2010 -- ICC World ODI XI . 2009 , 2010 , 2011 -- ICC World Test XI . 2010 -- Outstanding Achievement in Sport and the Peoples Choice Award at The Asian Awards in London . 1998 , 2010 -- Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World . 2010 -- ICC Award - Sir Garfield Sobers trophy for cricketer of the year . 2010 -- LG People 's Choice Award . 2010 -- Made an Honorary group captain by the Indian Air Force . 2011 -- BCCI Cricketer of the Year award . 2011 -- Castrol Indian Cricketer of the Year award . 2012 -- Wisden India Outstanding Achievement award . 2012 -- Honorary Life Membership of Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) 2012 -- Honorary Member of the Order of Australia , given by the Australian government . 2013 -- Indian Postal Service released a stamp of Tendulkar and he became the second Indian after Mother Teresa to have such stamp released in their lifetime . 2017 -- The Asian Awards Fellowship Award at the 7th Asian Awards . Personal life Family On 24 May 1995 , Tendulkar married Anjali Mehta ( b . 1967 ) , a paediatrician , whom he had first met in 1990 . They have a daughter and a son , Arjun , whose skills in cricket as a teenager have been receiving attention . Beliefs Tendulkar is a practising Hindu . He is a devotee of the deity Ganesha and was a disciple of the guru Sathya Sai Baba of Puttaparthi , whom he visited on several occasions . In 1997 , Tendulkar captained the Indian National side , playing against a World Eleven team , in the Unity Cup which was held at the Sri Sathya Sai Hill View Stadium in Puttaparthi , in Baba 's presence . The death of Sai Baba on Tendulkar 's 38th birthday caused him to cancel his celebrations . The cricketer is also known to celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi at home and frequently visits temples during night when it is calm and quiet . Business interests Tendulkar 's popularity has led him to be a pioneer in India on cricket business dealings when he signed a record sports management deal with WorldTel in 1995 , the value of the deal being ₹ 30 crore ( US $4.7 million ) over five years . His next contract with WorldTel in 2001 was valued at ₹ 80 crore ( US $12 million ) over five years . In 2006 , he signed a contract with Saatchi and Saatchi 's ICONIX valued at ₹ 180 crore ( US $28 million ) over three years . Tendulkar has opened two restaurants : Tendulkar 's ( Colaba , Mumbai ) and Sachin 's ( Mulund , Mumbai ) and Bangalore . Sachin owns these restaurants in partnership with Sanjay Narang of Mars Restaurants . Tendulkar co-owns the Kochi ISL team in the Indian Super League Football in association with PVP Ventures owned by Prasad V Potluri . The team has been named as Kerala Blasters after his nickname `` Master Blaster '' . He also jointly owns the badminton team Bengaluru Blasters which participates in the Premier Badminton League . In 2013 , Tendulkar was listed at 51st position in Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , with his total earnings estimated to be USD 22 million . In October 2013 , the net worth of Tendulkar was estimated at USD 160 million by Wealth X , making him India 's wealthiest cricket player . Commercial endorsements Sachin Tendulkar has been sponsored by several brands throughout his career including Boost ( 1990 -- present ) , Pepsi ( 1992 -- 2009 ) , Action Shoes ( 1995 -- 2000 ) , MRF ( 1999 -- 2009 ) , Adidas ( 2000 -- 10 ) , Britannia ( 2001 -- 07 ) , Fiat Palio ( 2001 -- 03 ) , TVS ( 2002 -- 05 ) , ESPN Star Sports ( 2002 -- present ) , Sunfeast ( 2007 -- 13 ) , Canon ( 2006 -- 09 ) , Airtel ( 2004 -- 06 ) , Reynolds ( 2007 -- present ) , G - Hanz ( 2005 -- 07 ) , Sanyo BPL ( 2007 -- present ) , Toshiba ( 2010 -- present ) , Colgate - Palmolive , Philips , VISA , Castrol India ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Ujala Techno Bright , Coca - Cola ( 2011 -- 13 ) and Musafir.com ( 2013 -- present ) . He has also been a spokesperson for National Egg Coordination Committee ( 2003 -- 05 ) , AIDS Awareness Campaign ( 2005 ) and Luminous India ( 2010 -- present ) . Rajya Sabha nomination In April 2012 , Tendulkar accepted the Rajya Sabha nomination proposed by the President of India and became the first active sportsperson and cricketer to have been nominated . Former cricketers Sanjay Manjrekar , Ajit Wadekar , Madan Lal expressed their surprise over this move . He took the oath of office on 4 June . He refused to take the bungalow allotted to him in New Delhi calling it `` waste of tax payer 's money '' as he resides in Mumbai . He met with some controversy over his attendance in Rajya Sabha proceedings . Tendulkar has also been accused of not using development fund Rajya sabha members receive . Philanthropy Tendulkar sponsors 200 underprivileged children every year through Apnalaya , a Mumbai - based NGO associated with his mother - in - law , Annabel Mehta . A request from Sachin on Twitter raised ₹ 1.02 crore ( US $160,000 ) through Sachin 's crusade against cancer for the Crusade against Cancer foundation . Sachin Tendulkar spent nine hours on the 12 - hour Coca - Cola - NDTV Support My School telethon on 18 September 2011 that helped raise ₹ 7 crore -- ₹ 2 crore more than the target -- for the creation of basic facilities , particularly toilets for girl students , in 140 government schools across the country . Autobiography Sachin Tendulkar 's autobiography , Playing It My Way , was released on 6 November 2014 . It was listed in the 2016 Limca Book of Records for breaking the record for adult hardback pre-publication orders , with 1 , 50,289 copies confirmed . Biographies Books Sachin Tendulkar has been the subject of various books . The following is the listing of books focused on Tendulkar 's career : Sachin : The Story of the World 's Greatest Batsman by Gulu Ezekiel . Publisher : Penguin Global . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 302854 - 3 Sachin Tendulkar Opus The A to Z of Sachin Tendulkar by Gulu Ezekiel . Publisher : Penguin Global . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7476 - 530 - 7 Sachin Tendulkar - a definitive biography by Vaibhav Purandare . Publisher : Roli Books . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 360 - 2 Sachin Tendulkar -- Masterful by Peter Murray , Ashish Shukla . Publisher : Rupa . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 If Cricket is a Religion , Sachin is God by Vijay Santhanam , Shyam Balasubramanian . Publisher : HarperCollins India ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 821 - 6 Master Stroke : 100 Centuries of Sachin Tendulkar by Neelima Athalye . Publisher : Sakal Publications . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80571 - 84 - 3 Dhruvtara , a book on cricket maestro Sachin Tendulkar , was launched as an audio book on Monday , 15 October 2012 to mark White Cane Day . Sachin ke sau shatak by Dharmender Panth , a book on Tendulkar 's 100 centuries written in Hindi . ISBN 9788123765242 Sachin Tendulkar : Masterful by Peter Murray , Ashish Shukla . Publisher : Murray Advertising . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 Playing It My Way -- an autobiography . ISBN 978 - 14 - 736 - 0520 - 6 Sachin : A Hundred Hundreds Now by V. Krishnaswamy Films Sachin : A Billion Dreams , an Indian film directed by James Erskine is based on the life of Tendulkar where Tendulkar played his character himself . See also The Greatest Indian Achievements of Sachin Tendulkar Collection of quotations related to Sachin Tendulkar Indian national cricket captains List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar List of ODI awards for Sachin Tendulkar List of One Day International cricket records Politics and sports Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary Cricket portal India portal Notes Jump up ^ Craig White , although born in Yorkshire was the first player to be signed as an overseas player by Yorkshire . He had to be listed as an overseas player as he had already played for Victoria in Australia . Jump up ^ Belinda Clark of the Australian women 's cricket team was the first cricketer ( of any gender ) to score 200 or more in an ODI match . She scored 229 * in a 1997 Women 's Cricket World Cup match against Denmark . References ^ Jump up to : Bal , Sambit . `` Sachin Tendulkar -- Cricinfo Profile '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar : How the Boy Wonder became Master Blaster '' . NDTV. 6 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Gaura ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` Top guns salute Master Blaster Sachin Tendulkar '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar is greatest cricketer in history -- Brian Lara '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . `` Is Sachin Tendulkar the greatest batsman of all time ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Prabhakar , Binoy ( 1 April 2012 ) . `` No new endorsement after century of centuries ; is Sachin Tendulkar 's brand aura on the wane ? '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi celebrates Sachin at 29 '' . Business Line . 25 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Don and the New Master '' . India Today . 7 September 1998 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tendulkar Closes MRF Innings after Decade at Crease '' . 18 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin to bat for Britannia '' . The Financial Express . 2 November 2001 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2001 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Dev ( 30 August 2003 ) . `` Sachin 's Fiat tie - up may end soon '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVS signs Sachin as brand ambassador '' . Business Line . 16 February 2002 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin to bat for ESPN - Star Sports '' . The Indian Express . India . 7 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ITC signs Sachin Tendulkar as co-creator '' . The Economic Times . 14 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canon clicks Sachin as brand ambassador '' . Business Line . 7 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Airtel drops Tendulkar as brand ambassador '' . The Indian Express . India . 3 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2007 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Clark and Reynolds extend contracts '' . Sport Gnome. 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` G - Hanz unveils ' safe ' mobiles '' . The Indian Express . India . 24 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Badrinath , Raghuvir ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Sachin to bat for Sanyo - BPL '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar is the new face of Toshiba '' . Business Standard . 1 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sachin Tendulkar makes money faster than runs '' . The Indian Express . 19 May 1999 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin to Bat for Castrol '' . Castrol India . Archived from the original on 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ujala Techno Bright '' . Jyothy Laboratories . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coke ropes in Sachin as its ' happiness ambassador ' '' . The Economic Times . 24 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Our Bureau . `` Musafir.com to invest Rs 100 crore in India '' . Business Line . Archived from the original on 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hatching a new game plan '' . Business Line . 2 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin & BCCI to spread AIDS Awareness message '' . Thatscricket. 22 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Luminous Signs the legend Sachin Tendulkar as Brand Ambassador '' . Technics Today . 3 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar accepts Congress 's Rajya Sabha nomination offer : reports '' . India : CNN - IBN . Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Tagore , Vijay ( 28 April 2012 ) . `` Sachin Tendulkar in Parliament : House that ? '' . DNA India . Archived from the original on 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not everyone game for Sachin in Rajya Sabha '' . Hindustan Times . New Delhi . 28 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar sworn in as Rajya Sabha MP '' . The Times of India . 4 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar turns down government quarter '' . DNA Media , Mumbai . Archived from the original on 13 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar yet to attend parliament this year '' . The Times of India . 7 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar , Rekha spent nothing from MP development fund '' . The Times of India . 24 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin sponsors 200 children '' . thatscricket.com . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin sponsors 200 children of apnalaya '' . Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar raises Rs 10 Million for Cancer Charity '' . Breakingnewsonline.net. 29 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin 's social responsibility -- Behindindia.com -- General News -- Sachin Tendulkar Apnalaya '' . behindindia.com . Archived from the original on 9 August 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Humble Sachin Tendulkar helps telethon raise Rs 7 crore for schools -- Sport -- DNA '' . Daily News and Analysis . 19 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bestselling adult hardback on release ( orders on first day of publication ) '' . Limca Book of Records . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Book : Sachin : The Story of the World 's Greatest Batsman . ISBN 0143028545 . Jump up ^ `` One Sachin Tendulkar Opus to cost $350,000 : Cricket , News '' . India Today . 5 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man of letters '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Willow talk '' . The Telegraph . Kolkota , India . 12 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar -- Masterful '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Book : If Cricket is a Religion , Sachin is God . ISBN 8172238215 . Jump up ^ `` Book : Master Stroke : 100 Centuries of Sachin Tendulkar '' . Archived from the original on 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Express '' . Jump up ^ `` Sachin ke sau shatak '' . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Peter ; Shukla , Ashish ( 2002 ) . Sachin Tendulkar : Masterful . Murray Advertising . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's ' Playing It My Way ' autobiography to release on November 6 '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar to launch his autobiography `` Playing It My Way '' on November 6 `` . Zee News . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's autobiography releasing on Nov 6 '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Prateek ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` ' Sachin : A Hundred Hundreds Now ' is a potpourri '' . IBN Live . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's movie teaser on April 14th '' . The Indian Express . 11 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sachin Tendulkar . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sachin Tendulkar Sachin Tendulkar at ESPNcricinfo Sachin Tendulkar at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) Sachin Tendulkar at Wisden India Sachin Tendulkar on Facebook ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Anil Kumble Indian Awardees of Wisden Cricketer of the Year Succeeded by Rahul Dravid Sachin Tendulkar Awards Achievements ODI Awards Related Centuries Quotations Biographies Playing It My Way Sachin : A Billion Dreams India Test cricket captains 1932 -- 1933 / 34 : Nayudu 1936 : Vizianagaram 1946 : Pataudi , Sr . 1947 / 48 -- 1952 / 53 : Amarnath 1951 / 52 -- 1952 / 53 : Hazare 1954 / 55 ; 1958 / 59 : Mankad 1955 / 56 ; 1958 / 59 : Ahmed 1955 / 56 -- 1956 / 57 ; 1958 / 59 : Umrigar 1958 / 59 : Adhikari 1959 : Gaekwad 1959 : Roy 1959 / 60 : Ramchand 1960 / 61 -- 1961 / 62 ; 1961 / 62 : Contractor 1961 / 62 -- 1974 / 75 : Pataudi , Jr . 1967 / 68 : Borde 1970 / 71 -- 1974 : Wadekar 1974 / 75 ; 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 ; 1978 / 79 -- 1984 / 85 : Gavaskar 1975 / 75 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1979 / 80 ; 1979 / 80 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1986 / 87 : Kapil Dev 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1987 / 88 : Shastri 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1998 / 99 : Azhar 1996 / 97 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 2000 / 01 -- 2005 / 06 : Ganguly 2003 / 04 ; 2004 / 05 ; 2005 / 06 -- 2007 : Dravid 2005 / 06 ; 2009 ; 2010 ; 2012 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2008 : Kumble 2008 -- 2014 : Dhoni 2014 / 15 ; 2015 -- : Kohli 2016 / 17 : Rahane Italics denote deputised captaincy India ODI cricket captains 1974 : Wadekar 1975 -- 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1980 / 81 -- 1985 / 86 : Gavaskar 1980 / 81 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1992 / 93 : Kapil Dev 1983 / 84 : Kirmani 1984 / 85 : Amarnath 1986 / 87 -- 1991 / 92 : Shastri 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1999 : Azharuddin 1996 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 1997 / 98 -- 1999 / 00 : Jadeja 1999 -- 2005 : Ganguly 2000 / 01 -- 2007 : Dravid 2001 / 02 : Kumble 2003 -- 2011 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2016 : Dhoni 2010 -- 2014 : Raina 2011 : Gambhir 2013 -- present : Kohli 2015 : Rahane Awards and Achievements ICC Player of the Year Player of the Year 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis / Flintoff 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Ponting 2008 : Chanderpaul 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Tendulkar 2011 : Trott 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin Test 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Yousuf 2008 : Steyn 2009 : Gambhir 2010 : Sehwag 2011 : Cook 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin One Day International 2004 : Flintoff 2005 : Pietersen 2006 : Hussey 2007 : Hayden 2008 : Dhoni 2009 : Dhoni 2010 : de Villiers 2011 : Sangakkara 2012 : Kohli 2013 : Sangakkara 2014 : de Villiers 2015 : de Villiers 2016 : de Kock Wisden All - Time World Test XI 1 . Jack Hobbs 2 . W.G. Grace 3 . Don Bradman ( c ) 4 . Sachin Tendulkar 5 . Viv Richards 6 . Garry Sobers 7 . Alan Knott ( wk ) 8 . Wasim Akram 9 . Shane Warne 10 . Malcolm Marshall 11 . Sydney Barnes Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao V.K.R.V. 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Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I.G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K.R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C.R. Rao C.N.R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Udupi Ramachandra Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M.R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M.S. Swaminathan Social Work Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U.N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta Sports Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Sachin Tendulkar Trade and Industry Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal N.R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 92 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 93 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 94 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 95 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 96 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 98 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 99 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) Indian cricketers who have played 100 or more Test matches Sachin Tendulkar ( 200 ) Rahul Dravid ( 163 ) VVS Laxman ( 134 ) Anil Kumble ( 132 ) Kapil Dev ( 131 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 125 ) Dilip Vengsarkar ( 119 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 113 ) Virender Sehwag ( 103 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 103 ) Note . Dravid & Sehwag played 1 Test match for ICC World Test XI , which is not included above . Batsmen with a Test batting average above 50 Australia Don Bradman ( 99.94 ) Adam Voges ( 61.87 ) Steve Smith ( 59.66 ) Greg Chappell ( 53.86 ) Ricky Ponting ( 51.85 ) Jack Ryder ( 51.62 ) Michael Hussey ( 51.52 ) Steve Waugh ( 51.06 ) Matthew Hayden ( 50.73 ) Allan Border ( 50.56 ) England Herbert Sutcliffe ( 60.73 ) Eddie Paynter ( 59.23 ) Ken Barrington ( 58.67 ) Wally Hammond ( 58.45 ) Jack Hobbs ( 56.94 ) Len Hutton ( 56.67 ) Ernest Tyldesley ( 55.00 ) Joe Root ( 53.76 ) Denis Compton ( 50.06 ) India Vinod Kambli ( 54.20 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 53.78 ) Cheteshwar Pujara ( 52.65 ) Rahul Dravid ( 52.31 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 51.12 ) New Zealand Kane Williamson ( 51.16 ) Pakistan Javed Miandad ( 52.57 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 52.29 ) Younis Khan ( 52.05 ) South Africa Graeme Pollock ( 60.97 ) Jacques Kallis ( 55.37 ) Dudley Nourse ( 53.81 ) AB de Villiers ( 50.46 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 57.40 ) West Indies George Headley ( 60.83 ) Everton Weekes ( 58.61 ) Garfield Sobers ( 57.78 ) Clyde Walcott ( 56.68 ) Charlie Davis ( 54.20 ) Brian Lara ( 52.88 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 51.37 ) Viv Richards ( 50.23 ) Zimbabwe Andy Flower ( 51.54 ) Minimum 20 innings . Currently active players are listed in italics . Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,378 ) Allan Border ( 11,174 ) Steve Waugh ( 10,927 ) England Alastair Cook ( 11,629 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 15,921 ) Rahul Dravid ( 13,288 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 10,122 ) Pakistan Younis Khan ( 10,099 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 13,289 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 12,400 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 11,814 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 11,953 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 11,867 ) Current players are listed in italics . Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in ODI cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,704 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 18,426 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 11,363 ) Rahul Dravid ( 10,889 ) Pakistan Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 11,739 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 11,579 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 14,234 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 13,430 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 12,650 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 10,290 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 10,405 ) Current players are listed in italics . ICC Cricket World Cup Player of the Series 1975 : n / a 1979 : n / a 1983 : n / a 1987 : n / a 1992 : Crowe 1996 : Jayasuriya 1999 : Klusener 2003 : Tendulkar 2007 : McGrath 2011 : Y Singh 2015 : Starc ODI cricketers who have scored 3000 runs and taken 150 wickets Australia Shane Watson Steve Waugh Bangladesh Shakib Al Hasan England Andrew Flintoff India Kapil Dev Sachin Tendulkar New Zealand Chris Cairns Chris Harris Pakistan Abdul Razzaq Imran Khan Shoaib Malik Shahid Afridi Wasim Akram South Africa Jacques Kallis Lance Klusener Shaun Pollock Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya West Indies Chris Gayle Carl Hooper IPL Player of the Series Award Winners Shane Watson ( 2008 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 2009 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 2010 ) Chris Gayle ( 2011 ) Sunil Narine ( 2012 ) Shane Watson ( 2013 ) Glenn Maxwell ( 2014 ) Andre Russell ( 2015 ) Virat Kohli ( 2016 ) India squads India squad -- 1992 Cricket World Cup 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Kapil Dev 3 Srikkanth 4 Shastri 5 Manjrekar 6 Tendulkar 7 Jadeja 8 Kambli 9 Amre 10 Prabhakar 11 Srinath 12 More ( wk ) 13 Raju 14 Banerjee India squad -- 1996 Cricket World Cup Semi-Finalists 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Tendulkar 3 Jadeja 4 Sidhu 5 Kambli 6 Manjrekar 7 Mongia ( wk ) 8 Srinath 9 Prasad 10 Kumble 11 Prabhakar 12 Raju 13 Ankola 14 Kapoor Coach : Wadekar ( Coach cum Manager ) India squad -- 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy Semi-Finalists 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Ganguly 3 Jadeja 4 Joshi 5 Dravid 6 Robin Singh 7 Agarkar 8 Kumble 9 Mongia ( wk ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Prasad 12 Laxman 13 Srinath India squad -- 1999 Cricket World Cup 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Ganguly 3 Jadeja 4 Ramesh 5 Dravid 6 Robin Singh 7 Agarkar 8 Kumble 9 Mongia ( wk ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Prasad 12 Chopra 13 Mohanty 14 Srinath 15 Khurasiya Coach : Gaekwad India squad -- 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy runners - up 1 Ganguly ( c ) 2 Badani 3 Kambli 4 Dravid 5 Robin 6 Agarkar 7 Kumble 8 Dahiya ( wk ) 9 Tendulkar 10 Prasad 11 Joshi 12 Yuvraj 13 Sriram 14 Zaheer Coach : Gaekwad ( Ind ) India squad -- 2002 ICC Champions Trophy ( shared title ) 3 Harbhajan 5 Dravid ( wk ) 7 Srinath 9 Agarkar 10 Tendulkar 11 Kaif 12 Yuvraj 18 Kumble 19 Laxman 28 Mongia 34 Zaheer 44 Sehwag 64 Nehra 69 JP Yadav 99 Ganguly ( c ) Coach : Wright India squad -- 2003 Cricket World Cup runners - up 3 Harbhajan 5 Dravid 7 Srinath 9 Agarkar 10 Tendulkar 11 Kaif 12 Yuvraj 18 Kumble 20 Patel 24 Ganguly ( c ) 28 Mongia 34 Zaheer 44 Sehwag 64 Nehra 66 Bangar Coach : Wright India squad -- 2007 Cricket World Cup 3 Harbhajan 7 Dhoni 10 Tendulkar 12 Yuvraj 13 Munaf 19 Dravid ( c ) 21 Ganguly 27 Uthappa 34 Zaheer 36 Sreesanth 37 Kumble 44 Sehwag 56 Pathan 68 Agarkar 99 Karthik Coach : Chappell India squad -- 2011 Cricket World Cup ( 2nd Title ) 3 Harbhajan 5 Gambhir 7 Dhoni ( c & † ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Chawla 12 Yuvraj 13 Patel 18 Kohli 28 Pathan 34 Khan 36 Sreesanth 44 Sehwag ( vc ) 48 Raina 64 Nehra 99 Ashwin Coach : Kirsten Praveen Kumar was injured and replaced by Sreesanth . 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Beverly Hills Cop II

Beverly Hills Cop II - wikipedia Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop II Theatrical release poster Directed by Tony Scott Produced by Don Simpson Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Larry Ferguson Warren Skaaren Story by Eddie Murphy Robert D. Wachs Based on Characters by Danilo Bach and Daniel Petrie , Jr . Starring Eddie Murphy Judge Reinhold Jürgen Prochnow Ronny Cox John Ashton Brigitte Nielsen Allen Garfield Dean Stockwell Paul Reiser Music by Harold Faltermeyer Cinematography Jeffrey L. Kimball Edited by Chris Lebenzon Michael Tronick Billy Weber Production companies Simpson / Bruckheimer Overbrook Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 19 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 19 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 20 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $300 million Beverly Hills Cop II is a 1987 American action comedy film directed by Tony Scott , written by Larry Ferguson and Warren Skaaren and starring Eddie Murphy . It is the sequel to the 1984 film Beverly Hills Cop and the second installment in the Beverly Hills Cop series . Murphy returns as Detroit police detective Axel Foley , who reunites with Beverly Hills detectives Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) and John Taggart ( John Ashton ) to stop a robbery / gun - running gang after Captain Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) is shot and seriously wounded . Although it made less money than the first film and received mixed reviews from critics , the film was still a box office success , making $153.7 million domestically . Aside from box office success , the film was nominated for an Academy Award and for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , for Bob Seger 's `` Shakedown '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 2016 release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Literature 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Beverly Hills Police Captain Andrew Bogomil , Detective Billy Rosewood , and Sergeant John Taggart are trying to figure out who is behind the `` Alphabet Crimes , '' a series of mostly high end store robberies distinguished by their monogrammed envelopes with an alphabetical sequence the assailants leave behind . Complicating matters is the new `` political '' state of the Beverly Hills Police Department , headed by incompetent and verbally abusive new police chief Harold Lutz , who is doing everything he can to stay on Mayor Ted Egan 's good side . Unimpressed when Rosewood calls the FBI to help solve the case , Lutz holds Bogomil responsible as commanding officer and suspends him , despite Bogomil 's efforts to convince the chief that Rosewood was only following a hunch . Lutz also punishes Taggart and Rosewood by placing them on traffic duty . On the way home , Bogomil is shot and injured by Karla Fry , the chief enforcer of Maxwell Dent , who is secretly the mastermind behind the Alphabet Crimes . After hearing about the shooting by a news report , Axel Foley abandons his current undercover duties and immediately flies out to Beverly Hills to help find out who shot Bogomil . Taggart and Rosewood agree to assist Axel because of Lutz 's attempts to find an excuse to get them fired . Posing as an undercover FBI agent to get past Lutz with the aid of Detective Jeffrey Friedman , Axel soon starts making the connection between the robberies and Dent . He first finds out that the ammunition fired at one of the robberies was designed by Charles Cain , the manager of a gun club owned by Dent . Axel has Bogomil 's daughter Jan use her connections as an insurance agent to find out about Dent 's financial dealings . Dent is robbing his own businesses on purpose in order to finance firearms transactions with an arms dealer named Nikos Thomopolis and is discreetly using Cain as the front man for his operations . Bogomil was shot because his investigation was on the correct track into the case . Having foiled a robbery attempt at a bank depot , Axel is able to trick Dent 's accountant Sidney Bernstein into using his computer and discovers that Dent and Karla are planning to leave the country . Axel also learns from Jan that all of Dent 's businesses have had their insurance coverage canceled and are about to go bankrupt except his race track , which he is convinced might be the next target . On the way to the race track , Axel solves the latest riddle sent to the police , and is convinced that this riddle was made easily solvable in order to implicate Cain as the Alphabet Bandit . However , Axel knows Cain is a patsy designed to throw the authorities off Dent 's trail . The trio arrive too late to prevent the robbery and find Cain , shot by Karla , among those killed . While Lutz announces publicly that the Alphabet Crimes have been solved , Axel notices some red mud at the stables , which leads him , Taggart and Rosewood to Dent 's oil field , where Dent is making his final arms deal with Thomopolis . The three get into a shootout with everyone involved in the deal . Dent confronts Axel in the warehouse , but Axel gets distracted by one of Dent 's henchmen on the roof above him and Dent gets away . Dent then crashes through the wall in his car and Axel shoots Dent through the windshield , sending his car down a hill and erupting in flames , after running Axel over . Karla appears and is about to kill Axel , but is shot dead by Taggart . Just as the last criminals are about to flee , the police arrive on the scene and arrest the remainder of Dent 's goons and Thomopolis . Lutz and Mayor Egan come as well . Lutz tries to fire Rosewood and Taggart for their insubordination , and also tries to arrest Axel . However , both Taggart and Rosewood stand up to an infuriated Lutz and prove that Dent was the real Alphabet Bandit and the rest of the alphabet crimes were about the arms deal . They are also able to convince Mayor Egan of Lutz 's incompetence , and the Mayor fires Lutz for his abusive attitude towards his own men . Mayor Egan chooses Bogomil to replace Lutz as the new Police Chief . Axel returns to Detroit , but not before he gets chewed out by Inspector Todd over the phone , after Egan called Todd to congratulate him on allowing Axel to assist them on this case . Cast ( edit ) Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley Judge Reinhold as Billy Rosewood Jürgen Prochnow as Maxwell Dent Ronny Cox as Andrew Bogomil John Ashton as John Taggart Brigitte Nielsen as Karla Fry Allen Garfield as Harold Lutz Dean Stockwell as Chip Cain Gil Hill as Inspector Todd Gilbert Gottfried as Sidney Bernstein Paul Reiser as Jeffrey Friedman Paul Guilfoyle as Nikos Thomopolis Robert Ridgely as Mayor Ted Egan Alice Adair as Jan Bogomil Glenn Withrow as Willie Tom Bower as Russ Fielding Hugh Hefner as Himself Chris Rock as Parking Valet Robert Pastorelli as Vinnie Tommy ' Tiny ' Lister as Orvis John Hostetter as Stiles Production ( edit ) Paramount Pictures had planned a television series based on the first film . Murphy turned down the series but was willing to do a sequel . Producers Simpson and Bruckheimer hired Tony Scott to direct due to his success with the 1986 blockbuster film Top Gun . The film was originally to be set and filmed in London and Paris ; however , the script was re-written after Murphy expressed a reluctance to film outside the United States . Soundtrack ( edit ) The song `` Hold On '' as sung by Keta Bill plays during the scene wherein Axel , Rosewood , and Taggart confront Dent at the Playboy Mansion . However , the film 's soundtrack CD released by MCA Records includes only a different song entitled `` Hold On , '' sung by Corey Hart . This song has different music and slightly altered lyrics . The film introduced George Michael 's controversial song `` I Want Your Sex '' . It also includes `` Cross My Broken Heart '' by The Jets ( a Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 ) and `` Shakedown '' by Bob Seger ( which became a No. 1 hit on that same chart ) , as well as `` Better Way '' performed by James Ingram . The Pointer Sisters scored a moderate hit with `` Be There , '' their single from the soundtrack . It was the second time the sisters had contributed to the Beverly Hills Cop franchise ; they 'd notched a top 10 single with `` Neutron Dance '' from the Beverly Hills Cop soundtrack . Harold Faltermeyer 's 1988 album , Harold F , includes a song called `` Bad Guys '' , which is used as part of the film 's score -- an instrumental section of the song plays during the opening jewelry store robbery scene , and also during several other scenes throughout the film . The soundtrack debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard charts and spent 26 weeks on the charts , a far cry compared to the 49 weeks spent by the first film 's soundtrack . Despite this , one song from the album , `` Shakedown '' , was nominated for an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . However , another song from the album , `` I Want Your Sex '' , won the Razzie Award for Worst Song . `` Shakedown '' - Bob Seger `` Be There '' - Pointer Sisters `` In Deep '' - Charlie Sexton `` Hold On '' - Corey Hart `` I Want Your Sex '' - George Michael `` Better Way '' - James Ingram `` Love / Hate '' - Pebbles `` Cross My Broken Heart '' - The Jets `` 36 Lovers '' - Ready for the World `` I Ca n't Stand It '' - Sue Ann `` All Revved Up '' - Jermaine Jackson 2016 release ( edit ) La - La Land Records released a limited edition album featuring Harold Faltermeyer 's score ( including some material unused in the movie ) and some of the songs . Adrianos ( 2 : 52 ) Bogomil Oil Well Jog / Bogomil Gets Shot ( 2 : 28 ) Axel Gets the News ( 1 : 10 ) Warehouse ( : 34 ) Hospital Visit ( 1 : 05 ) Mansion ( 1 : 07 ) Loyalty / Drive to Shooting Club ( 1 : 51 ) Boys Car Talk ( 1 : 11 ) Shoot Screens / Meet Dent and Cain ( 2 : 53 ) I 'll Be Sure to Duck ( : 54 ) Drive to Bogomil 's ( : 58 ) Axel Shoes / Boys at Mansion ( 1 : 24 ) Splash / Drive to 385 ( : 41 ) Shootout ( : 53 ) Boys at Rosewood 's ( : 42 ) Axel Calls Jeffrey ( 1 : 01 ) Fingerprint ( : 27 ) Sneak to Shooting Club ( 02 : 33 ) Jeffrey Calls Todd / Lutz Calls Jeffrey ( 1 : 29 ) City Deposit ( 4 : 12 ) Tire Tread to Hef 's / Drive to Bernstein 's ( 1 : 44 ) Racetrack ( 5 : 04 ) Drive to Oil / Hit Vic ( 2 : 25 ) Sneak to Shack / Alarm ( 1 : 44 ) Oil Field Shootout / Kill Dent and Karla ( 4 : 11 ) Wrap Up ( : 56 ) Goodbye ( 1 : 11 ) Loyalty ( alternate ) ( : 12 ) Goodbye ( alternate ) ( : 49 ) Bad Guys - Keith Forsey ( 4 : 35 ) Shakedown - Bob Seger ( 4 : 02 ) I Want Your Sex - George Michael ( 4 : 45 ) Be There - The Pointer Sisters ( 4 : 12 ) All Revved Up - Jermaine Jackson ( 4 : 00 ) Better Way - James Ingram ( 4 : 09 ) In Deep - Charlie Sexton ( 3 : 32 ) Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop II was one of the most anticipated films of 1987 and became a box office success upon release , despite not making as much as Beverly Hills Cop . The film debuted at No. 1 , earning $ 33 million on its opening weekend , a sales mark that would result in the film achieving that year 's highest - opening weekend debut . As well as the highest grossing opening weekend of all time at the time . Beverly Hills Cop II made approximately $153,665,036 , becoming the third biggest hit domestically at the box office that year , after Fatal Attraction and Three Men and a Baby , and the second highest - grossing film worldwide that year , behind Fatal Attraction . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 46 % `` rotten '' rating , based on 26 reviews , with an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Eddie Murphy remains appealing as the wisecracking Axel Foley , but Beverly Hills Cop II does n't take him -- or the viewer -- anywhere new enough to justify a sequel '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Desson Howe of The Washington Post called it `` a sequel that 's as good as the original , if not better . '' Roger Ebert gave the film one star out of four and wrote , `` What is comedy ? That 's a pretty basic question , I know , but Beverly Hills Cop II never thought to ask it . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film is a skillful clone of the first film that ca n't match that one 's novelty or excitement . Variety called it `` a noisy , numbing , unimaginative , heartless remake of the original film . '' Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` It 's hard to believe that the group who came up with the hard , clean edges of Top Gun , sleek and unfeeling though it may have been , could make a picture as crude , as muddled , as destructo - Derbyish as this one . '' `` Beverly Hills Cop II was probably the most successful mediocre picture in history , '' Murphy said . `` It made $250 million worldwide , and it was a half - assed movie . Cop II was basically a rehash of Cop I , but it was n't as spontaneous and funny . '' Accolades ( edit ) Nominations Academy Awards Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' Awards ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Most Performed Song From Motion Pictures for the song `` Shakedown '' Razzie Awards Worst Original Song for George Michael for `` I Want Your Sex '' Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Favorite Movie Actor for Eddie Murphy Literature ( edit ) 1987 : Robert Tine : Beverly Hills Cop II : A Novel , Pocket ; Mti edition , ISBN 978 - 0671645212 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP II ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 4 , 1987 . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II Production Budget '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Haflidason , Almar . `` Beverly Hills Cop II DVD ( 1987 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' Sets an Earnings Record '' . The New York Times . 1987 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cop II ' Retains Lead In Box Office Sales '' . The New York Times . 1987 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Benson , Sheila ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Cop Ii ' Turns Up The Volume '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zehme , Bill ( August 24 , 1989 ) . `` The Rolling Stone interview : Eddie Murphy '' . Rolling Stone . p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` Films in Close Race for Globe Awards '' . Wilmington Morning Star . Associated Press . 1988 - 01 - 06 . p. 6D . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Archive '' . Razzies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` All Winners '' . Nick.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop II on IMDb Beverly Hills Cop II at Box Office Mojo Beverly Hills Cop II at Rotten Tomatoes Beverly Hills Cop II at Metacritic Beverly Hills Cop series Films Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Characters Axel Foley Music Beverly Hills Cop `` Axel F '' `` The Heat Is On '' `` Neutron Dance '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' Beverly Hills Cop II `` Cross My Broken Heart '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Shakedown '' Beverly Hills Cop III `` Luv 4 Dem Gangsta'z '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' Other Video game Films directed by Tony Scott One of the Missing ( 1968 ) Loving Memory ( 1971 ) The Hunger ( 1983 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Revenge ( 1990 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Last Boy Scout ( 1991 ) True Romance ( 1993 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) The Fan ( 1996 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Spy Game ( 2001 ) Man on Fire ( 2004 ) Agent Orange ( 2004 ) Domino ( 2005 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) Unstoppable ( 2010 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) Top Gun : Maverick ( 2020 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Cop_II&oldid=864565457 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films Beverly Hills Cop American films 1980s action comedy films 1980s buddy films 1980s sequel films American action comedy films American buddy films American buddy cop films American sequel films Buddy comedy films Fictional portrayals of the Detroit Police Department Films directed by Tony Scott Films produced by Don Simpson Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in Beverly Hills , California Films set in Detroit Films set in Los Angeles Murder in films Paramount Pictures films Police detective films Screenplays by Larry Ferguson Films scored by Harold Faltermeyer Buddy cop films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 01 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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when did beverly hills cop 2 come out

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Battle of Tours

Battle of Tours - wikipedia Battle of Tours Jump to : navigation , search For the battle of 1356 between the English and the French , see Battle of Poitiers . Battle of Tours Part of the Umayyad invasion of Gaul Charles de Steuben 's Bataille de Poitiers en octobre 732 romantically depicts a triumphant Charles Martel ( mounted ) facing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi ( right ) at the Battle of Tours . Date 10 October 732 Location Between Tours and Poitiers , France . Result Decisive Frankish victory , withdrawal of the Umayyad army . Belligerents Kingdom of the Franks Forces from Austrasia Neustria Burgundy Swabia Aquitaine Lombard kingdom in Italy Pagan mercenaries from areas around the Rhine River Other forces from Europe Umayyad Caliphate Arabs Berbers Commanders and leaders Charles Martel Odo , Duke of Aquitaine Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi † Strength Varying estimates 15,000 -- 20,000 , although other estimates range from 30,000 to 80,000 20,000 -- 25,000 . Other estimates also range up to 80,000 , with 50,000 not an uncommon estimate . Arab sources : about 50,000 in the beginning of the campaign . Casualties and losses Estimated from 1,100 to 1,500 , although sources unclear Estimated 12,000 , although sources unclear . Most notably Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi . Umayyad invasion of Gaul Toulouse ( 721 ) River Garonne ( 732 ) Tours ( 732 ) Avignon ( 737 ) Narbonne ( 737 ) River Berre ( 737 ) Nîmes ( 737 ) Narbonne ( 752 -- 759 ) Campaigns of Charles Martel Cologne Amblève Vincy Soissons Tours Boarn Nîmes -- Avignon Narbonne River Berre The Battle of Tours ( 10 October 732 ) -- also called the Battle of Poitiers and , by Arab sources , the Battle of the Palace of the Martyrs ( Arabic : معركة بلاط الشهداء ‎ , translit . Ma'arakat Balāṭ ash - Shuhadā ' ) -- was fought by Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by ' Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi , Governor - General of al - Andalus . It was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours , in the Aquitaine of west - central France , near the village of Moussais - la - Bataille , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of Poitiers . The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and the then - independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great . The Franks were victorious . ' Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed , and Charles subsequently extended his authority in the south . Details of the battle , including its exact location and the number of combatants , can not be determined from accounts that have survived . Notably , the Frankish troops won the battle without cavalry . Ninth - century chroniclers , who interpreted the outcome of the battle as divine judgment in his favour , gave Charles the nickname Martellus ( `` The Hammer '' ) . Later Christian chroniclers and pre-20th century historians praised Charles Martel as the champion of Christianity , characterizing the battle as the decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam , a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe ; according to modern military historian Victor Davis Hanson , `` most of the 18th and 19th century historians , like Gibbon , saw Poitiers ( Tours ) , as a landmark battle that marked the high tide of the Muslim advance into Europe . '' Leopold von Ranke felt that `` Poitiers was the turning point of one of the most important epochs in the history of the world . '' There is little dispute that the battle helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire and Frankish domination of Europe for the next century . Most historians agree that `` the establishment of Frankish power in western Europe shaped that continent 's destiny and the Battle of Tours confirmed that power . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Moors 1.2 Franks 1.3 Muslim conquests from Hispania 1.4 Odo 's appeal to the Franks 1.5 Umayyad advance towards the Loire 2 Battle ( October 732 ) 2.1 Preparations and maneuver 2.2 Engagement 2.3 Turning point 2.4 Following day 2.5 Contemporary accounts 2.6 Strategic analysis 3 Aftermath 3.1 Umayyad retreat and second invasion 3.1. 1 Umayyad invasion ( 735 -- 39 ) 3.2 Advance to Narbonne 3.3 Carolingian dynasty 4 Historical and macrohistorical views 4.1 In Western history 4.2 Adolf Hitler on the Battle of Tours 4.3 In Muslim history 5 Current historical debate on macrohistorical impact of Battle of Tours 5.1 Supporting the significance of Tours as a world - altering event 5.2 Objecting to the significance of Tours as a world - altering event 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) The exoticism of Saracen invaders is stressed in this detail from The Saracen Army outside Paris , by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld , painted 1822 -- 27 , which actually depicts a fictional incident from Ludovico Ariosto ( Cassino Massimo , Rome ) The Battle of Tours followed two decades of Umayyad conquests in Europe which had begun with the invasion of the Visigothic Christian Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 . These were followed by military expeditions into the Frankish territories of Gaul , former provinces of the Roman Empire . Umayyad military campaigns had reached northward into Aquitaine and Burgundy , including a major engagement at Bordeaux and a raid on Autun . Charles 's victory is widely believed to have stopped the northward advance of Umayyad forces from the Iberian Peninsula , and to have preserved Christianity in Europe during a period when Muslim rule was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires . Most historians assume that the two armies met where the rivers Clain and Vienne join between Tours and Poitiers . The number of troops in each army is not known . The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , a Latin contemporary source which describes the battle in greater detail than any other Latin or Arabic source , states that `` the people of Austrasia ( the Frankish forces ) , greater in number of soldiers and formidably armed , killed the king , Abd ar - Rahman '' , which agrees with many Arab and Muslim historians . However , virtually all Western sources disagree , and estimate the Franks at 30,000 , less than half the Muslim force . Some modern historians , using estimates of what the land was able to support , and what Martel could have raised from his realm and supported during the campaign , believe the total Muslim force , counting the outlying raiding parties , which rejoined the main body before Tours , outnumbered the Franks . Drawing on non-contemporary Muslim sources , Creasy describes the Umayyad forces as 80,000 strong or more . Writing in 1999 , Paul K. Davis estimates the Umayyad forces at 80,000 and the Franks at about 30,000 , while noting that modern historians have estimated the strength of the Umayyad army at Tours at between 20 -- 80,000 . However , Edward J. Schoenfeld , ( rejecting the older figures of 60 -- 400,000 Umayyad and 75,000 Franks ) , contends that `` estimates that the Umayyads had over fifty thousand troops ( and the Franks even more ) are logistically impossible . '' Similarly , historian Victor Davis Hanson believes both armies were roughly the same size , about 30,000 men . Contemporary historical analysis may be more accurate than the medieval sources as the modern figures are based on estimates of the logistical ability of the countryside to support these numbers of men and animals . Both Davis and Hanson point out that both armies had to live off the countryside , neither having a commissary system sufficient to provide supplies for a campaign . Other sources give the following estimates : `` Gore places the Frankish army at 15,000 -- 20,000 , although other estimates range from 30,000 to 80,000 . In spite of wildly varying estimates of the Muslim force , he places that army as around 20,000 -- 25,000 . Other estimates also range up to 80,000 , with 50,000 not an uncommon estimate . '' Losses during the battle are unknown but chroniclers later claimed that Charles Martel 's force lost about 1,500 while the Umayyad force was said to have suffered massive casualties of up to 375,000 men . However , these same casualty figures were recorded in the Liber Pontificalis for Duke Odo the Great 's victory at the Battle of Toulouse ( 721 ) . Paul the Deacon reported correctly in his History of the Lombards ( written around the year 785 ) that the Liber Pontificalis mentioned these casualty figures in relation to Odo 's victory at Toulouse ( though he claimed that Charles Martel fought in the battle alongside Odo ) , but later writers , probably `` influenced by the Continuations of Fredegar , attributed the Muslims casualties solely to Charles Martel , and the battle in which they fell became unequivocally that of Poitiers . '' The Vita Pardulfi , written in the middle of the eighth century , reports that after the battle ' Abd - al - Raḥmân 's forces burned and looted their way through the Limousin on their way back to Al - Andalus , which implies that they were not destroyed to the extent imagined in the Continuations of Fredegar . Moors ( edit ) Main articles : Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and Umayyad The invasion of Hispania , and then Gaul , was led by the Umayyad Dynasty ( Arabic : بنو أمية banū umayya / الأمويون al - umawiyyūn ‎ also `` Umawi '' ) , the first dynasty of Sunni caliphs of the Sunni Islamic empire after the reign ( or usurpation of the first three , per Shia Muslim belief ) of the Rashidun Caliphs ( Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman , and Ali ) ended . The Umayyad Caliphate , at the time of the Battle of Tours , was perhaps the world 's foremost military power . Great expansion of the Caliphate occurred under the reign of the Umayyads . Muslim armies pushed east across Persia and west across North Africa through the late 7th century . In 711 -- 18 , Tariq ibn Ziyad led forces across the Strait of Gibraltar to conquer the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania . The Muslim empire under the Umayyads was now a vast domain that ruled a diverse array of peoples . It had destroyed what were the two former foremost military powers , the Sasanian Empire , which it absorbed completely , and the greater part of the Byzantine Empire , including Syria , Armenia and North Africa , although Leo the Isaurian stemmed the tide when he defeated the Umayyads at the Battle of Akroinon ( 739 ) , their final campaign in Anatolia . Franks ( edit ) Main articles : Charles Martel and Francia The Frankish realm under Charles Martel was the foremost military power of Western Europe . During most of his tenure in office as commander - in - chief of the Franks , it consisted of north and eastern France ( Austrasia , Neustria and Burgundy ) , most of western Germany , and the Low Countries ( Luxembourg , Belgium and the Netherlands ) . The Frankish realm had begun to progress towards becoming the first real imperial power in western Europe since the fall of Rome . However , it continued to struggle against external forces such as the Saxons , Frisians , and other opponents such as the Basque - Aquitanians led by Odo the Great ( Old French : Eudes ) , Duke over Aquitaine and Vasconia . Muslim conquests from Hispania ( edit ) Main article : Umayyad conquest of Hispania The `` Age of the Caliphs '' , showing Umayyad dominance stretching from the Middle East to the Iberian Peninsula , including the port of Narbonne , c. 720 Tours Autun Narbonne Toulouse Modern - day French borders . Septimania runs along the Mediterranean ( southeast ) coast from the Spanish border , and Aquitaine is along the Atlantic ( west ) coast running north from Spain . The Umayyad troops , under Al - Samh ibn Malik al - Khawlani , the governor - general of al - Andalus , overran Septimania by 719 , following their sweep up the Iberian Peninsula . Al - Samh set up his capital from 720 at Narbonne , which the Moors called Arbūna . With the port of Narbonne secure , the Umayyads swiftly subdued the largely unresisting cities of Alet , Béziers , Agde , Lodève , Maguelonne , and Nîmes , still controlled by their Visigothic counts . The Umayyad campaign into Aquitaine suffered a temporary setback at the Battle of Toulouse . Duke Odo the Great broke the siege of Toulouse , taking Al - Samh ibn Malik 's forces by surprise . Al - Samh ibn Malik was mortally wounded . This defeat did not stop incursions into old Roman Gaul , as Moorish forces , soundly based in Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea , struck eastwards in the 720s , penetrating as far as Autun in Burgundy in 725 . Threatened by both the Umayyads in the south and by the Franks in the north , in 730 Odo allied himself with the Berber commander Uthman ibn Naissa , called `` Munuza '' by the Franks , the deputy governor of what would later become Catalonia . To seal the alliance , Uthman was given Odo 's daughter Lampagie in marriage , and Moorish raids across the Pyrenees , Odo 's southern border , ceased . However , the next year , the Berber leader killed the bishop of Urgell Nambaudus and detached from his Arabs masters in Cordova . Abdul Raḥman in turn sent an expedition to crush his revolt , and next directed his attention against Uthman 's ally Odo . The Aquitanian duke Odo collected his army at Bordeaux , but was defeated , and Bordeaux plundered . During the following Battle of the River Garonne , the Chronicle of 754 commented that `` God alone knows the number of the slain '' . The Chronicle of 754 continues , saying they `` pierced through the mountains , trampled over rough and level ground , plundered far into the country of the Franks , and smote all with the sword , insomuch that when Eudo came to battle with them at the River Garonne , he fled . '' Odo 's appeal to the Franks ( edit ) Odo , who despite the heavy losses was reorganizing his troops , gave the Frankish leader notice of the impending danger knocking on the heartland of his realm , and appealed to the Franks for assistance , which Charles Martel only granted after Odo agreed to submit to Frankish authority . It appears that the Umayyads were not aware of the true strength of the Franks . The Umayyad forces were not particularly concerned about any of the Germanic tribes , including the Franks , and the Arab chronicles of that age show that awareness of the Franks as a growing military power only came after the Battle of Tours . Further , the Umayyads appear not to have scouted northward for potential foes , for if they had , they surely would have noted Charles Martel as a force to be reckoned with in his own account , because of his growing domination of much of Europe from 717 : this might have alerted the Umayyads that a real power led by a gifted general was rising from the ashes of the Western Roman Empire . Umayyad advance towards the Loire ( edit ) In 732 , the Umayyad advance force was proceeding north towards the Loire river having outpaced their supply train and a large part of their army . Essentially , having easily destroyed all resistance in that part of Gaul , the invading army had split off into several raiding parties , while the main body advanced more slowly . The Umayyads delayed their attack to so late in the year probably because part of the army needed to live off the land as they advanced . They had to wait until the area 's wheat harvest was ready and then until a reasonable amount of the harvest was threshed ( slowly by hand with flails ) and stored . The reason why Odo was defeated so easily at Bordeaux and Garonne , but had won 11 years earlier at the Battle of Toulouse is simple . At Toulouse , Odo managed a surprise attack against an overconfident and unprepared foe . The Umayyad forces were mostly infantry , and what cavalry they did have never got a chance to mobilize . As Herman of Carinthia wrote in one of his translations of a history of al - Andalus , Odo managed a highly successful encircling envelopment which took the attackers totally by surprise -- the result was a chaotic slaughter of the Muslim forces . At Bordeaux and again at Garonne , the Umayyad forces were mostly cavalry , and had the chance to mobilize , which led to the devastation of Odo 's army . Odo 's forces , like other European troops of that era , lacked stirrups , possibly explaining why they had no heavy cavalry . Most of their troops were infantry . The Umayyad heavy cavalry broke the Frankish infantry in their first charge , and then slaughtered them as they broke and ran . The invading force went on to devastate southern Gaul . A possible motive , according to the second continuator of the Chronicle of Fredegar , was the riches of the Abbey of Saint Martin of Tours , the most prestigious and holiest shrine in Western Europe at the time . Upon hearing this Austrasia 's Mayor of the Palace , Charles Martel prepared his army and marched south , avoiding the old Roman roads hoping to take the Muslims by surprise . Battle ( October 732 ) ( edit ) Battle of Tours The location of the battle on modern - day France This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Preparations and maneuver ( edit ) By all accounts the invading forces were caught off guard to discover a large force sitting directly in their path to Tours . Charles achieved the total surprise he had hoped for . He then chose not to attack and rather began fighting in a defensive , phalanx - like formation . According to Arab sources , the Franks drew up in a large square , with hills and trees in their front to diminish or break up Muslim cavalry charges . For seven days , the two armies faced off with minor skirmishes . The Umayyads waited for their full strength to arrive . ' Abd - al - Raḥmân , despite being a proven commander , had been outmaneuvered ; he had allowed Charles to concentrate his forces and pick the field of battle . Furthermore , it was impossible for the Umayyads to judge the size of Martel 's army , since Charles had used the trees and forest to screen his true numbers . Martel 's infantry were his best hope for victory . Seasoned and battle - hardened , most of them had fought with him for years , some as far back as 717 . In addition to his army , he also had levies of militia which had not seen significant military use except for gathering food and harassing the Muslim army . While many historians through the centuries have believed that the Franks were outnumbered at the onset of battle by at least two to one , the most authentic source called the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , points to the contrary . Charles correctly assumed that ' Abd - al - Raḥmân would feel compelled to give battle , and move on and try to loot Tours . Neither side wanted to attack . Abd - al - Raḥmân felt he had to sack Tours , which meant he had to go through the Frankish army on the hill in front of him . Charles 's decision to wait and stay on the hills proved crucial , as it forced the Umayyad Cavalry to charge uphill and through trees , diminishing their lethality . Charles had been preparing for this confrontation since the Battle of Toulouse a decade earlier . Gibbon believes , as do most historians , that Charles had made the best of a bad situation . Though allegedly outnumbered and without any heavy cavalry , Charles had tough , battle - hardened infantrymen who believed in him implicitly . Moreover , as Davis points out , these infantrymen were heavily armed , each man carrying up to perhaps 75 pounds ( 34 kg ) of armour into battle . Formed into a phalanx formation , they were able to withstand a cavalry charge better than might be expected , especially as Charles had been able to secure the high ground -- with trees before him further to dilute any cavalry charges . The failure of Arab intelligence extended to the fact that they were totally unaware of how good Martel 's forces were ; Martel had trained them for a decade . And while he was well aware of the Caliphate 's strengths and weaknesses , they knew almost nothing about the Franks . It was a total failure of the Muslim intelligence services . The logistical failures of the Muslims included their attire . The Franks were dressed for the cold . The Arabs had very light clothing more suitable for the North African winters rather than the European winters . The battle eventually became a waiting game in which the Muslims did not want to attack an army that could possibly be numerically superior and wanted the Franks to come out into the open . The Franks formed up in a thick defensive formation and waited for them to charge uphill . The battle finally began on the seventh day , as ' Abd - al - Raḥmân did not want to wait any longer with winter approaching . Engagement ( edit ) Western knight fighting against an Arabian horseman . ( Illustration from the 19th century ) ' Abd - al - Raḥmân trusted the tactical superiority of his cavalry and had them charge repeatedly . In one of the few instances where medieval infantry stood up against cavalry charges , the disciplined Frankish soldiers withstood the assaults , though according to Arab sources , the Arab cavalry broke into the Frankish square several times . Despite this , the Franks did not break . The well - trained Frank soldiers accomplished what was not thought possible at that time : infantry withstanding a heavy cavalry charge . Paul Davis says the core of Charles 's army was a professional infantry which was both highly disciplined and well motivated , `` having campaigned with him all over Europe '' . The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 says : And in the shock of battle the men of the North seemed like a sea that can not be moved . Firmly they stood , one close to another , forming as it were a bulwark of ice ; and with great blows of their swords they hewed down the Arabs . Drawn up in a band around their chief , the people of the Austrasians carried all before them . Their tireless hands drove their swords down to the breasts ( of the foe ) . Turning point ( edit ) Umayyad troops who had broken into the square had tried to kill Charles , but his liege men surrounded him and would not be broken . The battle was still in flux when -- Frankish histories claim -- a rumour went through the Umayyad army that Frankish scouts threatened the booty that they had taken from Bordeaux . Some of the Umayyad troops at once broke off the battle and returned to camp to secure their loot . According to Muslim accounts of the battle , in the midst of the fighting on the second day ( Frankish accounts have the battle lasting one day only ) , scouts from the Franks sent by Charles began to raid the camp and supply train ( including slaves and other plunder ) . Charles supposedly had sent scouts to cause chaos in the Umayyad base camp , and free as many of the slaves as possible , hoping to draw off part of his foe . This succeeded , as many of the Umayyad cavalry returned to their camp . To the rest of the Muslim army , this appeared to be a full - scale retreat , and soon it became one . Both Western and Muslim histories agree that while trying to stop the retreat , ' Abd - al - Raḥmân became surrounded , which led to his death , and the Umayyad troops then withdrew altogether to their camp . `` All the host fled before the enemy '' , candidly wrote one Arabic source , `` and many died in the flight '' . The Franks resumed their phalanx , and rested in place through the night , believing the battle would resume at dawn the following morning . Following day ( edit ) The next day , when the Umayyad forces did not renew the battle , the Franks feared an ambush . Charles at first believed that the Umayyad forces were trying to lure him down the hill and into the open . This tactic he knew he had to resist at all costs ; he had in fact disciplined his troops for years to under no circumstances break formation and come out in the open . Only after extensive reconnaissance of the Umayyad camp by Frankish soldiers -- which by both historical accounts had been so hastily abandoned that even the tents remained , as the Umayyad forces headed back to Iberia with what loot remained that they could carry -- was it discovered that the Muslims had retreated during the night . Contemporary accounts ( edit ) The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 `` describes the battle in greater detail than any other Latin or Arabic source '' . It says of the encounter that , While Abd ar - Rahman was pursuing Odo , he decided to despoil Tours by destroying its palaces and burning its churches . There he confronted the consul of Austrasia by the name of Charles , a man who , having proved himself to be a warrior from his youth and an expert in things military , had been summoned by Odo . After each side had tormented the other with raids for almost seven days , they finally prepared their battle lines and fought fiercely . The northern peoples remained as immobile as a wall , holding together like a glacier in the cold regions . In the blink of an eye , they annihilated the Arabs with the sword . The people of Austrasia , greater in number of soldiers and formidably armed , killed the king , Abd ar - Rahman , when they found him , striking him on the chest . But suddenly , within sight of the countless tents of the Arabs , the Franks despicably sheathed their swords postponing the fight until the next day since night had fallen during the battle . Rising from their own camp at dawn , the Europeans saw the tents and canopies of the Arabs all arranged just as they had appeared the day before . Not knowing that they were empty and thinking that inside them there were Saracen forces ready for battle , they sent officers to reconnoitre and discovered that all the Ishmaelite troops had left . They had indeed fled silently by night in tight formation , returning to their own country . -- Wolf ( trans ) , Chronicle of 754 , p. 145 Charles Martel 's family composed , for the fourth book of the Continuations of Fredegar 's Chronicle , a stylised summary of the battle : Prince Charles boldly drew up his battle lines against them ( the Arabs ) and the warrior rushed in against them . With Christ 's help he overturned their tents , and hastened to battle to grind them small in slaughter . The king Abdirama having been killed , he destroyed ( them ) , driving forth the army , he fought and won . Thus did the victor triumph over his enemies . -- Fouracre , Continuations of Fredegar , p. 149 This source details further that `` he ( Charles Martel ) came down upon them like a great man of battle '' . It goes on to say Charles `` scattered them like the stubble '' . The Latin word used for `` warrior '' , belligerator , `` is from the Book of Maccabees , chapters 15 and 16 , which describe huge battles . It is thought that Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People ( Book V , Chapter XXIV ) includes a reference to the Battle of Poitiers : `` ... a dreadful plague of Saracens ravaged France with miserable slaughter , but they not long after in that country received the punishment due to their wickedness '' . Strategic analysis ( edit ) Gibbon makes the point that ' Abd - al - Raḥmân did not move at once against Charles Martel , and was surprised by him at Tours as Charles had marched over the mountains avoiding the roads to surprise the Muslim invaders . Thus , Charles selected the time and place they would collide . ' Abd - al - Raḥmân was a good general , but failed to do two things he should have done before the battle : He either assumed that the Franks would not come to the aid of their Aquitanian rivals , or did not care , and he thus failed to assess their strength before invasion . He failed to scout the movements of the Frankish army . These failures disadvantaged the Muslim army in the following ways : The invaders were burdened with booty that played a role in the battle . They had casualties before they fought the battle . Weaker opponents such as Odo were not bypassed , whom they could have picked off at will later , while moving at once to force battle with the real power in Europe , and at least partially picked the battlefield . While some military historians point out that leaving enemies in your rear is not generally wise , the Mongols proved that indirect attack , and bypassing weaker foes to eliminate the strongest first , can be a devastatingly effective mode of invasion . In this case , those enemies were virtually no danger , given the ease with which the Muslims destroyed them . The real danger was Charles , and the failure to scout Gaul adequately was disastrous . According to Creasy , both western and Muslim histories agree the battle was hard fought , and that the Umayyad heavy cavalry had broken into the square , but agreed that the Franks were in formation still strongly resisting . Charles could not afford to stand idly by while Frankish territories were threatened . He would have to face the Umayyad armies sooner or later , and his men were enraged by the utter devastation of the Aquitanians and wanted to fight . But Sir Edward Creasy noted that , when we remember that Charles had no standing army , and the independent spirit of the Frank warriors who followed his standard , it seems most probable that it was not in his power to adopt the cautious policy of watching the invaders , and wearing out their strength by delay . So dreadful and so widespread were the ravages of the Saracenic light cavalry throughout Gaul , that it must have been impossible to restrain for any length of time the indignant ardor of the Franks . And , even if Charles could have persuaded his men to look tamely on while the Arabs stormed more towns and desolated more districts , he could not have kept an army together when the usual period of a military expedition had expired . Both Hallam and Watson argue that had Charles failed , there was no remaining force to protect Western Europe . Hallam perhaps said it best : `` It may justly be reckoned among those few battles of which a contrary event would have essentially varied the drama of the world in all its subsequent scenes : with Marathon , Arbela , the Metaurus , Châlons and Leipzig . '' Strategically , and tactically , Charles probably made the best decision he could in waiting until his enemies least expected him to intervene , and then marching by stealth to catch them by surprise at a battlefield of his choosing . Probably he and his own men did not realize the seriousness of the battle they had fought , as one historian put it : `` few battles are remembered over 1,000 years after they are fought , but the Battle of Poitiers is an exception ( ... ) Charles Martel turned back a Muslim raid that had it been allowed to continue , might have conquered Gaul . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Umayyad retreat and second invasion ( edit ) The Umayyad army retreated south over the Pyrenees . Charles continued to drive the Umayyad forces from France in subsequent years . After the death ( c. 735 ) of Odo , who had reluctantly acknowledged Charles ' suzerainty in 719 , Charles wished to unite Odo 's Duchy to himself , and went there to elicit the proper homage of the Aquitainians . But the nobility proclaimed Hunold , Odo 's son , as the Duke , and Charles recognized his legitimacy when the Umayyads entered Provence as part of an alliance with Duke Maurontus the next year . Hunold , who originally resisted acknowledging Charles as overlord , soon had little choice . He acknowledged Charles as his overlord , albeit not for long , and Charles confirmed his Duchy . Umayyad invasion ( 735 -- 39 ) ( edit ) In 735 , the new governor of al - Andalus again invaded Gaul . Antonio Santosuosso and other historians detail how the new governor of Al - Andalus , ' Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj , again moved into France to avenge the defeat at Poitiers and to spread Islam . Santosuosso notes that ' Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj converted about 2,000 Christians he captured over his career . In the last major attempt at forcible invasion of Gaul through Iberia , a sizable invasion force was assembled at Saragossa and entered what is now French territory in 735 , crossed the River Rhone and captured and looted Arles . From there , he struck into the heart of Provence , ending with the capture of Avignon , despite strong resistance . Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj 's forces remained in French territory for about four years , carrying raids to Lyons , Burgundy , and Piedmont . Charles Martel invaded Septimania in two campaigns in 736 and 739 , but was forced back again to Frankish territory under his control . Alessandro Santosuosso strongly argues that the second ( Umayyad ) expedition was probably more dangerous than the first . The second expedition 's failure put an end to any serious Muslim expedition across the Pyrenees , although raids continued . Plans for further large - scale attempts were hindered by internal turmoil in the Umayyad lands which often made enemies out of their own kind . Advance to Narbonne ( edit ) Despite the defeat at Tours , the Umayyads remained in control of Narbonne and Septimania for another 27 years , though they could not expand further . The treaties reached earlier with the local population stood firm and were further consolidated in 734 when the governor of Narbonne , Yusuf ibn ' Abd al - Rahman al - Fihri , concluded agreements with several towns on common defense arrangements against the encroachments of Charles Martel , who had systematically brought the south to heel as he extended his domains . He destroyed Umayyad armies and fortresses at the Battle of Avignon and the Battle of Nîmes . The army attempting to relieve Narbonne met Charles in open battle at the Battle of the River Berre and was destroyed . However , Charles failed in his attempt to take Narbonne by siege in 737 , when the city was jointly defended by its Muslim Arab and Berber , and its Christian Visigothic citizens . Carolingian dynasty ( edit ) Main articles : Francia , Carolingian Empire , Pepin the Short , and Charlemagne Reluctant to tie down his army for a siege that could last years , and believing he could not afford the losses of an all - out frontal assault such as he had used at Arles , Charles was content to isolate the few remaining invaders in Narbonne and Septimania . The threat of invasion was diminished after the Umayyad defeat at Narbonne , and the unified Caliphate would collapse into civil war in 750 at the Battle of the Zab . It was left to Charles ' son , Pepin the Short , to force Narbonne 's surrender in 759 , thus bringing Narbonne into the Frankish domains . The Umayyad dynasty was expelled , driven back to Al - Andalus where Abd al - Rahman I established an emirate in Córdoba in opposition to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad . Charles 's grandson , Charlemagne , became the first Christian ruler to begin what would be called the Reconquista from Europe . In the northeast of Spain the Frankish emperors established the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees in part of what today is Catalonia , reconquering Girona in 785 and Barcelona in 801 . This formed a buffer zone against Muslim lands across the Pyrenees . Historian J.M. Roberts said in 1993 of the Carolingian Dynasty : `` It produced Charles Martel , the soldier who turned the Arabs back at Tours , and the supporter of Saint Boniface the Evangelizer of Germany . This is a considerable double mark to have left on the history of Europe . '' Before the Battle of Tours , stirrups may have been unknown in the west . Lynn Townsend White Jr. argues that the adoption of the stirrup for cavalry was the direct cause for the development of feudalism in the Frankish realm by Charles Martel and his heirs . Historical and macrohistorical views ( edit ) The historical views of this battle fall into three great phases , both in the East and especially in the West . Western historians , beginning with the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , stressed the macrohistorical impact of the battle , as did the Continuations of Fredegar . This became a claim that Charles had saved Christianity , as Gibbon and his generation of historians agreed that the Battle of Tours was unquestionably decisive in world history . Modern historians have essentially fallen into two camps on the issue . The first camp essentially agrees with Gibbon , and the other argues that the Battle has been massively overstated -- turned from a raid in force to an invasion , and from a mere annoyance to the Caliph to a shattering defeat that helped end the Islamic Expansion Era . It is essential however , to note that within the first group , those who agree the Battle was of macrohistorical importance , there are a number of historians who take a more moderate and nuanced view of the significance of the battle , in contrast to the more dramatic and rhetorical approach of Gibbon . The best example of this school is William E. Watson , who does believe the battle has such importance , as will be discussed below , but analyzes it militarily , culturally and politically , rather than seeing it as a classic `` Muslim versus Christian '' confrontation . In the East , Arab histories followed a similar path . First , the battle was regarded as a disastrous defeat ; then , it largely faded from Arab histories , leading to a modern dispute which regards it as either a secondary loss to the great defeat of the Second Siege of Constantinople , where the Bulgarian Emperor Tervel played a crucial role , or a part of a series of great macrohistorical defeats which together brought about the fall of the first Caliphate . With the Byzantines and Bulgarians together with the Franks both successfully blocking further expansion , internal social troubles came to a head , starting with the Great Berber Revolt of 740 , and ending with the Battle of the Zab , and the destruction of the Umayyad Caliphate . In Western history ( edit ) The first wave of real `` modern '' historians , especially scholars on Rome and the medieval period , such as Edward Gibbon , contended that had Charles fallen , the Umayyad Caliphate would have easily conquered a divided Europe . Gibbon famously observed : A victorious line of march had been prolonged above a thousand miles from the rock of Gibraltar to the banks of the Loire ; the repetition of an equal space would have carried the Saracens to the confines of Poland and the Highlands of Scotland ; the Rhine is not more impassable than the Nile or Euphrates , and the Arabian fleet might have sailed without a naval combat into the mouth of the Thames . Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would now be taught in the schools of Oxford , and her pulpits might demonstrate to a circumcised people the sanctity and truth of the revelation of Mahomet . Nor was Gibbon alone in lavishing praise on Charles as the savior of Christendom and western civilization . H.G. Wells in his A Short History of the World said in Chapter XLV `` The Development of Latin Christendom '' : `` The Moslim when they crossed the Pyrenees in 720 found this Frankish kingdom under the practical rule of Charles Martel , the Mayor of the Palace of a degenerate descendant of Clovis , and experienced the decisive defeat of Poitiers ( 732 ) at his hands . This Charles Martel was practically overlord of Europe north of the Alps from the Pyrenees to Hungary . He ruled over a multitude of subordinate lords speaking French - Latin , and High and Low German languages . '' Gibbon was echoed a century later by the Belgian historian Godefroid Kurth , who wrote that the Battle of Poitiers `` must ever remain one of the great events in the history of the world , as upon its issue depended whether Christian Civilization should continue or Islam prevail throughout Europe . '' German historians were especially ardent in their praise of Charles Martel ; Schlegel speaks of this `` mighty victory '' , and tells how `` the arm of Charles Martel saved and delivered the Christian nations of the West from the deadly grasp of all - destroying Islam . '' Creasy quotes Leopold von Ranke 's opinion that this period was `` one of the most important epochs in the history of the world , the commencement of the eighth century , when on the one side Mohammedanism threatened to overspread Italy and Gaul , and on the other the ancient idolatry of Saxony and Friesland once more forced its way across the Rhine . In this peril of Christian institutions , a youthful prince of Germanic race , Karl Martell , arose as their champion , maintained them with all the energy which the necessity for self - defence calls forth , and finally extended them into new regions . '' The German military historian Hans Delbrück said of this battle `` there was no more important battle in the history of the world . '' ( The Barbarian Invasions , p. 441 . ) Had Charles Martel failed , Henry Hallam argued , there would have been no Charlemagne , no Holy Roman Empire or Papal States ; all these depended upon Charles 's containment of Islam from expanding into Europe while the Caliphate was unified and able to mount such a conquest . Another great mid era historian , Thomas Arnold , ranked the victory of Charles Martel even higher than the victory of Arminius in its impact on all of modern history : `` Charles Martel 's victory at Tours was among those signal deliverances which have affected for centuries the happiness of mankind . '' Louis Gustave and Charles Strauss in Moslem and Frank ; or , Charles Martel and the rescue of Europe said `` The victory gained was decisive and final , The torrent of Arab conquest was rolled back and Europe was rescued from the threatened yoke of the Saracens . '' ( p. 122 ) Charles Oman , in his History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages , concludes that `` At Poitiers the Franks fought as they had done two hundred years before at Casilinum , in one solid mass , without breaking rank or attempting to maneuver . Their victory was won by the purely defensive tactics of the infantry square ; the fanatical Arabs , dashing against them time after time , were shattered to pieces , and at last fled under shelter of night . But there was no pursuit , for Charles had determined not to allow his men to stir a step from the line to chase the broken foe . ( I , 58 ) '' John Bagnell Bury , writing at the beginning of the 20th century , said `` The Battle of Tours ... has often been represented as an event of the first magnitude for the world 's history , because after this , the penetration of Islam into Europe was finally brought to a standstill . '' Modern Western historians are clearly divided on the importance of the battle , and where it should rank in military history ; see below . Adolf Hitler on the battle of Tours ( edit ) Albert Speer , Hitler 's Armaments Minister , described how Hitler expressed approval of Islam , saying that Hitler had been particularly impressed by what he had heard from a delegation of Arabs . When the Muslims had tried to penetrate Central Europe in the 8th century , they had been driven back at the Battle of Tours ; if they had won that battle , the world would have become Muslim . Theirs was a religion , Hitler said , that believed in spreading the faith by the sword and subjugating all nations to that faith . Hitler considered that Islam was perfectly suited to the `` Germanic '' temperament and would have been more compatible to the Germans than Christianity . In Muslim history ( edit ) Eastern historians , like their Western counterparts , have not always agreed on the importance of the battle . According to Bernard Lewis , `` The Arab historians , if they mention this engagement ( the Battle of Tours ) at all , present it as a minor skirmish , '' and Gustave von Grunebaum writes : `` This setback may have been important from the European point of view , but for Muslims at the time , who saw no master plan imperilled thereby , it had no further significance . '' Contemporary Arab and Muslim historians and chroniclers were much more interested in the second Umayyad siege of Constantinople in 718 , which ended in a disastrous defeat . However , Creasy has claimed : `` The enduring importance of the battle of Tours in the eyes of the Moslems is attested not only by the expressions of ' the deadly battle ' and ' the disgraceful overthrow ' which their writers constantly employ when referring to it , but also by the fact that no more serious attempts at conquest beyond the Pyrenees were made by the Saracens . '' Thirteenth - century Moroccan author Ibn Idhari al - Marrakushi , mentioned the battle in his history of the Maghrib , `` al - Bayan al - Mughrib fi Akhbar al - Maghrib . '' According to Ibn Idhari , `` Abd ar - Rahman and many of his men found martyrdom on the balat ash - Shuhada'i ( '' the path of the martyrs ) . '' Antonio Santosuosso points that `` they ( the Muslims ) called the battle 's location , the road between Poitiers and Tours , `` the pavement of Martyrs '' . '' However , as Henry Coppée pointed out , `` The same name was given to the battle of Toulouse and is applied to many other fields on which the Moslemah were defeated : they were always martyrs for the faith . '' Khalid Yahya Blankinship argued that the military defeat at Tours was one of the failures that contributed to the decline of the Umayyad caliphate : `` Stretching from Morocco to China , the Umayyad caliphate based its expansion and success on the doctrine of jihad -- armed struggle to claim the whole earth for God 's rule , a struggle that had brought much material success for a century but suddenly ground to a halt followed by the collapse of the ruling Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD . The End of the Jihad State demonstrates for the first time that the cause of this collapse came not just from internal conflict , as has been claimed , but from a number of external and concurrent factors that exceeded the caliphate 's capacity to respond . These external factors began with crushing military defeats at Byzantium , Toulouse and Tours , which led to the Berber Revolt of 740 in Iberia and Northern Africa . '' Current historical debate on macrohistorical impact of battle of Tours ( edit ) Some modern historians argue that the Battle of Tours was of no great historical significance while others continue to contend that Charles Martel 's victory was important in European or even world history . Supporting the significance of Tours as a world - altering event ( edit ) William E. Watson strongly supports Tours as a macrohistorical event , but distances himself from the rhetoric of Gibbon and Drubeck , writing , for example , of the battle 's importance in Frankish , and world , history in 1993 : There is clearly some justification for ranking Tours - Poitiers among the most significant events in Frankish history when one considers the result of the battle in light of the remarkable record of the successful establishment by Muslims of Islamic political and cultural dominance along the entire eastern and southern rim of the former Christian , Roman world . The rapid Muslim conquest of Palestine , Syria , Egypt and the North African coast all the way to Morocco in the seventh century resulted in the permanent imposition by force of Islamic culture onto a previously Christian and largely non-Arab base . The Visigothic kingdom fell to Muslim conquerors in a single battle on the Rio Barbate in 711 , and the Hispanic Christian population took seven long centuries to regain control of the Iberian Peninsula . The Reconquista , of course , was completed in 1492 , only months before Columbus received official backing for his fateful voyage across the Atlantic Ocean . Had Charles Martel suffered at Tours - Poitiers the fate of King Roderic at the Rio Barbate , it is doubtful that a `` do - nothing '' sovereign of the Merovingian realm could have later succeeded where his talented major domus had failed . Indeed , as Charles was the progenitor of the Carolingian line of Frankish rulers and grandfather of Charlemagne , one can even say with a degree of certainty that the subsequent history of the West would have proceeded along vastly different currents had ' Abd ar - Rahman been victorious at Tours - Poitiers in 732 . Watson adds , `` After examining the motives for the Muslim drive north of the Pyrenees , one can attach a macrohistorical significance to the encounter between the Franks and Andalusi Muslims at Tours - Poitiers , especially when one considers the attention paid to the Franks in Arabic literature and the successful expansion of Muslims elsewhere in the medieval period . '' Victorian writer John Henry Haaren says in Famous Men of the Middle Ages , `` The battle of Tours , or Poitiers , as it should be called , is regarded as one of the decisive battles of the world . It decided that Christians , and not Moslems , should be the ruling power in Europe . '' Bernard Grun delivers this assessment in his `` Timetables of History '' , reissued in 2004 : `` In 732 Charles Martel 's victory over the Arabs at the Battle of Tours stems the tide of their westward advance . '' Historian and humanist Michael Grant lists the battle of Tours in the macrohistorical dates of the Roman era . Historian Norman Cantor who specialized in the medieval period , teaching and writing at Columbia and New York University , says in 1993 : `` It may be true that the Arabs had now fully extended their resources and they would not have conquered France , but their defeat ( at Tours ) in 732 put a stop to their advance to the north . '' Military historian Robert W. Martin considers Tours `` one of the most decisive battles in all of history . '' Additionally , historian Hugh Kennedy says `` it was clearly significant in establishing the power of Charles Martel and the Carolingians in France , but it also had profound consequences in Muslim Spain . It signaled the end of the ghanima ( booty ) economy . '' Military Historian Paul Davis argued in 1999 , `` had the Muslims been victorious at Tours , it is difficult to suppose what population in Europe could have organized to resist them . '' Likewise , George Bruce in his update of Harbottle 's classic military history Dictionary of Battles maintains that `` Charles Martel defeated the Moslem army effectively ending Moslem attempts to conquer western Europe . '' History professor Antonio Santosuosso puts forth an opinion on Charles , Tours , and the subsequent campaigns against Rahman 's son in 736 -- 737 , presenting that these later defeats of invading Muslim armies were at least as important as Tours in their defense of Western Christendom and the preservation of Western monasticism , the monasteries of which were the centers of learning which ultimately led Europe out of her Middle Ages . He also makes an argument , after studying the Arab histories of the period , that these were clearly armies of invasion , sent by the Caliph not just to avenge Tours , but to begin the end of Christian Europe and bring it into the Caliphate . Professor of religion Huston Smith says in The World 's Religions : Our Great Wisdom Traditions `` But for their defeat by Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours in 733 , the entire Western world might today be Muslim . '' Historian Robert Payne on page 142 in `` The History of Islam '' said `` The more powerful Muslims and the spread of Islam were knocking on Europe 's door . And the spread of Islam was stopped along the road between the towns of Tours and Poitiers , France , with just its head in Europe . '' Victor Davis Hanson has commented that `` Recent scholars have suggested Poitiers , so poorly recorded in contemporary sources , was a mere raid and thus a construct of western mythmaking or that a Muslim victory might have been preferable to continued Frankish dominance . What is clear is that Poitiers marked a general continuance of the successful defense of Europe , ( from the Muslims ) . Flush from the victory at Tours , Charles Martel went on to clear southern France from Islamic attackers for decades , unify the warring kingdoms into the foundations of the Carolingian Empire , and ensure ready and reliable troops from local estates . '' Paul Davis , another modern historian , says `` whether Charles Martel saved Europe for Christianity is a matter of some debate . What is sure , however , is that his victory ensured that the Franks would dominate Gaul for more than a century . '' Davis writes , `` Moslem defeat ended the Moslems ' threat to western Europe , and Frankish victory established the Franks as the dominant population in western Europe , establishing the dynasty that led to Charlemagne . '' Objecting to the significance of Tours as a world - altering event ( edit ) Other historians disagree with this assessment . Alessandro Barbero writes , `` Today , historians tend to play down the significance of the battle of Poitiers , pointing out that the purpose of the Muslim force defeated by Charles Martel was not to conquer the Frankish kingdom , but simply to pillage the wealthy monastery of St - Martin of Tours '' . Similarly , Tomaž Mastnak writes : Modern historians have constructed a myth presenting this victory as having saved Christian Europe from the Muslims . Edward Gibbon , for example , called Charles Martel the savior of Christendom and the battle near Poitiers an encounter that changed the history of the world ... This myth has survived well into our own times ... Contemporaries of the battle , however , did not overstate its significance . The continuators of Fredegar 's chronicle , who probably wrote in the mid-eighth century , pictured the battle as just one of many military encounters between Christians and Saracens -- moreover , as only one in a series of wars fought by Frankish princes for booty and territory ... One of Fredegar 's continuators presented the battle of Poitiers as what it really was : an episode in the struggle between Christian princes as the Carolingians strove to bring Aquitaine under their rule . The historian Philip Khuri Hitti believes that `` In reality nothing was decided on the battlefield of Tours . The Moslem wave , already a thousand miles from its starting point in Gibraltar -- to say nothing about its base in al - Qayrawan -- had already spent itself and reached a natural limit . '' The view that the battle has no great significance is perhaps best summarized by Franco Cardini says in Europe and Islam : `` Although prudence needs to be exercised in minimizing or ' demythologizing ' the significance of the event , it is no longer thought by anyone to have been crucial . The ' myth ' of that particular military engagement survives today as a media cliché , than which nothing is harder to eradicate . It is well known how the propaganda put about by the Franks and the papacy glorified the victory that took place on the road between Tours and Poitiers ... '' In their introduction to The Reader 's Companion to Military History Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker summarise this side of the modern view of the Battle of Tours by saying `` The study of military history has undergone drastic changes in recent years . The old drums - and - bugles approach will no longer do . Factors such as economics , logistics , intelligence , and technology receive the attention once accorded solely to battles and campaigns and casualty counts . Words like `` strategy '' and `` operations '' have acquired meanings that might not have been recognizable a generation ago . Changing attitudes and new research have altered our views of what once seemed to matter most . For example , several of the battles that Edward Shepherd Creasy listed in his famous 1851 book The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World rate hardly a mention here , and the confrontation between Muslims and Christians at Poitiers - Tours in 732 , once considered a watershed event , has been downgraded to a raid in force . '' See also ( edit ) Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula Battle of Lepanto Battle of Navarino References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The state of Islam in Al Andalus '' , written by Mohammed Abdullah Annan , ( ( The first era - The first section , from the conquest until the beginning of the era of Al - Nasir ) ) . Fourth edition , published by Khanji library in Cairo . p. 96 Jump up ^ Dawn of Al - Andalus , by DR . Hussain Mones , a study of the history of Muslim Spain from the Arab conquest in 711 C.E. till the rise of the Umayyad Emirate of Cordova in 756 C.E. , published in Dar Al - Manahel and Al - Asr Al - Hadith , Beirut , Lebanon. `` First Edition '' . p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Balat Al - Shuhada , led by Abd Ar - Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Balat Al - Shuhada battle , in Islamic and European history , by DR . Abd Al - Fattah Muqallid Al - Ghunaymi , published in Alam Alkotob , Cairo , Egypt . `` First Edition '' . ISBN 977 - 232 - 081 - 9 . p. 128 Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada , Led by Abd Ar - Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 202 Jump up ^ Primary Islamic sources used the name `` Franks '' to refer to all the nations of Europe except Goths and Romans Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada , led by Abdul Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 25 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 193 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 194 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . pp. 198 -- 99 Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada battle , in Islamic and European history , by Dr. Abd Al - Fattah Muqallid Al - Ghunaymi , published in Alam Alkotob , Cairo , Egypt . `` First Edition '' . ISBN 977 - 232 - 081 - 9 . p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Tom oberhofer . `` battle of poitiers 729 battle of Moussais , battle of Tours , Charles Martel Eudes of Aquitaine , Abd . er - Rahman , medieval warfare '' . Home.eckerd.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Poitiers / Tours 10th October 732 '' . Military Times . Jump up ^ Hanson , 2001 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Oman , 1960 , p. 167 , gives the traditional date of October 10 , 732 . White 1962 , p. 3 , note 3 , citing Baudot 1955 , goes with October 17 , 733 . Collins 1989 , pp. 90 -- 91 , concludes `` late ( October ? ) 733 '' based on the `` likely '' appointment date of the successor of Abdul Rahman , who was killed in the battle . Watson 1993 , p. 52 , cites problems with Baudot , saying Baudot 's incorrect dating of the battle as 733 A.D. has been employed to this day by those unfamiliar with the sources . Jump up ^ Arabic language dictionaries : Al - Ghani Dictionary , Al - Ra - ed Dictionary , and Al - Waseit Dictionary mentions that the meaning of `` Balat '' is the Palace of a king Jump up ^ the origin of the Arabic word Balat is the same of the Latin word Palatium , and the English word Palace Jump up ^ Balat AL - Shuhada , led by General Abdul Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 32 : the word `` Balat '' means the Palace of a king Jump up ^ Bachrach , 2001 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2002 , p. 87 citing the Vita Eucherii , ed . W. Levison , Monumenta Germaniæ Historica , Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum VII , pp. 46 -- 53 , ch. 8 , pp. 49 -- 50 ; Gesta Episcoporum Autissiodorensium , extracts ed . G. Waitz , Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Scriptores XIII , pp. 394 -- 400 , ch. 27 , p. 394 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenfeld 2001 , p. 366 Jump up ^ Hanson , 2001 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Ranke , Leopold von . `` History of the Reformation '' , vol. 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 106 Jump up ^ The patriotic and religious fresco project and its cultural implications are discussed by Albert Boime , A Social History of Modern Art 2004 , pp. 62ff . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Tours ( European history ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wolf 2000 , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Davis 1999 , p. unk ^ Jump up to : Davis 1999 , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Victor Davis . `` Culture and Carnage : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power '' Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 85 citing U. Nonn , ' Das Bild Karl Martells in Mittelalterliche Quellen ' , in Jarnut , Nonn and Richeter ( eds ) , Karl Martel in Seiner Zeit , pp. 9 -- 21 , at pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Eggenberger 1985 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Ian Meadows , `` The Arabs in Occitania '' , Arab and Islamic Culture and Connections , Saudi Aramco World Jump up ^ Collins 1989 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Previously attributed to Isidorus Pacensis , Bishop of Beja -- see , O'Callaghan , 1983 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Solus Deus numerum morientium vel pereuntium recognoscat Wolf 2000 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Riche , 1993 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Collins 1989 , pp. 81 , 90 ^ Jump up to : Watson 1993 Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Bede , 1847 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 163 Jump up ^ quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. viii Jump up ^ Bennett et al. 2013 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Santosuosso 2004 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Roberts , J.M. The New History of the World Jump up ^ White 1962 , pp. 1 -- 38 . However White denied the importance of Tours in Charles Martel 's reforms , both because they began the year before the battle ( White accepted 733 as the battle year ) and because Claudio Sanchez - Albornoz `` has shown that even twenty years after Martel 's death the Spanish Muslims used cavalry only in small numbers '' ( p. 12 ) . Jump up ^ The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon , Chapter LII . Jump up ^ quoted in Frank D. Gilliard , `` The Senators of Sixth - Century Gaul , '' Speculum , Vol. 54 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1979 ) , pp. 685 -- 97 ^ Jump up to : quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 158 Jump up ^ History of the later Roman Commonwealth , vol ii . p. 317 , quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Cambridge Medieval History p. 374 . Jump up ^ Inside the Third Reich , Albert Speer ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson ) 1995 , pp. 149 -- 50 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 8421 - 2735 - 3 Jump up ^ Lewis , 1994 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ von Grunebaum , 2005 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Coppée 2002 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Famous Men of The Middle Ages by John H. Haaren , LL. D. and A.B. Poland , Ph. D. Project Gutenberg Etext . Jump up ^ The Timetables of History p. 275 . Jump up ^ Civilization of the Middle Ages p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Tours ( 732 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Muslim Spain and Portugal : Political History of Al - Andalus , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders and Battles : Tours '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Victor Davis , 2001 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Barbero , 2004 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Mastnak , 2002 , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Hitti , 2002 , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Cardini , 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ ' Editors ' Note ' , Cowley and Parker , 2001 , p. xiii . Bibliography ( edit ) Arabs , Franks , and the Battle of Tours , 732 : Three Accounts from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Bachrach , Bernard S. ( 2001 ) . Early Carolingian Warfare : Prelude to Empire . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3533 - 9 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2004 ) . Charlemagne : Father of a Continent . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23943 - 1 Baudot , Marcel ( 1955 ) . `` Localisation et datation de la première victoire remportée par Charles Martel contre les Musulmans '' . Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société de l'École des Charles ( in French ) . XII ( 1 ) : 91 -- 105 . Bede , Giles , John Allen , Stevens , John , Gurney , Anna and Petrie , Henry ( 1847 ) . The Venerable Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of England . H.G. Bohn . Bennett , Matthew ; Bradsbury , Jim ; DeVries , Kelly ; Dickie , Iain ; Jestice , Phyllis G. ( 2013 ) . Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World , AD 500 -- AD 1500 : Equipment , combat skills , and tactics . London : Amber Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909160 - 47 - 7 . Collins , Roger ( 1989 ) . The Arab Conquest of Spain : 710 -- 797 . Oxford , England : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15923 - 0 . Coppée , Henry ( 2002 ) ( 1881 ) . History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors , With a Sketch of the Civilization Which They Achieved , and Imparted to Europe . Vol II . Gorgias Press . ISBN 1 - 931956 - 94 - 4 . Cowley , Robert and Parker , Geoffrey ( Eds . ) . ( 2001 ) . The Reader 's Companion to Military History . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 12742 - 9 Creasy , Edward Shepherd ; Speed , John Gilmer ( 2001 ) . Decisive Battles of the World ( revised ed . ) . Safety Harbor , Florida : Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931541 - 81 - 7 . ; originally published in 1851 as Decisive Battles of the World from Marathon to Waterloo ; revised edition with John Gilmer Speed originally published in 1899 by Colonial Press . Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 075 - 8 . Eggenberger , David , ed. ( 1985 ) . `` Acroinum ( Moslem - Byzantine Wars ) , 739 & Tours ( Moslem Invasion of France ) , 732 '' . An Encyclopedia of Battles : Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present . Courier ( Dover Publications ) . pp. 3 , 441 -- 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24913 - 1 . ; a revised edition of Dictionary of Battles published in 1967 by Thomas Y . Crowell . Fouracre , Paul ( 2000 ) . The Age of Charles Martel . Pearson Education . ISBN 0 - 582 - 06476 - 7 Gibbon , Edward The Battle of Tours , The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Grant , Michael History of Rome Grunebaum , Gustave von ( 2005 ) . Classical Islam : A History , 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Transaction . ISBN 0 - 202 - 30767 - 0 Hanson , Victor Davis . Carnage and Culture : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power . Anchor Books , 2001 . Published in the UK as Why the West has Won . Faber and Faber , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21640 - 4 Hitti , Philip Khuri ( 2002 ) . History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine . Gorgias Press LLC . ISBN 1 - 931956 - 61 - 8 Hooker , Richard `` Civil War and the Umayyads '' Lewis , Bernard ( 1994 ) . Islam and the West . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509061 - 6 Martin , Robert W . `` The Battle of Tours is still felt today '' , from about.com Mastnak , Tomaž ( 2002 ) . Crusading Peace : Christendom , the Muslim World , and Western Political Order . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22635 - 6 Oman , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . Art of War in the Middle Ages A.D. 378 -- 1515 . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9062 - 6 Poke , The Battle of Tours , from the book Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy , MA Reagan , Geoffrey , The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles , Canopy Books , New York ( 1992 ) ISBN 1 - 55859 - 431 - 0 Riche , Paul ( 1993 ) . The Carolingians : A Family Who Forged Europe . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1342 - 4 Roberts , J.M. ( 2003 ) The New History of the World Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521927 - 9 Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2004 ) . Barbarians , Marauders , and Infidels . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 9153 - 9 . Schoenfeld , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . `` Battle of Poitiers '' . In Cowley , Robert ; Parker , Geoffrey . The Reader 's Companion to Military History . New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 12742 - 9 . Torrey , Charles Cutler ( 1922 ) . The History of the Conquest of Egypt , North Africa and Spain : Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al - Ḥakam . Yale University Press . The Battle of Tours 732 , from the Jewish Virtual Library . Tours , Poiters , from `` Leaders and Battles Database '' online . Watson , William E. ( 1993 ) . `` The Battle of Tours - Poitiers Revisited '' . Providence : studies in western civilization . 2 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 68 . White , Lynn Townsend , Jr. ( 1962 ) . Medieval Technology and Social Change . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 500266 - 9 . Wolf , Kenneth Baxter ( 1990 ) . Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain . Liverpool , England : Liverpool University Press . doi : 10.3828 / 978 - 0 - 85323 - 554 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85323 - 554 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Tours . Poke 's edition of Creasy 's 15 Most Important Battles Ever Fought According to Edward Shepherd Creasy Chapter VII . The Battle Of Tours , A.D. 732 . Medieval Sourcebook : Arabs , Franks , and the Battle of Tours , 732 : Three Accounts Medieval Sourcebook : Anon Arab Chronicler : The Battle of Poitiers , 732 History of Europe : The Battle of Tours BBC In Our Time : The Battle of Tours . ( Radio programme discussing the battle ) Coordinates : 47 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 41 ′ 21 '' E  /  47.3936 ° N 0.6892 ° E  / 47.3936 ; 0.6892 GND : 4428752 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tours&oldid=815952536 '' Categories : 8th - century conflicts Battles involving the Franks Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate Islam in France Matter of France Carolingian period History of Tours 732 in Europe 8th century in France 8th century in Francia Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Pages incorrectly using the quote template Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 08 : 07 . 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which leader halted the muslim invasion of western europe at the battle of tours

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List of U.S. states and territories by area

List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area Jump to : navigation , search States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state / territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state / territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,696.32 423,972 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world . The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census , unlike previous years , as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau . Accessed 2007 - 07 - 10 ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 1 ( Table 1 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area&oldid=833885391 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States Lists of states of the United States Lists by area Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 21 : 36 . 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what is the largest state in america by size

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Sean Hayes (actor)

Sean Hayes ( Actor ) - wikipedia Sean Hayes ( Actor ) Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Sean Hayes , see Sean Hayes ( disambiguation ) . Sean Hayes Hayes in 2010 Sean Patrick Hayes ( 1970 - 06 - 26 ) June 26 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian , producer Years active 1996 -- present Spouse ( s ) Scott Icenogle ( m . 2014 ) Sean Patrick Hayes ( born June 26 , 1970 ) is an American actor , comedian , and producer . He is best known for his role as Jack McFarland on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace , for which he won an Emmy Award , four SAG Awards , and one American Comedy Award , and earned six Golden Globe nominations . He also runs a television production company called Hazy Mills Productions , which produces shows such as Grimm , Hot in Cleveland , The Soul Man , and Hollywood Game Night . He is known for his film work in movies such as Cats & Dogs , Pieces of April , The Cat in the Hat , Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! , The Bucket List , and The Three Stooges . He is also known for his work on Broadway such as An Act of God and Promises , Promises , where he played Chuck Baxter and received a nomination for Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hayes was born in Chicago , the youngest child of Mary Hayes , the director of a non-profit food bank , and Ronald Hayes , a lithographer . He is of Irish descent and was raised as a Roman Catholic in the Chicago suburb of Glen Ellyn , Illinois . His father left when Hayes was five years old , and he and his siblings were raised by their mother . He has not spoken to his father in many years . After graduating from Glenbard West High School , Hayes attended Illinois State University , where he studied piano performance . He left `` two or three classes short '' of graduation when he became music director at the Pheasant Run Theater in St. Charles , Illinois . Hayes worked as a classical pianist . He practiced improv at The Second City in Chicago . He also composed original music for a production of Antigone at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago . He moved to Los Angeles in 1995 , where he found work as a stand - up comedian and an actor on stage and on television , including a commercial for Doritos which aired during Super Bowl XXXII in 1998 . Career ( edit ) As a teenager , Hayes was an extra in the film Lucas ( 1986 ) , which was filmed at his high school . He made his professional debut in the independent film Billy 's Hollywood Screen Kiss ( 1998 ) , which brought him wide attention . The same year , he was cast as Jack McFarland , a flamboyantly gay and frequently unemployed actor , in the NBC comedy series Will & Grace . The show became a long - running hit and Hayes ' performance earned him seven consecutive Emmy Award nominations as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . He won the award for his first nomination . He was also nominated for six Golden Globe Awards for his performance . Hayes also made film appearances in Cats & Dogs ( 2001 ) , as Jerry Lewis in Martin and Lewis ( 2002 ) , Wayne in Pieces of April ( 2003 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) , and Win a Date With Tad Hamilton ! ( 2004 ) . He was also the voice of Brain in the 2008 film Igor , and has guest starred in television shows such as Scrubs and 30 Rock . In 2005 , he was executive producer for Bravo 's Situation : Comedy , a reality television series about sitcoms . He also executive produced The Sperm Donor and Stephen 's Life , the two winning scripts that were chosen by NBC . He guest - starred in 2006 in the Adult Swim cameo - filled show Tom Goes to the Mayor . Hayes appeared as Thomas in the film The Bucket List ( 2007 ) . On July 5 , 2008 , he made his New York stage debut as Mr. Applegate / Devil in New York City Center 's Encores ! production of Damn Yankees . He also appeared as Mr. Hank Hummerfloob and the voice of `` The Fish '' in The Cat in the Hat . In a 2008 New York Times interview , Hayes talked about a television project , BiCoastal , about `` a guy with a wife and kids in California and a boyfriend in New York '' for Showtime . He made his Broadway debut in the April 2010 Broadway revival of the musical Promises , Promises . He received a nomination for the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance , and was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Hayes was host of the 64th Annual Tony Awards on June 13 , 2010 on CBS . In 2010 , he reprised the role of Mr. Tinkles , the evil white Persian cat , in Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore . On November 15 , 2010 , he appeared in a satirical PSA for the repeal of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . He played Larry Fine in the film The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) . Aware that his role in Will & Grace `` would n't go on forever '' , Hayes teamed up with his friend Todd Milliner , whom he met at Illinois State University , to create the television production company Hazy Mills Productions in 2004 . The company has produced multiple American television series , including Hot in Cleveland , Grimm , The Soul Man , Hollywood Game Night and Sean Saves the World . Hayes is co-executive producer of the TV Land original comedy series Hot in Cleveland , which premiered in June 2010 . He is also a co-executive producer of the NBC series Grimm , as well as creator and executive producer on another NBC series , Hollywood Game Night . Hayes and his husband , Scott Icenogle , produce lip - sync videos under their YouTube channel , The Kitchen Sync . They lip - synced to songs such as Trouble & Burnitup ! He was the host of An All Star Tribute to James Burrows . Hayes starred in the Broadway play An Act of God , which ran from June 6 , 2016 to September 4 , 2016 . In 2017 , Hayes played the role of Steven , the devil emoji in The Emoji Movie . Personal Life ( edit ) Hayes refused to discuss his sexual orientation for many years , saying he believed that audiences would therefore be more open - minded about his characters . In a 2010 interview with The Advocate , he appeared to imply that he is gay , stating : `` Really ? You 're gon na shoot the gay guy down ? I never have had a problem saying who I am . I am who I am . '' He also indicated that he was in a relationship . He states that he feels like he has `` contributed monumentally to the success of the gay movement in America , and if anyone wants to argue that , I 'm open to it '' . He received an honorary PhD from Illinois State University in February 2013 . In November 2014 Hayes announced that he had married his partner of eight years , Scott Icenogle . In October 2017 , while appearing on an episode of Ellen , Hayes revealed that he had a rare condition that made his small intestine burst open . After spending time in the hospital , Hayes got his intestine fixed . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A&P Sammy 1998 Billy 's Hollywood Screen Kiss Billy Collier 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins Brain Pod # 13 Voice 2001 Cats & Dogs Mr. Tinkles Voice 2003 Pieces of April Wayne 2003 The Cat in the Hat Mr. Hank Humberfloob / Voice of the Fish Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! Richard Levy 2005 Roberto the Insect Architect Narrator 2007 The Bucket List Matthew 2008 Man Stroke Woman Various 2008 Soul Men Danny Epstein 2008 Igor Brain Voice Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore Mr. Tinkles Voice 2012 The Three Stooges Larry Fine 2012 Hit and Run Sandy Osterman 2013 Monsters University Terri Perry Voice 2014 How Murray Saved Christmas Edison Elf Voice 2017 The Emoji Movie Steven Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Silk Stalkings Roger Episode : `` Services Rendered '' 1998 - 2006 , 2017 - Will & Grace Jack McFarland 188 episodes American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Television Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated -- American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Television Series Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Nominated -- Viewers for Quality Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Quality Comedy Series 2001 Scrubs Nick Murdoch Episode : `` My Super Ego '' 2001 Saturday Night Live Himself / Host Episode : `` Sean Hayes / Shaggy '' 2002 Martin and Lewis Jerry Lewis Television film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie 2006 Tom Goes to the Mayor Tour Guide Episode : `` Bass Fest '' 2006 Lovespring International Victor Episode : `` A Rear Window '' 2006 Will & Grace : Say Goodnight Gracie Jack McFarland Television film 2006 -- 2007 Campus Ladies Marshall 2 episodes 2007 30 Rock Jesse Parcell Episode : `` Hiatus '' 64th Tony Awards Host Television special Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program 2010 -- 2015 Hot in Cleveland Chad Episode : `` One Thing or a Mother '' Also executive producer ; 124 episodes 2011 -- 2017 Grimm Executive producer ; 108 episodes 2012 -- 2016 The Soul Man Executive producer ; 11 episodes 2012 Portlandia Sean Episode : `` Cops Redesign '' 2012 Parks and Recreation Buddy Wood Episode : `` Lucky '' 2012 Up All Night Walter 4 episodes 2013 Smash Terrence Falls 3 episodes 2013 American Dad ! Foster ( voice ) Episode : `` Lost in Space '' 2013 -- 2014 Sean Saves the World Sean Harrison 15 episodes Also executive producer ; 15 episodes 2013 -- present Hollywood Game Night Himself 2 episodes Also creator , executive producer ; 6 episodes 2014 The Millers Kip Finkle 11 episodes 2014 The Comeback Himself Episode : `` Valerie Gets What She Really Wants '' 2015 The Late Late Show Himself / Guest Host 3 episodes 2016 Crowded Executive producer ; 13 episodes 2016 Maya & Marty Himself / various 2 episodes 2016 An All Star Tribute to James Burrows Himself / Host Television special Also executive producer 2016 Hairspray Live ! Mr. Pinky Television special 2017 Tangled : The Series Pete the Guard ( voice ) Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Damn Yankees Applegate Off - Broadway 2010 -- 2011 Promises , Promises Chuck Baxter Broadway Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Nominated -- Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical 2015 An Act of God God US Tour 2016 Broadway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sean Hayes Biography '' . filmreference. 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McGee , Celia ( July 6 , 2008 ) . `` Selling His Soul for the Part '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Not Easy Being Jack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2000 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sotonoff , Jamie ; Gire , Dann ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Sean Hayes , suburban pal team up for TV success '' . Daily Herald . Arlington Heights , Illinois . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sobota , Lenore ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Actor Sean Hayes , former Fairleigh Dickinson president receive honorary degrees '' . Pantagraph.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Corinne ( 2008 ) . The Q Guide to Will and Grace : Stuff You Did n't Even Know You Wanted to Know ... About Will , Grace , Jack , Karen , and Lots of Guest Stars . Alyson Publications . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59350 - 083 - 2 . In the early days of his career , he supported himself as a classical pianist . ^ Jump up to : Karpel , Ari ( April 2010 ) . `` Sean Hayes : I Am Who I Am '' . The Advocate . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Magazine , People ( 2002 ) . People : Almanac 2003 . Cader Books . p. 380 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929049 - 96 - 7 . Composed original music for a Steppenwolf production of Antigone . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` New deal for CBS swinger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Sean Hayes to Host the Tonys '' . TVGuide . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Filming at 5 Points Sports Building -- Downtown Atlanta / Fairlie Poplar District '' ( PDF ) . atlantadowntown.com. April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Bridget ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` Oh curses , it 's hard : ' Will & Grace ' stars try to beat odds '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Development Update : Eight Days a Week ( The CW , New ! ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Company '' . Hazy Mills Productions . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey . `` When Did Sean Hayes and Todd Milliner Take Over TV ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . inbaseline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Orders Brothers Grimm - Themed Drama From Buffy Scribe '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Bold New Game Show ' Hollywood Game Night ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Kitchen Sync '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean Hayes ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Will And Grace ' Star Sean Hayes Steps To Broadway '' . Fresh Air ( Interview : audio / transcript ) . Interview with Terry Gross . NPR / WHYY . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ( November 2014 ) . `` Sean Hayes Marries Longtime Partner Scott Icenogle '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Hayes Was Hospitalized After His Small Intestine Burst '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Beltran , Mary C. ; Fojas , Camilla ( 1 August 2008 ) . Mixed Race Hollywood . NYU Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9989 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Ronald ; Hornberger , Francine ( 2006 ) . So You Think You Know about Cats ? : An All - in - one Guide for Felines and Their Humans . Citadel . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2749 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rowan , Terry . World War II Goes to the Movies & Television Guide Volume II L-Z . Lulu.com . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 105 - 46543 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Must See TV : An All - Star Tribute to James Burrows '' . NBC . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sean Hayes Theatre Credits '' . www.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Sean Hayes . Biography Resource Center Online . Gale Group . 1999 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sean Hayes ( actor ) . Sean Hayes on IMDb Sean Hayes at the Internet Broadway Database Hosts of the Tony Awards ceremonies 1947 -- 1960 Brock Pemberton ( 1947 ) Bert Lytell / Hiram Sherman / Harry Hirshfield ( 1948 ) Brock Pemberton / James Sauter ( 1949 ) None ( 1950 ) James Sauter ( 1951 ) Helen Hayes ( 1952 ) Faye Emerson ( 1953 ) James Sauter ( 1954 ) Helen Hayes ( 1955 ) Jack Carter ( 1956 ) Bud Collyer ( 1957 ) Bud Collyer ( 1958 ) Bud Collyer ( 1959 ) Eddie Albert ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Phil Silvers ( 1961 ) Ray Bolger / Robert Preston ( 1962 ) Abe Burrows / Robert Morse ( 1963 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1964 ) Tom Bosley / José Ferrer / Van Johnson ( 1965 ) George Abbott / Ginger Rogers ( 1966 ) Mary Martin / Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury / Peter Ustinov ( 1968 ) Diahann Carroll / Alan King ( 1969 ) Julie Andrews / Shirley MacLaine / Walter Matthau ( 1970 ) Lauren Bacall / Angela Lansbury / Anthony Quayle / Anthony Quinn ( 1971 ) Deborah Kerr / Henry Fonda / Peter Ustinov ( 1972 ) Rex Harrison / Celeste Holm ( 1973 ) Peter Falk / Florence Henderson / Robert Preston / Cicely Tyson ( 1974 ) Larry Blyden / George S. Irving / Larry Kert / Carol Lawrence / Michele Lee / Bernadette Peters / Bobby Van ( 1975 ) Eddie Albert / Richard Burton / Jane Fonda / Diana Rigg / George C. Scott / Trish Van Devere ( 1976 ) Jack Albertson / Bea Arthur / Buddy Ebsen / Damon Evans / Jean Stapleton / Leslie Uggams ( 1977 ) None ( 1978 ) Jane Alexander / Henry Fonda / Liv Ullmann ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore / Jason Robards ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Ellen Burstyn / Richard Chamberlain ( 1981 ) Tony Randall ( 1982 ) Richard Burton / Lena Horne / Jack Lemmon ( 1983 ) Julie Andrews / Robert Preston ( 1984 ) None ( 1985 ) None ( 1986 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1987 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1988 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1989 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1990 ) Julie Andrews / Jeremy Irons ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins / Amy Irving ( 1994 ) Nathan Lane / Glenn Close / Gregory Hines ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1997 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1998 ) None ( 1999 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2020 Nathan Lane / Matthew Broderick ( 2001 ) Bernadette Peters / Gregory Hines ( 2002 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2005 ) None ( 2006 ) None ( 2007 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2008 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Sean Hayes ( 2010 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2012 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2013 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth / Alan Cumming ( 2015 ) James Corden ( 2016 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2017 ) Awards for Sean Hayes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Art Carney ( 1954 ) Art Carney ( 1955 ) Art Carney ( 1956 ) Carl Reiner ( 1957 ) Carl Reiner ( 1958 ) Tom Poston ( 1959 ) Don Knotts ( 1961 ) Don Knotts ( 1962 ) Don Knotts ( 1963 ) Don Knotts ( 1966 ) Don Knotts ( 1967 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1968 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1969 ) Michael Constantine ( 1970 ) Edward Asner ( 1971 ) Edward Asner ( 1972 ) Ted Knight ( 1973 ) Rob Reiner ( 1974 ) Edward Asner ( 1975 ) Ted Knight ( 1976 ) Gary Burghoff ( 1977 ) Rob Reiner ( 1978 ) Robert Guillaume ( 1979 ) Harry Morgan ( 1980 ) Danny DeVito ( 1981 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1982 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1983 ) Pat Harrington , Jr. ( 1984 ) John Larroquette ( 1985 ) John Larroquette ( 1986 ) John Larroquette ( 1987 ) John Larroquette ( 1988 ) Woody Harrelson ( 1989 ) Alex Rocco ( 1990 ) Jonathan Winters ( 1991 ) Michael Jeter ( 1992 ) Michael Richards ( 1993 ) Michael Richards ( 1994 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1995 ) Rip Torn ( 1996 ) Michael Richards ( 1997 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1998 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1999 ) Sean Hayes ( 2000 ) Peter MacNicol ( 2001 ) Brad Garrett ( 2002 ) Brad Garrett ( 2003 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2004 ) Brad Garrett ( 2005 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2006 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2007 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2008 ) Jon Cryer ( 2009 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2010 ) Ty Burrell ( 2011 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2012 ) Tony Hale ( 2013 ) Ty Burrell ( 2014 ) Tony Hale ( 2015 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Jason Alexander ( 1994 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1995 ) John Lithgow ( 1996 ) John Lithgow ( 1997 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1998 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1999 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2000 ) Sean Hayes ( 2001 ) Sean Hayes ( 2002 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2003 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2004 ) Sean Hayes ( 2005 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2006 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2007 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2008 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2009 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2010 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2011 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2012 ) Ty Burrell ( 2013 ) William H. Macy ( 2014 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2015 ) William H. Macy ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 42050644 LCCN : no2002032593 ISNI : 0000 0000 8121 0456 GND : 141944056 SUDOC : 150961804 BNF : cb14186017q ( data ) MusicBrainz : 6fd5cc27 - a9e6 - 4f33 - a510 - bb51fc97dca2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sean_Hayes_(actor)&oldid=807113795 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Male actors from Chicago American male comedians American male film actors American people of Irish descent American male television actors American television producers American male voice actors Gay actors LGBT comedians LGBT producers LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Illinois Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Illinois State University alumni People from Glen Ellyn , Illinois 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Comedians from Illinois Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2015 Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 00 : 16 . 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Mercutio

Mercutio - wikipedia Mercutio Jump to : navigation , search Mercutio Romeo and Juliet character Romeo and Juliet Act III Scene I The Death of Romeo 's Friend , Mercutio . Edwin Austin Abbey , 1904 . Created by William Shakespeare Information Family Valentine ( brother ) , the Prince , and Count Paris Associate ( s ) Romeo , Benvolio Mercutio ( / mərˈkjuːʃioʊ / mər - KEW - shee - oh ) is a fictional character in William Shakespeare 's 1597 tragedy , Romeo and Juliet . He is a close friend to Romeo and a blood relative to Prince Escalus and Count Paris . As such , being neither a Montague nor a Capulet , Mercutio is one of the few in Verona with the ability to mingle around those of both houses . The invitation to Capulet 's party states that he has a brother named Valentine . Though often fun - loving and witty , the latter demonstrated in his Queen Mab speech in the first act , Mercutio 's sense of humor can at times be facetious or even coarse , much to his friends ' annoyance . Moreover , he is moody and given to sudden outbursts of temper , one of which sets a key plot development in motion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the play 2 Name origins 3 Mercutio 's death 4 Performers 4.1 Stage 4.2 Film 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Role in the play ( edit ) One of Romeo 's closest friends , Mercutio , entreats Romeo to forget about his unrequited love for a girl named Rosaline and come with him to a masquerade ball at Lord Capulet 's estate , through use of his Queen Mab speech . There , Mercutio and his friends become the life of the party , but Romeo steals away to Juliet , Capulet 's daughter , with whom he has fallen in love , and he falls out of love with Rosaline . When Mercutio sees Romeo the next day , he is glad to see that his friend is his old self again , and he encourages Romeo , all the while making bawdy jokes at the expense of Juliet 's Nurse . After Romeo receives a death threat from Juliet 's cousin Tybalt , Mercutio expects Romeo to engage Tybalt in a duel . However , Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt , because Romeo now considers Tybalt to be kin due to his secret marriage to Juliet . Mercutio is incensed at his friend 's `` calm , dishonorable , vile submission '' , and decides to fight Tybalt himself , right before which , Mercutio refers to his sword as his `` fiddlestick . '' Romeo , not wanting his friend or his relative to get hurt , attempts to intervene . He fails , however , as Mercutio gets stabbed under Romeo 's arm and dies . Before he dies , Mercutio curses both the Montagues and Capulets , crying several times , `` A plague o ' both your houses ! '' ( Act III , Sc. 1 , often quoted as `` A pox on both your houses '' ) . He makes one final pun before he dies : `` Ask for me to - morrow , and you shall find me a grave man . '' A grief - stricken and enraged Romeo kills Tybalt , resulting in his banishment from Verona and beginning the tragic turn of events that make up the rest of the play . Name origins ( edit ) The name Mercutio was present in Shakespeare 's sources for Romeo and Juliet , though his character was not well developed and he was presented as a romantic rival for Juliet . The name is first used in Luigi Da Porto 's 1530 `` Giulietta e Romeo '' . Da Porto briefly introduces a character named Marcuccio Guertio , a noble youth `` with very cold hands , in July as in January '' , who makes Giulietta Cappelletti appreciate the warm hands of Romeo Montecchi . Mercutio 's death ( edit ) Earlier versions of the story described a different chain of events leading to Tybalt 's death , omitting Mercutio completely . Arthur Brooke 's The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet and William Painter 's 1567 versions of the story both left the entire episode solely to Romeo and Tybalt . In both stories , Tybaltio attacks the pacifist Romeo with such force that Romeo is forced to take up the sword to defend himself . He is then banished rather than executed because the killing was provoked . In 1672 , English poet John Dryden wrote , `` Shakespeare show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forced to murder him in the third Act , to being killed by him . '' The addition of Mercutio into the fray increases the tension , and Tybalt is seen as a slightly more peaceful character than in previous versions , as Mercutio is disgusted by the fact that Tybalt continues to search for a quarrel with Romeo , when Romeo is trying to bring peace between them . Mercutio hurls insults and taunts at Tybalt , and draws the sword first , in reaction to Tybalt 's insults , which are directed to Romeo . Mercutio 's death in Act III , scene I is the pivotal point of the play , which up to this point is relatively light - hearted . Mercutio 's death is sudden and makes death a dark reality for several characters , causing a domino effect of tragic fate that leads ultimately to the tragic climax . Performers ( edit ) A number of famous actors have played the role of Mercutio . A small sampling follows . Stage ( edit ) Orson Welles performed the role of Mercutio in repertory during the 36 - week US tour of the Katharine Cornell company ( 1933 -- 34 ) In 1933 -- 34 , Orson Welles played the role of Mercutio in the Katharine Cornell company 's seven - month nationwide tour In 1935 , Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio in a London stage production directed by Gielgud . In 1945 , Ralph Richardson made his Broadway debut as Mercutio opposite the Romeo of Maurice Evans and the Juliet of Katharine Cornell . In 1947 , Paul Scofield played Mercutio in a production directed by Peter Brook . In 1958 , Alec McCowen enjoyed a major success as Mercutio in London . In 2006 , Benjamin Walker portrayed Mercutio during the Williamstown Theater Festival with Emmy Rossum as Juliet and Greg Hildreth as Benvolio . Mickey Calin portrayed Riff Lorton , the Mercutio and Lord Montague character , in the stage musical of West Side Story . In 2013 , Luca Giacomelli Ferrarini played Mercutio in the stage musical of the Italian production `` Romeo e Giulietta - Ama e cambia il mondo '' , directed by Giuliano Peparini . In 2017 , Eli Wilcox played Mercutio in the hit play , Romeo and Juliet , directed by Robert McDunnough & starring Christopher Ely as Romeo and Zachary Pringel as Juliet . Film ( edit ) In 1936 , John Barrymore portrayed Mercutio in George Cukor 's film Romeo and Juliet opposite Leslie Howard as Romeo . In 1961 , Russ Tamblyn played the Mercutio character , Riff Lorton , in the film adaptation of West Side Story , the musical modernised version of Romeo and Juliet . In 1968 , John McEnery portrayed Mercutio in Franco Zeffirelli 's film Romeo and Juliet . In 1976 , Robin Nedwell played Mercutio in the Thames Television production directed by Joan Kemp - Welch , with Christopher Neame as Romeo and Ann Hasson as Juliet . In 1996 , Harold Perrineau Jr. portrayed Mercutio in Baz Luhrmann 's modernised version , William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet . In 1998 , Ben Affleck portrayed actor Edward Alleyn in the romantic comedy Shakespeare in Love . In the film , Alleyn serves as history 's first Mercutio . In 2007 , Tetsuya Kakihara and Christopher Bevins voice Mercutio in the anime series Romeo x Juliet . In 2011 , Hale Appleman portrayed Mercutio in Alan Brown 's Private Romeo , a modern - day adaptation set at an all - male military academy . In 2013 , Christian Cooke played Mercutio in the film adaption directed by Carlo Carlei , starring Douglas Booth as Romeo and Hailee Steinfeld as Juliet . In 2013 , Ricky McLennan played Mercutio in the film adaption `` Romeo and Juliet : A Love Song '' , directed by Tim Van Dammen , starring Christopher Landon as Romeo and Derya Parlak as Juliet . See also ( edit ) William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet Complete list of Shakespearean characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of Literature . Springfield , Massachusetts : Merriam Webster , Incorporated. 1995 . p. 753 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 042 - 6 . ( The pronunciation mər - ˈkyü - shē - ō was transcribed to IPA per Pronunciation respelling for English . ) Jump up ^ Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . The Review of English Studies . 15 ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . JSTOR 509718 . Jump up ^ Harold Bloom , Introduction to Romeo and Juliet , Chelsea House Publishers , 2005 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bullough , Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare : Early Comedies , Poems , Romeo and Juliet , Routledge and Kegan Paul Lt , London , 1957 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Scott , Mark W. ; Schoenbaum , S. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research Inc. p. 415 . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 6129 - 9 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Jennifer . The Catalytic Function of Mercutio . Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( doc ) Jump up ^ HERself External links ( edit ) Complete listing of all of Mercutio 's lines Mercutio Character Analysis William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercutio&oldid=838457526 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1597 Fictional Italian people in literature Male Shakespearean characters Characters in Romeo and Juliet Fictional nobility Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 55 . 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Chris Griffin

Chris Griffin - wikipedia Chris Griffin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Family Guy character . For other uses , see Chris Griffin ( disambiguation ) . This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chris Griffin Family Guy character First appearance `` Death Has a Shadow '' Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Seth Green Information Full name Christopher Cross Griffin Occupation High school student Former paperboy Family Peter Griffin ( father ) Lois Griffin ( mother ) Meg Griffin ( sister ) Stewie Griffin ( brother ) Brian Griffin ( dog ) Adam West ( Uncle ) Carol West ( aunt ) Nationality American Christopher Cross `` Chris '' Griffin is a fictional character from the American animated television series Family Guy . He is the elder son and middle child of Peter and Lois Griffin and brother of Stewie and Meg Griffin . He is voiced by Seth Green and first appeared on television , along with the rest of the family , in a 15 - minute short on December 20 , 1998 . Chris was created and designed by MacFarlane himself . MacFarlane was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company , based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve , two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle - aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog , Steve . After the pilot was given the green light , the Griffin family appeared in the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' . Originally designed as a somewhat gregarious , yet still unintelligent teenager , Chris became more awkward and even more idiotic over the course of the show . Running gags in the series involving Chris include the existence of an ' Evil Monkey ' in his closet ( though it is later revealed that the monkey is not evil ) , him masturbating frequently , and his pedophile admirer Herbert . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character origins 2 Personality 3 Evil Monkey 4 Identification with Seth Green 5 Appearance 6 References 7 External links Character origins ( edit ) Chris ' character resembles that of Milt 's , the son of the main character Larry Cummings in The Life of Larry , one of the animated short films created by Seth MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design in 1995 that led to the development of Family Guy . Chris was originally given a `` punk '' image , according to creator Seth MacFarlane 's DVD commentary tracks . During the first three seasons , he wore gold earrings , and his painful awkwardness was not as emphasized as it was supposed to be in the series , as he has now slowly become more gregarious . Personality ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chris is an overweight , idealistic , outgoing , and good - hearted teenage boy . But aside from that , Chris deals with problems that any other pubescent boy would face : acne , girls , and school . On the Volume 1 DVD Boxset TV guides special Family Guy edition , it stated that Chris `` would n't hurt a fly , unless it landed on his hot dog '' . Due to Chris ' weight , he was referred to as an `` Elephant Child '' when he was born . In one episode as Chris runs away from his pedophile admirer , Herbert , Herbert murmers to himself , `` Get your fat ass back here ! '' Chris is more often than not willing to take drastic measures to get what he wants or needs , particularly when it comes to keeping up with his grades in school . He once believed that he got a bad grade on a mathematics test when he tickled his brain by sticking an army man 's rifle into his nose and accidentally puncturing a lobe . Fortunately , he is more well - endowed than Peter is , as he has a variety of talents , such as drawing , filmmaking , video editing , playing sports at school , etc . He also has an encyclopedic knowledge of pop culture , as well as films , television series , actors and actresses , tropes , making a film good or bad , etc . Generally , Chris is a fast learner ; in `` Patriot Games '' , when the family moved to London , Chris was the only member of the family who learned how to speak cockney English in a matter of seconds . Despite this , Chris can be naive , often to the point of having a tendency to get away with things . In `` Lethal Weapons '' , when Peter and Lois were having a fist fight , Chris cheered for Peter , telling him to `` kick her ass ! '' ; earlier in the episode , after Chris breaks a vase with his basketball and Lois tells Peter to punish him , Peter tells him to `` punish himself '' and subsequently spanks himself . Also , in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , when the children watch Lois and Peter are trying to make out , Chris mistakes it for a fight and says , `` I do n't know what they 're fighting about , Meg , but I think Dad 's winning . Go Dad ! '' In the episode `` Trading Places '' , after Chris accidentally damages Peter 's dirt bike , Peter `` punishes '' him by making him start smoking . For most of the series , Chris is more socially active at school than Meg is , having various friends , both of which are boys and girls , whilst attending Buddy Cianci Junior High School ( later James Woods Regional High School ) . Not surprisingly , as the series progressed and Meg became more often seen with her group of friends , Chris ' social status was boosted to the point of being friends with everyone at James Woods Regional High School . In Stew - Roids , the school 's queen bee Connie D'Amico dates Chris , at first to be more popular because of `` dating a loser '' , but begins to see Chris as he really is after he says he likes her as well . Later in the episode however , she dumps him after making out with two other boys at a house party , but everyone takes pity on Chris and shuns Connie . Angry at Chris for usurping her place on the school 's `` social ladder '' , she attempts to humiliate Chris by tricking Neil Goldman into showing the students a video of him re-enacting a scene from the Silence of the Lambs where Buffalo Bill dances nude in front of a mirror , but Meg and Chris 's friends manage to stop her . Afterwards , Chris makes a speech over the PA system about what it is like to be popular , and then says `` man , it 's hard work being this shallow '' . In `` Once Bitten '' , Chris becomes friends with Neil Goldman , the resident nerd who is Meg 's self - proclaimed love interest . Although their friendship was initially a ploy for Neil to get closer to Meg , Neil feels bad for using Chris and returns to him to resume their newfound friendship . Evil monkey ( edit ) In a running gag , starting in the episode `` Dammit Janet ! , '' Chris is regularly tormented by an evil monkey who lives in his closet , though whenever he complains about it to anyone , they ( a reference to the iconic tale of the Boy Who Cried Wolf ) often laugh along with him instead thinking it is a joke , after which the monkey appears with a malevolent grimace and points at Chris in a threatening manner . In `` Hannah Banana '' , Chris proves the monkey 's part in the show to the family , and even ends up becoming friends with him after the monkey ( who appears not to be evil at all , but just a poor creature who was depressed after his ex-wife cheated on him with another monkey ) helps him write out a book report and pass . The simian explains his frightening mannerisms as a result of various conditions and unintended actions . Chris introduces him to his friends , hang out with each other in fun places , and the monkey helps Chris in his studies in school , which Peter does not do . This , however , causes a rift between Chris and Peter when Chris realizes that the monkey cares more for him than his father . Eventually the monkey helps the two patch things up , especially after Peter saves the monkey from Miley Cyrus ( who is depicted as an android ) who had kidnapped him à la King Kong . After that , the monkey happily moves out of Chris ' closet to live in the closet of Tom Tucker 's son Jake , where the cycle will start in a new beginning , as Jake himself experiences difficulty with his father . In a 2003 interview , Seth MacFarlane stated that the writers thought it would be funny to give Chris a childhood fear that is actually real , since he has `` a childlike mind '' . The monkey 's trademark grimace and pointing was the idea of writer Mike Barker . Identification with Seth Green ( edit ) Another running gag , starting in the Star Wars remake episode `` Blue Harvest '' , has Chris defending Robot Chicken , a show created by portrayer Seth Green which is broadcast on the Adult Swim block on the Cartoon Network cable network . When Peter ( Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane ) denigrates that show in `` Blue Harvest '' , Chris loses his temper and storms off . Carried on in `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , though Chris attempts to keep a cool head , he storms off again when Peter offers to tell the story of Without a Paddle , a critically panned film that features Seth Green . Both these scenes happen in the framing device of the episode and not in the interior Star Wars narrative , in which Green portrays Chris as Star Wars hero Luke Skywalker . In the final Star Wars parody , `` It 's a Trap ! '' , mocking Green 's career provokes further anger in Chris ; Chris tries to defend Green by citing Buffy the Vampire Slayer as an example of a success in Green 's career , but Carter Pewterschmidt suggests that the popularity of Buffy had been largely over-stated by Entertainment Weekly . These taunts give Chris -- in character as Skywalker -- the conviction to fight back against Stewie / Darth Vader and Carter / Darth Sidious ( both played by MacFarlane ) . In the closing scenes of the episode 's framing device , Chris gets to reverse the joke by poking fun at Seth MacFarlane 's career , going so far as to suggest that Family Guy is a rip - off of The Simpsons ; MacFarlane is , however , defended by the characters whom he voices ( Peter , Brian and Stewie ) . Outside of the Star Wars - themed episodes , `` Road to the Multiverse '' plays on the running gag , but with Stewie ( MacFarlane once more ) provoking the Robot Chicken Universe counterpart of Chris by asking `` How does it feel to be on a major network for thirty seconds ? '' which prompts Chris to say `` Fuck you ! '' . Appearance ( edit ) Chris is the only Griffin family member to have blond hair , which is odd considering that Peter has brown hair and Lois has orange hair . He , like Meg , wears a signature hat , an orange and black baseball cap , and dresses in a blue T - shirt , black pants , and white hi - top sneakers with red stripes . In several of the early episodes , he , along with Lois , has had his ears pierced and wore gold earrings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brian the Bachelor '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 7 . June 26 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane Interview '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2003 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Chris Griffin at Fox.com ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Griffin&oldid=818275514 '' Categories : Family Guy characters Child characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional cartoonists Teenage characters in television Male characters in animation Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 17 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who does chris griffin's voice on family guy

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United States Senate elections, 2018

United States Senate elections , 2018 - wikipedia United States Senate elections , 2018 Jump to : navigation , search United States Senate elections , 2018 ← 2016 November 6 , 2018 2020 → Class 1 ( 33 of the 100 ) seats in the United States Senate ( and 2 special elections ) 51 seats needed for a majority Leader Mitch McConnell Chuck Schumer Party Republican Democratic Leader since January 3 , 2007 January 3 , 2017 Leader 's seat Kentucky New York Current seats 51 47 Seats needed Seats up 9 24 Party Independent Current seats Seats up Seats up for election ( general & special ) : Democratic incumbent running Democratic incumbent retiring Republican incumbent running Republican incumbent retiring Independent incumbent running Independent incumbent retiring No election Inset rectangle signifies a special election . Incumbent Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Republican Elections to the United States Senate will be held November 6 , 2018 , with 33 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections and two seats being contested in special elections . The winners will serve six - year terms from January 3 , 2019 , to January 3 , 2025 . Currently , Democrats have 24 seats up for election , as well as the seats of two independents who caucus with them . Republicans have nine seats up for election . The seats up for regular election in 2018 were last up for election in 2012 ; in addition , special elections will be scheduled if vacancies occur , as has already happened in Minnesota and Mississippi . After the 2016 elections , some state election officials are trying to upgrade voting systems in time for this election . The U.S. House of Representatives elections , 39 gubernatorial elections , and many other state and local elections will also be held on this date . Republicans can only afford to lose one Senate seat and still have a working majority with the Vice President breaking the tie in their favor . Four of the Republican seats are open as a result of retirements in Tennessee , Utah , Arizona , and Mississippi . Democrats are defending ten seats in states won by Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , while Republicans are only defending one seat in a state won by Hillary Clinton in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Focus on competitive races 2 Partisan composition 3 Change in composition 3.1 Before the elections 3.2 After the elections 4 Most recent election predictions 5 Election dates 6 Race summary 6.1 Special elections during the preceding Congress 6.2 Elections leading to the next Congress 7 Arizona 8 California 9 Connecticut 10 Delaware 11 Florida 12 Hawaii 13 Indiana 14 Maine 15 Maryland 16 Massachusetts 17 Michigan 18 Minnesota 19 Minnesota ( Special ) 20 Mississippi 21 Mississippi ( Special ) 22 Missouri 23 Montana 24 Nebraska 25 Nevada 26 New Jersey 27 New Mexico 28 New York 29 North Dakota 30 Ohio 31 Pennsylvania 32 Rhode Island 33 Tennessee 34 Texas 35 Utah 36 Vermont 37 Virginia 38 Washington 39 West Virginia 40 Wisconsin 41 Wyoming 42 See also 43 Notes 44 References Focus on competitive races ( edit ) Democrats are expected to target the Republican - held Senate seats in Arizona ( open seat ) and Nevada . Democrats could also target seats in Texas , Mississippi ( At least one of the two seats ) and Tennessee 's open - seat . Republicans are expected to target Democratic - held seats in Indiana , Missouri , Montana , North Dakota , and West Virginia , all of which voted for Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election and Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , as well as seats in Florida , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and Michigan , all of which voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election . Republicans could also target seats in Minnesota ( at least one of the two seats ) , Virginia , Maine , and New Jersey . Other races may also become competitive . Partisan composition ( edit ) Among the 33 Class 1 Senate seats up for regular election in 2018 are 23 currently held by Democrats , two by independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats , and eight by Republicans . The Class 2 seats in Minnesota and Mississippi held by interim appointees are also up for election . Parties Total Democratic Republican Independent Last election ( 2016 ) 46 52 100 Before this election 47 51 100 Not up 23 42 0 65 Class 2 ( 2014 → 2020 ) 11 20 0 31 Class 3 ( 2016 → 2022 ) 12 22 0 34 Up 24 9 35 Class 1 ( 2012 → 2018 ) 23 8 33 Special : Class 2 0 Incumbent retiring 0 0 Incumbent running 24 6 32 Change in composition ( edit ) Before the elections ( edit ) Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Retiring Majority → Retiring Running Running Running Running Running Running Retiring After the elections ( edit ) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Majority → TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Key : D Democratic Republican Independent , caucusing with Democrats Most recent election predictions ( edit ) Most election predictors use : `` tossup '' : no advantage `` tilt '' ( used sometimes ) : advantage that is not quite as strong as `` lean '' `` lean '' : slight advantage `` likely '' or `` favored '' : significant , but surmountable , advantage `` safe '' or `` solid '' : near - certain chance of victory . State PVI Incumbent Most recent result Cook Apr 9 , 2018 I.E. Apr 20 , 2018 Sabato May 30 , 2018 NYT May 25 , 2018 CNN Apr 9 , 2018 RCP Apr 18 , 2018 Arizona R + 5 Jeff Flake ( R ) ( Retiring ) 49 % R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup California D + 12 Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 63 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Connecticut D + 6 Chris Murphy ( D ) 55 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Delaware D + 6 Tom Carper ( D ) 66 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Florida R + 2 Bill Nelson ( D ) 55 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Hawaii D + 18 Mazie Hirono ( D ) 63 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Indiana R + 9 Joe Donnelly ( D ) 50 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Maine D + 3 Angus King ( I ) 53 % I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Likely D / I Safe D / I Maryland D + 12 Ben Cardin ( D ) 55 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Massachusetts D + 12 Elizabeth Warren ( D ) 54 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Michigan D + 1 Debbie Stabenow ( D ) 59 % D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Minnesota D + 1 Amy Klobuchar ( D ) 65 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Minnesota ( Special ) D + 1 Tina Smith ( D ) 53 % D Lean D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Mississippi R + 9 Roger Wicker ( R ) 57 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Mississippi ( Special ) R + 9 Cindy Hyde - Smith ( R ) 60 % R Likely R Safe R Likely R Likely R Safe R Likely R Missouri R + 9 Claire McCaskill ( D ) 55 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Montana R + 11 Jon Tester ( D ) 49 % D Likely D Tilt D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Nebraska R + 14 Deb Fischer ( R ) 56 % R Likely R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Nevada D + 1 Dean Heller ( R ) 46 % R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup New Jersey D + 7 Bob Menendez ( D ) 59 % D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Safe D Likely D New Mexico D + 3 Martin Heinrich ( D ) 51 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D New York D + 11 Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) 72 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D North Dakota R + 16 Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) 50 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Ohio R + 3 Sherrod Brown ( D ) 51 % D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Pennsylvania EVEN Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) 54 % D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Rhode Island D + 10 Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) 64 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Tennessee R + 14 Bob Corker ( R ) ( Retiring ) 65 % R Tossup Lean R Lean R Lean R Lean R Tossup Texas R + 8 Ted Cruz ( R ) 57 % R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Lean R Utah R + 20 Orrin Hatch ( R ) ( Retiring ) 65 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Vermont D + 15 Bernie Sanders ( I ) 71 % I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Virginia D + 1 Tim Kaine ( D ) 53 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Likely D Washington D + 7 Maria Cantwell ( D ) 61 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D West Virginia R + 20 Joe Manchin ( D ) 61 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Wisconsin EVEN Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 51 % D Likely D Tilt D Lean D Lean D Lean D Likely D Wyoming R + 25 John Barrasso ( R ) 76 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Election dates ( edit ) For the regularly scheduled general elections . Shading added for future events . State Filing deadline Primary election Primary runoff ( if necessary ) General election Poll closing ( Eastern Time ) Arizona May 30 , 2018 August 28 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm California March 9 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm Connecticut June 12 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Delaware July 10 , 2018 September 6 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Florida May 4 , 2018 August 28 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm & 8pm Hawaii June 5 , 2018 August 11 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm Indiana February 9 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 6pm & 7pm Maine March 15 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Maryland February 27 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Massachusetts June 5 , 2018 September 4 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Michigan April 24 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm & 9pm Minnesota June 5 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Mississippi March 1 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 November 6 , 2018 8pm Mississippi ( Special ) March 26 , 2018 November 6 , 2018 N / A November 27 , 2018 8pm Missouri March 27 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Montana March 12 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm Nebraska March 1 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Nevada March 16 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm New Jersey April 2 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm New Mexico March 13 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm New York April 12 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm North Dakota April 9 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm & 11pm Ohio February 7 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7 : 30pm Pennsylvania March 20 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Rhode Island June 27 , 2018 September 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Tennessee April 5 , 2018 August 2 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Texas December 11 , 2017 March 6 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 ( Unnecessary ) November 6 , 2018 8pm & 9pm Utah March 15 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm Vermont May 31 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm Virginia March 29 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm Washington May 18 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm West Virginia January 27 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7 : 30pm Wisconsin June 1 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Wyoming June 1 , 2018 August 21 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Race summary ( edit ) Special elections during the preceding Congress ( edit ) In these special elections , the winners will be elected coincidingly with the other races of the 2018 Senate elections , but will be seated before January 3 , 2019 . Ordered by election date , then by state , then by class . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Minnesota ( Class 2 ) Tina Smith Democratic 2018 ( Appointed ) Special election scheduled for November 6 , 2018 . Interim appointee running . Bob Anderson ( Republican ) Karin Housley ( Republican ) Nick Leonard ( Democratic ) Richard Painter ( Democratic ) Tina Smith ( Democratic ) Mississippi ( Class 2 ) Cindy Hyde - Smith Republican 2018 ( Appointed ) Special election scheduled for November 6 , 2018 . If no candidate receives a majority , a runoff will be held on November 27 , 2018 . Interim appointee running . Tobey Bartee ( Democratic ) Mike Espy ( Democratic ) Cindy Hyde - Smith ( Republican ) Chris McDaniel ( Republican ) Elections leading to the next Congress ( edit ) In these general elections , the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3 , 2019 . All of the elections involve the Class 1 seats ; ordered by state . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Arizona Jeff Flake Republican 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . Deedra Abboud ( Democratic ) Eve Reyes Aguirre ( Green ) Joe Arpaio ( Republican ) Bob Bishop ( Democratic ) Craig Brittain ( Republican ) Christian `` C.J. '' Diegel ( Republican ) Michelle Griffin ( Republican ) Matt Jette ( Democratic ) Doug Marks ( Libertarian ) Martha McSally ( Republican ) Shawn Redd ( Republican ) David Alan Ruben ( Democratic ) Chris Russell ( Democratic ) Richard Sherzan ( Democratic ) Kyrsten Sinema ( Democratic ) Nicolas Tutora ( Republican ) Kelli Ward ( Republican ) California Dianne Feinstein Democratic 1992 ( Special ) 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Arun Bhumitra ( Republican ) James Bradley ( Republican ) Jack Crew ( Republican ) Erin Cruz ( Republican ) Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Kevin de León ( Democratic ) Adrienne Edwards ( Democratic ) Dianne Feinstein ( Democratic ) Colleen Fernald ( No party preference ) Rash Ghosh ( No party preference ) Tim Gildersleeve ( No party preference ) Michael Girgis ( No party preference ) Don Grundmann ( No party preference ) Jason Hanania ( No party preference ) Pat Harris ( Democratic ) Alison Hartson ( Democratic ) David Hildebrand ( Democratic ) Jerry Laws ( Republican ) Patrick Little ( Republican ) David Moore ( No party preference ) Kevin Mottus ( Republican ) Mario Nabliba ( Republican ) Lee Olson ( No party preference ) Tom Palzer ( Republican ) John Parker ( Peace and Freedom ) Herbert Peters ( Democratic ) Douglas Pierce ( Democratic ) Gerald Plummer ( Democratic ) Seelam Prabhakar Reddy ( Write - in ) Derrick Reid ( Libertarian ) Ursula M. Schilling ( Write - in ) Ling Ling Shi ( No party preference ) Paul Taylor ( Republican ) Donnie Turner ( Democratic ) Michael V. Ziesing ( Write - in ) Connecticut Chris Murphy Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Ann - Marie Adams ( Democratic ) Matthew Corey ( Republican ) Chris Murphy ( Democratic ) Dominic Rapini ( Republican ) Delaware Tom Carper Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Arlett ( Republican ) Tom Carper ( Democratic ) Kerri Evelyn Harris ( Democratic ) Gene Truono ( Republican ) Florida Bill Nelson Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Lateresa Ann Jones ( Write - in ) Howard Knepper ( Write - in ) Michael Levinson ( Write - in ) Bill Nelson ( Democratic ) Rick Scott ( Republican ) Charles Frederick Tolbert ( Write - in ) David Weeks ( Write - in ) Hawaii Mazie Hirono Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Mazie Hirono ( Democratic ) Thomas Edward White ( Republican ) Indiana Joe Donnelly Democratic 2012 Incumbent renominated . Mike Braun ( Republican ) Joe Donnelly ( Democratic ) James Johnson ( Independent ) Maine Angus King Independent 2012 Incumbent running . Eric Brakey ( Republican ) Angus King ( Independent ) Max Linn ( Republican ) Zak Ringelstein ( Democratic ) Maryland Ben Cardin Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Tony Campbell ( Republican ) Ben Cardin ( Democratic ) Chris Chaffee ( Republican ) Evan Cronhardt ( Republican ) Nnabu Eze ( Republican ) John Graziani ( Republican ) Christina Grigorian ( Republican ) Albert Howard ( Republican ) Erik Jetmir ( Democratic ) Bill Krehnbrink ( Republican ) Chelsea Manning ( Democratic ) Marcia Morgan ( Democratic ) Jerry Segal ( Democratic ) Neal Simon ( Independent ) Edward Shlikas ( Independent ) Gerald Smith ( Republican ) Blaine Taylor ( Republican ) Brian Charles Vaeth ( Republican ) Rikki Vaughn ( Democratic ) Arvin Vohra ( Libertarian ) Rica Wilson ( Democratic ) Lih Young ( Democratic ) Massachusetts Elizabeth Warren Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Shiva Ayyadurai ( Independent ) Geoff Diehl ( Republican ) James Devine ( Independent ) Joshua Ford ( Independent ) John Kingston ( Republican ) Beth Lindstrom ( Republican ) Darius Mitchell ( Republican ) Elizabeth Warren ( Democratic ) Allen Waters ( Republican ) Heidi Wellman ( Republican ) Michigan Debbie Stabenow Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . John James ( Republican ) Sandy Pensler ( Republican ) Marcia Squier ( Independent ) Debbie Stabenow ( Democratic ) Minnesota Amy Klobuchar Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Bamheiser ( Republican ) Amy Klobuchar ( Democratic ) Jim Newberger ( Republican ) Paula Overby ( Green ) Jack Shepard ( Republican ) Mississippi Roger Wicker Republican 2007 ( Appointed ) 2008 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . David Baria ( Democratic ) Danny Bedwell ( Libertarian ) Jensen Bohren ( Democratic ) Richard Boyanton ( Republican ) Jerone Garland ( Democratic ) Victor Maurice , Jr . ( Democratic ) Shawn O'Hara ( Reform ) Omeria Scott ( Democratic ) Howard Sherman ( Democratic ) Roger Wicker ( Republican ) Missouri Claire McCaskill Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Jerome Bauer ( Green ) Japheth Campbell ( Libertarian ) Jo Crain ( Green ) Angelica Earl ( Democratic ) David Faust ( Democratic ) Travis Gonzalez ( Democratic ) Brian Hagg ( Republican ) Josh Hawley ( Republican ) John Hogan ( Democratic ) Bradley Krembs ( Republican ) Claire McCaskill ( Democratic ) Tony Monetti ( Republican ) Kristi Nichols ( Republican ) Ken Patterson ( Republican ) Austin Petersen ( Republican ) Peter Pfeifer ( Republican ) Fred Ryman ( Republican ) Christina Smith ( Republican ) Courtland Sykes ( Republican ) Leonard Steinman ( Democratic ) Carla Wright ( Democratic ) Montana Jon Tester Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Timothy Adams ( Green ) Rick Breckenridge ( Libertarian ) Troy Downing ( Republican ) Steve Kelly ( Green ) Russell Fagg ( Republican ) Albert Olszewski ( Republican ) Matthew Rosendale ( Republican ) Jon Tester ( Democratic ) Nebraska Deb Fischer Republican 2012 Incumbent renominated . Deb Fischer ( Republican ) Jane Raybould ( Democratic ) Jim Schultz ( Libertarian ) Nevada Dean Heller Republican 2011 ( Appointed ) 2012 Incumbent running . Kamau Bakari ( Independent American ) Sherry Brooks ( Republican ) Danny Burleigh ( Democratic ) Sarah Gazala ( Republican ) Tim Hagan ( Libertarian ) Vic Harrell ( Republican ) Tom Heck ( Republican ) Dean Heller ( Republican ) David Knight ( Democratic ) Barry Michaels ( Independent ) Allen Rheinhart ( Democratic ) Jacky Rosen ( Democratic ) Jesse Sbaih ( Democratic ) New Jersey Bob Menendez Democratic 2006 ( Appointed ) 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Brian Goldberg ( Republican ) Bob Hugin ( Republican ) Lisa McCormick ( Democratic ) Bob Menendez ( Democratic ) New Mexico Martin Heinrich Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Aubrey Dunn Jr . ( Libertarian ) Martin Heinrich ( Democratic ) Mick Rich ( Republican ) New York Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic 2009 ( Appointed ) 2010 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . Chele Chiavacci Farley ( Republican ) Kirsten Gillibrand ( Democratic ) Scott Noren ( Democratic ) North Dakota Heidi Heitkamp Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Kevin Cramer ( Republican ) Heidi Heitkamp ( Democratic ) Thomas O'Neill ( Republican ) Ohio Sherrod Brown Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Sherrod Brown ( Democratic ) Philena Irene Farley ( Green , write - in ) Jim Renacci ( Republican ) Pennsylvania Bob Casey Jr . Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Lou Barletta ( Republican ) Bob Casey Jr . ( Democratic ) Rhode Island Sheldon Whitehouse Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Flanders ( Republican ) Robert Nardolillo ( Republican ) Sheldon Whitehouse ( Democratic ) Tennessee Bob Corker Republican 2006 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . David Anderson ( Republican ) Trudy Austin ( Independent ) Phil Bredesen ( Democratic ) Marsha Blackburn ( Republican ) John Carico ( Independent ) Larry Crim ( Republican ) Gary Davis ( Democratic ) `` Mr. Jim '' Elkins ( Republican ) Tommy Hay ( Republican ) Terri Honeycutt ( Republican ) Dean Hill ( Independent ) J. Darrell Lynn ( Republican ) Kevin McCants ( Independent ) Aaron Pettigrew ( Republican ) Breton Philips ( Independent ) Kris Todd ( Independent ) Rolando Toyos ( Republican ) John Wolfe ( Democratic ) Texas Ted Cruz Republican 2012 Incumbent renominated . Carl Bible ( Independent ) Ted Cruz ( Republican ) Neal Dikeman ( Libertarian ) Bob McNeil ( Independent ) Beto O'Rourke ( Democratic ) Utah Orrin Hatch Republican 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . Tim Aalders ( Constitution ) Craig Bowden ( Libertarian ) Jeff Dranfield ( Democratic ) Ryan Daniel Jackson ( Write - in ) Mike Kennedy ( Republican ) Abe Korb ( Write - in ) Joshua Lee ( Republican ) Larry Livingston ( Democratic ) Reed McCandless ( Independent American ) Caleb Dan Reeve ( Write - in ) Mitt Romney ( Republican ) Mitchell Vice ( Democratic ) Jenny Wilson ( Democratic ) Vermont Bernie Sanders Independent 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Folasade Adeluola ( Democratic ) Jasdeep Pannu ( Republican ) Bernie Sanders ( Democratic ) Virginia Tim Kaine Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Nicholas Freitas ( Republican ) E.W. Jackson ( Republican ) Tim Kaine ( Democratic ) Corey Stewart ( Republican ) Matt Waters ( Libertarian ) Washington Maria Cantwell Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Thor Amundson ( Independent ) Dave Bryant ( Republican ) Jon Butler ( Independent ) Maria Cantwell ( Democratic ) Brad Chase ( FDFR ) Art Coday ( Republican ) Jimmie Deal ( Green ) Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Jennifer Ferguson ( Democratic ) Joey Gibson ( Republican ) Matt Hawkins ( Republican ) Matthew Heines ( Republican ) Steve Hoffman ( FreedomSocialist ) Susan Hutchison ( Republican ) Charlie Jackson ( Independent ) George Kalberer ( Democratic ) Mike Luke ( Libertarian ) John Orlinski ( Republican ) Tim Owen ( Republican ) Don Rivers ( Democratic ) Mohammad Said ( Democratic ) RC Smith ( Republican ) Glen Stockwell ( Republican ) Dave Strider ( Independent ) Keith Swank ( Republican ) Clint Tannehill ( Democratic ) Alex Tsimerman ( StandupAmerica ) Sam Wright ( The Human Rights ) West Virginia Joe Manchin Democratic 2010 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent renominated . Joe Manchin ( Democratic ) Patrick Morrisey ( Republican ) Wisconsin Tammy Baldwin Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Tammy Baldwin ( Democratic ) Charles Barman ( Republican ) Scott Harbach ( Republican ) George Lucia ( Repblican ) Griffin Jones ( Republican ) Jeff Mather ( Republican ) Kevin Nicholson ( Republican ) John Schiess ( Independent ) Joseph Schnering ( Veteran 's Party ) Leah Vukmir ( Republican ) Mary Jo Walters ( Independent ) Wyoming John Barrasso Republican 2007 ( Appointed ) 2008 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . John Barrasso ( Republican ) Dave Dodson ( Independent ) Charlie Hardy ( Republican ) John Holtz ( Republican ) Anthony Risseghem ( Republican ) Gary Trauner ( Democratic ) Arizona ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Arizona , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Arizona One - term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 55 years old in 2018 . He has declared he will retire at the end of his term . In 2016 , Republican John McCain was re-elected to a sixth term in the Senate . However , Senator McCain has been diagnosed with an aggressive brain tumor . If Senator McCain 's seat becomes vacant , Arizona law requires that the vacancy be filled at the next general election . If this were to occur in 2018 , then both Senate seats in Arizona would be up for election simultaneously . U.S. Representative Martha McSally , former state senator Kelli Ward , owner , co-founder of IsAnybodyDown ? Craig Brittain , Christian `` C.J. '' Diegel , pharmacist Nicolas Tutora , former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio , and Michelle Griffin will contest the Republican primary . U.S. Rep. Kyrsten Sinema , Deedra Abboud , airshow pilot Bob Bishop , Chris Russell , and former Member of the Iowa House of Representatives Richard Sherzan are running for the Democratic nomination . Eve Reyes Aguirre is running as a Green Party Candidate . California ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in California , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from California Four - term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994 , 2000 , 2006 , and 2012 . She will be 85 years old in 2018 . She is running for re-election . Democratic candidates aside from Feinstein include President pro tempore of the California State Senate Kevin de León , community advocate Adrienne Nicole Edwards , Eugene Patterson Harris , David Hildebrand , Douglas Howard Pierce , and Alison Hartson . Republican candidates include Paul Allen Taylor . Derrick Michael Reid is running with the Libertarian Party . Independent candidates include biologist Tim Gildersleeve , Lee W. Olson , and evangelist Ling Ling Shi . Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Connecticut , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Connecticut One - term Democrat Chris Murphy was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 45 years old in 2018 . He is running for re-election . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Ann - Marie Adams . Businessmen Matthew Corey and Dominic Rapini are seeking the Republican nomination . Delaware ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Delaware Three - term Democrat Tom Carper won re-election with 66 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 71 years old in 2018 . He announced he was running for re-election during an interview on MSNBC on July 24 , 2017 . He will be challenged by Kerri Evelyn Harris for the Democratic nomination . Sussex County Councilman Robert Arlett and Businessman Gene Truono are running for the Republican nomination . Florida ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Florida , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Florida Three - term Democrat Bill Nelson was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . Nelson will be 76 years old in 2018 . He will seek re-election to a fourth term in office . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Tamika Lyles . Florida Governor Rick Scott has announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Scott will be 65 years old in 2018 . First elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 , Scott 's term as Governor of Florida is set to end by January 2019 , due to term limits . Lateresa Ann Jones , Howard Knepper , and Joe Smith , are also running for the Republican nomination . Edward Janowski is running as independents . Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Hawaii , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Hawaii One - term Democrat Mazie Hirono was elected with 63 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 71 years old in 2018 . Republican Thomas Edward White is running . Indiana ( edit ) Indiana election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Joe Donnelly Mike Braun Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Joe Donnelly Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Indiana One - term Democrat Joe Donnelly was elected with 50.04 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 63 years old in 2018 . He is running . He won the Democratic primary unopposed . State Representative Mike Braun won the May 8 Republican primary . Congressmen Luke Messer and Todd Rokita also ran for the Republican nomination . James Johnson is running as an independent . Maine ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maine , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Maine One - term Independent Senator Angus King was elected in a three - way race with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . King has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2013 , but he has left open the possibility of caucusing with the Republican Party in the future . King has indicated he will seek re-election . He will be 74 years old in 2018 . State Senator Eric Brakey is running for the Republican nomination . Public school teacher and founder of UClass Zak Ringelstein is seeking the Democratic nomination . Maryland ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maryland , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Maryland Two - term Democrat Ben Cardin was re-elected with 56 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 75 years old in 2018 . He is running , He is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Chelsea Manning , Marcia Morgan , Jerry Segal , Richard `` Rikki '' Vaughn , Debbie `` Rica '' Wilson , and Lih Young . Tony Campbell , Evan Cronhardt , Nnabu Eze , Gerald Smith , and Blaine Taylor are seeking the Republican nomination . Arvin Vohra , vice chairman of the Libertarian National Committee , is seeking the Libertarian Party nomination . Independents Neal Simon and Edward Shlikas are running . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Massachusetts , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Massachusetts One - term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 69 years old in 2018 . She is running . State Representative Geoff Diehl , attorney and founder of Better for America , John Kingston , former Romney aide Beth Lindstrom , Darius Mitchell , Allen Waters , and Heidi Wellman are running for the Republican nomination . Shiva Ayyadurai is running as an independent . Shiva started as in early 2017 as the first Republican in the race but went independent in late 2017 . Michigan ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Michigan , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Michigan Three - term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . When she runs in 2018 she will be 68 years old . She is the only Democrat from the state of Michigan running for Senate . On the Republican side , businessman John James , and businessman Sandy Pensler are running . Independent candidate Marcia Squier is also running . Marcia Squier ran as a Green Party candidate for District 14 of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2016 . Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Minnesota and United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 58 years old in 2018 . She is running . State Representative Jim Newberger , Robert Bahmheiser , and Physician Jack Shepard are running for the Republican nomination . Minnesota ( special ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Minnesota and United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democrat Al Franken announced that he would resign in December 2017 , following allegations of sexual harassment . Mark Dayton , Governor of Minnesota , appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2 , 2018 , as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election . Democratic incumbent Tina Smith , Nick Leonard , Republican Karin Housley , and Republican Bob Anderson are running . Mississippi ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Mississippi and United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 One - term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott 's term . He will be 67 years old in 2018 . He is running . Jensen Bohren , David Baria , and Howard Sherman are seeking the Democratic nomination . Mississippi ( special ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Mississippi and United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 Seven - term Republican Thad Cochran , who won re-election with 59.9 % of the vote in 2014 , announced that he would resign April 1 , 2018 due to health reasons . Phil Bryant , Governor of Mississippi , announced on March 21 , 2018 , that he would appoint Mississippi Agriculture Commissioner Cindy Hyde - Smith to fill the vacancy . She will be running in the special election . Former United States Secretary of Agriculture and member of the U.S. House of Representatives Mike Espy and Toby Bartee are running as Democratic candidates . Republican Chris McDaniel is also running . Missouri ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Missouri , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Missouri Two - term Democrat Claire McCaskill was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 65 years old in 2018 . She is running . She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Angelica Earl . Attorney General Josh Hawley , Libertarian presidential candidate in 2016 Austin Petersen , assistant dean of aviation at University of Central Missouri Tony Monetti , and Courtland Sykes , are running for the Republican nomination . Japeth Campbell has declared his candidacy for the Libertarian nomination . Montana ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Montana , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Montana Two - term Democrat Jon Tester was re-elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 62 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Auditor Matthew Rosendale , State Senator Albert Olszewski , former judge Russell Fagg , and Troy Downing are running for the Republican nomination . Green Party candidate Steve Kelly is running . Nebraska ( edit ) Nebraska election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Deb Fischer Jane Raybould Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Deb Fischer Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Nebraska , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Nebraska One - term Republican Deb Fischer was elected with 58 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 67 years old in 2018 . She ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 15 primary . Other Republicans who ran include retired professor Jack Heidel , Todd Watson , and Dennis Frank Macek . Lincoln Councilwoman Jane Raybould ran for and won the Democratic nomination in the May 15 primary . Other Democrats who ran include Frank Svoboda , Chris Janicek , and Larry Marvin , who was a candidate in 2008 , 2012 , and 2014 . Jim Schultz is running for the Libertarian nomination . Nevada ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Nevada , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Nevada One - term Republican Dean Heller was elected with 46 % of the vote in 2012 . He had been appointed to the seat in 2011 . He will be 58 years old in 2018 . Heller considered running for governor , but has since chosen to seek re-election . Representative Jacky Rosen and Jesse Sbaih are running for the Democratic nomination . New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New Jersey Two - term Democrat Bob Menendez was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . Menendez was originally appointed to the seat in January 2006 . He will be 64 years old in 2018 . He is running . Democrats Lisa McCormick Republicans Brian D. Goldberg and Bob Hugin are running . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New Mexico , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New Mexico One - term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 47 years old in 2018 . He is running . Mick Rich is seeking the Republican nomination . Aubrey Dunn Jr. , New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history , has announced his run for the seat . New York ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New York , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New York One - term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72 % of the vote in 2012 . She had previously been appointed to the seat in 2009 , and won a special election to remain in office in 2010 . She will be 51 years old in 2018 . She is running . Private equity executive Chele Chiavacci Farley has been nominated for U.S. Senate by the Republican and Conservative Parties . North Dakota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in North Dakota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from North Dakota One - term Democrat Heidi Heitkamp was elected with 50 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 63 years old in 2018 . She is running . Congressman Kevin Cramer and former Niagara , North Dakota Mayor Thomas O'Neill are running for the Republican nomination . Ohio ( edit ) Ohio election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Sherrod Brown Jim Renacci Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Ohio , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Ohio Two - term Democrat Sherrod Brown was re-elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 65 years old in 2018 . He is running , and was unopposed in Democratic primary . U.S. Representative Jim Renacci ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 8 primary . Other Republicans who ran include investment banker Michael Gibbons , businesswoman Melissa Ackison , Dan Kiley , and Don Elijah Eckhart . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pennsylvania election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Bob Casey Jr . Lou Barletta Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Bob Casey Jr . Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Pennsylvania , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania Two - term Democrat Bob Casey Jr. was re-elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 58 years old in 2018 . He is running , and won the Democratic primary unopposed . U.S. Representative Lou Barletta ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 15 primary . Jim Christiana also ran for the Republican nomination . Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Rhode Island , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Rhode Island Two - term Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse was re-elected with 64 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 63 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Representative Robert Nardolillo and former Rhode Island Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert Flanders are running for the Republican nomination . Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Tennessee , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Tennessee Two - term Republican Bob Corker was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 66 years old in 2018 . Senator Corker filed his Statement of Candidacy with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate to run for re-election , but on September 26 , 2017 , Senator Corker announced his intent to retire . Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn are running for the Republican nomination . Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen is seeking the Democratic nomination . Texas ( edit ) Texas election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Ted Cruz Beto O'Rourke Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Ted Cruz Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Texas , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Texas One - term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 48 years old in 2018 . He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6 , 2018 . Television producer Bruce Jacobson , Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano , former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam , Mary Miller , and Thomas Dillingham were Cruz 's opponents . U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6 , 2018 . Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough . Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent . Bob McNeil ran with the American Citizen Party . Utah ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Utah , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Utah Seven - term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate , as well as the second most - senior Senator . He will be 84 years old in 2018 . Before the 2012 election , Hatch said that he would retire at the end of his seventh term if he was re-elected . Hatch initially announced his re-election campaign on March 9 , 2017 , but later announced his plans to retire on January 2 , 2018 . 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney is running for the seat . Attorney Larry Meyers is also running for the Republican nomination . Professor James Singer was running for the Democratic nomination , but he dropped out and endorsed Salt Lake County Councilwoman Jenny Wilson , who made her Senate bid official on July 17 , 2017 . Danny Drew also was running but dropped out and endorsed Jenny Wilson . Mitchell Kent Vice is also running for the Democratic nomination . Vermont ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Vermont , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Vermont Two - term Independent Senator Bernie Sanders was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2012 . Sanders , one of two independent members of Congress , has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2007 . In November 2015 , Sanders announced his plans to run as a Democrat , rather than an Independent , in all future elections . He will be 77 years old in 2018 . On July 28 , 2016 , Sanders announced he would return to the Senate as an Independent , and two days later , in an interview on Real Time with Bill Maher , he said that he would run for re-election . In 2016 , activist and journalist Al Giordano stated his intention to challenge Sanders for the Democratic nomination to protest Sanders 's 2016 presidential campaign , which Giordano claims has divided the Democratic Party . In 2017 , however , Giordano announced he would not run for the seat . Folasade Adeluola are running for the Democratic nomination . Virginia ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Virginia , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Virginia One - term Democrat Tim Kaine was elected with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 60 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Delegate Nick Freitas , past Senate candidate and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 E.W. Jackson , and Prince William County Supervisor Corey Stewart are seeking the Republican nomination . Washington ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Washington , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Washington Three - term Democrat Maria Cantwell was re-elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 60 years old in 2018 . She is running . Former state Republican Party chair Susan Hutchison is running . Jennifer Gigi Ferguson is running . Dave Strider is running as independents . Mike Luke is running with the Libertarian Party . West Virginia ( edit ) West Virginia election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Joe Manchin Patrick Morrisey Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Joe Manchin Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in West Virginia , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from West Virginia One - term Democrat Joe Manchin was elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . He originally won the seat in a 2010 special election . He will be 71 years old in 2018 . Manchin is running for re-election , and won the May 8 Democratic primary . Environmental activist Paula Jean Swearengin , also ran for the Democratic nomination . West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey received the Republican nomination in the May 8 primary . Representative Evan Jenkins , coal miner Bo Copley , Jack Newbrough , Don Blankenship , and Tom Willis ran for the Republican nomination . Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wisconsin , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Wisconsin One - term Democrat Tammy Baldwin was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 56 years old in 2018 . She is running . Mary Jo Walters , a Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in the 2014 primary , and later that year a write - in candidate for Governor is running as an independent . State Senator Leah Vukmir , businessman and member of Wisconsin Board of Veterans Affairs Kevin Nicholson and John Schiess are running for the Republican nomination . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wyoming , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Wyoming One - term Republican John Barrasso was elected with 76 % of the vote in 2012 . Barrasso was appointed to the seat in 2007 , and won a special election in 2008 . He will be 66 years old in 2018 . He is running . 58 year old Gary Trauner , a Jackson Hole businessman and US House candidate in 2006 and 2008 , is running for the Democratic nomination . Businessman Dave Dodson is running as an independent . See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mississippi will hold runoff for special election on November 27 , 2018 , in which no one candidate wins a majority of the vote in the November 6 , 2018 jungle primary . ^ Jump up to : Constitution Party and Socialist Equality Party do not have ballot access in California . Don Grundmann ( C ) and David Moore ( SEP ) appear on ballot as `` No party preference . '' Jump up ^ American Citizen Party does not have ballot access in Texas . Bob McNeil appears on ballot as `` Independent . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Including the United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 Jump up ^ Including the United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 Jump up ^ Michael Wines ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wary of Hackers , States Move to Upgrade Voting Systems '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Jason ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Democrats , 2018 Math Is Not Your Friend '' . Roll Call . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Beto O'Rourke `` very likely '' to run for Sen. Ted Cruz 's seat in 2018 `` . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pramuk , Jacob ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee will not seek re-election , long - shot opportunity for Democrats '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondik , Kyle ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Senate 2014 and Beyond '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fram , Alan ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Several Democrats facing 2018 re-election are from states Trump carried '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bobic , Igor ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Independent Angus King Will Continue To Caucus With Senate Democrats '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gaudiano , Nicole ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Bernie Sanders to caucus with GOP ? Fat chance , he says '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 State PVI Changes -- Decision Desk HQ '' . decisiondeskhq.com . December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings '' . Cook Political Report . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Ratings '' . Inside Elections . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 2018 Crystal Ball Senate race ratings map '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Election Calendar and Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Key Races : Democrats ' tough Senate map '' . CNN . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Senate 2018 '' . RCP . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 Primary Calendar '' . Daily Kos Elections . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary and Runoff Elections for Statewide offices and Congress Chronologically with Filing Deadlines '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Poll Closing Times for Statewide office and Congress General Election Chronologically '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Potter , Kyle ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Governor Picks Lt. Governor Tina Smith to Replace Al Franken in the U.S. Senate '' . Time . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , MPR News . `` Replacing Franken : Who 's in , who 's out , who 's being talked about '' . Jump up ^ Orrick , Dave ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Washington County Republican Karin Housley wants Al Franken 's Senate seat '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Magan , Christopher ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Fellow Democrat Nick Leonard to challenge Tina Smith for Senate seat '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Painter For Minnesota '' . painterminnesota.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Mississippi Candidate Qualifying List '' ( PDF ) . Mississippi Secretary of State . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Election '' . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airshow Pilot Bob Bishop Launches U.S. Senate Campaign '' . Aero - News Network . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roth , R ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Former `` Revenge Porn Website '' Mastermind Declares Run For Arizona Senate `` . Arizona Daily Independent . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DIEGEL , CHRISTIAN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRIFFIN , MICHELLE MARIE DR PHD - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ JETTE , MATT DR . Jump up ^ `` MARKS , DOUG - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` REDD , SHAWN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RUBEN , DAVID ALAN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` RUSSELL , DALE CHRISTOPHER - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Dan ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` How much re-election trouble is Sen. Jeff Flake really in ? '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TUTORA , NICHOLAS - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` California Candidate List '' ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidates for Public Office '' . Constitutionpartyofcalifornia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Socialist Equality Party announces California candidates in midterm elections '' . Wsws.org. 2018 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Bass , Paul ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Murphy Navigates A Changed World '' . New Haven Independent . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ADAMS , ANN MARIE DR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Altimari , Danielle ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Planning U.S. Senate Run Against Murphy '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGuiness , Dylan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Branford Republican Announces Campaign for U.S. Senate '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kailani Koenig on Twitter '' . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Sarah . `` Kerri Harris challenges Carper in September primary '' . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Listing for 2018 General Election '' . Florida Department of State . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Chad ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Warren Makes Pitch For Hirono '' . Honolulu Civil Beat . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHITE , THOMAS EDWARD MR - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Secretary of State Official Candidates '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Secretary of State . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senator King Responds to LePage 's Possible Senate Run in 2018 WABI TV5 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maine Candidates Lists '' . Leuitenant Governor Election . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Elections , Maryland State Board of . `` 2018 Candidate Listing '' . elections.state.md.us . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Independent to launch bid for Senate in Maryland '' . POLITICO . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shlikas will fix it ! '' . Shlikas for Senate . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hagan , Lisa ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Warren says she will run for reelection '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Shiva Ayyadurai on Twitter : `` Today Shiva 4 Senate dumped the MA GOP Establishment and Declared Our Independence '' . Twitter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Jim ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Geoff Diehl sets stage to challenge Elizabeth Warren '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DEVINE , JOHN P - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Gallerani , Katheryn ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Joshua Ford declares for U.S. Senate '' . Kingston Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dezenski , Lauren ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Kingston makes it official '' . Politico . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Beth Lindstrom to launch challenge to Elizabeth Warren in 2018 '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MITCHELL , DARIUS - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Frank ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` GOP Senate candidate readies for ' street fight ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WELLMAN , HEIDI M - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Michigan Candidate Listing '' . Michigan Secretary of State . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's running for Congress in Michigan ? Here 's what we know '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ruth ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` State of Michigan Political Party Status '' ( PDF ) . State of Michigan . ^ Jump up to : Sherry , Allison ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` Klobuchar will run again for Senate , rules herself out for governor 's race '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARNHEISER , ROBERT BRUCE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stassen - Berger , Rachel ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Challenger emerges to run against U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar - GOP state Representative Jim Newberger '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transgender candidate announces U.S. Senate campaign in Minn. , ... '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Trump Please Endorse Jack Shepard For The Gop Nomination For The U.S. Senate From The State Of Minnesota '' . Jackshepard.net . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This state 's election has a primary run - off election under certain conditions . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Candidates Lists '' . Missouri Secretary of State . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Montana Primary Candidates Lists '' . Montana Secretary of state . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Nebraska Candidate Lists '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Secretary of State . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada Candidates Lists '' . Nevada Secretary of state . ^ Jump up to : `` Unofficial List Candidates of US Senate '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Election . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Major Parties Candidates '' . KRWG.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Filed Report '' . New York State Board of Election . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Contest Candidate List '' . North Dakota Secretary of State . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretary of State Jon Husted Receives Statewide Candidate Petitions for May Primary '' . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FARLEY , PHILENA IRENE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania Candidates Lists '' . Pennsylvania Secretary of State . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gregg , Katherine ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Whitehouse : ' Plenty of opportunity for us to have fights with the president ' '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLANDERS , ROBERT MR - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` NARDOLILLO , ROBERT ANTHONY III - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Tennessee candidates Lists '' ( PDF ) . Tennessee Secretary of State . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIBLE , CARL ALEXANDER - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Sean ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz files to run for reelection to the Senate in 2018 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DIKEMAN , NEAL MONROE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz Leads O'Rourke in New Senate Poll '' . amarillopioneer.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob McNeil - Ballotpedia '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` AmericanCitizenParty.us '' . americancitizenparty.us . Jump up ^ Tracy , Abigail ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Kennedyesque Democrat trying to beat Ted Cruz '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Candidats Lists '' . Utah Lieutenant Governor Election . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Candidates listing '' . Vermont Secretary of State . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Candidates and Ballot Order for June 12 , 2018 Primary Elections '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Elections . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Waters For U.S. Senate -- The Virginian '' . Matt Waters for US Senate . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Candidates Who Have Filed '' . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Virginia Candidates Lists '' ( PDF ) . West Virginia Secretary of State . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Tracking by Office '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Election Commission . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Election Candidate Roster '' ( PDF ) . Wyoming Secretary of State . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wealthy independent enters Wyoming US Senate race '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeff Flake ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Flake Announces Senate Future '' . United States Senator Jeff Flake . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caplan , David . `` Sen. John McCain diagnosed with brain tumor after blood clot removed '' , ABC News ( July 19 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Arizona State Legislature . `` Vacancy in the office of United States senator or representative '' , Arizona State Legislature ( January 14 , 2018 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate List - 2018 Primary Election '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Secretary of State . February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Angus King and Joe Manchin are sticking with the Democrats . Because , of course '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LePage says comment about Senate run a joke '' . WMTW - TV . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` GOP state senator Eric Brakey kicks off underdog 2018 bid to unseat Angus King '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Educator Ringlestein declares candidacy for U.S. Senate seat '' . WGME . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan 's 14th Congressional District election , 2016 - Ballotpedia '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CERTIFICATE OF APPOINTMENT OF UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA '' ( PDF ) . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Lt. Gov. Tina Smith Will Replace Al Franken in U.S. Senate '' . NPR . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Mississippi Senator Thad Cochran announces he is stepping down '' . the Guardian . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tupelo Mayor Jason Shelton pulls out of U.S. senate race '' . wcbi.com . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Crim Announces U.S. Senate 2018 Race For Seat Held By Corker '' . chattanoogan.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corker to end Senate career with this term '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz plans to run for re-election in 2018 '' . CNN . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wang , Jackie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Christian TV producer challenging Sen. Ted Cruz in GOP primary '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Organization '' ( PDF ) . FEC Form 1 . June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinsley , Anna M. ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Election : First day of filing begins with a rush of candidates '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILLER , MARY ANN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Former Birdville schools employee joins GOP race to unseat Sen. Ted Cruz '' . Star - Telegram . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas democrat Beto O'Rourke announces bid to unseat Ted Cruz '' . Business Insider . Associated Press . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HERNANDEZ , IRASEMA RAMIREZ - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Tinsley , Anna ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadline for 2018 primary ballot : Monday . Here 's who is already in the race '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lederman , Josh ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` Hatch will retire in 2018 if he wins reelection '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Raju , Manu ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` First on CNN : After lobbying from Trump , Orrin Hatch plans to run again '' . CNN . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennis Romboy ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sen. Orrin Hatch leaves door ajar for run in 2018 '' . Deseret News . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Courtney ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Navajo candidate announces bid as Democrat for Hatch 's seat '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breiner , Andrew ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Navajo Candidate Drops Out of Race Against Hatch '' . Roll Call . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schott , Bryan ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Another Democrat looking to knock off Hatch in 2008 '' . Utah Policy . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thank You '' . Danny Drew For U.S. Senate . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blomquist , Dan and Way , Robert . `` Bernie Sanders files for Democratic ballot in N.H. primary '' , Boston Globe ( November 5 , 2015 ) : `` When a reporter asked Sanders his party allegiance after he filed , Sanders responded , ' I 'm a Democrat . ' He then called on Buckley , the Democratic chairman , who confirmed the senator 's party allegiance . Sanders added that he would run as a Democrat in any future elections . '' Jump up ^ `` No , Sanders did NOT file for re-election as an independent in 2018 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joy - Ann Reid ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Meet Al Giordano , the Man Who Wants to Take Bernie Down '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noah Berlatsky ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Could this political gadfly steal Bernie Sanders ' Senate seat ? '' . The Week . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clauss , Kyle Scott ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Former Boston Phoenix Reporter Wants to Take Bernie Sanders ' Senate Seat '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giordano , Al ( April 18 , 2017 ) `` @ algiordano : I have said many times I am not a candidate for office . I am fighting cancer . Please make room for someone else to run by not mentioning me . 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2016 NBA Finals

2016 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2016 NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search 2016 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue Golden State Warriors Steve Kerr Dates June 2 -- 19 MVP LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Television United States : English : ABC and ESPN3 Spanish : ESPN Deportes Canada : ( all ABC simulcasts ) TSN ( Games 1 , 2 , 5 , 7 ) Sportsnet ( Games 3 , 4 , 6 ) Announcers ABC : Mike Breen ( play - by - play ) Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( analysts ) Doris Burke ( sideline reporter ) Craig Sager ( sideline reporter in Game 6 ) ESPN Deportes : Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) , and Carlos Morales ( analyst ) Radio network ESPN Radio ( National ) Cleveland Cavaliers Radio Network ( Cleveland ) Golden State Warriors Radio Network ( Golden State Warriors Announcers Kevin Calabro and Hubie Brown ( ESPN Radio ) John Michael and Jim Chones ( Cleveland ) Tim Roye , Jim Barnett and Tom Tolbert ( Golden State ) Referees Game 1 : Ken Mauer , Marc Davis , Ed Malloy Game 2 : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers Game 3 : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Game 4 : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips Game 5 : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis , Derrick Stafford Game 6 : Scott Foster , Ken Mauer , Jason Phillips Game 7 Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Monty McCutchen Eastern Finals Cavaliers defeated Raptors , 4 -- 2 Western Finals Warriors defeated Thunder , 4 -- 3 < 2015 NBA Finals 2017 > The 2016 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 2015 -- 16 season and conclusion of the 2016 playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors 4 -- 3 in a rematch of the 2015 NBA Finals . It was the 14th rematch of the previous NBA Finals in history , and the first Finals since 2008 in which the number one seed in each conference met . It was the second straight rematch in back - to - back years , as the Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs played each other in 2013 and 2014 . Golden State , which earned home - court advantage with setting the NBA regular season wins record ( 73 -- 9 ) , jumped to a 2 -- 0 lead in the series while recording the largest combined margin of victory ( 48 ) through two games in NBA Finals history . Cleveland returned home and responded with a 120 -- 90 win in Game 3 , but the Warriors won Game 4 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Cavaliers won the next three games to become the first team in Finals history to successfully overcome a 3 -- 1 deficit . It also marked the first time since 1978 that Game 7 was won by the road team . The win by the Cavaliers was the first major professional sports championship won by a team based in Cleveland since 1964 , and the first - ever championship won by the Cavaliers franchise . NBA Finals MVP winner LeBron James propelled the Cavaliers to the historic comeback . For the first time since 2004 , a new scheduling format was instituted for the Finals . In previous years , the Finals were played in a Thursday -- Sunday -- Tuesday scheme . However , the league changed its scheduling to ensure an extra day off for both teams , which have to travel from one city to another during the series . This , along with the designated travel day , took place after Games 2 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 1.2 Golden State Warriors 1.3 Road to the Finals 1.4 Regular season series 2 Series summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 4 Rosters 4.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 4.2 Golden State Warriors 5 Player statistics 6 Broadcast 6.1 Television ratings 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers season This was Cleveland 's second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals , and third overall , seeking to win their first ever NBA championship . This would also be the sixth consecutive NBA Finals appearance for LeBron James , the most for any player not part of the 1960s Boston Celtics , and the fifth for James Jones ( who technically qualified for the 2011 NBA Finals along with James , but did not play ) . Despite holding the best record in the Eastern Conference at 30 -- 11 midway through the season on January 22 , 2016 , the Cavaliers fired head coach David Blatt . Associate head coach Tyronn Lue was then promoted to replace Blatt . General Manager David Griffin cited `` a lack of fit with our personnel and our vision '' as the reason for Blatt 's firing . Cleveland finished the regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , capturing the Central Division title and the top playoff seed in the Eastern Conference . They then advanced to the Finals after sweeping both the Detroit Pistons in the first round and the Atlanta Hawks in the second round , and defeating the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Finals in six games . The Cavaliers were the first team in history to go to two consecutive NBA Finals with rookie head coaches . Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors season This was the defending NBA Champions Golden State Warriors ' second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals and eighth overall . The Warriors broke the record set by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls by finishing the regular season with a 73 -- 9 record . In addition , the Warriors broke numerous other NBA records , including most road wins ( 34 ) , best start to a season ( 24 -- 0 ) and longest regular - season home win streak ( 54 dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season ) . They also became the first team to make over 1,000 three - pointers in the regular - season with 1,077 , eclipsing the previous record of 933 set by the 2014 -- 15 Houston Rockets . The Warriors were led by Stephen Curry , who was named the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . The Splash Brothers twosome of Curry and Klay Thompson were the highest scoring duo in the league , combining to average 52.2 points per game . Head coach Steve Kerr missed the first 43 regular season games because of a back injury . Assistant coach Luke Walton served as interim head coach during Kerr 's absence and he led the Warriors to a 39 -- 4 start . In the playoffs , the Warriors defeated the Houston Rockets in the first round and the Portland Trail Blazers in the conference semifinals in five games each . In Game 7 of the Western Conference Finals , the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder , 96 -- 88 , becoming only the 10th team in NBA history to overcome a 3 -- 1 series deficit , and advancing to a second straight NBA Finals for the first time since 1947 and 1948 . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NBA Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers ( Eastern Conference Champion ) Golden State Warriors ( Western Conference Champion ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 57 25 . 695 -- 82 y -- Toronto Raptors * 56 26 . 683 1.0 82 y -- Miami Heat * 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 x -- Atlanta Hawks 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 5 x -- Boston Celtics 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 6 x -- Charlotte Hornets 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 7 x -- Indiana Pacers 45 37 . 549 12.0 82 8 x -- Detroit Pistons 44 38 . 537 13.0 82 9 Chicago Bulls 42 40 . 512 15.0 82 10 Washington Wizards 41 41 . 500 16.0 82 11 Orlando Magic 35 47 . 427 22.0 82 12 Milwaukee Bucks 33 49 . 402 24.0 82 13 New York Knicks 32 50 . 390 25.0 82 14 Brooklyn Nets 21 61 . 256 36.0 82 15 Philadelphia 76ers 10 72 . 122 47.0 82 1st seed in the East , 3rd best league record Regular season Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Golden State Warriors * 73 9 . 890 -- 82 y -- San Antonio Spurs * 67 15 . 817 6.0 82 y -- Oklahoma City Thunder * 55 27 . 671 18.0 82 x -- Los Angeles Clippers 53 29 . 646 20.0 82 5 x -- Portland Trail Blazers 44 38 . 537 29.0 82 6 x -- Dallas Mavericks 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 7 x -- Memphis Grizzlies 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 8 x -- Houston Rockets 41 41 . 500 32.0 82 9 Utah Jazz 40 42 . 488 33.0 82 10 Sacramento Kings 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 11 Denver Nuggets 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 12 New Orleans Pelicans 30 52 . 366 43.0 82 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 29 53 . 354 44.0 82 14 Phoenix Suns 23 59 . 280 50.0 82 15 Los Angeles Lakers 17 65 . 207 56.0 82 1st seed in the West , best league record Defeated the 8th seeded Detroit Pistons , 4 -- 0 First round Defeated the 8th seeded Houston Rockets , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 4th seeded Atlanta Hawks , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 5th seeded Portland Trail Blazers , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Toronto Raptors , 4 -- 2 Conference Finals Defeated the 3rd seeded Oklahoma City Thunder , 4 -- 3 Regular season series ( edit ) The Warriors won the regular season series 2 -- 0 . December 25 , 2015 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 83 , Golden State Warriors 89 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 18 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 132 , Cleveland Cavaliers 98 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , June 2 Golden State Warriors 104 -- 89 ( 1 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 2 Sunday , June 5 Golden State Warriors 110 -- 77 ( 2 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 3 Wednesday , June 8 Cleveland Cavaliers 120 -- 90 ( 1 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors Game 4 Friday , June 10 Cleveland Cavaliers 97 -- 108 ( 1 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 5 Monday , June 13 Golden State Warriors 97 -- 112 ( 3 -- 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 6 Thursday , June 16 Cleveland Cavaliers 115 -- 101 ( 3 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 7 Sunday , June 19 Golden State Warriors 89 -- 93 ( 3 -- 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game summaries ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) ( in Cleveland ) Game 1 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 104 -- 89 in Game 1 to take a 1 -- 0 series lead . The Cavaliers led 68 -- 67 before the Warriors broke the game open with a 29 -- 8 run spanning the third and fourth quarters to take a 96 -- 76 lead . Cleveland got the deficit within eleven points at 98 -- 87 after an 11 -- 2 run , but Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson nailed back - to - back three - pointers to essentially seal the victory for Golden State . While Curry and Thompson had a rough night combining for 20 points , the Warriors got a lift from its bench , outscoring the Cavaliers ' bench 45 -- 10 . Shaun Livingston scored his playoff - career high 20 points to lead Golden State , while Kyrie Irving led all scorers with 26 points . LeBron James fell one assist shy of a triple - double ( 23 points , 12 rebounds , 9 assists ) . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 2 Cleveland Cavaliers 89 -- 104 ( Series : 0 -- 1 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 28 , 19 -- 24 , 25 -- 22 , 21 -- 30 ABC Pts : Kyrie Irving 26 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Boxscore Pts : Shaun Livingston 20 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Marc Davis , Ed Malloy Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 26 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 23 12 9 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 17 13 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 10 12 0 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 11 5 6 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 9 5 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 13 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 16 11 7 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 10 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 12 7 6 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 20 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 11 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 2 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 110 -- 77 in Game 2 to take a 2 -- 0 series lead . Cleveland took a 28 -- 22 lead about two minutes into the second quarter , but Golden State answered with a 20 -- 2 run while outscoring the Cavs 30 -- 16 the rest of the period . During the run , the Cavaliers ' Kevin Love suffered a head injury while attempting to grab a defensive rebound . Love stayed throughout the remainder of the period but did not play the second half . The Warriors continued to dominate Cleveland from there , outscoring the Cavaliers 58 -- 33 in the final two quarters . Draymond Green led all scorers with 28 points , including 5 of 8 from three - point range . Curry and Klay Thompson added 18 and 17 points , respectively , while drilling four threes each . With their victory , the Warriors posted the highest winning margin in the first two Finals games with a 48 - point differential . James led the Cavs with 19 points , 8 rebounds , and 9 assists , but he committed 7 turnovers . James added 4 steals while surpassing John Stockton for fourth on the all - time playoff steals list . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 5 Cleveland Cavaliers 77 -- 110 ( Series : 0 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 23 -- 33 , 18 -- 30 , 15 -- 28 ABC Pts : LeBron James 19 Rebs : LeBron James 8 Asts : LeBron James 9 Boxscore Pts : Draymond Green 28 Rebs : Stephen Curry 9 Asts : Green , Livingston , Thompson 5 each Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 10 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 5 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 19 8 9 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 5 0 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 8 5 0 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 12 5 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 5 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 7 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 18 9 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 17 5 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 5 5 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 28 7 5 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 6 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 7 5 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 7 5 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 10 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 7 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 6 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 3 ( edit ) The Cavaliers avenged their lopsided defeat to Golden State by routing the Warriors 120 -- 90 in Game 3 to trail the series 2 -- 1 . The Cavaliers scored the game 's first nine points en route to outscoring the Warriors 33 -- 16 after one quarter . Golden State rallied to trim Cleveland 's lead as low as seven points on a couple of occasions before the Cavs settled for a 51 -- 43 halftime lead . In the second half , Cleveland continued to extend their lead and outscored Golden State 69 -- 47 . Love did not play due to a concussion . James led all scorers with 32 points . Irving added 30 points for the Cavs . Curry led the Warriors with 19 points , while drilling four threes . Harrison Barnes also contributed 18 points in 33 minutes of play . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 8 Golden State Warriors 90 -- 120 ( Series : 2 -- 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 33 , 27 -- 18 , 26 -- 38 , 21 -- 31 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 19 Rebs : Harrison Barnes 8 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 32 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : Kyrie Irving 8 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 19 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 18 8 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 6 7 7 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 11 0 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 5 6 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 8 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 5 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 30 8 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 20 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 32 11 6 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 9 8 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 14 13 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 5 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 1.5 ! G 12 Jordan McRae 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 4 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 108 -- 97 in Game 4 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . After averaging just 16 points in the first three games of the series , Curry scored 38 and was 7 of 13 on three - pointers . The Warriors made 17 three - pointers , then an NBA record for a single Finals game . They made only 16 two - point field goals , the first time in Finals history a team made more shots from three - point range . Klay Thompson added 25 points and four three - pointers for Golden State . It was the Warriors ' 88th win of the season , which broke the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls record of 87 for most wins in an NBA season ( regular - season and postseason combined ) . Green and James had to be separated in the closing minutes of the game , when Green fell to the ground and James stepped over him . Feeling disrespected , Green swung his arm and appeared to make contact with James ' groin . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 10 Golden State Warriors 108 -- 97 ( Series : 3 -- 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 28 , 21 -- 27 , 29 -- 22 , 29 -- 20 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 38 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Andre Iguodala 7 Boxscore Pts : Kyrie Irving 34 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 38 6 7 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 25 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 14 8 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 9 12 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 10 6 7 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 8 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa DNP 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 34 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 25 13 9 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 6 0 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 10 7 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 0 Kevin Love 11 5 0 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones DNP 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov DNP 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 5 ( edit ) The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 112 -- 97 in Game 5 to trail the series 3 -- 2 . James and Irving each scored 41 points to become the first teammates in Finals history to score 40 or more in the same game . James also added 16 rebounds . After Game 4 , Green was assessed a Flagrant Foul 1 for his contact with James that was ruled `` unnecessary '' and `` retaliatory '' , and James was given a technical foul for taunting . Having accumulated his fourth flagrant foul point in the playoffs , Green was suspended for Game 5 , becoming the first player to be suspended from playing in a Finals game since Jerry Stackhouse in 2006 . Green watched the game from a luxury box in the nearby Oakland Alameda Coliseum , where the Oakland Athletics were also playing a game at the same time , hosting the Texas Rangers . Warriors center Andrew Bogut suffered a season - ending injury to his left knee in the second half when he jumped to block a layup attempt by Cavs guard J.R. Smith and came down awkwardly on Smith . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 112 -- 97 ( Series : 2 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 32 -- 29 , 32 -- 23 , 19 -- 13 ABC Pts : Irving , James 41 each Rebs : LeBron James 16 Asts : LeBron James 7 Boxscore Pts : Klay Thompson 37 Rebs : Andre Iguodala 11 Asts : Andre Iguodala 6 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis and Derrick Stafford Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 41 6 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 41 16 7 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 6 15 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 8 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 25 7 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 37 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 5 5 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 15 11 6 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 0 Reserves : 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 7 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 0 0 4.0 ! F 20 James Michael McAdoo 0 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 6 ( edit ) LeBron James charging at Stephen Curry during game six . The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 115 -- 101 in Game 6 to even the series 3 -- 3 . The Cavaliers scored the game 's first eight points en route to outscoring the Warriors 31 -- 11 after one quarter . Golden State rallied to trim Cleveland 's lead as low as eight points on a couple of occasions before the Cavs settled for a 59 -- 43 halftime lead . In the second half , Cleveland continued to extend their lead and tied the series . LeBron James led all scorers with 41 points with 11 assists . Kyrie Irving added 23 points for the Cavs , while Tristan Thompson had 16 rebounds for the Cavaliers . Stephen Curry led the Warriors with 30 points , while drilling six threes . Klay Thompson added 25 points for the Warriors . Back from suspension , Green was held to eight points on 3 -- 7 shooting . James scored 18 straight points for Cleveland from the end of the third quarter to the 7 : 00 mark of the fourth . Late in the game with the Cavaliers up by 13 , he blocked a Curry shot from behind , and afterward had some words for him . With 4 : 22 left , Curry received his sixth foul and fouled out of the game . He then threw his mouthpiece into the stands in frustration , resulting in a technical foul and his ejection from the game . Curry was the first MVP to foul out of an NBA Finals game since Shaquille O'Neal in 2000 . The Cavaliers became the third team to fall behind 3 -- 1 and force Game 7 ( and the first in 50 years ) . James was the first player to have consecutive 40 - point games in the finals since , coincidentally , Shaquille O'Neal in the 2000 Finals . Following the game , Curry and Warriors head coach Steve Kerr were fined $25,000 each for their actions and public officiating criticism . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 16 Golden State Warriors 101 -- 115 ( Series : 3 -- 3 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 11 -- 31 , 32 -- 28 , 28 -- 21 , 30 -- 35 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 30 Rebs : Draymond Green 10 Asts : Draymond Green 6 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 16 Asts : LeBron James 11 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Ken Mauer and Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 30 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 25 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 0 0 4.5 ! PF 9 Andre Iguodala 5 6.0 ! C 23 Draymond Green 8 10 6 Reserves : 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 6 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 14 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 5.5 ! F / C 20 James Michael McAdoo 0 1.5 ! G Brandon Rush 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 23 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 14 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 41 8 11 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 7 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 15 16 Reserves : 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 6 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 5 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 7 ( edit ) This season 's Finals marked the first time in NBA history in which both teams entered game 7 after accumulating exactly the same total points scored after game 6 ( 610 points each ) . The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 93 -- 89 in Game 7 to win the series 4 -- 3 . Game 7 was a close game , with 20 lead changes and 11 ties . This was the only game in the entire series to have a final margin of fewer than 10 points . At halftime , the Warriors were ahead 49 -- 42 . In the second half , the Cavaliers outscored the Warriors 51 -- 40 as the Warriors failed to score a basket during the last 4 : 39 of the game . In the closing minutes of the 4th quarter LeBron James delivered what became known as `` The Block '' on a layup attempt by Andre Iguodala with the score tied at 89 and 01 : 50 remaining in the game . Kyrie Irving made a go - ahead 3 - point field goal over the NBA 's first unanimous regular season MVP Stephen Curry to give Cleveland a 92 -- 89 lead with 0 : 53 remaining in the game . Before Kyrie Irving 's 3 - point field goal both teams were tied at 699 points scored apiece in this series . Immediately after Irving 's three , Golden State brought the ball up - court , opting not to call a timeout , and although Golden State got a preferred switch and matchup of Curry on Kevin Love , Love made arguably `` the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season '' , and forced Curry into a contested 3 - pointer , which he missed . After LeBron hurt his right wrist being fouled on a dunk attempt , he nearly clinched the title for the Cavaliers by making one of two free throws , bringing the clock down to 10.6 seconds left . After the Cavaliers fouled Draymond Green with 6.5 seconds remaining , Stephen Curry received the inbounds pass , pump faked and shot a three pointer over Cavaliers guard Iman Shumpert . The attempt missed , and was rebounded by Marreese Speights of the Warriors who attempted a three pointer as time expired and missed . Love immediately hugged the Finals MVP LeBron James . Draymond Green led all scorers with 32 points , including 6 of 8 from three - point range to go along with 15 rebounds and 9 assists . Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson added 17 and 14 points , respectively . LeBron James led all Cavaliers with 27 points and became only the 3rd player ever in NBA history to record a triple double in an NBA Finals Game 7 by adding 11 assists and 11 rebounds . Kyrie Irving added 26 points for Cleveland . The Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to win the NBA Finals . They became the first NBA Champion to clinch all their playoff series on the road since the 1999 San Antonio Spurs , as well as the first road team to win a Finals Game 7 since the 1978 Washington Bullets . The Cavaliers won their first championship in franchise history , ending a nearly 52 - year pro sports championship drought for the city of Cleveland . LeBron James was named the unanimous Finals MVP , becoming the only the fifth player in NBA history to earn the award at least thrice . He also was the overall leader in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks during the series , a feat that had never before been accomplished in any NBA playoff series . Tyronn Lue became the 14th coach to win an NBA championship as a head coach and player . After 13 years , James had finally brought a championship to the city of Cleveland . On July 13 , 2016 , Game 7 of the 2016 NBA Finals received the 2016 ESPY award for Best Game . This loss led the Warriors to pursue Kevin Durant when he became a free agent that summer signing him on July 4 . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 19 Cleveland Cavaliers 93 -- 89 ( Series : 4 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 22 , 19 -- 27 , 33 -- 27 , 18 -- 13 ABC Pts : LeBron James 27 Rebs : Kevin Love 14 Asts : LeBron James 11 Boxscore Pts : Draymond Green 32 Rebs : Draymond Green 15 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Monty McCutchen Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 26 6 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 12 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 27 11 11 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 9 14 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 9 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 9 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 6 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones DNP 2.5 ! G / F James Jones DNP 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov DNP 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 17 5 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 14 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 10 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 32 15 9 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 9 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 8 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 4.0 ! F 20 James Michael McAdoo DNP 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush DNP 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Rosters ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Dellavedova , Matthew 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1990 -- 09 -- 08 Saint Mary 's 5.5 ! F / C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Frye , Channing 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1983 -- 05 -- 17 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Irving , Kyrie ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 James , LeBron ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 -- 12 -- 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( OH ) 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Jefferson , Richard 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 233 lb ( 106 kg ) 1980 -- 06 -- 21 Arizona 2.5 ! G / F 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Jones , Dahntay 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1980 -- 12 -- 27 Duke 2.5 ! G / F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jones , James 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 04 Miami ( FL ) 6.0 ! C 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kaun , Sasha 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1985 -- 05 -- 08 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Love , Kevin 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 07 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 McRae , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 28 Tennessee 6.0 ! C 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Mozgov , Timofey 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1986 -- 07 -- 16 Russia 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Shumpert , Iman 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1990 -- 06 -- 26 Georgia Tech 2.5 ! G / F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Smith , J.R. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 09 St. Benedict 's Prep ( NJ ) 5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Thompson , Tristan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 13 Texas 1.5 ! G 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Williams , Mo 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1982 -- 12 -- 19 Alabama Head coach Tyronn Lue Assistant coach ( es ) Jim Boylan Bret Brielmaier Larry Drew Damon Jones Mike Longabardi James Posey Phil Handy ( player development ) Vitaly Potapenko ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 04 -- 13 Golden State Warriors ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Barbosa , Leandro 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 1982 -- 11 -- 28 Brazil 4.0 ! F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Barnes , Harrison 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 30 North Carolina 6.0 ! C 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Bogut , Andrew 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1984 -- 11 -- 28 Utah 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Clark , Ian 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Ezeli , Festus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1989 -- 10 -- 21 Vanderbilt 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 McAdoo , James Michael 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 04 North Carolina 2.5 ! G / F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Rush , Brandon 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1985 -- 07 -- 07 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Speights , Marreese 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1987 -- 08 -- 04 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 5.5 ! F / C 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Varejão , Anderson 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 273 lb ( 124 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 28 Brazil Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Luke Walton Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 06 -- 14 Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Cleveland Cavaliers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Dellavedova , Matthew Matthew Dellavedova 6 0 7.6 . 263 . 167 . 833 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 Frye , Channing Channing Frye 0 8.3 . 000 . 000 1.000 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving 7 7 39.0 . 468 . 405 . 939 3.9 3.9 0.7 27.1 James , LeBron LeBron James 7 7 41.7 . 494 . 371 . 721 11.3 8.9 2.6 2.3 29.7 Jefferson , Richard Richard Jefferson 7 24.0 . 516 . 167 . 636 5.3 0.4 1.3 0.1 5.7 Jones , Dahntay Dahntay Jones 6 0 3.0 . 500 . 000 . 800 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 Jones , James James Jones 5 0 4.0 . 000 . 000 . 250 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 Love , Kevin Kevin Love 6 5 26.3 . 362 . 263 . 706 6.8 1.3 0.7 0.3 8.5 McRae , Jordan Jordan McRae 0 3.0 1.000 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 Mozgov , Timofey Timofey Mozgov 5 0 5.0 . 333 . 000 . 750 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.4 Shumpert , Iman Iman Shumpert 7 0 18.3 . 304 . 267 1.000 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.0 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith 7 7 37.3 . 400 . 356 . 667 2.7 1.6 1.4 0.3 10.6 Thompson , Tristan Tristan Thompson 7 7 32.3 . 636 . 000 . 533 10.1 0.7 0.3 0.9 10.3 Williams , Mo Mo Williams 6 0 4.8 . 333 . 200 . 000 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.0 1.5 Golden State Warriors Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Barbosa , Leandro Leandro Barbosa 6 0 13.1 . 643 . 500 . 727 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.2 8.2 Barnes , Harrison Harrison Barnes 7 7 31.7 . 352 . 310 . 600 4.4 1.4 0.7 0.4 9.3 Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut 5 5 12.0 . 471 . 000 . 000 3.0 0.6 0.4 2.0 3.2 Clark , Ian Ian Clark 0 4.8 . 625 . 600 . 000 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.3 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry 7 7 35.1 . 403 . 400 . 929 4.9 3.7 0.9 0.7 22.6 Ezeli , Festus Festus Ezeli 7 8.6 . 300 . 000 . 500 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green 6 6 40.0 . 486 . 406 . 783 10.3 6.3 1.7 1.0 16.5 Iguodala , Andre Andre Iguodala 7 34.1 . 466 . 304 . 333 6.3 4.1 0.9 0.7 9.1 Livingston , Shaun Shaun Livingston 7 0 21.1 . 511 . 000 . 857 3.4 2.9 0.3 0.3 8.3 McAdoo , James Michael James Michael McAdoo 0 6.1 1.000 . 000 . 000 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 Rush , Brandon Brandon Rush 0 5.5 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 Speights , Marreese Marreese Speights 7 0 4.7 . 222 . 400 1.000 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 2.0 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson 7 7 35.3 . 427 . 350 . 786 3.0 1.9 1.0 0.6 19.6 Varejão , Anderson Anderson Varejão 6 0 6.9 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.3 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the NBA Finals aired on ABC with Mike Breen as play - by - play commentator , and Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy serving as color commentators . ESPN Radio aired it as well and had Kevin Calabro and Hubie Brown as commentators . ESPN Deportes provided exclusive Spanish - language coverage of The Finals , with a commentary team of Álvaro Martín and Carlos Morales . Television ratings ( edit ) Game Ratings ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 11.1 19.20 9.8 17.49 9.7 16.47 9.8 16.57 5 11.8 20.53 6 11.8 20.70 7 15.8 31.02 Avg 11.4 20.28 See also ( edit ) Big Three ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Death lineup Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CANADIAN TV SCHEDULE -- 2015 -- 16 '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , P.J ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Curse broken : Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship '' . FOX 8 Cleveland . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim . `` Cavaliers vs. Raptors 2016 results : LeBron James advances to 6th straight NBA Finals with Game 6 win '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fedor , Chris ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` David Blatt fired by Cleveland Cavaliers ; Tyronn Lue elevated to head coach '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Blatt fired as Cavaliers coach ; Tyronn Lue to take over team '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ethan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Epic history : Stephen Curry , Warriors surpass Bulls ' win record '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Move Over , Warriors . Cavs Can Shoot 3s , Too . '' . NY Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Durant , Westbrook power Thunder past Warriors 108 -- 102 '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Kerr battles lingering spinal - fluid issues , but coaches through pain '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Silence the Thunder in Game 7 , Series '' . NBA . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors up 1 -- 0 as Draymond Green , supporting cast key win '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA finals , Game 1 : Golden State Warriors beat Cleveland Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors whip Cavaliers 110 -- 77 to take 2 -- 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Resilient at Home , Cruise Against the Cavaliers '' . New York Times . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Warriors are setting NBA Finals records by crushing the Cavs '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors humiliate Cleveland Cavaliers in NBA finals Game 2 '' . Guardian . 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 90 -- 120 Cleveland Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 32 as Cavs wallop Warriors , pull to 2 -- 1 '' . ESPN.com . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Love not medically cleared , will not play in Game 3 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers roar back to crush Warriors as Steph Curry 's struggles continue '' . Guardian . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors Win and Move a Game Away From the N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Splish , splash : Curry , Thompson lead Warriors to Game 4 win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three charts on a record - setting night for Curry and the Warriors '' . ESPN.com . June 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors '' ( PDF ) . nba.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win and Move a Game Away From the N.B.A. Title '' . New York Times . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors defeat Cleveland Cavaliers : NBA finals Game 4 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sources : Ruling on Green - LeBron incident could come Sunday '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Branch , John ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers Stave Off Elimination in N.B.A. Finals '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leung , Diamond ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals : Warriors ' Draymond Green suspended for Game 5 by NBA '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat the Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 5 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green to Watch Game 5 from Oakland Athletics stadium '' . The Sports Xchange. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspended Draymond Green to Watch Game 5 from Oakland A 's Coliseum , Declines 1st Pitch Offer '' . Lee Bailey 's EURWeb. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspended Draymond Green to Watch at A 's Game '' . SI Wire. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Andrew Bogut will miss remainder of NBA Finals with left knee injury '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron goes for 41 as Cavs drop Warriors , force Game 7 of Finals '' . ESPN.com . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers thrash Warriors to force winner - take - all Game 7 in NBA finals '' . Guardian . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers defeat the Golden State Warriors : NBA finals , Game 6 -- as it happened ! '' . Guardian . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` With Swat of Stephen Curry , LeBron James Jolted a Debate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim . `` Curry gets ejected late in Warriors ' Game 6 loss '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Poole , Monte . `` Curry flips out in Game 6 of finals , takes first NBA ejection '' . csnbayarea.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike . `` Stephen Curry , Steve Kerr Fined for Game 6 Incidents in NBA Finals '' . bleacherreport.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Curry voted NBA 's first unanimous MVP '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love came up with the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Stop Of Kevin Love 's Life ? It Was n't This One '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers vs. Warriors - Game Recap - June 19 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Greatest Game 7 Performances In NBA Finals History '' . 2016 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Dave ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` LeBron James leads Cleveland Cavaliers to NBA title and ends 52 - year drought '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers become first team to rally from 3 -- 1 series deficit in NBA Finals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` The End : Cleveland rocks as title drought ends in Finals '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins NBA Finals MVP for 3rd time '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named unanimous Finals MVP after Cavs ' Game 7 win '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Nunzio ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` This unbelievable stat illustrates just how great LeBron James was in the Finals '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Brandon ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Hot Reads : Tryonn '' . Hail Varsity . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers 93 - 89 Golden State Warriors : LeBron James helps end 52 - year drought to win first NBA championship in their history after completing remarkable comeback from 3 - 1 down '' . Daily Mail . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers Defeat Warriors to Win Their First N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carafdo , Ben . `` 2016 NBA Finals Tip Off June 2 Exclusively on ABC : Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teri Couch ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Was Most - Watched & Highest - Rated Game 1 Ever on ABC '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals tops 2015 's Game 1 , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up , ' American Grit ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game 2 of NBA Finals Holds Up Well Despite Blowout '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Miss USA adjusts up , plus final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stinkers Sinking NBA Finals , But Numbers Still Big '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : NBA Finals adjust up but lowest of series so far '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Closer Game , But No Cigar For NBA Finals '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : Final NBA and Copa America numbers , ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Has Another Viewership Dip , But Nears Post-Jordan High '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' adjusts up , ' Reign ' and ' Whose Line ' ajdust down , final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Despite Fifth Straight Decline , NBA Finals Strong Entering Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals hits a high for 2016 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron , Cleveland 's Game 7 Triumph Tops 30 Million Viewers '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : NBA Finals Game 7 adjusts up a little more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official website 2016 NBA Finals at Basketball-Reference.com NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers Founded in 1970 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise History 1970 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Cleveland Arena Richfield Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena Key personnel Owner : Dan Gilbert General manager : Koby Altman Assistant GM : Mike Gansey Head coach : Tyronn Lue Culture and lore Big Three `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Joe Tait Ted Stepien rule The Block The Decision The Miracle of Richfield The Shot Rivalries Chicago Bulls Golden State Warriors Playoff appearances ( 21 ) 1976 1977 1978 1985 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 2016 2017 Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1976 2009 2015 2016 2017 Eastern Conference titles ( 4 ) 2007 2015 2016 2017 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2016 Retired numbers 7 11 22 25 34 42 43 Hall of Fame inductees Wayne Embry Nate Thurmond Lenny Wilkens G League affiliate Canton Charge Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : Fox Sports Ohio Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye 2015 -- 16 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions D - League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. 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Joint Commission

Joint Commission - wikipedia Joint Commission Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Joint Commission ( disambiguation ) . The Joint Commission Type Non-profit organization Industry Health care Founded 1951 Headquarters Oakbrook Terrace , Illinois , United States Area served World wide Website www.jointcommission.org The Joint Commission is a United States - based nonprofit tax - exempt 501 ( c ) organization that accredits more than 21,000 US health care organizations and programs . The international branch accredits medical services from around the world . A majority of US state governments recognize Joint Commission accreditation as a condition of licensure for the receipt of Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements . The Joint Commission is based in the Chicago suburb of Oakbrook Terrace , Illinois . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operation 3 Alternatives in the United States 4 Goals and initiatives 5 International healthcare accreditation 6 Cost of accreditation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links History ( edit ) The Joint Commission was formerly the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ( JCAHO ) and previous to that the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals ( JCAH ) . The Joint Commission was renamed The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals in 1951 , but it was not until 1965 , when the federal government decided that a hospital meeting Joint Commission accreditation met the Medicare Conditions of Participation , that accreditation had any official impact . However , Section 125 of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 ( MIPPA ) removed the Joint Commission 's statutorily - guaranteed accreditation authority for hospitals , effective July 15 , 2010 . At that time , the Joint Commission 's hospital accreditation program would be subject to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) requirements for organizations seeking accrediting authority . To avoid a lapse in accrediting authority , the Joint Commission would have to submit an application for hospital accrediting authority consistent with these requirements and within a time frame that would enable CMS to review and evaluate their submission . CMS would make the decision to grant deeming authority and determine the term . The Joint Commission 's predecessor organization grew from the efforts of Ernest Codman to promote hospital reform based on outcomes management in patient care . Codman 's efforts led to the founding of the American College of Surgeons Hospital Standardization Program . In 1951 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals was created by merging the Hospital Standardization Program with similar programs run by the American College of Physicians , the American Hospital Association , the American Medical Association , and the Canadian Medical Association . In 1987 the company was renamed the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ( JCAHO , pronounced `` Jay - co '' ) . In 2007 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations underwent a major rebranding and simplified its name to The Joint Commission . The rebranding included the name , logo , and tag line change to `` Helping Health Care Organizations Help Patients . '' The change was part of an effort to make the name more memorable and to assist the commission in its continued responsiveness to the needs of organizations seeking fee - based accreditation . The Joint Commission advocates the use of patient safety measures , the spread of information , the measurement of performance , and the introduction of public policy recommendations . Joint Commission International ( JCI ) was established in 1998 as a division of Joint Commission Resources , Inc . ( JCR ) , a not - for - profit , private affiliate of the Joint Commission . Through international accreditation , consultation , publications , and education programs , JCI extends the Joint Commission 's mission worldwide by helping to improve the quality of patient care ; assisting international health care organizations , public health agencies , health ministries , and others in evaluating , improving , and demonstrating the quality of patient care ; and enhancing patient safety in more than 60 countries . International hospitals may seek accreditation to demonstrate quality , and JCI accreditation may be considered a seal of approval by medical travelers from the U.S. Operation ( edit ) All member health care organizations are subject to a three - year accreditation cycle , and laboratories are surveyed every two years . The organization does not make its hospital survey findings public . However , it does provide the organization 's accreditation decision , the date that accreditation was awarded , and any standards that were cited for improvement . Organizations deemed to be in compliance with all or most of the applicable standards are awarded the decision of Accreditation . The unannounced full survey is a key component of The Joint Commission accreditation process . `` Unannounced '' means the organization does not receive advanced notice of its survey date . The Joint Commission began conducting unannounced surveys on January 1 , 2006 . Surveys occur 18 to 39 months after the organization 's previous unannounced survey . There has been criticism in the past within the U.S. about how the Joint Commission operates . The Commission 's practice had been to notify hospitals in advance of the timing of inspections . A 2007 article in the Washington Post noted that about 99 % of inspected hospitals are accredited , and serious problems in the delivery of care are sometimes overlooked or missed . Similar concerns have been expressed by the Boston Globe who stated `` The Joint Commission , whose governing board has long been dominated by representatives of the industries it inspects , has been the target of criticism about the validity of its evaluations . '' The Joint Commission over time has responded to these criticisms . However , when it comes to the international dimension , surveys undertaken by JCI still take place at a time known in advance by the hospitals being surveyed , often after considerable preparation by those hospitals . Preparing for a Joint Commission survey can be a challenging process for any healthcare provider . At a minimum , a hospital must be completely familiar with the current standards ; examine current processes , policies , and procedures relative to the standards ; and prepare to improve any areas that are not currently in compliance . The hospital must be in compliance with the standards for at least four months prior to the initial survey . The hospital should also be in compliance with applicable standards during the entire period of accreditation , which means that surveyors will look for a full three years of implementation for several standards - related issues . The Joint Commission and JCI employ salaried individuals as surveyors who generally work or have worked within health care services but are able to devote half or less of their time for the accrediting organization . The surveyors travel to health care organizations to evaluate their operational practices and facilities against established Joint Commission standards and elements of performance . Substantial time and resources are devoted by health care organizations ranging from medical equipment suppliers and staffing firms to tertiary care academic medical centers to prepare for and undergo Joint Commission surveys . There is growing concern , however , over the lack of verifiable progress towards meeting the organization 's stated goals . Although the Joint Commission increasingly cites and demands `` evidence - based medicine '' in its regulatory requirements , there is a relative paucity of evidence demonstrating any significant quality improvement due to its efforts , while there is a growing body of literature showing no improvement or actual deterioration in quality despite the increasingly stringent and expensive requirements . A facility requesting accreditation pays a substantial fee to the Joint Commission ( the `` accrediting '' agency ) and , upon receiving a `` passing '' grade , is able to purchase associated mementos of accomplishment to display to the public . No other entity certifies the Joint Commission . Alternatives in the United states ( edit ) The Joint Commission is not a complete monopoly , and while many states in the U.S. make use of their services , they are not used by all . Some states have set up their own alternative assessment procedures ; the Joint Commission is not recognized for state licensure in the states of Oklahoma ( except for hospital - based outpatient mental health services ) , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . In California , The Joint Commission is part of a joint survey process with state authorities . There are also other healthcare accreditation organizations in the U.S. unrelated to the Joint Commission . These include Accreditation Commission for Health Care , Inc . ( ACHC ) , the American Osteopathic Association ( AOA ) , the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities ( CARF ) , the Community Health Accreditation Program ( CHAP ) , the `` Exemplary Provider Program '' of The Compliance Team , the Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program ( HFAP ) , the ( http://www.ncchc.org/health-service-accreditation National Commission on Correctional Health Care , Utilization Review Accreditation Commission ( URAC ) , and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation ( HQAA ) who are recognised in the state of Ohio . HFAP is actually older than the Joint Commission and has been in operation since 1945 . On September 26 , 2008 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) granted deeming authority for hospitals to DNV Healthcare Inc . ( DNVHC ) , an operating company of Det Norske Veritas ( DNV ) , a Norwegian international company that has been operating in the U.S. since 1898 . The Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality ( CIHQ ) , based in Round Rock , Texas , was granted deeming authority for hospitals by the CMS In July 2013 . Goals and initiatives ( edit ) The stated mission of The Joint Commission is : `` To continuously improve health care for the public , in collaboration with other stakeholders , by evaluating health care organizations and inspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value . '' The company updates its accreditation standards , expands patient safety goals on a yearly basis , and posts them on its web site for all interested persons to review making the information and process transparent to all stakeholders ranging from institutions and practitioners to patients and their advocates . The purpose of The Joint Commission 's National Patient Safety Goals ( NPSGs ) is to promote specific improvements in patient safety . The NPSGs highlight problematic areas in health care and describe evidence and expert - based solutions to these problems . Recognizing that sound system design is intrinsic to the delivery of safe , high quality health care . The Goals focus on system - wide solutions , wherever possible . The NPSGs have become a critical method by which The Joint Commission promotes and enforces major changes in patient safety for thousands of participating health care organizations in the United States and around the world . The 2009 NPSGs included regulations targeting the spread of infection due to multidrug - resistant organisms , catheter - related bloodstream infections ( CRBSI ) , and surgical site infections ( SSI ) . The new regulations for CRBSI and SSI prevention apply not only to hospitals , but also to ambulatory care and ambulatory surgery centers . Engaging patients in patient safety efforts is also a major new component of the NPSGs . The Universal Protocol to reduce surgical errors and existing regulations on medication reconciliation have been modified for 2009 , based on feedback received by The Joint Commission . International Healthcare Accreditation ( edit ) Gold Seal of Accreditation Joint Commission International , or JCI is one group that provides international health care accreditation services to hospitals around the world and brings income into the U.S. - based parent organization . This not - for - profit tax - exempt private corporation ( a 501 ( c ) organization ) currently accredits hospitals in Asia , Europe , the Middle East , Africa , and South America and is seeking to expand its business further . The JCI has a small staff which includes principal consultants and a number of other consultants from around the world . Cost of Accreditation ( edit ) JCI publishes an average fee of $46,000 for a full hospital survey . Reimbursement for surveyors ' travel , living expenses , and accommodations is required in addition to the survey fee . For hospital to be successful in the accreditation process , there may be additional costs related to consultancy work prior to accreditation . International accreditors incur different levels of costs with some costing less than JCI . See also ( edit ) Patient safety Patient safety organization URAC Hospital accreditation List of International Healthcare Accreditation Organizations Evidence - based medicine Medical ethics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission On Accreditation Of Healthcare Organizations in Oakbrook Ter , Illinois ( IL ) '' . faqs.org . June 30 , 1975 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Joint Commission - About page '' . Jump up ^ https://www.successfactors.com/en_us/lp/articles/joint-commission-compliance.html Jump up ^ About Us , Joint Commission . Jump up ^ A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals James S. Roberts , MD ; Jack G. Coale , MA ; Robert R. Redman , MA , JAMA. 1987 ; 258 ( 7 ) : 936 - 940 , Jump up ^ HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare - Associated Infections 06222009 Section 8 : Incentives and Oversight -- June 22 , 2009 Excerpt : pages 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ `` The Joint Commission Launches New Brand Identity '' . The Joint Commission . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission Changes Its Name and Logo '' . American Association for Respiratory Care . February 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Patients Meet to Promote Mother and Child Health in the Americas '' . Paho.org . June 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` de beste bron van informatie over med trip info . Deze website is te koop ! '' . medtripinfo.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kowalczyk , Liz ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Surprise check faults MGH quality of care '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fisher , Ian ( January 21 , 1998 ) . `` Public Advocate Says Hospital Accreditation System Is Faulty '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Gilbert M. ( 2005 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Accreditors Blamed for Overlooking Problems '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Healthcare Compliance 360 HIPAA Compliance Policy Management JCAHO Accreditation '' . Compliance360.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Account Suspended '' ( PDF ) . Competingbid.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medicare Deeming Authority for Home Health , Hospice , & DMEPOS '' . ACHC . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CARF International , www.carf.org , Commission on the Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities , CCAC '' . Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAP -- Home Page '' . Chapinc.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMS approved Accreditation Organization for all DMEPOS providers '' . Exemplaryprovider.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HFAP '' . HFAP . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Correctional Health Care Standards - National Commission on Correctional Health Care '' . Jump up ^ `` Promoting Quality Health Care '' . URAC . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to HQAA -- Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation '' . HQAA.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Approval of Deeming Authority of Det Norske Veritas Healthcare , Inc. for Hospitals '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Approval of the Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality 's ( CIHQ ) Hospital Accreditation Program '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Patient Safety Goals '' . The Joint Commission . Jump up ^ `` AHRQ Patient Safety Network '' . Psnet.ahrq.gov . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About JCI '' . Joint Commission International . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Bio - Our Team - Joint Commission International '' . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Accreditation '' . Joint Commission International . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) The Joint Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Commission&oldid=827762189 '' Categories : Accreditation Healthcare quality Medical and health organizations based in Illinois Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) Organizations established in 1951 Quality assurance Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 15 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics

Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics Flag of the United Kingdom IOC code GBR NOC British Olympic Association Website www.teamgb.com in Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 2018 Competitors 58 ( 34 men and 24 women ) in 11 sports Flag bearer ( opening ) Lizzy Yarnold Flag bearer ( closing ) Billy Morgan Medals Ranked 19th Gold Silver 0 Bronze Total 5 Winter Olympics appearances ( overview ) 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Great Britain competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 58 competitors in 11 sports . They won five medals in total , one gold and four bronze , ranking 19th in the medal table . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medallists 2 Records 3 Competitors 4 Medal and performance targets 4.1 UK Sport funding 5 Alpine skiing 6 Biathlon 7 Bobsleigh 8 Cross-country skiing 9 Curling 9.1 Men 's tournament 9.2 Women 's tournament 10 Figure skating 11 Freestyle skiing 12 Luge 13 Short track speed skating 14 Skeleton 15 Snowboarding 16 Notes 17 References Medallists ( edit ) Medals by sport Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Skeleton 0 Freestyle skiing 0 0 Snowboarding 0 0 Total 0 5 Medals by date Day Date 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Day 1 10 February 0 0 0 0 Day 2 11 February 0 0 0 0 Day 3 12 February 0 0 0 0 Day 4 13 February 0 0 0 0 Day 5 14 February 0 0 0 0 Day 6 15 February 0 0 0 0 Day 7 16 February 0 0 Day 8 17 February 0 Day 9 18 February 0 0 0 0 Day 10 19 February 0 0 0 0 Day 11 20 February 0 0 0 0 Day 12 21 February 0 0 0 0 Day 13 22 February 0 0 0 0 Day 14 23 February 0 0 0 0 Day 15 24 February 0 0 Day 16 25 February 0 0 0 0 Total 0 5 Medals by gender Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Male 0 0 Female 0 Mixed 0 0 0 0 Total 0 5 Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Yarnold , Lizzy Lizzy Yarnold Skeleton Women 's 17 February 03 ! Bronze Parsons , Dominic Dominic Parsons Skeleton Men 's 16 February 03 ! Bronze Atkin , Izzy Izzy Atkin Freestyle skiing Women 's Slopestyle 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 03 ! Bronze Deas , Laura Laura Deas Skeleton Women 's 17 February 03 ! Bronze Morgan , Billy Billy Morgan Snowboarding Men 's Big Air 24 February There were a number of notable firsts for Great Britain at the Winter Olympics : Day 8 ( 17 February ) was the most successful day for Great Britain at any Winter Olympics , with three medals won . Lizzy Yarnold was the first British athlete to retain a Winter Olympic title and , in doing so , became Great Britain 's most successful Winter Olympic athlete by surpassing the single gold and bronze medals won by Jeannette Altwegg , Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill . Yarnold and Laura Deas were the first British athletes to win medals in the same event at a Winter games . Izzy Atkin won Great Britain 's first ever medal on skis . On Day 15 ( 24 February ) Great Britain won a fifth medal at a single Winter Olympics for the first time . Records ( edit ) Date Sport Event Round Athlete Time Record Ref 10 February Short track speed skating Women 's 500 metres Heat 4 Elise Christie 42.872 OR Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Alpine skiing Biathlon 0 Bobsleigh 8 10 Cross-country skiing Curling 5 5 10 Figure skating Freestyle skiing 6 5 11 Luge 0 Short track speed skating 5 Skeleton Snowboarding 5 Total 34 24 58 Medal and performance targets ( edit ) On 9 January 2018 , the funding body UK Sport announced their medal targets for Team GB at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang with the target to win at least five medals which if achieved would be a record - breaking haul for a Winter Olympic Games . Although the target was set at three medals the funding body predicted that Great Britain had the potential to win as many as ten medals , this total was not widely expected to be reached . Key N target missed Y target met Y Y target exceeded Sport Minimum target Reach target Medals or Best Result Performance relative to targets Bobsleigh Top five 8th Curling 4th Figure skating Top eight 11th Short track speed skating 4th Skeleton Top eight 01 ! Gold Yarnold , Lizzy Lizzy Yarnold 03 ! Bronze Deas , Laura Laura Deas 03 ! Bronze Parsons , Dominic Dominic Parsons Y Y Ski and snowboard 03 ! Bronze Atkin , Izzy Izzy Atkin 03 ! Bronze Morgan , Billy Billy Morgan Y Total 10 5 Y Total gold n / a n / a n / a UK Sport. funding ( edit ) In the Winter Olympic Cycle running from 2014 to 2018 the UK government body UK Sport allocated a record budget of over £ 28 million to fund Team GB for the individual athletes as well as the bobsleigh and curling teams for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang . The sports receiving the highest funding were bobsleigh , curling and skeleton , whilst speed skating , ski and snowboard , and figure skating also received funding , but all other winter sports where British athletes were competing did not receive any funding from the body . Sport Funding Bobsleigh £ 5,003,476 Curling £ 5,655,150 Figure skating £ 1,235,593 Short track speed skating £ 4,764,006 Skeleton £ 6,549,617 Ski and snowboard £ 5,145,293 Total £ 28,353,135 Alpine skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Dave Ryding Men 's slalom 49.09 13 51.07 9 1 : 40.16 9 Laurie Taylor 51.08 27 52.33 25 1 : 43.41 26 Charlie Guest Women 's slalom 55.44 42 52.82 30 1 : 48.26 33 Alex Tilley Women 's giant slalom DNF Women 's slalom DNF Mixed Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Dave Ryding Laurie Taylor Charlie Guest Alex Tilley Team United States ( USA ) W 2 * -- 2 Norway ( NOR ) L 2 -- 2 * Did not advance * = decided on tie - break ( combined time ) Biathlon ( edit ) Main articles : Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification On 22 January 2018 , the British Olympic Association announced Amanda Lightfoot as the selection for their solitary representative in the Biathlon competitions . Lightfoot finished 67th in the sprint event , failing to qualify for the pursuit in which only the top 60 sprint athletes took part . Athlete Event Time Misses Rank Amanda Lightfoot Women 's sprint 24 : 15.3 3 ( 2 + 1 ) 67 Women 's individual 49 : 14.7 6 ( 2 + 1 + 0 + 3 ) 73 Bobsleigh ( edit ) Main articles : Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Based on their rankings in the 2017 - 18 World Cup , Great Britain qualified 4 sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Brad Hall * Joel Fearon Two - man 49.37 7 49.50 8 49.67 17 49.80 16 3 : 18.34 12 Brad Hall * Greg Cackett Joel Fearon Nick Gleeson Four - man 49.25 19 49.68 14 49.64 17 49.69 12 3 : 18.26 17 Lamin Deen * Andrew Matthews Toby Olubi Ben Simons 49.44 16 49.45 19 49.66 = 18 49.74 15 3 : 18.29 18 Mica McNeill * Mica Moore Two - woman 50.77 6 50.95 6 51.16 11 51.19 7 3 : 24.07 8 * -- Denotes the driver of each sled Sam Blanchet and Montell Douglas were travelling reserves Cross-country skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification Andrew Musgrave 's seventh place in the men 's 30 km skiathlon was the best performance by a Briton in an Olympic cross country event . Distance Athlete Event Classical Freestyle Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Deficit Rank Andrew Musgrave Men 's 15 km freestyle N / A 35 : 51.0 + 2 : 07.1 28 Callum Smith N / A 38 : 20.9 + 4 : 37.0 75 Andrew Young N / A 37 : 13.1 + 3 : 29.2 57 Andrew Musgrave Men 's 30 km skiathlon 40 : 34.9 12 35 : 38.9 9 1 : 16 : 45.7 + 25.7 7 Callum Smith 44 : 47.1 61 38 : 29.6 45 1 : 23 : 49.9 + 7 : 29.9 57 Andrew Musgrave Men 's 50 km classical N / A 2 : 20 : 57.9 + 12 : 35.8 37 Callum Smith N / A 2 : 27 : 56.3 + 19 : 34.2 54 Annika Taylor Women 's 10 km freestyle N / A 30 : 52.9 + 5 : 52.4 75 Women 's 15 km skiathlon 25 : 08.0 60 22 : 29.6 59 48 : 09.1 + 7 : 24.2 60 Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Andrew Young Men 's sprint 3 : 21.50 45 Did not advance Andrew Musgrave Andrew Young Men 's team sprint N / A 16 : 30.62 15 Did not advance Curling ( edit ) Main articles : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Great Britain qualified a men 's and women 's team for a total of 10 athletes ( five of each gender ) . The teams were officially announced on 22 June 2017 . Outside of the Olympic Games , Great Britain competes under the flags of its constituent home nations , Scotland , England and Wales ( Northern Irish players compete for a combined Ireland ) ; Scotland results are treated as Great Britain for the purposes of Olympic qualification . Summary Team Event Group Stage Tiebreaker Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Kyle Smith Thomas Muirhead Kyle Waddell Cameron Smith Glen Muirhead Men 's tournament SUI W 6 -- 5 CAN L 4 -- 6 JPN W 6 -- 5 SWE L 6 -- 8 KOR L 5 -- 11 ITA W 7 -- 6 DEN W 7 -- 6 NOR W 10 -- 3 USA L 4 -- 10 4 TB SUI L 5 -- 9 Did not advance 5 Eve Muirhead Anna Sloan Vicki Adams Lauren Gray Kelly Schafer Women 's tournament OAR W 10 -- 3 USA L 4 -- 7 CHN W 8 -- 7 DEN W 7 -- 6 KOR L 4 -- 7 SWE L 6 -- 8 SUI W 8 -- 7 JPN W 8 -- 6 CAN W 6 -- 5 3 Q Bye SWE L 5 -- 10 JPN L 3 -- 5 Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament Based on results from the 2016 and 2017 World Championships obtained by Scotland , Great Britain qualified a men 's team , consisting of five athletes , as one of the seven highest ranked nations . Team Position Curler Skip Kyle Smith Third Cammy Smith Second Thomas Muirhead Lead Kyle Waddell Alternate Glen Muirhead Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Teams to tiebreaker Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % Sweden Niklas Edin 7 62 43 34 28 13 8 87 % Canada Kevin Koe 6 56 46 36 34 14 8 87 % United States John Shuster 5 67 63 37 39 6 80 % Great Britain Kyle Smith 5 55 60 40 37 8 7 82 % Switzerland Peter de Cruz 5 60 55 39 37 10 6 83 % Norway Thomas Ulsrud 5 45 54 32 36 6 6 82 % South Korea Kim Chang - min 5 54 59 40 41 7 8 82 % Japan Yusuke Morozumi 5 48 56 33 35 13 5 81 % Italy Joël Retornaz 6 50 56 37 38 15 7 81 % Denmark Rasmus Stjerne 7 53 70 36 39 12 5 83 % Round - robin Great Britain had a bye in draws 4 , 7 and 11 Draw 1 Wednesday 14 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Switzerland ( de Cruz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 2 Wednesday 14 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Koe ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 3 Thursday 15 February , 14 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Japan ( Morozumi ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 5 Friday 16 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 Draw 6 Saturday 17 February , 14 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 X 11 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Draw 8 Sunday 18 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 9 Monday 19 February , 14 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Denmark ( Stjerne ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 10 Tuesday 20 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 X X X 10 Norway ( Ulsrud ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Draw 12 Wednesday 21 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 X X United States ( Shuster ) 0 0 0 0 X X 10 Tiebreaker Having finished tied for fourth with the same record in the round robin stage the Great Britain men 's team faced a tiebreaker against Switzerland for a place in the semifinals . Thursday February 22 , 9 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Switzerland ( de Cruz ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 X 9 Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament Based on results from the 2016 and 2017 World Women 's Curling Championships , Great Britain qualified a women 's team , consisting of five athletes , as one of the seven highest ranked nations . Team Position Curler Skip Eve Muirhead Third Anna Sloan Second Vicki Adams Lead Lauren Gray Alternate Kelly Schafer Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % South Korea Kim Eun - jung 8 75 44 41 34 5 15 79 % Sweden Anna Hasselborg 7 64 48 42 34 14 13 83 % Great Britain Eve Muirhead 6 61 56 39 38 12 6 79 % Japan Satsuki Fujisawa 5 59 55 38 36 10 13 75 % China Wang Bingyu 5 57 65 35 38 12 5 78 % Canada Rachel Homan 5 68 59 40 36 10 12 81 % Switzerland Silvana Tirinzoni 5 60 55 34 37 12 7 78 % United States Nina Roth 5 56 65 38 39 7 6 78 % Olympic Athletes from Russia Victoria Moiseeva 7 45 76 34 40 8 6 76 % Denmark Madeleine Dupont 8 50 72 32 41 10 6 73 % Round - robin Great Britain had a bye in draws 4 , 8 and 12 Draw 1 Wednesday 14 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 X X X 10 Draw 2 Thursday 15 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 3 Thursday 15 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 5 Saturday 17 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 6 Saturday 17 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 7 Sunday 18 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 9 Monday 19 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 10 Tuesday 20 February , 14 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 8 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 11 Wednesday 21 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Semifinal Friday 23 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 X 10 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Bronze Medal Game Saturday 24 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Figure skating ( edit ) Main articles : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event SD FD Total Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Nicholas Buckland / Penny Coomes Ice dancing 68.36 10 Q 101.96 10 170.32 11 Freestyle skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification Aerials Athlete Event Qualification Final Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 3 Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Lloyd Wallace Men 's aerials 73.06 24 100.03 14 Did not advance Halfpipe Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Murray Buchan Men 's halfpipe 66.00 65.40 66.00 14 Did not advance Alexander Glavatsky - Yeadon 10.80 15.00 15.00 26 Did not advance Peter Speight 3.80 64.60 64.60 15 Did not advance Rowan Cheshire Women 's halfpipe 74.00 71.40 74.00 9 75.40 17.80 13.60 75.40 7 Molly Summerhayes 60.80 66.00 66.00 17 Did not advance Ski cross Athlete Event Seeding Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Position Position Position Position Rank Emily Sarsfield Women 's ski cross 1 : 18.25 22 2 Q Did not advance Qualification legend : FA -- Qualify to medal round ; FB -- Qualify to consolation round Slopestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Tyler Harding Men 's slopestyle 20.00 21.00 21.00 29 Did not advance James Woods 90.20 19.60 90.20 8 29.20 91.00 90.00 91.00 Isabel Atkin Women 's slopestyle 13.20 86.80 86.80 68.40 79.40 84.60 84.60 03 ! Katie Summerhayes 75.80 77.60 77.60 10 61.40 71.40 23.20 71.40 7 Luge ( edit ) Main articles : Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification On 18 January 2018 , the British Olympic Association announced the selection of the athletes who will compete for Team GB in the luge in Pyeongchang . American - born Adam Rosen competed in the luge for Great Britain in his third Olympics . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Adam Rosen Men 's singles 48.477 25 48.410 23 48.280 23 Eliminated 2 : 25.167 22 Rupert Staudinger 49.626 33 49.259 35 48.957 32 Eliminated 2 : 27.842 33 Short track speed Skating ( edit ) Main articles : Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Great Britain qualified five short track speed skaters ( two male and three female ) based on results at the 2017 -- 18 ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup . Athlete Event Heat Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Joshua Cheetham Men 's 1000 m 1 : 26.223 Did not advance Farrell Treacy Men 's 1000 m 1 : 26.762 2 Q 1 : 25.080 Did not advance Men 's 1500 m -- 6 N / A Did not advance Elise Christie Women 's 500 m 42.872 1 Q 42.703 OR 1 Q 43.184 2 FA 1 : 23.063 Women 's 1000 m PEN Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 29.316 1 Q N / A PEN 5 Did not advance Charlotte Gilmartin Women 's 500 m PEN Did not advance Women 's 1000 m 1 : 32.899 Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 29.005 3 Q N / A 3 : 00.691 5 Did not advance Kathryn Thomson Women 's 500 m 1 : 08.896 Did not advance Women 's 1000 m 1 : 32.150 Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 32.891 N / A Did not advance Qualification Legend : FA = Qualify to final ( medal ) ; Q = Qualify to next round ; OR = Olympic record Skeleton ( edit ) Main articles : Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Based on the world rankings , Great Britain qualified 4 sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Dominic Parsons Men 's 50.85 5 50.41 50.33 50.61 3 : 22.20 03 ! Jerry Rice 51.06 11 51.15 13 51.04 11 50.99 10 3 : 24.24 10 Laura Deas Women 's 52.00 6 52.03 51.96 5 51.91 5 3 : 27.90 03 ! Lizzy Yarnold 51.66 52.30 9 51.86 51.46 3 : 27.28 01 ! Snowboarding ( edit ) Main articles : Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Freestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Total / Best Rank Rowan Coultas Men 's big air 81.00 84.50 84.50 8 Did not advance Men 's slopestyle 23.20 23.58 23.58 18 Did not advance Billy Morgan Men 's big air 87.50 90.50 90.50 6 Q JNS 82.50 85.50 168.00 03 ! Men 's slopestyle 56.40 37.55 56.40 10 Did not advance Jamie Nicholls Men 's big air 30.00 81.25 81.25 11 Did not advance Men 's slopestyle 71.56 36.90 71.56 8 Did not advance Aimee Fuller Women 's big air 25.00 14.25 25.00 25 Did not advance Women 's slopestyle Cancelled 34.63 41.43 CAN 41.43 17 Snowboard cross Athlete Event Seeding Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Seed Time Rank Time Rank Position Position Position Rank Zoe Gillings - Brier Women 's snowboard cross 1 : 20.99 14 1 : 20.84 5 1 : 20.84 17 Did not advance Qualification legend : FA -- Qualify to medal round ; FB -- Qualify to consolation round NB : Katie Ormerod qualified for both the big air and slopestyle competitions , but was forced to withdraw after suffering a broken heel in training prior to the start of the games . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The GBR - 1 team in the Four - man bobsleigh at the 2014 Winter Olympics is expected to receive a bronze medal following disqualifications of two Russian crews , which would give Great Britain five medals from that Olympics . Jump up ^ The final team selected for the Games had numbered 59 , but snowboarder Katie Ormerod was forced to withdraw after suffering a broken heel in training the day before the opening ceremony . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the team : record number of athletes selected for PyeongChang 2018 '' . British Olympic Association . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 '' ( PDF ) . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Lizzy Yarnold defends skeleton gold as Laura Deas takes bronze '' . BBC Sport. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lizzy Yarnold takes skeleton gold to make Winter Olympics history for Britain '' . Guardian . 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian doping : GB bobsleigh team could earn Sochi bronze medal '' . BBC Sport. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Staniforth , Mark ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Elise Christie into 500m short - track quarter - finals after winning heat at Winter Olympics 2018 '' . London Evening Standard . Evening Standard Ltd . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics : Katie Ormerod ruled out of Games in Pyeongchang '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Sport targets best ever Winter Games in PyeongChang '' . UK Sport . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Biathlete Amanda Lightfoot '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lightfoot to push on after matching best Olympic finish for female biathlete '' . Eurosport. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 2 - man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 4 - man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women _́ s Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : GB 's Andrew Musgrave finishes seventh in skiathlon '' . BBC Sport. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Muirhead and Smith to skipper Team GB 's curling rinks at PyeongChang 2018 '' . TeamGB.com . British Olympic Association . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics : GB men secure curling place '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eight men 's teams set for 2018 Olympic Games as hosts complete round - robin undefeated '' . www.worldcurling.org/ . World Curling Federation . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics : GB men secure curling place '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Great Britain women into curling semi-finals ; men face tie - breaker '' . BBC Sport. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling : First Eight Women 's Curling Teams Set for 2018 Olympic Winter Games '' . www.aroundtherings.com/ . Around the Rings. 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great Britain 's curling team seal 2018 Winter Olympics spot '' . Sky Sports . 26 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Team GB select two luge athletes for Pyeongchang '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Elise Christie will be on the plane to Korea for the 2018 Olympic Winter Games with Team GB '' . Nottingham Post . Nottingham , England . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five short track speed skaters selected for PyeonChang 2018 '' . British Olympic Association . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXI II Olympic Winter Games 2018 PyeongChang : Qualified quota places Short Track Speed Skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Men 's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women 's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's slopestyle qualification canceled '' . Reuters. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Great Britain at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 Great Britain hosted the 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 Summer Olympics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Britain_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=842113280 '' Categories : Great Britain at the Winter Olympics by year Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in British sport Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use British English from February 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 09 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many athletes does great britain have in the 2018 olympics

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Highest-paid NBA players by season

Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,000,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ . Sports Reference LLC http://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1999.html . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=803417623 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 17 . About Wikipedia

who got the highest paid contract in the nba

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South African Institute of Tax Practitioners

South African Institute of tax practitioners - Wikipedia South African Institute of tax practitioners South African Institute of Tax Professionals ( SAIT ) Abbreviation SAIT Formation 2007 Founder Stiaan Klue Type Professional association and regulating controlling body of tax professionals Headquarters Pretoria , Gauteng Membership 12 142 CE Keith Engel Affiliations International Tax Directors ' Forum and African Association of Tax Institutes Website http://www.thesait.org.za The South African Institute of Tax Professionals ( SAIT ) is a recognised professional body focusing solely on taxation . It is a registered professional body under the National Qualifications Framework Act , 2008 . The Institute is a professional association of tax professionals regulating tax practitioners in South Africa . SAIT promotes and focuses on the public interest , professional standards , ethics and integrity , albeit promoting the tax industry and its members . Formation and activities ( edit ) SAIT is a Not for Profit professional body incorporated in 2007 by a group of tax professionals and educators . The SAIT is governed by a Constitution , with a Board elected by members . When SAIT was formed in 2007 by its main founder Stiaan Klue , the Institute announced that one member of the Board may be nominated by the South African Revenue Service ( SARS ) . SARS said they agreed in principle with the general objectives of SAIT . In 2014 SAICA joined SAIT and other SARS recognised controlling bodies to host the Tax Indaba - SAIT is the founder of the Tax Indaba in South Africa . Other organisations representing tax professionals in the country are the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants ( SAICA ) and the South African Institute of Professional Accountants ( SAIPA ) . In March 2011 the CEO of the Institute , Stiaan Klue , joined with Nicolaas van Wyk of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants in calling for simplification of South African tax laws , pointing out that many businesses remained in the informal sector due to the cost and difficulty of registration . SAIT publishes TaxTalk every two months to 10,200 recipients . The magazine deals with tax issues for the South African market . In 2014 , in comparison to the global average top rate of 32 % , South Africa 's top personal income tax rate of 40 % was high , and in comparison to the global average corporate tax rate of 24 % , South Africa 's was 28 % . According to SAIT , that suggested that South Africa 's tax burden is high compared to other jurisdictions . Because it was important for South Africa to be competitive , in order to encourage economic growth , SAIT recommended to Parliament that they reduce the corporate tax rate to bolster foreign direct investment , infrastructure development and growth . Membership ( edit ) SAIT members in good standing have reciprocal benefits of several other international tax institutes , including the Canadian Tax Foundation , Chartered Institute of Taxation ( UK ) , Taxation Institute of Australia , Irish Tax Institute , Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria , Chamber of Tax Advisers of the Czech Republic and the Dutch Association of Tax Advisors ( NOB ) . SAIT is a member of the International Tax Directors Forum ( ITDF ) . SAIT has been collaborating and exchanging information with African Tax professional bodies Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria since 2007 . During 2010 the SAIT Chief Executive , Stiaan Klue , initiated the establishment of a Pan-African body for tax associations . In June 2011 SAIT participated in a meeting in Lagos , Nigeria in which it was agreed to establish the Association of African Tax Institutes ( AATI ) . The SAIT CE is a vice president of AATI . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` RE : CLARIFICATION : SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF TAX PRACTITIONERS ( SAIT ) '' ( PDF ) . South African Institute of Tax Practitioners. 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The South African Institute of Tax Practitioners '' . South African Institute of Chartered Accountants . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.ibfd.org/IBFD-Tax-Portal/Events/Africa-Tax-Indaba Jump up ^ `` SARS to apply strict new penalties for outstanding tax returns '' . McMurray Aldum Inc. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ SANCHIA TEMKIN ( 2011 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Experts call for simpler tax laws to boost jobs '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` TAXtalk '' . TaxTalk . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lamprecht , Ingé ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Congratulations ! You 've stopped working for government '' . Moneyweb . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` International Partners and Reciprocal Benefits to SAIT Members '' . SAIT . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CITN to Strengthen Ties at South African Tax Conference '' . Financial Nigeria. 5 January 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Collins Nweze ( 2011 - 06 - 29 ) . `` CITN networks with global tax institutes '' . The Nation ( Nigeria ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Institute_of_Tax_Practitioners&oldid=846453920 '' Categories : Non-profit organisations based in South Africa 2007 establishments in South Africa Organizations established in 2007 Tax practitioner associations Taxation in South Africa Hidden categories : Use South African English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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List of Presidents of Columbia University

List of Presidents of Columbia University - wikipedia List of Presidents of Columbia University hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Presidents of Columbia University in the state of New York . # Image President Birth Year -- Death Year Years as President Name of Institution Notes Samuel Johnson ( 1696 -- 1772 ) ( 1754 -- 1763 ) King 's College Myles Cooper ( 1735 -- 1785 ) ( 1763 -- 1775 ) King 's College -- Benjamin Moore , A.B. 1768 ( 1748 -- 1816 ) ( 1775 -- 1784 ) King 's College acting -- George Clinton ( 1739 -- 1812 ) ( 1784 -- 1787 ) Columbia College `` in the State of New York '' Chancellor ( Regents government ) William Samuel Johnson ( 1727 -- 1819 ) ( 1787 -- 1800 ) Columbia College `` in the City of New York '' Trustees government Charles Henry Wharton ( 1748 -- 1833 ) ( 1801 -- 1801 ) Columbia College Benjamin Moore ( 1748 -- 1816 ) ( 1801 -- 1810 ) Columbia College 6 William Harris ( 1765 -- 1829 ) ( 1811 -- 1829 ) Columbia College shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816 7 William Alexander Duer ( 1780 -- 1858 ) ( 1829 -- 1842 ) Columbia College 8 Nathaniel Fish Moore ( 1782 -- 1872 ) ( 1842 -- 1849 ) Columbia College 9 Charles King ( 1789 -- 1867 ) ( 1849 -- 1863 ) Columbia College presides over move to Madison Avenue campus 10 Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard ( 1809 -- 1889 ) ( 1864 -- 1889 ) Columbia College 11 Seth Low , A.B. , 1870 ( 1850 -- 1916 ) ( 1890 -- 1901 ) Columbia College presides over move to Morningside Heights campus ; name changes to `` Columbia University in the City of New York '' 12 Nicholas Murray Butler , A.B. 1882 , M.A. 1883 , Ph. D. 1884 ( 1862 -- 1947 ) ( 1902 -- 1945 ) Columbia University -- Frank D. Fackenthal , A.B. 1906 ( 1883 -- 1968 ) ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Columbia University ( acting ) 13 Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1890 -- 1969 ) ( 1948 -- 1953 ) Columbia University on leave while Supreme Allied Commander of NATO , later 34th President of the United States 14 Grayson L. Kirk ( 1903 -- 1997 ) ( 1953 -- 1968 ) Columbia University resigned after 1968 protests 15 Andrew W. Cordier ( 1901 -- 1975 ) ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Columbia University 16 William J. McGill ( 1922 -- 1997 ) ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Columbia University 17 Michael I. Sovern , B.A. 1953 , J.D. 1955 ( 1931 -- ) ( 1980 -- 1993 ) Columbia University 18 George Erik Rupp ( 1942 -- ) ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Columbia University 19 Lee C. Bollinger , J.D. 1971 ( 1947 -- ) ( 2002 -- ) Columbia University References ( edit ) hide Presidents of Columbia University S. Johnson Cooper B. Moore # Clinton # W. Johnson Wharton B. Moore Harris Duer N. Moore King Barnard Low Butler Fackenthal # Eisenhower Kirk Cordier McGill Sovern Rupp Bollinger Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim president or chancellor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Columbia_University&oldid=824888665 '' Categories : Columbia University Columbia University - related lists Lists of university and college leaders Presidents of Columbia University Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2012 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2012 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 03 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)

The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) - Wikipedia The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Man from Snowy River Australian DVD cover Directed by George T. Miller Produced by Geoff Burrowes Michael Edgley Simon Wincer Screenplay by John Dixon Story by Fred Cul Cullen Based on The Man from Snowy River by Banjo Paterson Starring Kirk Douglas Jack Thompson Tom Burlinson Sigrid Thornton Lorraine Bayly Music by Bruce Rowland Cinematography Keith Wagstaff Edited by Adrian Carr Production company Cambridge Productions Edgley International Snowy River Investment Pty. Ltd . The Hoyts Group Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 5 November 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 05 ) Running time 102 minutes Country Australia Language English Budget A $3 million ( est . ) or $3.5 million Box office A $17,228,160 ( Australia ) The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' . Released by 20th Century Fox , the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison ( a character who appeared frequently in Paterson 's poems ) and Spur , Jack Thompson as Clancy , Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig , Sigrid Thornton as Harrison 's daughter Jessica , Terence Donovan as Jim 's father Henry Craig , and Chris Haywood as Curly . Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel , The Man from Snowy River II , which was released by Walt Disney Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Box office 7 Awards and nominations 8 Legacy 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) When Jim Craig and his father Henry are discussing their finances , a herd of wild horses called the Brumby mob passes by , and Henry wants to shoot the black stallion leader , but Jim convinces his father to capture and sell them . The next morning the mob reappears and Henry is accidentally killed . Before Jim can inherit the station , a group of mountain men tell him that he must first earn the right -- and to do so he must go to the lowlands and work . Jim meets an old friend called Spur , a one - legged miner . Jim then gets a job on a station owned by Harrison , Spur 's brother , on a recommendation by Harrison 's friend . Meanwhile , Clancy appears at Spur 's mine and the two discuss their pasts and futures . Clancy goes to Harrison 's station to lead a cattle muster . At dinner , Harrison tells Clancy that `` he has no brother '' when referring to Spur . Harrison organizes a round - up of his cattle , but Jim is not allowed to go . While the others are gone , Harrison 's daughter Jessica asks Jim to help her break in a prize colt . The mob appears again , and Jim unsuccessfully gives chase to the valuable horse . When Harrison returns , he sends Jim to bring back 20 strays . Later , Harrison learns of Jim 's actions and tells Jessica that Jim will be fired and that she will be sent to a women 's college . Impulsively , she rides off into the mountains where she is caught in a storm . Spur , meanwhile , finally strikes a large gold deposit . Jim finds Jessica 's horse and rescues her . She tells him that he 's going to be fired , but he still leaves to return the cattle . Jessica is surprised at meeting Spur , her uncle , whom she had never been told about . She is also confused when Spur mistakes her for her dead mother and refuses to tell her anything about his past . After returning , Jessica learns that Spur and Harrison both fell in love with her mother , Matilda . Matilda declared that the first to make his fortune would be her husband . Spur went looking for gold , while Harrison bet his life savings on a horse race . Harrison became rich overnight when the horse he bet on won . Having made his fortune , Harrison wed Matilda , but she died while delivering Jessica . Harrison is grateful to Jim for returning his daughter , but he becomes angry when Jim says he loves her . As Jim leaves , a prized colt is let loose by a farmhand in the hope that Jim will be blamed . Later , while camping out , Spur tells Jim that he will inherit his father 's share of the mine . Clancy joins them and informs them of the colt , but Jim refuses to retrieve the animal . Meanwhile , Harrison offers a reward of ₤ 100 , attracting riders and fortune - hunters from every station in the area . Clancy does eventually show , accompanied by Jim , whom Harrison finally allows to join the hunt . Several riders have accidents in pursuit and even Clancy is unable to contain the Brumby mob . The riders give up when the mob descends a seemingly impassable grade . However , Jim goes forward and returns the horses to Harrison 's farm . Harrison offers him the reward but he refuses . Having cleared his name , Jim would like to return some day for the horses and , looking at Jessica , `` anything else that 's mine . '' He rides back up to the mountain country , knowing that he has earned his right to live there . Cast ( edit ) Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison Kirk Douglas as Harrison / Spur Terence Donovan as Henry Craig Tommy Dysart as Mountain Man Bruce Kerr as Man in Street David Bradshaw as Banjo Paterson Jack Thompson as Clancy Tony Bonner as Kane June Jago as Mrs. Bailey Chris Haywood as Curly Kristopher Steele as Moss Gus Mercurio as Frew Howard Eynon as Shorry Lorraine Bayly as Rosemary Hume Production ( edit ) Craig 's Hut undergoing reconstruction in 2007 According to Geoff Burrowes , the idea to make the film came at a dinner party when someone suggested the poem would make a good movie . Burrowes developed a treatment with George Miller then hired John Dixon to write a screenplay . All three men had worked together in television ; another former TV colleague , Simon Wincer , became involved as executive producer with Michael Edgley and succeeded in raising the budget . The screenplay contains numerous references to Banjo Paterson , aside from using his poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' as the source material and his inclusion as a character in the film . For example , the numerous references to the late Matilda are likely a reference to the song `` Waltzing Matilda '' , which was written by Paterson . In addition , the melody for `` Waltzing Matilda '' can be heard near the end of the film . A Bible Passage from Genesis 30 : 27 , which talks about cattle , goats , and sheep is read aloud in a scene in the middle of the film . The movie was not shot in the actual Snowy Mountains but in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield , Victoria , where Burrowes ' wife 's family had lived for several generations , which was logistically easier. Burt Lancaster and Robert Mitchum were considered for the dual role of Harrison and Spur before Kirk Douglas was cast in the roles . Tom Burlinson has confirmed that it was definitely him who rode the horse over the side of the mountain for the `` terrible descent '' during the dangerous ride -- commenting that he had been asked about this numerous times , and that he became known as `` The Man from Snowy River '' because of his ride . Remarkably , Burlinson had never ridden a horse before being cast in the film and the `` terrible descent '' was a one - take shot at full gallop down the cliff face . Burlinson performed all of his own stunts in the film . Reception ( edit ) The film `` was released to a fair degree of critical acclaim '' and `` moviegoers found it to be a likable and highly entertaining piece of filmmaking that made no effort to hide its Australian roots , despite the presence of American star Kirk Douglas in one of the principal roles . '' The film has a rating of 80 % on film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . One review of the movie comments stated , `` The Australian film industry has been responsible for many decent films for decades ( and some utter crap , of course ) , but the percentage with international appeal is quite small . That is changing , and it is films such as The Man From Snowy River that have ensured ongoing interest . The film was inspired by the ' Banjo ' Paterson poem of the same name , and stars numerous respected local talents and a Hollywood big name star in Kirk Douglas , playing two roles . ' ' The two standouts of this film are the majestic mountain scenery , and the final chase scenes with that awe - inspiring horse ride down the mountainside . The film stars many big names and familiar faces including Gus Mercurio ( Paul 's father ) , Lorraine Bayley ( The Sullivans ) , Tony Bonner ( Skippy ) and Chris Haywood . The sets and costumes are also great , the script is strong , and the various threads that run through the film are well handled . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack ) Bruce Rowland composed the music for both the film and the sequel . Box office ( edit ) The Man from Snowy River grossed $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia . Kirk Douglas later sued Burrowes for a share of the profits . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1982 AFI Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Won 1982 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Most Popular Film -- ( awarded to George T. Miller ) Won 1984 APRA Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Nominated for 1982 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound Nominated for 1983 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Australia Legacy ( edit ) As indicated by its box office takings , The Man from Snowy River gained a very large audience , popularising the story and Banjo Paterson 's poem . Since 1995 the story has been re-enacted at The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival in Corryong , Victoria . Jack Thompson who played Clancy in the film has released recordings of a number of Banjo Paterson poems including Clancy of the Overflow and The Man from Snowy River on the album The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson . The Craigs ' Hut building was a permanent fixture created for the film . Located in Clear Hills , east of Mount Stirling , Victoria , the popular 4WD and hiking landmark was destroyed on 11 December 2006 in bushfires . The hut has since been rebuilt . The film was selected for preservation as part of the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia 's Kodak / Atlab Cinema Collection Restoration Project . For the 2000 Summer Olympics Rowland composed a special Olympics version of The Man from Snowy River `` Main Title '' for the Olympic Games , which were held in Sydney . The CD of the music for the Sydney Olympics includes the Bruce Rowland 's special Olympic version of the main title . Rowland composed special arrangements of some of the film soundtrack music for the 2002 musical version of The Man from Snowy River , The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Stratton , The Avocado Plantation : Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry , Pan MacMillan , 1990 , pp. 64 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` LIFE STYLE Man From Snowy River -- ' a remarkable movie ' '' . The Canberra Times . 26 January 1983 . p. 20 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Young actors tipped for plum roles '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 19 November 1980 . p. 32 Supplement : FREE Your TV Magazine . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` RIDE THE HIGH COUNTRY '' . Filmnews . Sydney . 1 September 1982 . p. 8 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` ON THE SET OF ' THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER ( ? ) '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 6 May 1981 . p. 16 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ How The Hell Did We Get Here ? -- The Baby Boomers Guide to the Movies Jump up ^ http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/manfromsnowyriver.php Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Design , Steve Koukoulas -- RED5 Web . `` DVD.net : The Man From Snowy River ( 1982 ) - DVD Review '' . www.dvd.net.au . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Film Victoria - Australian Films at the Australian Box Office Jump up ^ `` Douglas has been paid , says producer '' . The Canberra Times . 30 August 1983 . p. 15 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival Jump up ^ `` The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson at Fine Poets '' Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , 11 December 2006 , Bushfires ravage iconic Craig 's Hut External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) The Man from Snowy River on IMDb The Man from Snowy River at the TCM Movie Database The Man from Snowy River at AllMovie The Man from Snowy River on australianscreen online The Man from Snowy River at the National Film and Sound Archive The Man from Snowy River Fan Site at manfromsnowyriver.net The Man from Snowy River at Oz movies AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score 1975 -- 2000 The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1975 ) Not awarded ( 1976 ) The Picture Show Man -- Peter Best ( 1977 ) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1978 ) Mad Max -- Brian May ( 1979 ) Manganinnie -- Peter Sculthorpe ( 1980 ) Fatty Finn -- Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond ( 1981 ) The Man from Snowy River -- Bruce Rowland ( 1982 ) Phar Lap -- Bruce Rowland ( 1983 ) Street Hero -- Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton ( 1984 ) Rebel -- Ray Cook , Chris Neal , Peter Best , Billy Byers , Bruce Rowland ( 1985 ) Young Einstein -- William Motzing and Martin Armiger ( 1986 ) The Tale of Ruby Rose -- Paul Schütze ( 1987 ) The Lighthorsemen -- Mario Millo ( 1988 ) Dead Calm -- Graeme Revell ( 1989 ) The Big Steal -- Phil Judd ( 1990 ) Dingo -- Michel Legrand and Miles Davis ( 1991 ) Romper Stomper -- John Clifford White ( 1992 ) The Piano -- Michael Nyman ( 1993 ) Traps -- Douglas Stephen Rae ( 1994 ) Hotel Sorrento -- Nerida Tyson - Chew ( 1995 ) Shine -- David Hirschfelder ( 1996 ) Doing Time for Patsy Cline -- Peter Best ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda -- Thomas Newman ( 1998 ) In a Savage Land -- David Bridie ( 1999 ) Bootmen -- Cezary Skubiszewski ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Dish -- Edmund Choi ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence -- Peter Gabriel ( 2002 ) Japanese Story -- Elizabeth Drake ( 2003 ) Somersault -- Decoder Ring ( 2004 ) The Proposition -- Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ( 2005 ) Suburban Mayhem -- Mick Harvey ( 2006 ) The Home Song Stories -- Antony Partos ( 2007 ) Unfinished Sky -- Antony Partos ( 2008 ) Mao 's Last Dancer -- Christopher Gordon ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom -- Antony Partos and Sam Petty ( 2010 ) The Hunter -- Andrew Lancaster , Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales ( 2011 ) Not Suitable for Children -- Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby -- Craig Armstrong ( 2013 ) The Railwayman -- David Hirschfelder ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- Tom Holkenborg ( 2015 ) Tanna -- Antony Partos ( 2016 ) Banjo Paterson 's `` The Man from Snowy River '' - the Poem and its adaptations Films The Man from Snowy River ( 1920 silent ) The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 sequel ) Stage Musical The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 musical ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 DVD film of the musical ) CD Recordings The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film soundtrack ) Return to Snowy River ( 1988 film soundtrack ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 original cast recording ) Television The Man from Snowy River ( 1993 TV series ) Films directed by George T. Miller The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Aviator ( 1985 ) Cool Change ( 1986 ) Les Patterson Saves the World ( 1987 ) The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter ( 1990 ) A Mom for Christmas ( 1990 ) In the Nick of Time ( 1991 ) Over the Hill ( 1992 ) Frozen Assets ( 1992 ) Gross Misconduct ( 1993 ) Andre ( 1994 ) Zeus and Roxanne ( 1997 ) Tidal Wave : No Escape ( 1997 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1997 ) Cybermutt ( 2002 ) Attack of the Sabretooth ( 2005 ) Prey ( 2009 ) The Films of Geoff Burrowes The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) Anzacs ( 1985 ) ( TV mini series ) Cool Change ( 1985 ) Running from the Guns ( 1987 ) Backstage ( 1988 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 ) Run ( 1991 ) Bruce Rowland The Man from Snowy River ( soundtracks and music ) The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1982 film ) Return to Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1988 sequel film The Man from Snowy River II ) Special Olympics version of the main theme from The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) for the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( soundtrack of the 2002 stage musical ) Other soundtracks Phar Lap ( soundtrack ) All the Rivers Run ( soundtrack ) The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello ( soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)&oldid=825964914 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s Western ( genre ) films 20th Century Fox films Australian drama films Australian films Australian Western ( genre ) films Directorial debut films Films about horses Films based on poems Films based on works by Australian writers Films directed by George T. Miller Films set in colonial Australia Films set in Victoria ( Australia ) The Man from Snowy River Hidden categories : Use Australian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Xanthophyll

Xanthophyll - wikipedia Xanthophyll Jump to : navigation , search The chemical structure of cryptoxanthin The color of an egg yolk is from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin This article is about Xanthophylls . For the compound xanthophyll , see lutein . Xanthophylls ( originally phylloxanthins ) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group ; the other division is formed by the carotenes . The name is from Greek xanthos ( ξανθός , `` yellow '' ) and phyllon ( φύλλον , `` leaf '' ) , due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early chromatography of leaf pigments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Molecular structure 2 Occurrence 3 Example compounds 4 Xanthophyll cycle 5 Food sources 6 References 7 External links Molecular structure ( edit ) The molecular structure of xanthophylls is similar to that of carotenes , but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms , while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons with no oxygen . Xanthophylls contain their oxygen either as hydroxyl groups and / or as pairs of hydrogen atoms that are substituted by oxygen atoms acting as a bridge ( epoxide ) . For this reason , they are more polar than the purely hydrocarbon carotenes , and it is this difference that allows their separations from carotenes in many types of chromatography . Typically , carotenes are more orange in color than xanthophylls . Thin layer chromatography is used to separate components of a plant extract , illustrating the experiment with plant pigments that gave chromatography its name . Plant xanthophylls form the bright yellow band next to the green Occurrence ( edit ) Like other carotenoids , xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants , where they act to modulate light energy and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyll ( an excited form of chlorophyll ) , which is overproduced at high light levels in photosynthesis . The xanthophylls found in the bodies of animals , and in dietary animal products , are ultimately derived from plant sources in the diet . For example , the yellow color of chicken egg yolks , fat , and skin comes from ingested xanthophylls ( primarily lutein , which is often added to chicken feed for this purpose ) . The yellow color of the human macula lutea ( literally , yellow spot ) in the retina of the eye results from the lutein and zeaxanthin it contains , both xanthophylls again requiring a source in the human diet to be present in the eye . These xanthophylls protect the eye from ionizing blue and ultraviolet light , which they absorb . These two specific xanthophylls do not function in the mechanism of sight , since they can not be converted to retinal ( also called retinaldehyde or vitamin A aldehyde ) . Their arrangement is believed to be the cause of Haidinger 's brush , an entoptic phenomenon that allows the perception of the polarization of light . Example compounds ( edit ) The group of xanthophylls includes ( among many other compounds ) lutein , zeaxanthin , neoxanthin , violaxanthin , flavoxanthin , and α - and β - cryptoxanthin . The latter compound is the only known xanthophyll to contain a beta - ionone ring , and thus β - cryptoxanthin is the only xanthophyll that is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals . Even then , it is a vitamin only for plant - eating mammals that possess the enzyme to make retinal from carotenoids that contain beta - ionone ( some carnivores lack this enzyme ) . In species other than mammals , certain xanthophylls may be converted to hydroxylated retinal - analogues that function directly in vision . For example , with the exception of certain flies , most insects use the xanthophyll derived R - isomer of 3 - hydroxyretinal for visual activities , which means that β - cryptoxanthin and other xanthophylls ( such as lutein and zeaxanthin ) may function as forms of visual `` vitamin A '' for them , while carotenes ( such as beta carotene ) do not . Xanthophyll cycle ( edit ) The xanthophyll cycle The xanthophyll cycle involves the enzymatic removal of epoxy groups from xanthophylls ( e.g. violaxanthin , antheraxanthin , diadinoxanthin ) to create so - called de-epoxidised xanthophylls ( e.g. diatoxanthin , zeaxanthin ) . These enzymatic cycles were found to play a key role in stimulating energy dissipation within light - harvesting antenna proteins by non-photochemical quenching - a mechanism to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the photosynthetic reaction centers . Non-photochemical quenching is one of the main ways of protecting against photoinhibition . In higher plants , there are three carotenoid pigments that are active in the xanthophyll cycle : violaxanthin , antheraxanthin , and zeaxanthin . During light stress , violaxanthin is converted to zeaxanthin via the intermediate antheraxanthin , which plays a direct photoprotective role acting as a lipid - protective anti-oxidant and by stimulating non-photochemical quenching within light - harvesting proteins . This conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin is done by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase , while the reverse reaction is performed by zeaxanthin epoxidase . In diatoms and dinoflagellates , the xanthophyll cycle consists of the pigment diadinoxanthin , which is transformed into diatoxanthin ( diatoms ) or dinoxanthin ( dinoflagellates ) under high - light conditions . Wright et al. ( Feb 2011 ) found that , `` The increase in zeaxanthin appears to surpass the decrease in violaxanthin in spinach '' and commented that the discrepancy could be explained by `` a synthesis of zeaxanthin from beta - carotene '' , however they noted further study is required to explore this hypothesis . Food sources ( edit ) Xanthophylls are found in all young leaves and in etiolated leaves . Examples of other rich sources include papaya , peaches , prunes , and squash , which contain lutein diesters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ξανθός . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ φύλλον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ Falkowski , P.G. & J.A. Raven , 1997 , Aquatic photosynthesis . Blackwell Science , 375 pp Jump up ^ Taiz , Lincoln and Eduardo Zeiger. 2006 . Plant Physiology . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc . Publishers , Fourth edition , 764 pp Jump up ^ Jeffrey , S.W. & M. Vesk , 1997 . Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures . In Jeffrey , S.W. , R.F.C. Mantoura & S.W. Wright ( eds . ) , Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography , pp 37 - 84 . -- UNESCO Publishing , Paris . Jump up ^ Wright ; et al . `` The interrelationship between the lower oxygen limit , chlorophyll fluorescence and the xanthophyll cycle in plants '' . Jump up ^ Factors That Influence the Bioavailablity of Xanthophylls , Susan Zaripheh , John W. Erdman Jr . Jump up ^ UCLA College of Life Sciences , General Botany : Leaf Color : Xanthophylls Jump up ^ Michele Turcotte , MS , RD , Foods That Contain Zeaxanthin , February 18 , 2014 Demmig - Adams , B & W.W. Adams , 2006 . Photoprotection in an ecological context : the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation , New Phytologist , 172 : 11 -- 21 . External links ( edit ) Xanthophylls at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Types of plant pigments Betalains Betacyanins Betaxanthins Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll d Chlorophyll f Curcuminoids 1 , 7 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 1 , 4 , 6 - heptatrien - 3 - one Bisdemethoxycurcumin Desmethoxycurcumin Curcumin Flavonoids Anthocyanins Anthocyanidins Anthoxanthins Flavans Condensed tannins Carotenoids Carotenes Retinoids Xanthophylls Other Allophycocyanin Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin Phycoerythrocyanin Quinones Xanthonoids Carotenoids Carotenes ( C ) α - Carotene β - Carotene γ - Carotene δ - Carotene ε - Carotene ζ - Carotene Lycopene Neurosporene Phytoene Phytofluene Torulene Lycopersene Xanthophylls ( C ) Antheraxanthin Astaxanthin Canthaxanthin Citranaxanthin Cryptoxanthin Diadinoxanthin Diatoxanthin Dinoxanthin Echinenone Flavoxanthin Fucoxanthin Lutein Neoxanthin Rhodoxanthin Rubixanthin Violaxanthin Zeaxanthin Zeinoxanthin Apocarotenoids ( C ) Abscisic acid Apocarotenal Bixin Crocetin Food orange 7 Ionones Peridinin Vitamin A retinoids ( C ) Retinal Retinoic acid Retinol Retinoid drugs Acitretin Alitretinoin Bexarotene Etretinate Fenretinide Isotretinoin Tazarotene Temarotene Tretinoin Zuretinol acetate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xanthophyll&oldid=835567350 '' Categories : Carotenoids Alcohols Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 13 : 49 . 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where is xanthophyll found in a plant's cell

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Little black dress

Little black dress - wikipedia Little black dress Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Little Black Dress ( disambiguation ) . A little black dress from 1964 A little black dress ( LBD ) is a black evening or cocktail dress , cut simply and often quite short . Fashion historians ascribe the origins of the little black dress to the 1920s designs of Coco Chanel and Jean Patou intended to be long - lasting , versatile , affordable , accessible to the widest market possible and in a neutral colour . Its ubiquity is such that it is often simply referred to as the `` LBD '' . The `` little black dress '' is considered essential to a complete wardrobe by many women and fashion observers , who believe it a `` rule of fashion '' that every woman should own a simple , elegant black dress that can be dressed up or down depending on the occasion : for example , worn with a jacket and pumps for daytime business wear or with more ornate jewelry and accessories for evening or a formal event such as a wedding or a ball . Because it is meant to be a staple of the wardrobe for a number of years , the style of the little black dress ideally should be as simple as possible : a short black dress that is too clearly part of a trend would not qualify because it would soon appear dated . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Famous little black dresses 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Black has always been a color rich in symbolism . In the early 18th century , black represented romance and artistry . As Ann Demeulemeester said of it , `` Black is poetic . How do you imagine a poet ? In a bright yellow jacket ? Probably not . '' In the early 19th century , black was adopted by the Romantics such as Byron , Shelley , and Keats , due to its melancholic aura . As the Victorian Era began , black transitions from a color of art to one of grief and mourning - widows were expected to wear black for at least four years - and also for service livery , as the uniform for maids . In 1926 Gabrielle `` Coco '' Chanel published a picture of a short , simple black dress in American Vogue . It was calf - length , straight and decorated only by a few diagonal lines . Vogue called it `` Chanel 's Ford '' . Like the Model T , the little black dress was simple and accessible for women of all social classes . Vogue also said that the LBD would become `` a sort of uniform for all women of taste '' . This , as well as other designs by the house of Chanel helped disassociate black with mourning , and reinvent it as the uniform of the high - class , wealthy , and chic . As Coco herself proclaimed , `` I imposed black ; it 's still going strong today , for black wipes out everything else around . '' Chanel is credited with the creation and popularization of the Little Black Dress , and rightfully so . The little black dress continued to be popular through the Great Depression , predominantly through its economy and elegance , albeit with the line lengthened somewhat . Hollywood 's influence on fashion helped the little black dress 's popularity , but for more practical reasons : as Technicolor films became more common , filmmakers relied on little black dresses because other colors looked distorted on screen and botched the coloring process . During World War II , the style continued in part due to widespread rationing of textiles , and in part as a common uniform ( accessorized for businesswear ) for civilian women entering the workforce . Models wearing little black dresses in Brazil , 2010 The rise of Dior 's `` New Look '' in the post-war era and the sexual conservatism of the 1950s returned the little black dress to its roots as a uniform and a symbol of the dangerous woman . Hollywood femme fatales and fallen women characters were portrayed often in black halter - style dresses in contrast to the more conservative dresses of housewives or more wholesome Hollywood stars . Synthetic fibres made popular in the 1940s and 1950s broadened the availability and affordability of many designs . The generation gap of the 1960s created a dichotomy in the design of the little black dress . The younger `` mod '' generation preferred , in general , a miniskirt on their versions of the dress and designers catering to the youth culture continued to push the envelope - shortening the skirt even more , creating cutouts or slits in the skirt or bodice of the dress , using sheer fabrics such as netting or tulle . Many women aspired to simple black sheath dresses similar to the black Givenchy dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany 's . The popularity of casual fabrics , especially knits , for dress and business wear during the 1980s brought the little black dress back into vogue . Coupled with the fitness craze , the new designs incorporated details already popular at the time such as broad shoulders or peplums : later in the decade and into the 1990s , simpler designs in a variety of lengths and fullness were popular . The grunge culture of the 1990s saw the combination of the little black dress with both sandals and combat boots , though the dress itself remained simple in cut and fabric . The new glamour of the late 1990s led to new variations of the dress but , like the 1950s and the 1970s , colour re-emerged as a factor in fashion and formalwear and repeatedly shows an aversion to black . The resurgence of body conscious clothing , muted colour schemes , and the reemergence of predominant black , along with the retrospective trends of the 1980s in the late 2000s paved way to the return of interest to the dress . Famous little black dresses ( edit ) Eurovision Song Contest winner , Lena , sporting a little black dress and black stockings while singing her winning song `` Satellite '' . The black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffany 's , designed by Hubert de Givenchy , epitomized the standard for wearing little black dresses accessorized with pearls ( together called `` basic black '' ) , as was frequently seen throughout the early 1960s . The dress set a record in 2006 when it was auctioned for £ 410,000 , six times its original estimate . Betty Boop , a cartoon character based in part on the 1920s ' `` It Girl '' Clara Bow , was drawn wearing a little black dress in her early films , though with Technicolor later , Betty 's dress became red . Wallis Simpson , Duchess of Windsor , was known to own several little black dresses and said much in praise of the garments . One quote of the Duchess : `` When a little black dress is right , there is nothing else to wear in its place . '' Edith Piaf , the French folk icon , performed in a black sheath dress throughout her career : for this habit she was nicknamed `` little black sparrow '' . It was thought that the dress helped audiences focus more on Piaf 's singing and less on her appearance . In an incident at London 's Covent Garden theatre in 2004 , a director fired the then - obese soprano Deborah Voigt from an opera because she could not fit into a `` little black cocktail dress '' , replacing her with the slimmer Anne Schwanewilms . In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A number of songs are titled `` Little Black Dress '' , including `` Little Black Dress '' from the 1981 musical Shock Treatment , which is sung whilst one of the antagonists sews up a little black dress and presents it to the heroine , who wears it in the second half of the film . The Hollies 1972 Single `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' was written for the album Distant Light about a woman who mesmerized the lead singer in a black dress . It sold 2 million copies worldwide and reached # 2 on the Billboards Hot 100 Gavin Friday performed a song titled `` Little Black Dress '' for his 1996 album Shag Tobacco . The song was written by Maurice Seezer . The 2006 song `` Little Black Dress '' is the opening song of Donnie Iris 's album , Ellwood City . It was written by Mark Avsec . `` Gettin ' You Home ( The Black Dress Song ) '' is a 2009 country music song by Chris Young . It became his first # 1 hit on the Hot Country Songs chart dated for 24 October 2009 . `` Tiffany Blews '' is the 10th track on Fall Out Boy 's 4th studio album , Folie à Deux . The chorus mentions a little black dress , a symbol for classiness . `` Little Black Dress '' is a song by One Direction included in their third album entitled Midnight Memories . `` Little Black Dress '' is also a song by Sara Bareilles , the 6th track on 2013 's The Blessed Unrest album . In the song , dancing in the dress promotes getting over a relationship . `` Little Black Dress '' is a song by San Diego -- based roots reggae band One Drop , from the 2008 release Mission Blvd . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little black dresses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steele , Valerie ( 1988 ) . Paris Fashion : A Cultural History . Oxford University Press . pp. 246 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504465 - 7 . Jump up ^ styledotcom ( 2010 - 08 - 19 ) . `` The LBD Gets Official '' . Style.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry looks stunning in slinky LBD '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2010 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's History Month kicks off in ' Little Black Dress ' style '' , Northern Illinois University Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Edelman , Amy Holman ( 1998 ) . The Little Black Dress . Aurum . Jump up ^ Picardie , Justine ( 2010 ) . Coco Chanel : the legend and the life . London : Harper Collins Publishers . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 9780061963858 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn 's Little Black Dress Sells for a Fortune '' . Hellomagazine.com. 2006 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tommasini , `` With Surgery , Soprano Sheds a Brünnhilde Body , '' New York Times , March 27 , 2005 , found at New York Times website . Before and after images included . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tommasini , `` Second Date With a Little Black Dress , '' New York Times , June 11 , 2008 , found at New York Times website . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vivien Schweitzer , `` Music Review : A Slimmed - Down Diva Keeps Her Vocal Heft , '' New York Times , June 18 , 2009 , found at New York Times website . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deborah Voigt : Off The Scales : Opera Star Talks About Lifelong Battle With Weight , '' found at `` Deborah Voigt : Off The Scales , Opera Star Talks About Lifelong Battle With Weight '' , CBS News . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mission Blvd Further reading ( edit ) Edelman , Amy Holman ( 1998 ) . The Little Black Dress . Aurum . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 604 - X . `` Little Black Dress Transcends Fashion '' . About.com . May 2006 `` Sixties Fashions '' . June 2 , 2006 . `` The Little Black Dress '' . Woman 's Hour Radio . BBC . May 2006 . `` The Myth Of The Little Black Dress '' . Jane Curtain . The Fashion Culte Magazine . November 2014 . Chanel Owners Alain Wertheimer Gérard Wertheimer Jacques Wertheimer Pierre Wertheimer Designers Coco Chanel Karl Lagerfeld Garments Little black dress Jacqueline Kennedy 's pink Chanel suit Perfumes Bois des Îles Chanel No. 5 Chanel No. 19 Chanel No. 22 Coco Coco Mademoiselle Cuir de Russie Égoïste Perfumers Ernest Beaux Jacques Polge Henri Robert Other products Chanel 2.55 handbag Chanel J12 watch Promotional models Marie - Hélène Arnaud Carole Bouquet Gisele Bündchen Cara Delevingne Catherine Deneuve Lily - Rose Depp Inès de La Fressange Nicole Kidman Keira Knightley Marilyn Monroe Kate Moss Anna Mouglalis Vanessa Paradis Suzy Parker Jean Shrimpton Audrey Tautou Gaspard Ulliel Films Chanel Solitaire Coco Before Chanel Coco Chanel Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky Musical Coco Book The Allure of Chanel Clothing Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Hazmat suit Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Activewear Clothing fetish Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing See - through clothing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_black_dress&oldid=818511482 '' Categories : 1920s fashion 20th - century fashion 21st - century fashion Dresses Formal wear History of clothing ( Western fashion ) History of fashion Chanel Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 00 : 09 . 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who pioneered the little black dress or lbd back in 1926

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East India Company

East India Company - wikipedia East India Company This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta ( British businessman ) . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of `` HEIC '' , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade , Opium trafficking Fate Dissolved , after being mostly nationalised in 1858 Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company . It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region , initially with Mughal India and the East Indies ( Maritime Southeast Asia ) , and later with Qing China . The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent , colonized parts of Southeast Asia , and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , spices , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833 , Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning , the East India company had always been involved in both , trade and politics , just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 . These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . By contrast , wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The battles of Plassey and Buxar , in which the British defeated the Bengali powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army , with Indian revenues of £ 13,464,561 , and expenses of £ 14,017,473 . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India assumed the East India Company 's governmental functions and absorbed its navy and its armies in 1858 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Formation 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , the captured Spanish and Portuguese ships with their cargoes enabled English voyagers to potentially travel the globe in search of riches . London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of Far Eastern Trade . Elizabeth granted her permission and on 10 April 1591 James Lancaster in the Edward Bonaventure with two other ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . Having sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula , they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594 . The biggest capture that galvanised English trade was the seizure of the large Portuguese Carrack , the Madre de Deus by Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Cumberland at the Battle of Flores on 13 August 1592 . When she was brought in to Dartmouth she was the largest vessel that had been seen in England and her cargo consisted of chests filled with jewels , pearls , gold , silver coins , ambergris , cloth , tapestries , pepper , cloves , cinnamon , nutmeg , benjamin , red dye , cochineal and ebony . Equally valuable was the ship 's rutter containing vital information on the China , India , and Japan trades . These riches aroused the English to engage in this opulent commerce . In 1596 , three more English ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . A year later however saw the arrival of Ralph Fitch , an adventurer merchant who , along with his companions , had made a remarkable fifteen - year overland journey to Mesopotamia , the Persian Gulf , the Indian Ocean , India and Southeast Asia . Fitch was then consulted on the Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster . Formation ( edit ) On 22 September 1599 , a group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue . They bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later , on 31 December , and this time they succeeded ; the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years , the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the Red Dragon . After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the Malacca Straits the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two `` factories '' -- one at Bantam on Java and another in the Moluccas ( Spice Islands ) before leaving . They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth 's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King James I. By this time the war with Spain had ended but the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly , with new horizons opened for the English . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . This expedition would be lost . East India Company Initial expeditions Year Vessels Total Invested £ Bullion sent £ Goods sent £ Ships & Provisions £ Notes 1603 60,450 11,160 1,142 48,140 1606 58,500 17,600 7,280 28,620 1607 38,000 15,000 3,400 14,600 Vessels lost 1608 13,700 6,000 1,700 6,000 1609 82,000 28,500 21,300 32,000 1610 71,581 19,200 10,081 42,500 1611 76,355 17,675 10,000 48,700 1612 7,200 1,250 650 5,300 1613 8 272,544 18,810 12,446 1614 8 13,942 23,000 1615 6 26,660 26,065 1616 7 52,087 16,506 Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nur - ud - din Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Within the first two decades of the 17th century , the Dutch East India Company or Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , ( VOC ) was the wealthiest commercial operation in the world with 50,000 employees worldwide and a private fleet of 200 ships . It specialised in the spice trade and gave its shareholders 40 % annual dividend . The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17th and 18th centuries over spices from the Spice Islands . Spices , at the time , could only be found on these islands , such as pepper , ginger , nutmeg , cloves and cinnamon could bring profits as high as 400 percent from one voyage . The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four Anglo - Dutch Wars between them : 1652 -- 1654 , 1665 -- 1667 , 1672 -- 1674 and 1780 -- 1784 . The Dutch Company maintained that profit must support the cost of war which came from trade which produced profit . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Indian exports of textiles to Europe ( pieces per year ) Years EIC VOC France EdI Denmark Total Bengal Madras Bombay Surat EIC ( total ) VOC ( total ) 1665 -- 69 7,041 37,078 95,558 139,677 126,572 266,249 1670 -- 74 46,510 169,052 294,959 510,521 257,918 768,439 1675 -- 79 66,764 193,303 309,480 569,547 127,459 697,006 1680 -- 84 107,669 408,032 452,083 967,784 283,456 1,251,240 1685 -- 89 169,595 244,065 200,766 614,426 316,167 930,593 1690 -- 94 59,390 23,011 89,486 171,887 156,891 328,778 1695 -- 99 130,910 107,909 148,704 387,523 364,613 752,136 1700 - 04 197,012 104,939 296,027 597,978 310,611 908,589 1705 - 09 70,594 99,038 34,382 204,014 294,886 498,900 1710 -- 14 260,318 150,042 164,742 575,102 372,601 947,703 1715 -- 19 251,585 20,049 582,108 534,188 435,923 970,111 1720 -- 24 341,925 269,653 184,715 796,293 475,752 1,272,045 1725 -- 29 558,850 142,500 119,962 821,312 399,477 1,220,789 1730 -- 34 583,707 86,606 57,503 727,816 241,070 968,886 1735 -- 39 580,458 137,233 66,981 784,672 315,543 1,100,215 1740 -- 44 619,309 98,252 295,139 812,700 288,050 1,100,750 1745 -- 49 479,593 144,553 60,042 684,188 262,261 946,449 1750 -- 54 406,706 169,892 55,576 632,174 532,865 1,165,039 1755 -- 59 307,776 106,646 55,770 470,192 321,251 791,443 1760 -- 70 0 1771 -- 74 652,158 182,588 93,683 928,429 928,429 1775 -- 79 584,889 197,306 48,412 830,607 830,607 1780 -- 84 435,340 79,999 40,488 555,827 555,827 1785 -- 89 697,483 67,181 38,800 803,464 803,464 1790 -- 92 727,717 170,442 38,707 936,866 936,866 Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . To appease Aurangzeb , the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations , while Parliament declared the pirates hostis humani generis ( `` enemies of the human race '' ) . In mid-1696 the government issued a £ 500 bounty on Every 's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts . When the East India Company later doubled that reward , the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state , with the charter and agreement for the new United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies being awarded by the Sidney Godolphin , 1st Earl of Godolphin . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War An East India Company coin , struck in 1835 Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . The East India Company had also been granted competitive advantages over colonial American tea importers to sell tea from its colonies in Asia in American colonies . This led to the Boston Tea Party in which protesters boarded British ships and threw the tea overboard . When protesters successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies and in Boston , Governor Thomas Hutchinson of the Province of Massachusetts Bay refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain . This was one of the incidents which led to the American revolution and independence of the American colonies . East India Company army and navy ( edit ) Main articles : Presidency armies and Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent . As it increased in size the army was divided into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own infantry , cavalry , and artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . That led to the Battle of Buxar . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . The troops were first recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , but in time the Bengal Army in particular was composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army British officers , who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long the Indians ' service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism , although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes , and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India , by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the Company 's affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . One Indian writer of some importance in the 19th century was Ram Mohan Roy , who learned English , Sanskrit , Persian , Arabic , Greek , and Latin . Financial troubles ( edit ) Although the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India Company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Hastings was entrusted with the power of war and peace . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India Company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . Sale of liquor was forbidden without licence . It was pointed that the payment of the staff of the board of council should not be made from the Indian revenue . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 View of the Calcutta port in 1848 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . In the 1980s , a group of investors purchased the rights to the moribund corporate brand and founded a clothing company , which lasted until the 1990s . The corporate vestiges were again purchased by another group of investors who opened their first store in 2010 . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) The East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organisations in history and had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved by the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . This also led to Macaulayism in the Indian subcontinent . Once the East India Company took over Bengal in the treaty of Allahabad ( 1765 ) it collected taxes which it used to further its expansion to the rest of India and did not have to rely on venture capital from London . It returned a high profit to those who risked original money for earlier ventures into Bengal . During the first century of the East India Company 's expansion in India , most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs . By the late 18th century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land , built railways , roads and bridges . The first railway of 21 mile ( 33.8 km ) , known as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ran between Bombay ( Mumbai ) and Tannah ( Thane ) in 1849 . The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks : their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks , wars or calamities . The increasingly large territory the Company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs . In essence , it was a dual administration . Between 1765 and 1772 Robert Clive gave the responsibility of tax collecting , diwani , to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies . The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies . The East India Company took the beginning steps of British takeover of power in India for centuries to come . In 1772 the Company made Warren Hastings , who had been in India with the Company since 1750 , its first governor general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands . The dual administration system came to an end . Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having them translated into English . He employed many Indians as officials . Hastings used Sanskrit texts for Hindus and Arabic texts for Muslims . This is still used in Indian , Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law . Hastings also annexed lands and kingdoms and enriched himself in the process . His enemies in London used this against him to have him impeached . See ( Impeachment of Warren Hastings ) Charles Cornwallis , widely remembered as having surrendered to George Washington in 1781 , replaced Hastings . Cornwallis distrusted Indians and replaced Indians with English . He introduced a system of personal land ownership for Indians . This change caused much conflict since most illiterate people had no idea why they suddenly became land renters from land owners . Mughals often had to choose to fight against the Company and lose everything or cooperate with the Company and receive a big pension but lose the throne . The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat , intimidation , bribery or outright war . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . The historian William Dalrymple has called Robert Clive an `` unstable sociopath '' due to these harmful policies and actions that resulted in famines and atrocities towards local native Indians and peasants . Changes caused by Clive to the revenue system and existing agricultural practices to maximize profits for the company led to the Bengal Famine of 1770 . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripes being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The blazon of the arms is as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers , and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East Indiamen were large and strongly built and when the Royal Navy was desperate for vessels to escort merchant convoys it bought several of them to convert to warships . Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Their design as merchant vessels meant that their performance in the warship role was underwhelming and the Navy converted them to transports . Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies , first issued in 1816 , was sponsored by the East India Company , and includes much information relating to the EIC . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Company rule in India Economy of India under Company rule Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras Indian Rebellion of 1857 Indian independence movement List of East India Company directors List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 30 December 1600 , the company 's official name was : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . ^ Jump up to : `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Thomas Babington . `` Speech delivered to the House of Commons ( 10 July 1833 ) '' . Columbia University in the City of New York . Columbia University and Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . Jump up ^ `` India -- The British , 1600 -- 1740 '' . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The finances of the East India Company in India , c. 1766 -- 1859 , John F. Richards '' . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Desai , Tripta ( 1984 ) . The East India Company : A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857 . Kanak Publications . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . ^ Jump up to : Wernham , R.B ( 1994 ) . The Return of the Armadas : The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595 -- 1603 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 333 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820443 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , John Ramsay ( 1833 ) . A Treatise on the Principles , Practice , & History of Commerce . Baldwin and Cradock . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Leinwand 2006 . Jump up ^ ' Ralph Fitch : An Elizabethan Merchant in Chiang Mai ; and ' Ralph Fitch 's Account of Chiang Mai in 1586 -- 1587 ' in : Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David , Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1 . Chiang Mai , Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Ram Chandra ( 1980 ) . Early English Travellers in India : A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 45 . ISBN 9788120824652 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dulles ( 1969 ) , p106 . Jump up ^ Foster , Sir William ( 1998 ) . England 's quest of eastern trade ( 1933 ed . ) . London : A. & C. Black . p. 157 . ISBN 9780415155182 . ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : James Mill ( 1817 ) . `` 1 '' . The History of British India . Baldwin , Cradock , and Joy . pp. 15 -- 18 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ `` The Nutmeg Wars '' . ^ Jump up to : Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 15 : 18 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32280 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Broadberry , Stephen ; Gupta , Bishnupriya . `` The Rise , Organization , and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets '' . International Institute of Social history . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burgess 2009 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . Jump up ^ Company , East India ; Shaw , John ( 1887 ) . Charters Relating to the East India Company from 1600 to 1761 : Reprinted from a Former Collection with Some Additions and a Preface for the Government of Madras . R. Hill at the Government Press . p. 217 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen ( 2009 ) . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5487 - 618 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Stacy . The big box swindle . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . Delhi , the Capital of India . Asian Educational Services . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1282 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 713753 - 4 . Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 7 : 38 - 4 : 33 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100554 - 6 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Diane K. ; Croot , Patricia E.C. ; Hicks , M.A. ( 1982 ) . `` Ealing and Brentford : Public services '' . In Baker , T.F.T. ; Elrington , C.R. A History of the County of Middlesex : Volume 7 , Acton , Chiswick , Ealing and Brentford , West Twyford , Willesden . London : Victoria County History . pp. 147 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ Rao , M.A. ( 1988 ) . Indian Railways , New Delhi : National Book Trust , p. 15 Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 19 : 11 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 17 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 16 : 00 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 9 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks '' . 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington , Anthony , ed. ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 7 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 25760 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 40316 - 0 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 877 - 8 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21716 - 3 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02166 - 2 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Dulles , Foster Rhea ( 1931 ) . Eastward ho ! The first English adventurers to the Orient ( 1969 ed . ) . Freeport , New York : Books for Libraries Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 1256 - 2 . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 3 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Gardner , Brian . The East India Company : a history ( 1990 ) Online free to borrow Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 5685 - 7 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 07386 - 9 . Leinwand , Theodore B. ( 2006 ) . Theatre , Finance and Society in Early Modern England . Cambridge University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03466 - 1 . Marshall , P.J. Problems of empire : Britain and India 1757 -- 1813 ( 1968 ) Online free to borrow Misra , B.B. The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. excerpt and text search The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley , Sir Herbert H. , ed. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India Risley , Sir Herbert H. , ed. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 8 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 77138 - 0 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) Sutherland , Lucy S . `` The East India Company In Eighteenth - Century Politics . '' Economic History Review 17.1 ( 1947 ) : 15 - 26 . online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington , Anthony , ed. ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British American Land Company British East Africa Company Canada Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Niassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Swedish Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Danish Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Danish Asia Company Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Greenlander Royal Greenland Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) GND : 2052078 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 LCCN : n79118917 SUDOC : 027501884 VIAF : 239176400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=866191854 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 21 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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who were the first to start a company to trade with india